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Appendix III: Etymological Notes

III.2. Indefinite, Demonstrative, and Personal Pronouns

III.2.1. Indefinite Pronouns

 

PIE

Latin

Greek

Sanskrit

Hittite

English

German

Gothic

Gaelic

Russian

(sol)woi

omnes

oloi

visva, sarva

hūmant-

all

alle, jeder

alls

u(i)le

все

qāqos

quisque

ekateros,             ekastos

pratieka

kuissa

every one

jeder

ainhvarjizuh                       ainhvaþaruh    

cach, cách  (gal. papon)

каждый, еже--какой 'what, which

qisqis

quisquis                        quīlĭbĕt                            quīvis                              quīviscumque

tis                      ostis dh                ostis dhpote         ostis oun

kacit                                kaścana                    kopi

kuis kuis, kuis-as kuis,

anyone

jeder

              hvazuh               hvarjizuh

duine ar bith

всякий                    

qiskomqe, qisimmoqe

quiscumque

tis an                        tis ean

yah kaś cit                       yo yah                          yadanga

kuis imma, kuis imma kuis, kuis-as imma (kuis)

whoever

jeder der, wer auch immer

sahvazuh saei

cibé duine

кто бы ни

qéjespejoi

quidam

oitines

katipaya

kuis ki

some

etliche

 

 

несколько

qis, edqis                (cf. rus. edvá)

ecquis, aliquis, quis, quispiam, aliquisquam

tis

anyatama

someone

jemand, irgendeiner, etwas

hvas, hvashun

nech, nach, duine

кто-нибудь, кой-что, eтeръ

enis

quīdam

(cf. eniauton)

ekaścana

 

certain

ein gewisser

sums

áirithe

некоторый

somós

īdem  (osc. ekkum)

o autos

eka (aequus),           sama, sah eva

eni, uni, anni, asi

the same

der selbe

sama

an céanna;

 тот же самый

se epse, epe, s(w)el (e)pe

ipse;  arc. sapsa, sumpse

eautos

atman, svayam

apāsila  (cf. hit. kinun lat. nunc)

himself

selbst

silba

fessin, fadessin >féin

сам, о́нсий

neqis

nullus, nec quisquam

oudeis

na kah

UL kuiski

none, nobody

niemand, keiner

(ni) hvashun

ní aon duine        (gal. nepon)

никто

álteros, ónteros

alter

anyatara

(kuis)....kuis

the other one

der andere

 

an ceann eile

 другой, ино́й  (инъ)

aljos*, onjos

alius

allos

anya, itara, apara

tamai-

someone else

anderer

aljis*

aile, aill, eile

*from aljos cf. lat. alibi, gr. alludis, got. aljaþ, etc

 

III.2.2. Demonstrative Pronouns

 

is, se

is (anaf.)

autos               

sah, esah

apā

he

er, der

is

(h)í

 он

(e)ke, ghei-(ke), se, ete

hic<ghe-i-ke

outos

ay-am, id-am, (gen. asya -air. a + len) <* e/ei;  esah (cf. lat. equidem)

kā, eda (def)

this

dieser hier

hi-, sa(h)

sin

 этот,  сей.(ant)

oise, iste, ene

iste <is-te

oios <oihos (tal)

enam (enclit.)

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

el-ne

ille, ollus <el-ne/ol-nos

ekeinos

a-sau, u-

apā

that, yonder

dieser da, jener

jains

(s)ut

тот

 

 

III.2.3. Personal Pronouns

 


 

IE  TON.  AT.

LAT

OSC-UMB

PTOCEL

OIr I

Oir D

Welsh I

Welsh D

CORN

BRET

GR

ARM

N

egṓ, egóm

ego

deest

me, mesme ?

mé, meisse

-----

mi, myvi, myvy, mivi

-----

my, me

me

egw, egwn

es

A

mewom; me

mē (arc.mēd)

deest

*me, *mī

-----

-m-

-----

mi, vi, vyvi, vivi

-vy, -ma, -m-, f(f)

-me, -m-, ff

eme;  me

is

G

mene; mo, mei

meī

deest

*mewe, *mene, *meme

mui, muisse

mo (len)

meu

mi, my, vy (ecl.); -m

ow, ov; -m

ma, va; -m

emou; mou <meso

im

D

meghei; moi

mihī

deest

*me, *mī, *moi

-----

-m-

-----

mi, vi, vyvi, vivi

vy, ma, -m-, f(f)

-me, -m-, ff

emoi; moi

imdz <*imij <*emegh

L

mei, moi

deest

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

is

I

mojo

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

inew

Ab.

med

mehe

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

inén, indzén

N

tiium, tiú

*tū, tustu

tú, tussu

-----

ti, tydi, tidi

-----

ty, te

te

su

du

A

tewom; t(w)e

tiu, tiom, tio, teio

*tu

-----

-t-

-----

di, dy, de, dydi, dydy

-te, -ta, th-, -s

-de; -z-, -t

se; se <*twe

k'ez

G

tewe; t(w)o, t(w)ei

tui; adj. touos, tuus

tuvai 'tuae', tuua, tua, touer, tuer

*towe < *tewe

tái

do (len)

teu

dy  (len); -th (len)

the; -th, -t, -d

da (len), -z (len)

sou <*tweso  

k'o

D

tebhei; t(w)oi

tibī

tfei, tíf,  tefe

*t(w)oi

-----

-t-

-----

di, dy, de, dydi, dydy

-te, -ta, th-, -s

-de; -z-, -t

soi;  soi <*twoi

k'ez

L

t(w)ei, t(w)oi

deest (cf. 3ª sueso, seso)

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

k'ez

I

t(w)ojo

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

k'ew

Ab.

ted

deest

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

k'én, k'ezén

 

 

GMC

GOT

ON

OE

OHG

LIT

PRUS

SLAV

SKR

AV

TOCH

ALB

HITT

*eka (cf. vén. .e.go)

ik

ek

ic

ih

as

azъ

ahám

azə̄m

näṣ, ñuk

unë

u:k (arc.), ammuk

*mike (cf. vén.  mego)

mik

mik

mec, mē

mih

mane

mien <*men

me^

mm, mā

(mā)

*mekwe

 mua, mue

ammuk; -mu

*mīnō

meina

mīn

mīn

mīn

manęs

mais(e)

mene

máma, me

mana

ñi <*mäñi

 im <I + em

ammēl

*miza

mis

mēr

mir

mâni(e), man

mennei, māim <instr.

mi'nje'; mi

máhya, máhyam, me

mabya, mabyah (mai)

ammuk; -mu

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

manyje

-----

mi'nje'

  máyi

-----

=dat.

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

manimi

-----

mъnojo^

máyā

deest

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

-----

-----

-----

mát

mat

ammēdaz

*þū

þū

þū

þū

dū, du

tu

toū, tou, thou,  tu

ty

 tvám

tvə̄m, tūm (tard.) (tū)

A tu, В t(u)we

ti <*tū

zik

*þeke

þuk

þik

þe(c)

dih

tave

tien, tin <*ten

te^

tvm, tvā

θąm (θvā)

tuk; -tta, -ttu

*þīn

þeina

þīn

þīn

dīn

tavęs

twais(e)

tebe

táva, te

tava (tai)

adi. y-t, ac. tën-t

tuēl

*þeza

þus

þēr

þē

dir

tâvi(e), tau

tebbei, tebbe

tebje'; ti

túbhya, túbhyam, te

tabya, tabyah (tai)

tuk; -tta, -ttu

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

tavyje

-----

tebje'

tváyi, tvé

-----

=dat.

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

tavimi

-----

tobojo^

tváyā

θvā (tardiiuum)

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

-----

-----

-----

tvát

θat

tuēdaz

 

 

TON.  AT.

LAT

O-U

PTOCEL

OIr I

Oir D

Welsh I

Welsh D

CORN

BRET

GR

ARM

N

wejes, n̥smé

nōs

desunt

*(s)nīs <*(s)nēs; *snīsnīs

snisni, sníni, sisni, sinni, sní

-----

ni, nini

-----

ny

ni, ny

hmeis <nsme + es , eol. amme <nsme

mek' <*wes

A

nōns <*nosms, n̥smé; nos

nōs

*snōs

-----

-nn-

-----

-n-, -m, n(n)

ny, ny ny; -n-, -gan-, -gen-

ni, -n-, -on-, -hon-;-mp

hmas

mez

G

n̥seróm; nos

nostrum, -ī

*aterom <*n̥serom /so n̥sme

athar, ár <*n̥s-rō-m

ar n-

einym, einom

an, yn; -n

an, agan, agen; -n, -gan, -gen

hon, hor, hol; -n, -on

hmwn

mer

D

n̥sméi, nosbhos

nōbis <*nosbhis (cf. pubēs <*pusbh-)

*snōs

-----

-nn-

-----

-n-, -m, n(n)

ny, ny ny, -n-, -gan-, -gen-

ni, -n-, -on-, -hon-;-mp

hmin

mez

L

n̥smí, nosi

-----

 

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

mez

I

nosbhis

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

mewk'

Ab

n̥sméd

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

ménj

N

juwes, jusmé

uōs

FAL  uēs           PAELIGN.-uus

*swīs <swēs; swīswīs

sib, sissi, síi

-----

chwi, chwichwi

-----

why, wy

hui, huy, c'houi

umeis

duk'

A

wōns <*wosms, jusmé; wos

uōs

*swōs

-----

-b-

-----

-ch-, -ch

why,-s-, -gas-; --ges-; ugh

-huy, -hu, -uy. -u; -oz-, -ch

umas

dzez

G

wesróm; wos

uostrum, -ī

uestra 'uestra'

*(s)wesrom

sethar, sethar-si, sar, fathar

far n-, for n-, bar n-

einwch, einywch

awch, ych; -ch

as, agas, ages; -gas, ges

(h)oz, (h)ouz, ho; -oz, -ouz

hmwn

dzer

D

jusméi, wosbhos; wos

uōbis <*wosbhis

desunt

*swōs

-----

-b-

-----

-ch-, -ch

why,-s-, -gas-; --ges-; ugh

-huy, -hu, -uy. -u; -oz-, -ch

hmin

dzez

L

jusmí, wosi

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

dzez

I

wosbhis

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

dzewk'

Ab

jusméd

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

dzénj

 

GMC

GOT

ON

OE

OHG

LIT

PRUS

SLAV

SKR

AV

TOCH

ALB

HITT

*weys

weis

vēr

wir

mes <*wes

mes <*wes

my <*wes

vayám

vayam

wes

na <*nŏs

wēs (arc.); anzās

*uns

uns(is)

oss

ūs(ic)

unsih

mus

mans<*nans <nṓns; *nō

ny

asmn, nas

ahma

-m, -äm

ne <*nōs

anzās; -nnas

*unserō

unsera

vār

ūser, ūre

unsēr

mūsų

nōuson, nōusan *-sōn.-

nasъ <*nōs-sōm

asmkam, nas

(nah)

ne <*nōs

anzēl

*uns

uns(is)

oss

ūs

uns

mums

noūmans *nōmṓns

namъ; ny

asmábhyam, asmé, nas

ahmabya (nah)

ne <*nōs

anzās; -nnas

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

mumyse

nasъ

asmsu, asmé

-----

=dat.

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

mumis

nami

asmbhis

deest

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

-----

-----

asmát

ahmat

anzēdaz

*yūs

jus

ēr

gē, gīe

ir

jūs

ioūs <jūs

vy

yūyám

yūžam

ju < *u

sumēs

*(w)izwiz

izwis

yðr

ēow

iu

jus

wans<*vans <vṓns; *vō

vy

yuṣmn, vas

(vāh)

-m, -äm

sumās; -smas

*izwerō

izwara

yð(u)ar

ēower

iuwēr

jūsų

ioūson, ioūsān <*-sōn-

vasъ

yuṣmkam, vas

(vah)

sumenzan (arc.), sumēl

*(w)izwiz

izwis

yðr

ēow(ic)

iuwih

jums

ioūmans < *jōmṓns

vamъ ; ny

yuṣmábhyam, vas

šmabhya, yušmabya (vah)

sumēs; -smas

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

jumyse

vasъ

yusmsu, yuṣmé

-----

=dat.

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

jumis

vami

yuṣmbhis

šmā

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

…..

-----

-----

yuṣmát

šmat, yušmat

sumēdaz

 

III.3. Word Formation: Common PIE Lengthenings and Suffixes

PIE

Latin

Old Irish

West Gmc.

East Gmc.

Greek

Indian

Slavic

------

uox

 

 

fley

vāc 'uox'

rex

 

pous

rāt

lex

bó 'bos'

ko

bous

gáu/go

lux

 

 

onux

ruk

grex

 

 

ap 'aqua'

mūs

 

mūs

mus

mysi (ac.)

pes

 

 

 

nux

 

 

 

trabs

 

 

 

nix

 

 

 

-os

 

kamb 'pecten'

snaiws 'nix'

logos 'uerbum'

śoka 'splendor'

snegъ 'nix'

 

 

gomfos 'dens'

jambha 'dens'

zobъ 'dens'

 

 

foros

 

tokъ

 

 

stoicos

 

 

 

trocos 'cursus'

 

 

 

ocos 'currus'

 

-ós

procus

 

 

tomos 'secans'

vará 'sequitor'

coquus

 

 

trocos 'rota'

śoká 'splendens'

 

 

loipos 'reliquiae'

ghaná 'occisor'

-us

genu(īnus) dens

gin (geno)

kinnus

genus

hanu

pecus/pecu

 

haidus

ketú

 

faihu

paśú

 

 

dāru

domus

 

 

domos

dáma

domъ

-jom/jā

ingenium

cride 'cor'

 

ikrion

vairya 'uirilitās'

stoletie 'saeculum'

officium

sétig <-yā 'mulier'

 

sofia 'sapientia'

saujanya 'probitās'

dolia 'pars'

hospitium

 

 

 

gremium

 

 

 

prolubium

 

 

 

repudium

 

 

 

uaticinium

 

 

 

principium

 

 

 

dolium

 

 

 

feria

 

 

 

reliquiae

 

 

 

-nos/nom

dōnum

 

 

upnos 'somnus'

sthānam 'locus'

somnus

 

 

coanos 'olla'

svapnah 'sopnus'

regnum

 

 

organon 'instrumentum'

snānam 'nātus'

 

 

lucnos <ksn 'candēla'

dānam 'dōnum'

 

 

varna 'color' (uarius)

 

 

arambhanam 'initium'

 

 

rodanam

 

 

śasanam

 

 

anusthānam

 

 

adhyayanam

 

 

āsānam

 

 

adhyānam

 

 

abhidhānam

 

 

indhanam

 

 

kārnam

 

 

tādanam

 

 

grathanam

 

 

patanam

 

 

ádanam

 

 

darshanam

 

 

sváadanam

-nā

lūna

 

 

poinh 'pūnitiō'

 

tsená 'pretium'

habēna

 

 

hdonh 'uoluptās'

 

luna 'id.'

pruina

 

 

 

ruina

 

 

 

-njom

somnium

blíad(a)in <yā 'anūs'

 

svápn(i)ya

sunie

dominium

 

 

prāvīnya

žnanie 'scientia'

patrimonium

 

 

kārtsnya 'totālitās'

upražnenie 'exercitium'

matrimonium

 

 

kārpanya 'miseria'

cozarenie

triennium

 

 

 

znamenie 'importantia'

somnium

 

 

 

značenie 'significātiō'

scrutinium

 

 

 

obъiavlenie 'nuntiātiō'

lenocinium

 

 

 

prepodavanie

ricinium

 

 

 

čtenie 'lectiō'

 

 

 

cobranie 'collectiō'

-tjom/tjā

exercitium

 

 

antastya- 'intestīna'

seruitium

 

 

 

initium

 

 

 

praeputium

 

 

 

tristitia

 

 

 

indutiae

 

 

 

-twom

 

 

pañcatvam 'quique elementa'

lekarstvo 'medicāmentum'

 

 

gurutvam 'grāuitās'

gosteprimstva 'hospitālitās'

 

 

 

stroitelstvo 'constructiō'

 

 

 

proizvodstvo 'productiō'

 

 

 

znakomstvo 'scientia'

-men

 

 

 

nōmen

ainm

 

onoma 'nōmen'

nāman 'nōmen'

breme 'tempus'

agmen

 

 

ferma 'onus'

bhárma/bhárīman

flūmen<gsm

 

 

terma 'terminus'

preman 'affectioo'

čisme (s+mºn) 'numerus'

flāmen<gsm

 

 

a(F)etma 'halitus'

ashman 'saxum'

 

 

stigma 'plāga'

bharman 'onus'

 

 

timhma 'honor'

tarman

lūmen<ksm

 

 

gramma, grasma

bráhman

 

 

agemen 'ferre'

 

-mon/mēn

pulmō

 

 

autmhn (aetma)

brahmáan

 

 

puqmhn

dharmáa

 

 

umhn

 

 

 

limhn 'portus'

 

 

 

leimwn

 

 

 

idmwn 'scius'

 

 

 

pneumwn 'pulmō'

 

-mºntom

augmentum

 

 

hliumant  'reputātiō'

śrómatam 'reputātiō'

excrēmentum

 

 

 

-on

tēmōn

 

 

tektwn 'tignārius'

taksan

nefrōnēs

 

 

arshn 'mas'

uksán

pecten

 

 

(F)arhn 'ariēs'

yúvan

gluten

 

 

 

-mos

rēmus<tsm

 

 

kalamos 'calamus'

kāma

fūmus

 

 

anemos 'uentus'

drumá

 

 

olmos<lsm 'mortārium'

dhūmá

 

 

trmá

-mā

flamma<gsm

 

 

druma

 

glūma

 

 

aicmh <ksm 'cuspis'

 

plūma

 

 

 

-los/lom/lā

prēlum

 

 

omfalos

 

candēla

 

 

 

fidēlia

 

 

 

-kos/kā

pertica

 

 

prāśnika

parca

 

 

sainika

 

 

bhiksuka

 

 

balaka

 

 

karabhaka

 

 

maryaka

 

 

abhisoka

-ro

stuprum

 

 

pteron 'āla'

 

 

 

oleqros 'dēlētiō'

 

-er

leuir

 

 

dahr 'leuir'

 

 

 

frear 'puteus'

 

 

 

pi(F)ar 'adeps'

 

 

 

ouqar 'ūter'

 

 

 

hmar 'diēs'

 

 

 

aleifar 'adeps'

 

super

 

 

uper 'super'

 

 

 

 

-tā

iuuenta

 

 

ol(F)oths 'totālitās'

krtajnatā

 

 

bioth 'uīta'

devatā

 

 

rjutā

 

 

gurutā

 

 

sarvatā

-tāt(i)

 

 

ikanoths

aristátāti

 

 

isoths

ayaksmátāti

 

 

idioths

gbhītátāti

 

 

mesoths

jyesthátāti

deitās/dīvīnitās

 

 

devátāti

acritās

 

 

vasútāti

firmitās

 

 

ástatāti

commūnitās

 

 

gamaindaiths

dáksatāti

 

 gemeinde

gamainths

śámtāti

 

 

managduthais

-ti

mens

 

 

fusis 'nātūra'

mati

pars

 

 

zeuxis 'uinculum'

krti

mors

 

 

teryis 'oblectamentum'

bhakti

ars

 

 

basis 'grasus'

bati

 

 

usterhsis 'dilātiō'

drsti

 

 

kinhsis 'mouimentum'

vipatti

 

 

bhrti

 

 

pankti

-tu

portus

 

furt

astu 'urbs'

av. p∂r∂tu-š 'pons'

 

saltus

 

 

 

gántus

 

-tūt

iuuentūs

oítiu 'iuuentūs'

 

mikiduÞs 'magnitūdō'

 

 

 

senectūs

sentu 'senectūs'

 

 

 

salūs

bethu 'uita'

 

 

 

uirtūs

oíntu 'ūnītās'

 

 

 

slántu 'salūs'

 

 

 

cáttu 'sanctitās'

 

 

 

nemarbtu 'immortālitās'

 

 

 

-to

 

 

nostos

 

 

 

fortos

 

 

 

kamatos

 

 

 

biotos (bioth)

 

 

 

koitos

 

 

 

erpeton

 

-tor/tēr

genitor

 

 

genetwr/genethr

janitr

 

 

peusthr

gntr

 

 

krtr

 

 

drstr

 

 

dhaatr

 

 

raksitr

 

 

bóddha

-in

 

 

bhāvin

graždanin 'ciuis, homō urbānus'

 

 

puspadhārin

krestianin 'homō rusticus'

 

 

medhavin

angličanin 'anglensis'

 

 

kuśalin

parižanin 'parisiensis'

 

 

ksayin

-dhrom

crībrum

 

 

 

-trom

arātrum

 

 

arotron 'arātrum'

 

rostrum

 

 

fertron 'faretra'

 

lūstrum

 

 

lektron 'lectus'

 

tarātrum

 

 

niptron 'lauabum'

 

 

 

swstron

 

-dhlom

stābulum

 

 

cutlon 'olla'

 

pābulum

 

 

genetlon<ql

 

-tlom

poculum

 

 

mántra

situlum

 

 

shrotra

-os- (n)

onus

slíab 'mons'

 

kleos 'gloria'

anas 'onus'

opus

 

 

nefos 'nubēs'

apas 'opus'

 

 

erebos 'inferus'

shravas

 

 

candramas

 

 

tejas

 

 

chandas

 

 

tapas

 

 

nabhas

 

 

payas

 

 

manas

 

 

yaśas

 

 

raksas

 

 

rajas

 

 

vaksas

 

 

vayas

 

 

vasas

 

 

vedhas

 

 

śiras

 

 

saras

-os- (m)

aurōr(a)

aurōr-a

 

ews 'aurōra'

usáa 'auroora'

calor

 

 

aidws 'pudicitia'

 

tepor

 

 

 

honor

 

 

 

-estu <ed+tu /esti <ed+ti

inruccus 'opulentia'

 

 

cvežestь 'frescor'

comláinso 'plēnitūdō'

 

 

áthius 'acerbitās'

 

 

diuitius 'simplicitās'

 

 

cosmuilius 'similitūdō'

 

 

cuibdius 'harmonia'

 

 

erdarcus 'pulchritūdō'

 

 

faitigus 'cautiō'

 

 

inderbus 'incertitūdō'

 

 

cutrummus 'equalitās'

 

 

mórálus 'moralitas'

 

 

comarbus 'hereditās'

 

 

coibnius 'familiāritās'

 

 

astu<ad+tu /   asti<ad+ti

flaithemnas 'dominium'

 

thiudinassus 'regnum'

 

glupostь 'stultitia'

airechas 'nōbilitās'

 

gudjin-assus 'sacerdotium'

 

polnostь 'plēnitūdō'

óclachas

 

 

podrobnostь 'indicātiō'

muntaras 'familiāritās'

 

 

grustь 'tristitia'

remthechtas 'antepositiō'

 

 

gordostь

anamchairtes 'directiō spirituālis'

 

 

molodostь 'iuuentūs'

lánamnas 'matrimonium'

 

 

starostь 'senectūs'

testas 'testimonium'

 

 

iarostь 'exasperātiō'

émechas 'opportunitās'

 

 

coitchennas 'generālitās'

 

 


Bibliography and Further Reading

This work is mainly a compilation of scholar knowledge, the output of two centuries of thorough research in comparative linguistics. It is highly recommended to consult other books on IE linguistics to learn Proto-Indo-European. Google books at <http://books.google.com/> is a great tool to read some parts of any of these works and decide whether it is interesting to buy them or not.

For this specific book we have used (among other, less important references) the following works:

o  Adrados, Francisco R., Bernabé, Alberto, Mendoza, Julia. Manual de lingüística indoeuropea I, Ediciones Clásicas, 1995.

o  Adrados, Francisco R., Bernabé, Alberto, Mendoza, Julia. Manual de lingüística indoeuropea II, Ediciones Clásicas, 1996.

o  Adrados, Francisco R., Bernabé, Alberto, Mendoza, Julia. Manual de lingüística indoeuropea III, Ediciones Clásicas, 1998.

o  Baldi, Philips. The Foundations of Latin, Mouton de Gruyter, 2002.

o  Bauer, Brigitte. Archaic Syntax in Indo-European: The Spread of Transitivity in Latin and French, Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.

o  Anthony, David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press, 2007.

o  Beekes, Robert S. P.  Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995.

o  Benveniste, Émile. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1969.

o  Bryce, Trevor. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

o  Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933.

o  Clackson, James. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

o  Cooper, Robert L. Language planning and social change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

o  Crépin, André. Problèmes de grammaire historique. Presses Universitaires de France, 1978.

o  Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European language and culture: an introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.

o  Ganesh Gadre, Vasant. Estructuras gramaticales de hindi y español. Madrid: CSIC, 1996.

o  Güterbock, Hans G., Hoffner, Harry A. The Hittite Dictionary, fascicle 1, volume 3. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1980.

o  Güterbock, Hans G., Hoffner, Harry A. The Hittite Dictionary, fascicle 2, volume 3. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1983.

o  Güterbock, Hans G., Hoffner, Harry A. The Hittite Dictionary, fascicle 3, volume 3. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1986.

o  Gvozdanovic, Jadranka. Indo-European Numerals. Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.

o  Kerns, J. Alexander. A sketch of the Indo-European finite verb. Brill, 1972.

o  Krahe, Hans. Lingüística indoeuropea. Madrid: CSIC, 1953.

o  Lazzeroni, Romano. La cultura indoeuropea. Bari: Gius, Laterza & Figli, 1998.

o  Lehmann, W. P. Theoretical Bases of Indo-european Linguistics. London: Routledge.

o  Lehmann, W.P. Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Austin: University of Texas Press and Linguistic Society of America, 1952

o  Lehmann, W.P. A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967

o  Lehmann, W. P. Proto-Indo-European Syntax. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974

o  Lehmann, W., Zgusta, L. Schleicher’s tale after a century. In Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Amsterdam: B. Brogyanyi, 1979. p. 455–66

o  Lindemann, F.O. Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory, Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1987.

o  Mallory, J.P., Adams, D.Q. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press, USA, 2006 (Reprinted 2007).

o  Mallory, J.P., Adams, D.Q. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Routledge, 1997.

o  Martínez, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel. Introducción al avéstico. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, 2001.

o  Mayrhofer, Manfred. Indogermanische Grammatik, i/2: Lautlehre, Heidelberg: Winter, 1986.

o  Masson, Emilia. Les douze dieux de l’immortalité. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1989.

o  Meid, W. Archäeologie und Sprachwissenschaft. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität.

o  Meier-Brügger, Michael, Fritz, Matthias, Mayrhofer, Manfred. Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2003.

o  Miller, Gary. Latin suffixal derivatives in English and their Indo-European ancestry. USA: Oxford University Press, 2006.

o  Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically arranged, Oxford University Press, 1899.

o  Penney, J.H.W., Indo-European Perspectives, Studies In Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies, Oxford University Press, 2004.

o  Ramat, Anna Giacalone, Ramat, Paolo. Le lingue indoeuropee. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993.

o  Renfrew, Colin. Archaeology and language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape, 1987.

o  Ringe, Donald, et al. A History of English: Volume I: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. USA: Oxford University Press, 2006.

o  Roberts, Edward A., Pastor, Bárbara. Diccionario etimológico indoeuropeo de la lengua española. Madrid: Alianza, 1996.

o  Renfrew, Colin. Arqueología y Lenguaje: La cuestión de los orígenes indoeuropeos. Barcelona: Crítica, 1990

o  Sánchez Salor, E. Semántica y sintaxis. La oración compuesta latina. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura, 1993.

o  Shields, K. A history of Indo-European Verb Morphology. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992.

o  Sihler, Andrew L. New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

o  Szemerényi, Oswald. Einführung in die Vergleichende Sprachenwissenschaft. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989.

o  Szemerényi, Oswald. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

o  Tovar, Antonio. Antiguo Eslavo Eclesiástico. Madrid: Universidad Complutense, 1987.

o  Tucker, T.G., Etymological Dictionary of Latin, Ares Publishers, 1976

o  Villar, F. Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa. Madrid: Gredos, 1991.

o  Watkins, Calvert, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.

o  Watkins, Calvert, How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. Oxford University Press, USA, 2001.

o  West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press, 2009.

o  Whitney, William Dwight. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (reprint), 1924.

We have also used these quick sources on the Net:

o  Indo-European dictionary-translator, <http://indo-european.eu/>, managed by the Indo-European Language Association.

o  Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (revised from Julius Pokorny’s Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1969), available for download at <http://dnghu.org/en/Indo-European%20etymological%20dictionary/>.

o  The Linguistics Research Center (LRC), University of Texas, at <http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/> offers online books, lessons, texts, etc. on Proto-Indo-European and early Indo-European dialects.

o  The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED) at <http://www.indo-european.nl>, managed by the Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University, with some etymological dictionaries of Indo-European dialects.

o  The Tower of Babel project at <http://starling.rinet.ru>, a lexicon project oriented to Indo-European, Eurasiatic, Nostratic and other language families, with free software and PDFs for download.

o  Frederik Kortlandt’s personal website offers some of his publications online at <http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/>.

o  The Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien (TITUS), at <http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/>.

o  The Digital Library Perseus Hopper at <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/>.

o  Wikipedia, the Free Online Encyclopaedia, and Wiktionary, are excellent sources for common knowledge. Thanks to all contributors and to their founders.