PIE |
Latin |
Greek |
Sanskrit |
Hittite |
English |
German |
Gothic |
Gaelic |
Russian |
(sol)woi |
omnes |
oloi |
visva, sarva |
hūmant- |
all |
alle, jeder |
alls |
u(i)le |
все |
qāqos |
quisque |
ekateros, ekastos |
pratieka |
kuissa |
every one |
jeder |
ainhvarjizuh ainhvaþaruh |
cach, cách (gal. papon) |
каждый,
еже--какой 'what, which |
qisqis |
quisquis quīlĭbĕt quīvis
quīviscumque |
tis
ostis
dh ostis
dhpote ostis oun |
kacit kaścana kopi |
kuis kuis, kuis-as kuis, |
anyone |
jeder |
hvazuh hvarjizuh |
duine ar bith |
всякий |
qiskomqe, qisimmoqe |
quiscumque |
tis
an tis
ean |
yah kaś cit yo yah yadanga |
kuis imma, kuis imma
kuis, kuis-as imma (kuis) |
whoever |
jeder der, wer auch immer |
sahvazuh saei |
cibé duine |
кто
бы ни |
qéjespejoi |
quidam |
oitines |
katipaya |
kuis ki |
some |
etliche |
|
|
несколько |
qis,
edqis (cf. rus. edvá) |
ecquis, aliquis, quis, quispiam, aliquisquam |
tis |
anyatama |
someone |
jemand, irgendeiner,
etwas |
hvas, hvashun |
nech, nach, duine |
кто-нибудь,
кой-что, eтeръ |
|
enis |
quīdam |
(cf. eniauton) |
ekaścana |
|
certain |
ein gewisser |
sums |
áirithe |
некоторый |
somós |
īdem
(osc. ekkum) |
o autos |
eka (aequus), sama, sah eva |
eni, uni, anni, asi |
the same |
der selbe |
sama |
an céanna; |
тот же
самый |
se epse, epe, s(w)el (e)pe |
ipse; arc.
sapsa, sumpse |
eautos |
atman, svayam |
apāsila (cf. hit. kinun lat. nunc) |
himself |
selbst |
silba |
fessin, fadessin >féin |
сам,
о́нсий |
neqis |
nullus, nec quisquam |
oudeis |
na kah |
UL kuiski |
none, nobody |
niemand, keiner |
(ni) hvashun |
ní aon duine (gal. nepon) |
никто |
álteros, ónteros |
alter |
anyatara |
(kuis)....kuis |
the other one |
der andere |
|
an ceann eile |
другой,
ино́й
(инъ) |
|
aljos*, onjos |
alius |
allos |
anya, itara, apara |
tamai- |
someone else |
anderer |
aljis* |
aile, aill, eile |
*from aljos
cf. lat. alibi, gr. alludis, got. aljaþ, etc
is, se |
is (anaf.) |
autos
|
sah, esah |
apā |
he |
er, der |
is |
(h)í |
он |
(e)ke, ghei-(ke), se, ete |
hic<ghe-i-ke |
outos |
ay-am, id-am, (gen. asya -air. a + len) <*
e/ei; esah (cf. lat. equidem) |
kā, eda (def) |
this |
dieser hier |
hi-, sa(h) |
sin |
этот, сей.(ant) |
oise, iste, ene |
iste <is-te |
oios <oihos (tal) |
enam (enclit.) |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
el-ne |
ille, ollus <el-ne/ol-nos |
ekeinos |
a-sau, u- |
apā |
that, yonder |
dieser da, jener |
jains |
(s)ut |
тот |
IE TON. AT. |
LAT |
OSC-UMB |
PTOCEL |
OIr I |
Oir D |
Welsh I |
Welsh D |
CORN |
BRET |
GR |
ARM |
|
N |
egṓ,
egóm |
ego |
deest |
me, mesme ? |
mé, meisse |
----- |
mi, myvi, myvy, mivi |
----- |
my, me |
me |
egw, egwn |
es |
A |
mewom; me |
mē (arc.mēd) |
deest |
*me, *mī |
----- |
-m- |
----- |
mi, vi, vyvi, vivi |
-vy, -ma, -m-, f(f) |
-me, -m-, ff |
eme; me |
is |
G |
mene; mo, mei |
meī |
deest |
*mewe, *mene, *meme |
mui, muisse |
mo (len) |
meu |
mi, my, vy (ecl.); -m |
ow, ov; -m |
ma, va; -m |
emou; mou <meso |
im |
D |
meghei; moi |
mihī |
deest |
*me, *mī, *moi |
----- |
-m- |
----- |
mi, vi, vyvi, vivi |
vy, ma, -m-, f(f) |
-me, -m-, ff |
emoi; moi |
imdz <*imij <*emegh |
L |
mei, moi |
mē |
deest |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
is |
I |
mojo |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
inew |
Ab. |
med |
mē |
mehe |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
inén, indzén |
N |
tū |
tū |
tiium, tiú |
*tū, tustu |
tú, tussu |
----- |
ti, tydi, tidi |
----- |
ty, te |
te |
su |
du |
A |
tewom; t(w)e |
tē |
tiu, tiom, tio, teio |
*tu |
----- |
-t- |
----- |
di, dy, de, dydi, dydy |
-te, -ta, th-, -s |
-de; -z-, -t |
se;
se <*twe |
k'ez |
G |
tewe; t(w)o, t(w)ei |
tui; adj. touos, tuus |
tuvai 'tuae', tuua, tua, touer, tuer |
*towe < *tewe |
tái |
do (len) |
teu |
dy (len); -th
(len) |
the; -th, -t, -d |
da (len), -z (len) |
sou <*tweso |
k'o |
D |
tebhei; t(w)oi |
tibī |
tfei, tíf, tefe |
*t(w)oi |
----- |
-t- |
----- |
di, dy, de, dydi, dydy |
-te, -ta, th-, -s |
-de; -z-, -t |
soi;
soi <*twoi |
k'ez |
L |
t(w)ei,
t(w)oi |
tē |
deest (cf. 3ª sueso, seso) |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
k'ez |
I |
t(w)ojo |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
k'ew |
Ab. |
ted |
tē |
deest |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
k'én, k'ezén |
GMC |
GOT |
ON |
OE |
OHG |
LIT |
PRUS |
SLAV |
SKR |
AV |
TOCH |
ALB |
HITT |
*eka (cf. vén. .e.go) |
ik |
ek |
ic |
ih |
aš |
as |
azъ |
ahám |
azə̄m |
näṣ, ñuk |
unë |
u:k (arc.), ammuk |
*mike (cf. vén.
mego) |
mik |
mik |
mec, mē |
mih |
mane |
mien <*men |
me^ |
mm, mā |
(mā) |
*mekwe |
mua, mue |
ammuk; -mu |
*mīnō |
meina |
mīn |
mīn |
mīn |
manęs |
mais(e) |
mene |
máma, me |
mana |
ñi <*mäñi |
im <I + em |
ammēl |
*miza |
mis |
mēr |
mē |
mir |
mâni(e), man |
mennei, māim <instr. |
mi'nje'; mi |
máhya, máhyam, me |
mabya, mabyah (mai) |
ammuk; -mu |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
manyje |
----- |
mi'nje' |
máyi |
----- |
=dat. |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
manimi |
----- |
mъnojo^ |
máyā |
deest |
….. |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
----- |
----- |
----- |
mát |
mat |
ammēdaz |
||
*þū |
þū |
þū |
þū |
dū, du |
tu |
toū, tou, thou,
tu |
ty |
tvám |
tvə̄m, tūm (tard.) (tū) |
A tu, В t(u)we |
ti <*tū |
zik |
*þeke |
þuk |
þik |
þe(c) |
dih |
tave |
tien, tin <*ten |
te^ |
tvm, tvā |
θąm (θvā) |
tuk; -tta, -ttu |
||
*þīn |
þeina |
þīn |
þīn |
dīn |
tavęs |
twais(e) |
tebe |
táva, te |
tava (tai) |
adi. y-t, ac. tën-t |
tuēl |
|
*þeza |
þus |
þēr |
þē |
dir |
tâvi(e), tau |
tebbei, tebbe |
tebje'; ti |
túbhya, túbhyam, te |
tabya, tabyah (tai) |
tuk; -tta, -ttu |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
tavyje |
----- |
tebje' |
tváyi, tvé |
----- |
=dat. |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
tavimi |
----- |
tobojo^ |
tváyā |
θvā (tardiiuum) |
….. |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
----- |
----- |
----- |
tvát |
θat |
tuēdaz |
TON. AT. |
LAT |
O-U |
PTOCEL |
OIr I |
Oir D |
Welsh I |
Welsh D |
CORN |
BRET |
GR |
ARM |
|
N |
wejes,
n̥smé |
nōs |
desunt |
*(s)nīs <*(s)nēs; *snīsnīs |
snisni, sníni, sisni, sinni, sní |
----- |
ni, nini |
----- |
ny |
ni, ny |
hmeis <nsme + es , eol. amme <nsme |
mek' <*wes |
A |
nōns <*nosms,
n̥smé; nos |
nōs |
*snōs |
----- |
-nn- |
----- |
-n-, -m, n(n) |
ny, ny ny; -n-, -gan-, -gen- |
ni, -n-, -on-, -hon-;-mp |
hmas |
mez |
|
G |
n̥seróm; nos |
nostrum, -ī |
*aterom <*n̥serom /so n̥sme |
athar, ár <*n̥s-rō-m |
ar n- |
einym, einom |
an, yn; -n |
an, agan, agen; -n, -gan, -gen |
hon, hor, hol; -n, -on |
hmwn |
mer |
|
D |
n̥sméi,
nosbhos |
nōbis <*nosbhis (cf. pubēs <*pusbh-) |
*snōs |
----- |
-nn- |
----- |
-n-, -m, n(n) |
ny, ny ny, -n-, -gan-, -gen- |
ni, -n-, -on-, -hon-;-mp |
hmin |
mez |
|
L |
n̥smí,
nosi |
----- |
|
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
mez |
||
I |
nosbhis |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
mewk' |
||
Ab |
n̥sméd |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
ménj |
||
N |
juwes,
jusmé |
uōs |
FAL
uēs PAELIGN.-uus |
*swīs <swēs; swīswīs |
sib, sissi, síi |
----- |
chwi, chwichwi |
----- |
why, wy |
hui, huy, c'houi |
umeis |
duk' |
A |
wōns <*wosms,
jusmé; wos |
uōs |
*swōs |
----- |
-b- |
----- |
-ch-, -ch |
why,-s-, -gas-; --ges-; ugh |
-huy, -hu, -uy. -u; -oz-, -ch |
umas |
dzez |
|
G |
wesróm; wos |
uostrum, -ī |
uestra 'uestra' |
*(s)wesrom |
sethar, sethar-si, sar, fathar |
far n-, for n-, bar n- |
einwch, einywch |
awch, ych; -ch |
as, agas, ages; -gas, ges |
(h)oz, (h)ouz, ho; -oz, -ouz |
hmwn |
dzer |
D |
jusméi,
wosbhos; wos |
uōbis <*wosbhis |
desunt |
*swōs |
----- |
-b- |
----- |
-ch-, -ch |
why,-s-, -gas-; --ges-; ugh |
-huy, -hu, -uy. -u; -oz-, -ch |
hmin |
dzez |
L |
jusmí,
wosi |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
dzez |
||
I |
wosbhis |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
dzewk' |
||
Ab |
jusméd |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
----- |
dzénj |
GMC |
GOT |
ON |
OE |
OHG |
LIT |
PRUS |
SLAV |
SKR |
AV |
TOCH |
ALB |
HITT |
*weys |
weis |
vēr |
wē |
wir |
mes <*wes |
mes <*wes |
my <*wes |
vayám |
vayam |
wes |
na <*nŏs |
wēs (arc.); anzās |
*uns |
uns(is) |
oss |
ūs(ic) |
unsih |
mus |
mans<*nans <nṓns; *nō |
ny |
asmn, nas |
ahma |
-m, -äm |
ne <*nōs |
anzās; -nnas |
*unserō |
unsera |
vār |
ūser, ūre |
unsēr |
mūsų |
nōuson, nōusan *-sōn.- |
nasъ <*nōs-sōm |
asmkam, nas |
(nah) |
ne <*nōs |
anzēl |
|
*uns |
uns(is) |
oss |
ūs |
uns |
mums |
noūmans *nōmṓns |
namъ; ny |
asmábhyam, asmé, nas |
ahmabya (nah) |
ne <*nōs |
anzās; -nnas |
|
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
mumyse |
nasъ |
asmsu, asmé |
----- |
=dat. |
|||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
mumis |
nami |
asmbhis |
deest |
….. |
|||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
----- |
----- |
asmát |
ahmat |
anzēdaz |
|||
*yūs |
jus |
ēr |
gē, gīe |
ir |
jūs |
ioūs <jūs |
vy |
yūyám |
yūžam |
ju < *u |
sumēs |
|
*(w)izwiz |
izwis |
yðr |
ēow |
iu |
jus |
wans<*vans <vṓns; *vō |
vy |
yuṣmn, vas |
(vāh) |
-m, -äm |
sumās; -smas |
|
*izwerō |
izwara |
yð(u)ar |
ēower |
iuwēr |
jūsų |
ioūson, ioūsān <*-sōn- |
vasъ |
yuṣmkam, vas |
(vah) |
sumenzan (arc.), sumēl |
||
*(w)izwiz |
izwis |
yðr |
ēow(ic) |
iuwih |
jums |
ioūmans < *jōmṓns |
vamъ ; ny |
yuṣmábhyam, vas |
šmabhya, yušmabya (vah) |
sumēs; -smas |
||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
jumyse |
vasъ |
yusmsu, yuṣmé |
----- |
=dat. |
|||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
jumis |
vami |
yuṣmbhis |
šmā |
….. |
|||
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
….. |
----- |
----- |
yuṣmát |
šmat, yušmat |
sumēdaz |
PIE |
Latin |
Old Irish |
West Gmc. |
East Gmc. |
Greek |
Indian |
Slavic |
------ |
uox |
|
|
fley |
vāc 'uox' |
||
rex |
rí |
|
pous |
rāt |
|||
lex |
bó 'bos' |
ko |
bous |
gáu/go |
|||
lux |
|
|
onux |
ruk |
|||
grex |
|
|
ap 'aqua' |
||||
mūs |
|
mūs |
mus |
mū |
mysi (ac.) |
||
pes |
|
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|
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nux |
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trabs |
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nix |
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-os |
|
kamb 'pecten' |
snaiws 'nix' |
logos 'uerbum' |
śoka 'splendor' |
snegъ 'nix' |
|
|
|
gomfos 'dens' |
jambha 'dens' |
zobъ 'dens' |
|||
|
|
foros |
|
tokъ |
|||
|
|
stoicos |
|
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|
|
trocos 'cursus' |
|
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|
|
ocos 'currus' |
|
||||
-ós |
procus |
|
|
tomos 'secans' |
vará 'sequitor' |
||
coquus |
|
|
trocos 'rota' |
śoká 'splendens' |
|||
|
|
loipos 'reliquiae' |
ghaná 'occisor' |
||||
-us |
genu(īnus) dens |
gin (geno) |
kinnus |
genus |
hanu |
||
pecus/pecu |
|
haidus |
ketú |
||||
|
faihu |
paśú |
|||||
|
|
dāru |
|||||
domus |
|
|
domos |
dáma |
domъ |
||
-jom/jā |
ingenium |
cride 'cor' |
|
ikrion |
vairya 'uirilitās' |
stoletie 'saeculum' |
|
officium |
sétig <-yā
'mulier' |
|
sofia 'sapientia' |
saujanya 'probitās' |
dolia 'pars' |
||
hospitium |
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gremium |
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prolubium |
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repudium |
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uaticinium |
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principium |
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dolium |
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feria |
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reliquiae |
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-nos/nom |
dōnum |
|
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upnos 'somnus' |
sthānam 'locus' |
||
somnus |
|
|
coanos 'olla' |
svapnah 'sopnus' |
|||
regnum |
|
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organon 'instrumentum' |
snānam 'nātus' |
|||
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lucnos <ksn 'candēla' |
dānam 'dōnum' |
||||
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varna 'color' (uarius) |
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arambhanam 'initium' |
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rodanam |
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śasanam |
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anusthānam |
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adhyayanam |
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āsānam |
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adhyānam |
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abhidhānam |
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indhanam |
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kārnam |
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tādanam |
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grathanam |
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patanam |
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ádanam |
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darshanam |
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sváadanam |
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-nā |
lūna |
|
|
poinh 'pūnitiō' |
|
tsená 'pretium' |
|
habēna |
|
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hdonh 'uoluptās' |
|
luna 'id.' |
||
pruina |
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ruina |
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-njom |
somnium |
blíad(a)in <yā
'anūs' |
|
svápn(i)ya |
sunie |
||
dominium |
|
|
prāvīnya |
žnanie 'scientia' |
|||
patrimonium |
|
|
kārtsnya
'totālitās' |
upražnenie 'exercitium' |
|||
matrimonium |
|
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kārpanya 'miseria' |
cozarenie |
|||
triennium |
|
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znamenie 'importantia' |
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somnium |
|
|
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značenie
'significātiō' |
|||
scrutinium |
|
|
|
obъiavlenie
'nuntiātiō' |
|||
lenocinium |
|
|
|
prepodavanie |
|||
ricinium |
|
|
|
čtenie 'lectiō' |
|||
|
|
|
cobranie 'collectiō' |
||||
-tjom/tjā |
exercitium |
|
|
antastya-
'intestīna' |
|||
seruitium |
|
|
|
||||
initium |
|
|
|
||||
praeputium |
|
|
|
||||
tristitia |
|
|
|
||||
indutiae |
|
|
|
||||
-twom |
|
|
pañcatvam 'quique
elementa' |
lekarstvo
'medicāmentum' |
|||
|
|
gurutvam
'grāuitās' |
gosteprimstva
'hospitālitās' |
||||
|
|
|
stroitelstvo
'constructiō' |
||||
|
|
|
proizvodstvo
'productiō' |
||||
|
|
|
znakomstvo 'scientia' |
||||
-men |
|
|
|
||||
nōmen |
ainm |
|
onoma 'nōmen' |
nāman 'nōmen' |
breme 'tempus' |
||
agmen |
|
|
ferma 'onus' |
bhárma/bhárīman |
|||
flūmen<gsm |
|
|
terma 'terminus' |
preman 'affectioo' |
čisme (s+mºn)
'numerus' |
||
flāmen<gsm |
|
|
a(F)etma 'halitus' |
ashman 'saxum' |
|||
|
|
stigma 'plāga' |
bharman 'onus' |
||||
|
|
timhma 'honor' |
tarman |
||||
lūmen<ksm |
|
|
gramma, grasma |
bráhman |
|||
|
|
agemen 'ferre' |
|
||||
-mon/mēn |
pulmō |
|
|
autmhn (aetma) |
brahmáan |
||
|
|
puqmhn |
dharmáa |
||||
|
|
umhn |
|
||||
|
|
limhn 'portus' |
|
||||
|
|
leimwn |
|
||||
|
|
idmwn 'scius' |
|
||||
|
|
pneumwn 'pulmō' |
|
||||
-mºntom |
augmentum |
|
|
hliumant 'reputātiō' |
śrómatam
'reputātiō' |
||
excrēmentum |
|
|
|
||||
-on |
tēmōn |
|
|
tektwn 'tignārius' |
taksan |
||
nefrōnēs |
|
|
arshn 'mas' |
uksán |
|||
pecten |
|
|
(F)arhn 'ariēs' |
yúvan |
|||
gluten |
|
|
|
||||
-mos |
rēmus<tsm |
|
|
kalamos 'calamus' |
kāma |
||
fūmus |
|
|
anemos 'uentus' |
drumá |
|||
|
|
olmos<lsm 'mortārium' |
dhūmá |
||||
|
|
trmá |
|||||
-mā |
flamma<gsm |
|
|
druma |
|
||
glūma |
|
|
aicmh <ksm 'cuspis' |
|
|||
plūma |
|
|
|
||||
-los/lom/lā |
prēlum |
|
|
omfalos |
|
||
candēla |
|
|
|
||||
fidēlia |
|
|
|
||||
-kos/kā |
pertica |
|
|
prāśnika |
|||
parca |
|
|
sainika |
||||
|
|
bhiksuka |
|||||
|
|
balaka |
|||||
|
|
karabhaka |
|||||
|
|
maryaka |
|||||
|
|
abhisoka |
|||||
-ro |
stuprum |
|
|
pteron 'āla' |
|
||
|
|
oleqros 'dēlētiō' |
|
||||
-er |
leuir |
|
|
dahr 'leuir' |
|
||
|
|
frear 'puteus' |
|
||||
|
|
pi(F)ar 'adeps' |
|
||||
|
|
ouqar 'ūter' |
|
||||
|
|
hmar 'diēs' |
|
||||
|
|
aleifar 'adeps' |
|
||||
super |
|
|
uper 'super' |
|
|||
|
|
|
|||||
-tā |
iuuenta |
|
|
ol(F)oths 'totālitās' |
krtajnatā |
||
|
|
bioth 'uīta' |
devatā |
||||
|
|
rjutā |
|||||
|
|
gurutā |
|||||
|
|
sarvatā |
|||||
-tāt(i) |
|
|
ikanoths |
aristátāti |
|||
|
|
isoths |
ayaksmátāti |
||||
|
|
idioths |
gṛbhītátāti |
||||
|
|
mesoths |
jyesthátāti |
||||
deitās/dīvīnitās |
|
|
devátāti |
||||
acritās |
|
|
vasútāti |
||||
firmitās |
|
|
ástatāti |
||||
commūnitās |
|
|
gamaindaiths |
dáksatāti |
|||
|
gemeinde |
gamainths |
śámtāti |
||||
|
|
managduthais |
|||||
-ti |
mens |
|
|
fusis 'nātūra' |
mati |
||
pars |
|
|
zeuxis 'uinculum' |
krti |
|||
mors |
|
|
teryis 'oblectamentum' |
bhakti |
|||
ars |
|
|
basis 'grasus' |
bati |
|||
|
|
usterhsis 'dilātiō' |
drsti |
||||
|
|
kinhsis 'mouimentum' |
vipatti |
||||
|
|
bhrti |
|||||
|
|
pankti |
|||||
-tu |
portus |
|
furt |
astu 'urbs' |
av. p∂r∂tu-š
'pons' |
|
|
saltus |
|
|
|
gántus |
|
||
-tūt |
iuuentūs |
oítiu 'iuuentūs' |
|
mikiduÞs
'magnitūdō' |
|
|
|
senectūs |
sentu 'senectūs' |
|
|
|
|||
salūs |
bethu 'uita' |
|
|
|
|||
uirtūs |
oíntu
'ūnītās' |
|
|
|
|||
slántu 'salūs' |
|
|
|
||||
cáttu 'sanctitās' |
|
|
|
||||
nemarbtu
'immortālitās' |
|
|
|
||||
-to |
|
|
nostos |
|
|||
|
|
fortos |
|
||||
|
|
kamatos |
|
||||
|
|
biotos (bioth) |
|
||||
|
|
koitos |
|
||||
|
|
erpeton |
|
||||
-tor/tēr |
genitor |
|
|
genetwr/genethr |
janitr |
||
|
|
peusthr |
gntr |
||||
|
|
krtr |
|||||
|
|
drstr |
|||||
|
|
dhaatr |
|||||
|
|
raksitr |
|||||
|
|
bóddha |
|||||
-in |
|
|
bhāvin |
graždanin 'ciuis,
homō urbānus' |
|||
|
|
puspadhārin |
krestianin 'homō
rusticus' |
||||
|
|
medhavin |
angličanin
'anglensis' |
||||
|
|
kuśalin |
parižanin 'parisiensis' |
||||
|
|
ksayin |
|||||
-dhrom |
crībrum |
|
|
|
|||
-trom |
arātrum |
|
|
arotron 'arātrum' |
|
||
rostrum |
|
|
fertron 'faretra' |
|
|||
lūstrum |
|
|
lektron 'lectus' |
|
|||
tarātrum |
|
|
niptron 'lauabum' |
|
|||
|
|
swstron |
|
||||
-dhlom |
stābulum |
|
|
cutlon 'olla' |
|
||
pābulum |
|
|
genetlon<ql |
|
|||
-tlom |
poculum |
|
|
mántra |
|||
situlum |
|
|
shrotra |
||||
-os- (n) |
onus |
slíab 'mons' |
|
kleos 'gloria' |
anas 'onus' |
||
opus |
|
|
nefos 'nubēs' |
apas 'opus' |
|||
|
|
erebos 'inferus' |
shravas |
||||
|
|
candramas |
|||||
|
|
tejas |
|||||
|
|
chandas |
|||||
|
|
tapas |
|||||
|
|
nabhas |
|||||
|
|
payas |
|||||
|
|
manas |
|||||
|
|
yaśas |
|||||
|
|
raksas |
|||||
|
|
rajas |
|||||
|
|
vaksas |
|||||
|
|
vayas |
|||||
|
|
vasas |
|||||
|
|
vedhas |
|||||
|
|
śiras |
|||||
|
|
saras |
|||||
-os- (m) |
aurōr(a) |
aurōr-a |
|
ews 'aurōra' |
usáa 'auroora' |
||
calor |
|
|
aidws 'pudicitia' |
|
|||
tepor |
|
|
|
||||
honor |
|
|
|
||||
-estu <ed+tu /esti <ed+ti |
inruccus 'opulentia' |
|
|
cvežestь 'frescor' |
|||
comláinso
'plēnitūdō' |
|
|
|||||
áthius 'acerbitās' |
|
|
|||||
diuitius
'simplicitās' |
|
|
|||||
cosmuilius
'similitūdō' |
|
|
|||||
cuibdius 'harmonia' |
|
|
|||||
erdarcus
'pulchritūdō' |
|
|
|||||
faitigus 'cautiō' |
|
|
|||||
inderbus
'incertitūdō' |
|
|
|||||
cutrummus
'equalitās' |
|
|
|||||
mórálus 'moralitas' |
|
|
|||||
comarbus 'hereditās' |
|
|
|||||
coibnius
'familiāritās' |
|
|
|||||
astu<ad+tu /
asti<ad+ti |
flaithemnas 'dominium' |
|
thiudinassus 'regnum' |
|
glupostь
'stultitia' |
||
airechas
'nōbilitās' |
|
gudjin-assus
'sacerdotium' |
|
polnostь
'plēnitūdō' |
|||
óclachas |
|
|
podrobnostь
'indicātiō' |
||||
muntaras
'familiāritās' |
|
|
grustь 'tristitia' |
||||
remthechtas
'antepositiō' |
|
|
gordostь |
||||
anamchairtes
'directiō spirituālis' |
|
|
molodostь
'iuuentūs' |
||||
lánamnas 'matrimonium' |
|
|
starostь
'senectūs' |
||||
testas 'testimonium' |
|
|
iarostь
'exasperātiō' |
||||
émechas
'opportunitās' |
|
|
|||||
coitchennas
'generālitās' |
|
|
This work is mainly a compilation of scholar knowledge, the output of two centuries of thorough research in comparative linguistics. It is highly recommended to consult other books on IE linguistics to learn Proto-Indo-European. Google books at <http://books.google.com/> is a great tool to read some parts of any of these works and decide whether it is interesting to buy them or not.
For this specific book we have used (among other, less important references) the following works:
o Adrados, Francisco R., Bernabé,
Alberto, Mendoza, Julia. Manual de lingüística indoeuropea I, Ediciones
Clásicas, 1995.
o Adrados, Francisco R., Bernabé,
Alberto, Mendoza, Julia. Manual de lingüística indoeuropea II, Ediciones
Clásicas, 1996.
o Adrados, Francisco R., Bernabé,
Alberto, Mendoza, Julia. Manual de lingüística indoeuropea III,
Ediciones Clásicas, 1998.
o Baldi, Philips. The Foundations of Latin, Mouton de Gruyter, 2002.
o Bauer, Brigitte. Archaic Syntax in Indo-European: The Spread of Transitivity in Latin and French, Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.
o Anthony, David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press, 2007.
o Beekes, Robert S. P. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995.
o Benveniste, Émile. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1969.
o Bryce, Trevor. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
o Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933.
o Clackson, James. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
o Cooper, Robert L. Language planning and social change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
o Crépin, André. Problèmes de grammaire historique. Presses Universitaires de France, 1978.
o Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European language and culture: an introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.
o Ganesh Gadre, Vasant. Estructuras gramaticales de hindi y español. Madrid: CSIC, 1996.
o Güterbock, Hans G., Hoffner, Harry A. The Hittite Dictionary, fascicle 1, volume 3. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1980.
o Güterbock, Hans G., Hoffner, Harry A. The Hittite Dictionary, fascicle 2, volume 3. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1983.
o Güterbock, Hans G., Hoffner, Harry A. The Hittite Dictionary, fascicle 3, volume 3. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1986.
o Gvozdanovic, Jadranka. Indo-European Numerals.
Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
o Kerns, J. Alexander. A sketch of the Indo-European finite verb. Brill, 1972.
o Krahe, Hans. Lingüística
indoeuropea. Madrid: CSIC, 1953.
o Lazzeroni, Romano. La cultura indoeuropea. Bari: Gius, Laterza & Figli, 1998.
o Lehmann, W. P. Theoretical Bases of Indo-european Linguistics. London: Routledge.
o Lehmann, W.P. Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Austin: University of Texas Press and Linguistic Society of America, 1952
o Lehmann, W.P. A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967
o Lehmann, W. P. Proto-Indo-European Syntax. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974
o Lehmann, W., Zgusta, L. Schleicher’s tale after a century. In Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Amsterdam: B. Brogyanyi, 1979. p. 455–66
o Lindemann, F.O. Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory, Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1987.
o Mallory, J.P., Adams, D.Q. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press, USA, 2006 (Reprinted 2007).
o Mallory, J.P., Adams, D.Q. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Routledge, 1997.
o Martínez, Javier, de Vaan,
Michiel. Introducción al avéstico. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, 2001.
o
Mayrhofer,
Manfred. Indogermanische Grammatik, i/2: Lautlehre, Heidelberg: Winter,
1986.
o Masson, Emilia. Les douze dieux de l’immortalité. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1989.
o
Meid,
W. Archäeologie und Sprachwissenschaft. Innsbruck: Institut für
Sprachwissenschaft der Universität.
o Meier-Brügger, Michael, Fritz, Matthias,
Mayrhofer, Manfred. Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter, 2003.
o Miller, Gary. Latin suffixal derivatives in English and their Indo-European ancestry. USA: Oxford University Press, 2006.
o Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically arranged, Oxford University Press, 1899.
o Penney, J.H.W., Indo-European Perspectives, Studies In Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies, Oxford University Press, 2004.
o Ramat, Anna Giacalone, Ramat, Paolo. Le lingue indoeuropee. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993.
o Renfrew, Colin. Archaeology and language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape, 1987.
o Ringe, Donald, et al. A History of English: Volume I: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. USA: Oxford University Press, 2006.
o Roberts, Edward A., Pastor, Bárbara. Diccionario etimológico indoeuropeo de la lengua española. Madrid: Alianza, 1996.
o Renfrew, Colin. Arqueología y Lenguaje: La cuestión
de los orígenes indoeuropeos. Barcelona: Crítica, 1990
o Sánchez Salor, E. Semántica y
sintaxis. La oración compuesta latina. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura,
1993.
o Shields, K. A history of Indo-European Verb Morphology. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992.
o Sihler, Andrew L. New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
o Szemerényi, Oswald. Einführung in die Vergleichende Sprachenwissenschaft. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989.
o Szemerényi, Oswald. Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
o Tovar, Antonio. Antiguo Eslavo Eclesiástico. Madrid: Universidad Complutense, 1987.
o Tucker, T.G., Etymological Dictionary of Latin, Ares Publishers, 1976
o Villar, F. Los indoeuropeos y
los orígenes de Europa. Madrid: Gredos, 1991.
o Watkins, Calvert, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.
o Watkins, Calvert, How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. Oxford University Press, USA, 2001.
o West, M.L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press, 2009.
o Whitney, William Dwight. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (reprint), 1924.
We have also used these quick sources on the Net:
o Indo-European dictionary-translator, <http://indo-european.eu/>, managed by the Indo-European Language Association.
o Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (revised from Julius Pokorny’s Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1969), available for download at <http://dnghu.org/en/Indo-European%20etymological%20dictionary/>.
o The Linguistics Research Center (LRC), University of Texas, at <http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/> offers online books, lessons, texts, etc. on Proto-Indo-European and early Indo-European dialects.
o The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED) at <http://www.indo-european.nl>, managed by the Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University, with some etymological dictionaries of Indo-European dialects.
o The Tower of Babel project at <http://starling.rinet.ru>, a lexicon project oriented to Indo-European, Eurasiatic, Nostratic and other language families, with free software and PDFs for download.
o Frederik Kortlandt’s personal website offers some of his publications online at <http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/>.
o The Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien (TITUS), at <http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/>.
o The Digital Library Perseus Hopper at <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/>.
o Wikipedia, the Free Online Encyclopaedia, and Wiktionary, are excellent sources for common knowledge. Thanks to all contributors and to their founders.