Indo-European Etymological Dictionary - Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (JPokorny)

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A Proto-Indo-European Language Lexicon, and an Etymological Dictionary of Early Indo-European Languages

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's “Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch”, scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow), who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.

Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-)

English meaning: strong, mighty

German meaning: 'stark, heftig'

Note: The Root / lemma: apelo- : `strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro- (*hebhro-): `strong, mighty' [the shift l > r].

Material: to Mir. Prefix abor-, cymr. afr- `very much'; got. abrs `get strong, violent', adv. abraba `very much', bi-abrjan `before were astonished beside oneself', aisl. Prefix afar- `very much'; ill. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο-.

Maybe illyr. VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο - : alb. (*Α῎βροι) afronj `bring close, squeeze', afër `near' similar to formations of lett. blaîzît `squeeze, clash, hit' : Old Church Slavic blizь, blizъ Adv. `nigh, near' (eigentl. `adjacent').

Here maybe got. aba (n- stem) `husband'.

Note:

The root abhro- :'strong, mighty' is related to the cult of fertility hence the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture' Αφροδίτη Aphrodite'. The name of Aphrodite derived from Gr. ἀφρός `sea foam' + Τι ̄ τα ̃ νες `titaness'. The name of Aphrodite is also related to Root / lemma: abō(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) and to Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) [see below].

In Greek mythology, Aphrodite is the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture. According to Hesiod, she was born when Uranus (the father of the gods) was castrated by his son Cronus. Cronus threw the severed genitals into the ocean which began to churn and foam about them. From the ἀφρός `aphros ("sea foam")' arose Aphrodite, and the sea carried her to either Cyprus or Cythera. Hence she is often referred to as Kypris and Cytherea.

The name of Aphrodite is related to PIE Root / lemma: (enebh-2): nebh-, embh-, m̥bh- : (wet, damp; water; clouds) Old Indian abhrá- m. (*m̥bhros), av. awra- n.

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: abh-

Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: abh- (*hebh-)

English meaning: quick, abrupt

German meaning: `rasch, heftig'

Note: alter r/n- stem

Material: Gr. ἄφαρ `straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently' (old abstract noun `quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first ἄφνω, ἄφνως `suddenly'.

Here at most Old Church Slavic abьje `straight away, directly', but uncertainly Old Indian ahnāya `directly, straight away, instantly, speedily' (rather to áhar, áhan- `day' p. 7).

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: abhro-

Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: abō(n) (*hebō-)

English meaning: ape, *water demon

German meaning: `Affe'

Note: (kelt. neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).

Material: Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (Akk. Pl.) to read and still before the consonatic mutation in Germ. stubby; hence, in. api m. `Monkey, gate', as. apo, ahd. affo m., affa, affin f., ags. apa m. `Monkey', ačech. opice comes aruss. opica from the Germ.

References: WP. I 51 f.

See also: compare ab-`water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.

Page(s): 2-3

Root / lemma: ab-

English meaning: water, river

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Note:

From Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : `water, river' [through the shift -gʷ- > -b-, -kʷ- > -p- attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) and Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : `water, river'.

Material: Lat. amnis f., late m. c (*abnis); air. ab (*aba) Gen. abae `river', besides abann, cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona, derived cymr. afanc `beaver, water demon, dwarf', to mir. abac (*abankos) `beaver, dwarf', schweiz.-frz. avañ `pasture' (*abanko-); lett. FlN Abava.

The West German FlN in -apa, nhd.-affa, probably go back partly to usually lost westgerm. *ap-(idg. *ab-), partly in ven.-ill. ap- (idg. *ap-).

rum. apă `water'

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.

See also: compare also āp-2 `water, river' and abō(n) `ape'.

Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: ades-, ados- (*heĝh-)

English meaning: sort of cereal

German meaning: `Getreideart, Spelt'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Lat. ador, -ō̆ris n. `a kind of grain, spelt', maybe in got. atisk (*ades-ko-) `sowing field', probably m. as ahd. ezzisca Pl. `sowing', mhd. dial. Esch, schweiz. dial. Aesch, `field entrance of a village'; toch. AB āti `grass' [ B atiyo (f.pl.) `grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Toch. 641). about gr. ἀθήρ `an ear of corn' see under andh-.

Perhaps Armenian: hat `grain', Hittite: hattar n. `cereal'

Note:

It seems Root / lemma: ades-, ados- : `sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *heĝh- `a kind of grain'. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in germ. branch Germanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar formant. The old laryngeal (centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s-) was lost except in hitt. and arm. Clearly germ. tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced lat. (*hattar-) adŏris > Germanic: *at-isk-a-.

Finally zero grade in alb. (*adō̆ris) *dris, drizë `thorny plant', (*dris) drithë `grain' where the lat. -is ending has been solidified.

The surprise is the phonetic mutation -ĝh- > -d- found only in av. - illyr.- balt. languages.

References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-1 (*hed-)

English meaning: to, by, at

German meaning: `zu, bei, an'

Material: Phryg. αδ-δακετ `he does'; maked. ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); lat. ad `to, with, in', preverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac `and in addition, and also, and' (*ad-que; not at + que; also umbr. ap `in which place, in what place, where, when, after, since, although' chronologically, with extended - ī in ape), umbr. ař- preverb, -ař ̌ postposition m. Akk., osk. adpúd `as far as', otherwise with s- extension osk. az `to, toward' preposition m. Akk .; air. ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glādur `call upon, appeal to'), cymr. add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: cymr. addiant `longing', Admārus: air. már `large'); cymr. â, with vowel ag `with' (ad + ĝhe, Old Indian ha, not = lat. atque `and, as well as, together with'); germ. *at preverb and preposition mostly with `dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (got. westgerm. from the time, ags. also from the place), aisl. also with Gen.: got. at `to, by', aisl. at `to, by, against, after', ags. æt, as. at, ahd. az `to, by, in'.

zero grade: ved. t-sárati `creeps, creeps up', ahd. zagēn (: got. *-agan `fear'), ahd. z-ougen, mhd. zōugen, as. t-ōgian compared with got. at-augjan `with raised up eyes, point, show'.

References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.

See also: Perhaps to ad-2.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-2

English meaning: to establish, put in order

German meaning: `festsetzen, ordnen'

Material: Umbr. arsie (*adio-) `venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one', arsmor (*admon) `a form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite', arsmatiam (*admatio-) `relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual', armamu `you shall be ordered, set in order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated', Ařmune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- `settle, order'; air. ad n. `law', Pl. ada `ceremonious customs', from it Adj. `lawful', adas `proper', cymr. addas `suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) `duty, purpose'; probably also germ. *tila- `suitable opportunity' in got. til n., ga-tils `suitably', ags. til `suitable, useful' as n. `goodness, suitability' = ahd. zil `purpose', preposition ags. aisl. til `to, for'.

References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- (*heĝhero)

English meaning: water current

German meaning: `Wasserlauf'

Note:

From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

: `water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : `water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].

From Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

Material: Avest. aδu `water run, brook, canal', ven.-ill. FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po), *Aduli̯a> Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula `St. Gotthard' (probably named after the rivers streaming there), oberösterr. FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder (Hessen), maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN Α᾽δρανός and ven.-ill. name of Oder Οὐι-αδούας; further lett. FlN Adula.

Note:

The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites. Atlas `*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there': Α῎τλας, -αντος m. `Atlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky; originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in general and especially (by Ionic seafarers) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world axis Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber ádrār `mountain'.

Derivatives: Of it `Ατλαντίς f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further `Ατλαντικός (E., Pl., Arist. etc.) and `Ατλάντειος (Kritias).

References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.

Page(s): 4

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-)

English meaning: disgusting

German meaning: `widerwärtig'

Note:

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-) : `disgusting' derived from an extended Root / lemma: agos- : `fault, sin' produced.

Material: Got. agls `opprobrious, ignominious', agliÞa, aglō `hardship', us-agljan `press', ags. eg(e)le `offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate', eglan add `pain' (engl. ail `hurt; indisposed his'), eglian `to be felt painfully', mnd. egelen `cause grief', got. aglus Adv. agluba `δύσκολος, difficult'; also (with puzzling suffix) got. aglaitei f. -i n. `licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense', ahd. agaleizi f.,-i n. `discomfort; zeal', agaleizo, as. aglēto, agalēto Adv. `sedulous, keen'.

Possibly here ow. aghá- (=av. aɣō-) `nasty', n. `horrible, damage', aghalá- ` bad'.

Here maybe to mir. ālad n. `wound' (*agloton), mcymr. aele(u) `painful', aeleu m. `pain' (*aglou̯-).

References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: aghl(u)- (*heghel-)

English meaning: rainy weather

German meaning: etwa `dunkle Wolke, regnerisches Wetter'

Material: Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς `fog, darkness'

Maybe alb. agull `bad vision'

Old Prussian aglo n. `rain' (u- stem), arm. *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh `darkness' (Meillet MSL. 10, 279).

References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Ar. and Arm. Stud. 126.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: agh- (*hegh-)

English meaning: to fear

German meaning: `seelisch bedrückt sein, sich fürchten'

Material: Gr. ἄχος n. `fear, pain, grief', ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαι `grieving, sorrowing, mourning' (Aor. ἥκαχε, ἠκαχόμην, Perf. ἀκάχημαι), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων `mourning, groaning', ἀκαχίζω `sadden'; here probably ἄχθος `load, grief' (*ἀχτος), thereof ἀχθεσθαι `to be loaded, be depressed'.

Maybe nasalized alb. (*aghos) ankth `fear' [common alb. -s > -th phonetic mutation].

Ags. ege m. `fear', egisi-grima gl. `ghost, spectre, evil spirit', n. es- stem *agiz = gr. ἄχος `get a fright';

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - χ - phonetic mutation

compare ahd. egis-līh `dreadful', egisōn `get a fright' and to o- and en stems extended got. agis n. `fear, anxiety, fright', ahd. agiso, egiso m., egisa f. `fear, fright figure', ags. egesa m. `fear'; anord. agi m. (-en- stem)'Fear', ahd. egī; mhd. ege f. `fear, fright, punishment'; got. -agan in unḫagands `are not afraid', af-agjan `frighten', us-agjan `frighten somebody', `inḫagjan `snub somebody'; preterit present got. ōg (ōgum) `fears me', ni ōgs `fear nothing' (old short vocal subjunctive *ōgiz), anord. ōa-sk `be afraid'; got. ōgjan `snub somebody' = anord. ægja `get a fright'; anord. ōgn f. `fright', ōtti m. `fear', ags. ōga f. `fright'.

Air. ad-agor,-agur `fear' (because of the ablaut equality with got. ōg supposes Brugmann Grdr. II² 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun āigthiunder

References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)

Page(s): 7-8

Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-)

English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt

German meaning: `Fehl, Schuld, Sünde'

Material: Old Indian ā́gas- n. `offence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. ἄγος `heavy guilt, blood guilt'; Old Indian ánāgas-, gr. ἀναγής `innocent, guiltless' ; ἀγής, ἐναγής `curses', ἄγιος μιαρός.

ags. acan, ōc `hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. äken `hurt, fester, dent, blow', mndl. akel `grief, wrong, pity', nfries. akelig, aeklig `wretched, vehement'.

Maybe nasalized alb. (*ángas) nëkónj, geg. angój `groan, sigh, complain of pain, evil' (*enq-); prove the link between Root / lemma: agos- : [fault, guilt, blame, sin (damage, injury, sacrilege, evil)] and Root / lemma: enq-, onq- : (to sigh, groan) [see below]

Note: It is possible Root / lemma: agos- (*hege-): `fault, sin, *blood guilt' is a zero grade of lat. sangue `blood', alb. gjak `blood' see Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo-s : `sap, pitch, *blood'.

References: WP. I 38.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: agro- (egro-) (*hekuro-)

English meaning: top, first, beginning

German meaning: `Spitze, oberstes, erstes, Anfang'

Material: Old Indian ágra- n. `point', agrē (Lok.) `at the top', also timewise `in the beginning, first', agrimá- `first', av. aɣra- `first, uppermost after time space etc. `, n. `beginning; the uppermost, point'; lett. agrs (Adj.) `early', agri Adv. `early, early on', agrums `the early morning'.

maybe alb. agu `dawn, morning, beginning of the day'.

Whether here lat. MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- `breech birth (one who causes great pain at his birth', W. Schulze KZ. 32, 172¹, in 1721, doubting Lat. Eig. 230⁵

If Old Indian ágra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur 'cliff summit, rock, crag'.

Maybe Agrianes Illyr. TN, Agron `Illyrian king'.

References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hitt. 183.

Page(s): 8-9

Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī, aksī

English meaning: axe

German meaning: `Axt'

Material: Got. aqizi, anord. øx, ags. acus, æx, as. acus, accus, ahd. achhus, accus, aches, nhd. Axt (germ. forms *aqwizi and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *agu̯ésī : *agusi̯ā́s), gr. ἰξός `ax, hatchet'

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

lat. ascia `ax of the carpenters' (from *acsiā like viscus: ἰξός, vespa from *vepsā).

maybe alb. (*asca) ashka `shavings, wood splinter', (*viscus) vishk, fishk `make thin, wither'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 465⁴.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: aĝh-

English meaning: plough animal

German meaning: `trächtiges Tier'

Material: Old Indian ahī `cow', av. azī f. Adj. `pregnant' (from cows and mares), mir. ag (s- stem) m., f. `bovine animal, cow', ag allaid `deer' (actually, `wild ox'), ál `brood, throw' (*aglo-), cymr. ael ds., mcymr. aelaw `abundance, fertility', eilion (*agliones) `fallow deer, horses'; here with e- vocalism arm. ezn `bovine animal'

References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.

Page(s): 7

Root / lemma: aĝro-s

See also: s. aĝ-

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: aĝ- (*heĝ-)

English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle

German meaning: `treiben' (actually probably `mit geschwungenen Armen treiben'), `schwingen', in Bewegung setzen, führen'

Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.

Note:

old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;

Material: aĝō: Old Indian ájati `drive', ajá- m. `a drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. `running match, combat', av. azaiti `drive, lead away', arm. acem `lead, bring';

maybe alb. geg. (*ἄγω), ago `leader, chief'; ag- `dawn, beginning of the day', agon `to dawn, start the day' : lat. ago agere egi actum `to set in motion, drive; of animals, to drive or hunt', agon -onis m. `a contest in the public games', agonalia -ium and -orum n. `a festival of Janus'.

gr. ἄγω'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), lat. agō `to set in motion, drive, lead, negotiate' (Pf. ēg ī with ablaut innovation), osk. Imper. actud = umbr. aitu `agito', osk. acum `agere', air. ad-aig (*aget) `adigit', acymr. agit, hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret. a (*aget) `goes'; t- Preterit air. ro-da-acht `driven away', cymr. aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion' etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following, air. āin `activity, play' (from *agnis), gallo-rom. *and-agnis `big step', frz. andain `swath, scythe slash', afrz. `wide step', anord. aka `driving' (Preterit ōk like Old Indian Gram. āja); ags. ac `however, but, yet' (wörtl. `go!' like lat. age); toch. B ak-, AB āk- `travel, lead';

Maybe alb. ec- `walk, travel on foot', vocative hec, eja `come!'.

to- participle: ἀκτός, lat. āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb (i)-aktos, actually, `sent around (: air. imm-aig) messenger, servant' in gall. (-lat.) ambactus `vassal, slave', cymr. amaeth `servus arans' (from Kelt. derives got. andbahts, ahd. ambaht `servant', from which the kinship with nhd. Amt).

As idg. Instrumental noun in-trā here Old Indian aṣ̌ṭrā `goad to drive the livestock', av. aštrā `whip, scourge'.

Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- `lead, guide, drive' (36).

lengthened grade formations: Old Indian ājí-ḥ m. f. `race, fight', mir. āg (Gen. āga, u- stem) `fight', āga, āige `leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-mārus = air. ágmar `warlike'; Com-āgius), lat. only in compounds: ambāgēs, around `a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity' (conservative stem like Old Indian áj-ē `to lead' = lat. agī Inf. Pass., and like Old Indian aj- in pr̥tanā́j- `in the fight pulling', however, with stretch in the composition), indāgēs and indāgo,-inis `surrounding and driving of game', co-āgulum `a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie', Old Indian samāja-ḥ `meeting, society', gr. ἀγωγός `leading, leadingly', ἀγωγή `guidance, management, freight', Hes. ὤγανα `spokes', στρατ-ηγός (see under). about dor. ἆγον (Old Indian ājam) `I lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.

o- stem: ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ `activity, train; driver', gr. ἀγός `leader, military leader', στρατ-ᾱγός, att. ion. στρατ-ηγός'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) `leader', lat. prōdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus `profuse, extravagant; rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige' (from prōd-igere), abiga `plant which has the power of producing abortion; ground-pine' (`close to miscarriage' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old Indian apa-ájati `to drive away, drive off').

i̯o- stem: ir. aige `race', Old Indian in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.

aĝmn̥, aĝmos: Old Indian ájman- n. `road, train', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, about jman, pari-jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- `earth'): lat. agmen `a driving movement or a mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march' (to neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen `a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a balance; testing, consideration'; then `to check, to weigh; to consider' (from *agsmen), ammentum (*agmen-to-m) `in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with throw straps'; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 492¹⁰) with o- graduation gr. ὄγμος `field furrow, road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing'.

lo- stem: Old Indian ajirá- `quick, nimble' (however, lat. agilis `flexible, nimble' is a neologism); gr. ἀγέλη `herd, crowd', lat. agolum `shepherd's stick'.

Gr. ἀγών `race, competition'; ἄγυια'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια lat. agēa `a gangway in a ship'; lak. kret. ätol. ἀγνέω `leads, brings', ep. ion. ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds. (:ἀγνέω and ἄγω, like ὀρῑ-νω towards ὄρ-νυ-μι and ὠρ-όμην, also from an ī̆ ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about ἡγεμών see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 522⁷ and under sāg-.

Lat. rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre `a rower, oarsman' and other verbs in -(i)gāre. - Presumably lat. indigitēs `the local divinities and heroes' (indigitāre `a divinity call', indigitāmenta `invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native'.

formation development to'to weigh' (from `bring in oscillation') in lat. exagium `a weighing, weight; a balance', exigere [ex + ago]'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among other things `weigh, measure', exāctus `precise, accurate, exact', exiguus `strict, exact, scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry', exīlis (*ex-ag-slis) `strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor', exāmen (see above), agīna `the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves' (formation as for example coquīna), gr. ἄγειν also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος `weighing as much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight', actually:) `from suitable weight', hence, `worth, solemnly', ἀντάξιος'worth just as much as, equally'.

still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, āctus quadrātus `a field measure of 120 feet in the square', and actūtum `straight away, immediately, forthwith', agāsō `footman, driver, hostler', agō, -ōnis `of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning `sacrifice'), agōnium `a victim, beast for sacrifice' below likewise

Here maybe gall. exacum `the herb centaury' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-`pure-craving'). But better to *ak̂- `sharp', see there.

Further belong here:

aĝes-, ak̂s . . . `(fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder':

Old Indian ákṣ̌aḫḥ `axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα `carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217 f.);

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

lat. axis `axis' = lit. ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .; ahd. ahsa, nhd. Achse, ags. eax ds .; in. ǫxull (from urg. *ahsulaz)'axis'; mir. ais `axis' (*aksiḫlā in cymr. echel f. `axis', bret. ahel).

Lat. āla `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agslā (cf Demin. axilla `armpit') = in. ǫxl, ags. eaxl, ahd. ahsala, nhd. Achsel, where near lengthened grade ndl. oksel ds., and without l- formant: ahd. uochisa, mhd. uohse, üehse and ahd. uochsana, ags. ōxn `armpit', in. ōst f., ōstr m. `Cervical pit', ags. ōcusta, ōxta m., engl. oxter `armpit'; av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. `of both shoulders', arm. anut `shoulder pit' (at first from *asnut `).

maybe zero grade in alb. geg. (*aksla-të) sqetla `armpit'.

aĝḫrā `rush, hunt', aĝḫroḫs `driving, rushing':

Old Indian in ghasēḫajra- `to drive consuming, exciting appetite', av. (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm `doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf)'; gr. ἄγρᾱ, ion. ἄγρη `hunt, catch', πάναγρος `catching everything, catching', κρεάγρα `meat tongs', πυράγρα `tongs', ποδάγρα `prostration, enuflection', Μελέαγρος originally name of a `demon which as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs' (?), ἀγρεύς `hunter', ἀγρεύω `catch'; but ἀγρέω `take' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 727¹ from *ἁ-γρο-; ir. ār n. `defeat' (*agron) `battle, fight' (*agrā), actually, `rush', acorn. hair `destruction, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity', abret. airou PI. `an overthrow, destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage', gall. VN Veragri `the immense combatants'.

maybe alb. Agron `appellation of an Illyrian king'.

aĝḫroḫs `field, camp' (to *agō as herd to drive wie, also originally `place where the cattle is being driven, pasture').

Old Indian ájraḫḥ `surface, camp, fields' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός `field, land' (in contrast to town), lat. umbr. ager `field', got. (etc.) akrs, ahd. ackar, ahhar, nhd. Acker (Acker and ags. æcer also a certain land measure, `so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day'), arm. art `field' (with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak `s `out', prefix arta-` from').

Old Indian ajríya- `located in the plain' = gr. ἄγριος `on the field, outside growing or living, wildly'; ἀγρότερος `wildly living', lat. agrestis `a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude'. (about got. akran, dt. Eckern, however, see under *ōg- `grow'.)

maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', ager `donkey (pulling a wagon)', illyr. TN Agrianes.

References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.

Page(s): 4-6

Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s (*hegʷh-no-s)

English meaning: `lamb'

German meaning: `Lamm'

Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos)

It seems that from Root / lemma: aĝ- : `to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root / lemma: agʷh-no-s : `lamb'.

Material:

Note:

The old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- in PIE; only alb. and umbr. and Slavic preserved the old laryngeal through alb. ḫ- > k- phonetic mutation.

alb. geg. kinxh, tosk (*ḫegh-) qengj `lamb' : umbr. habina(f) `of a lamb' : lat. haedīnus `of a kid' : Old Church Slavic: (j)agnę `lamb' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

Gr. (*agʷnos, abnos) ἀμνός derived from an earlier *abnos `lamb' [common gr. kʷ > p, gʷ > b phonetic mutation, later b > mb > m common illyr.-gr. phonetic mutation]

gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';

lat. agnus, - ī, fem.-a `lamb' (agnīle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church Slavic jagnilo `place where the sheep lamb', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb'); air. ūan cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan `lamb' (urk. *ognos with -gn- would have derived from *-gʷhn-, not-*gʷn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;

o- probably influence from *ou̯is `sheep'); ags. ēanian, engl. to yean `to lamb', ndl. oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = idg. *agʷhno-); Old Church Slavic (j)agne ̨ `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals), (j)agnьcь `lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed idg. *ōgʷ(h)no- : to *ǝgʷ(h)no-

Through the Germ. and Kelt. presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the basis of lat. and slav. forms, so that gr. ἀμνός (at first from *ἀβνός) remains the only dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated gʷ. If umbr. habina(f) `of a lamb' could be explained from intersection from *hēdīno- = lat. haedīnus `of a kid' and *abnīno- = lat. agninus `of a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, would point umbr. b to voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become gʷh in Osk.-Umbr. to b.

Note:

Celtic Illyrian concordances: common illyr. -gʷ- > -b-, -d- : alb. -gʷ- > -d- phonetic mutation.

Lat. avillus `lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *agʷhnelos.

Note:

[common lat. - Italic gw- > v- phonetic mutation] Lat. avillus (*abillus) `lambkin' : rum. (*agʷenus) ageamiu `lamb'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nas. i-n-dh- (*heu̯i-ĝh-)

English meaning: to burn

Note:

Common illyr. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation

German meaning: `brennen, leuchten'

Material: Old Indian inddhḗ `inflamed, is aroused' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf. Pass iddhá-ḥ), indhana-m `lighting'.

Gr. αἴθω `lights, burns' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ `igneously, sparkling', ἰθαίνεσθαι θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα'loggia'; changing by ablaut κακ-ιθής Hes. `ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

o-St.:gr. αἶθος m. `fire' (αἰθός `burntly') = Old Indian ēdha-ḥ ̣m. `Firewood' = ags. ād, ahd. mhd. eit m. `Glow, pyre': zero grade probably norw. schwed. id `leuciscus idus' (a bright carp kind), cf nhd. dial. aitel `leuciscus cephalus' as the `shining'; besides u- stem *aidhu- in gall. VN Aedui, air. áed `fire', also as MN; lat. aedēs `a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple', ursprüngl. `the domestic stove', also aedis = maked. ἄδις ἐσχάρα Hes.

From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably lat. aestās, - ātis `warm season, summer' (from *aisto-tāt-, idg. *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) `heat, glow, surf', aestuāre `cook, surge, roar';

Maybe alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn, harvest time (long summer)': Go. asans `harvest time, summer' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta `goddess of hearth and its sacred fire' was an Illyrian goddess, also alb. vatra (*vas-tra) `hearth' with -tre suffix.

agerm. MN Aistomōdius (`with quick-tempered courage'), ags. āst f. `dried stove', engl. oast `drying room, drying loft'.

r- formants: gr. αἰθήρ `the upper air' (maked. ἀδῆ), αἴθρα `the cheerful sky' (maked. ἀδραιά), αἴθριος `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut ἰθαρός'cheerfully', Old Indian vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.

l- formants: gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', maked. ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a development from `shining, appearing' `too apparently' one puts a little bit constrainedly here ags. īdel `vain, pointless, trifling', ahd. ītal, nhd. eitel.

In idg. *aidh-lo- is based germ. ail- in ags. ǣlan `burn' to āl n. `Flame', and in ags. ǣled m., aisl. eldr (Gen. elds) `fire, flame'. From different development-grading ags. ǣled are borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled `from fire, stove' (M. Förster Themse 487²). Mir. āel `lime' could have originated from *aidhḫlo-. However, could germ. and kelt. words be formed also directly by the root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.

s-formants: es-St. gr. αἴθος n. `Glow, fire' = Old Indian ḗdhas- n. `Firewood'.

Continuing formation: aisl eisa f. (*aidhḫsḫōn) `fire', norw. `Hearth', mnd. ēse f. `chimney, fire stove' (however, ahd. essa `chimney, hearth' see under ā̆s- `burn'); av. aēsma m. `Firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, cf without s Old Indian idhmáḫḥ m. ds.); in addition balt. *aismiā in lit. íesmė `firewood'; lit. aistrà f. `passion'; ačech. niestějě (fem. Pl.) `stove', later nístěj (with n- suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vъnḫěstěję, vъn-ěstějachъ, Berneker 275) from *aidh-s-to; in addition zro grades *idh-s-to- in slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. `stove hole'; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indian iṣ̌ṭakā `of burnt bricks', av. ištya- n. `brick, (backed brick)'.

In *indh- goes back: alb. geg. idhunɛ, tosk. idhëtë `bitter', tosk. idhɛrím `bitterness, anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29).

Note:

Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- in : alb. geg. hidhun `bitter', hithra `nettle';

References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.

Probably to ā̆i-4.

Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .

Page(s): 11-12

Root / lemma: aid-

English meaning: `swell'

German meaning: `schwellen'

See also: s. oid-.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: aig-1, nas. ing-

English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill

German meaning: `verstimmt, unwirsch, krank'

Material: Alb. kë-ék `nasty, bad, evil' (from kë + *aigi̯o-);

Note:

Alb. solidified the old laryngeal ḫ- > k- (*ḫeigi̯o-) kë-ék, keq `nasty, bad, evil' similar to abbreviated alb. (*ḫabeō) kam `hold, possess, have', common alb. ḫ- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutations found in corn. caf(f)os, cafes, mbret. caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have'; also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata `I held, possessed, had', see Root / lemma: ghabh- : to grab, take

lat. aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus `unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble'; anord. eikenn dismays `wild, furious', ags. ācol `excited, dismayed', nnorw. eikja, eikla `continually with attacks, contradictions, assertions torment', eikjen `argumentative'; toch. В aik(a)re (= lat. *aegro-), A ekro `ill';

nasalized: *ing-: lit. ìngis `lounger, idler', ìngas and angùs `idle, sluggish';

lett. îgstu, îgt `have internal pain, be sullen, morose', îgnêt `have disgust', îgnis `sullen person' (lit. éngti `choke, torment' probably stays away); Old Church Slavic jędza `illness', nslov. jeza `rage', poln. jędza `fury, witch' ('gruff, sullen'), čech. jezinka `forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *jęga, not *aigā, is consequently to be led back also:) russ. bába jagá 'witch' (s. Brückner KZ. 45, 318);

aisl. ekki `pain, grief' = ags. inca `pain, suspicion, quarrel', afries. inc (d. i. jinc)'angry', also nengl. inkle `anticipate, foresee', inkling `whispering, notion, indication, sign'.

References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-2

English meaning: oak

German meaning: `Eiche'

Material: Gr. αἰγίλωψ `an oaken kind' (see under), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-αιγών `an uncertain type of tree' (possibly `hard oak').

The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., cf . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός `bowl, bark' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.

Anord. eik (conservative stem) f. `oak', as. ēk, ags. āc (engl. oak), ahd. eih, mhd. eich, eiche, nhd. Eiche;

All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30, 273) possibly'aspen' could be created as' tree trembler, (*oak shaker)' also derivative like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω `swing, tremble' (: *aig- `move violently');

lat. aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak' (*aig-sklos) is still unclear after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.

Maybe alb. geg. (*asi) ahi `*oak, beech' [the common alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- Meaning: `mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s > h in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr `father-in-law').

Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k- : `ash tree (alb. ahi `beech')' must have derived from Root / lemma: aig-2 : `oak (alb. ahu `oak')'.

References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aig-3

English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate

German meaning: `(sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren'

Material: Old Indian ējati `stirs, moves, trembles', ējathuḫḥ ̣ `the quake of the earth', vic̨vamējaya- `making everything shake', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate `stirs, moves', Kaus. iŋgáyati `sets in motion, touches, shakes', udiŋgayati `swings', samiŋgayati `sets in shaking movement' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indian indhate);

from Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός'strands' (probably from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs `in the surf of the sea'; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς `gale, storm cloud;

the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς `gust of wind moving down suddenly' from καταιγίζειν `storm, attack down, drive off' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν `attack near, thrust near'; probably also αἰγανέη'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον `the catapults' or'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air to the south; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.

Hence Root / lemma: aiĝ- : (goat) is identical with Root / lemma: aig-3 : (to move swiftly, move violently, swing, vibrate).

in addition germ. name of the squirrel: ahd. eihhurno, eihhorn, mhd. eichorn (nhd. Eichhorn with support of Eiche `oak' and Horn `horn', ags. ācweorna,-wern, mnd. ēkeren, ēkhorn, anord. īkorne (īk old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition), neunorw. also eikorne, aschwed. ēkorne (was based on the concept `flexible, swinging itself from branch to branch'; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- `squirrel, weasel' the belonging second limb: *aik-werna); aksl Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra `play', igrati, perfective vъzigrati `σκιρτα̃ν, hop, jump, dance' (from *ьgrа; lit. with Berneker 422).

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

Page(s): 13-14

Root / lemma: aiĝ-

English meaning: goat

Note:

Root / lemma: digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ- : `goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' [common balt. - illyr. - alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the gr. cognate derived from proto illyr.

German meaning: `Ziege'

Material: Gr. αἴξ, - γός'nanny goat', arm. aic `nanny goat'; zero grade av. izaēna- `from leather' (actually, `from goatskin' as gr. αἴγειος, cf the same importance relations with *aĝo- `goat').

References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.

Page(s): 13

Root / lemma: aigʷh-

English meaning: to be ashamed

German meaning: `sich schämen'

Material: Directly from the root word: ags. ǣwan `despise','be disgusted' also mnd.eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn) (from it borrows mhd. ekeln `be disgusted').

Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s-St. *aigʷhes-, as:) got. aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment'; cf further αἰσχύνη `shame, sense of honor, disgrace', αἰσχύνω `dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. `avoids me, is ashamed of me', αἰσχρός `ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; got. unaiwisks `unharmed', aiwiskōn act `shameful', ags. ǣwisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless', mnd. eisch `nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'.

References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.

Page(s): 14

Root / lemma: aik-

English meaning: to call (?)

German meaning: `anrufen' (?)

Material: Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes., lett. aîcinât `load, shout'.

But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει `flatters', and aîcinât a derivative from aĩ `hears!' explain (cf vaicāt `ask' to vai).

References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

Page(s): 15

Root / lemma: ai-2

English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm

German meaning: `worauf eindringen, treiben, überwältigen, kränken'

Material: present *(a)iḫneuḫmi : Old Indian inóti, ínvati, Imper. inuhí, participle -inita- (úpenita- `pushed, cut into'), `penetrate into something, master', av. inaoiti, Inf. aēnaŋhe `violate, hurt', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) `not violated, not painedly' (from ai énas- n. `Crime, sin, misfortune' = av. aēnah- `act of violence, crime', in addition m. `evildoer'?), av. intay-` rape, injury; torture', Old Indian iná- `strong; m. master', maybe also ītiḫḥ f. `plague, need'; gr. αἰνός `tremendous';

maybe alb. inati `anger; ire; rage; dander; dudgeon; rampage; down; disappointment; malice; blood; rancour; rancor; pique; spunk; miff; temper; must'.

maybe here-in- in got. faír-ina `guilt, reproach', ahd. firinōn `sin', aisl. firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning (as in the Heliand) `act of violence'.

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

Page(s): 10

Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-, heiu̯ā)

English meaning: to give

German meaning: `geben, zuteilen', about mediales `sich geben lassen' dann also `nehmen'

Note:

From the reduced Root / lemma: ghabh- : `to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'.

Maybe alb. tosk. (*ḫeḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na `us' + ep `give') `give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω `give a hand.

Material: Gr. αἴνυμαι `take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.

Note:

Gr. αἴνυμαι derived from a reduced (*heiu̯ān-); compare the formation gr. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα `service-tree, rowan tree' (*oiu̯ā) = lat. ūva `a grape, berry of the vine'; [see Root / lemma: ei-3 : `multicoloured; reddish']

Also illyr. (*avetor) Aetor : Ven. (*avimos) Aimos suffixed with the common satem -tar formant as IE roots are suffixed with -tar or -ska formants. Tocharian cognate belongs to the (-ts <*-tska) suffixed roots.

Ven. MN Aimos, illyr. MN Aetor.

Maybe alb. (*ḫ-eip) geg. ep, tosk. jap `I give' : Lycian pije, pibije `to give' : Hittite pai, pija `to give' alb. j- stands for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.

hett. pí(-ia)-an-`they give' : mess. pi-do `to give' are zero grades of Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'

Note:

The old laryngeal ḫ- could have been created from balt.-illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation.

Root / lemma: dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu- : du- : `to give' > Root / lemma: ai-3, (*hei-) : `to give'

Lat. (*ave-mulus) ae-mulus `emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as subst., a rival, esp. in love', probably as `reaches for something' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).

Toch. В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi, А essi `give'; hett. paḫaḫi `he gives', 3. Pl. pí(-ia)-anḫzi with preverb pe `there'.

Note:

Toch. В ai-, А е -, infinitive В aitsi, А essi `give' display the common Toch. ts > ss mutations.

References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-germ. 10 f.

See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-

Page(s): 10-11

Root / lemma: ai-5 : oi-

English meaning: important speech

German meaning: `bedeutsame Rede' (?)

Material: Gr. αἴνημι, αἰνέω `praises', αἴνος m., αἴνη f. `significant speech, praise'; αἰνίσσομαι `talks in riddles', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; αἰνιγμα n. `dark speech' (however, ἀν-αίνομαι `says no, deny' -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);

ablaut, mir. ōeth m. `oath' (acymr. anutonou Pl., gl. `the perjured, the perfidious', ncymr. anudon `perjury, act of lying under oath') = got. aiÞs m., aisl. eiðr, ags. āÞ, as. ēđ, ahd. eid m. `oath' (probably kelt. Lw.).

References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ai-rā

English meaning: a k. of grass

German meaning: `Grasart'

Note:

Root / lemma: ai-rā : `a k. of grass' is a reduced root *ai-tra from which derived also Root / lemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp'.

Material: Old Indian ērakā `a grass kind', gr. αἶρα `weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel' αἰρικός, αἴρινος `from ryegrass, darnel'), lett. aĩres, aĩrenes `ryegrass, darnel'.

maybe through metathesis alb. (*aĩres > ēser) egjër `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj- shift].

References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 206¹.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: aisk-

English meaning: bright, shining

German meaning: `klar, hell, leuchtend'

Material: Awnord. eiskra `rage before hot excitement', nisl. iskra also from burning pain.

Lit. áiškus, where beside zero grade alit. iškùs `clear, bright'.

Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka `bright star', beside it abg. jasno Adv. `clear, bright, distinct', russ. jásnyj `light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy `blinding, dazzling, brilliant' from *aiskro-; abg. iskra `spark' etc. from *iskrā.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*aiskno-) shkëndijë `spark' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation].

Also alb. zero grade (*jaskry), shkrinj `melt, burn', participle *scrum > shkrumb `ashes' [common alb. m > mb shift] loaned in rum. scrum `ashes'.

Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka `bright star', besides abg. jasno Adv. `clear, distinct', russ. jásnyj `bright, clear' from *aiskno; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy `brilliant, sparkling' from *aiskro; abg. iskra `spark' etc. from *iskrā.

Here the FlN nhd. Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg), nengl. Axe from kelt. or ven.-ill. *Aiskā.

Maybe alb. (*aiskā) eshkë `mushroom (when dried used to kindle the fire)' related to lat. esca -ae f. `food, victuals, esp. as bait',

References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.

See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk-, or from *ai-sk- in ā̆i-4.

Page(s): 16-17

Root / lemma: ais-1

English meaning: to wish for, search for

German meaning: `wünschen, begehren, aufsuchen'

Note:

The Root / lemma: ais-1 : `to wish for, search for' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm'

Material: Old Indian ḗšati `looks', ēṣ̌áḫḥ m. `wish, choice', anv-iṣ̌áti `looks for = av. išaiti `wishes', Old Indian iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) `looks, wishes' = av. isaiti ds., Old Indian icchā `wish', iš ̣ (2. compound part) `searching, striving after' = av. iš ds., f. `Wish, the object of the wish', Old Indian iṣ̌ta- ` desiredly' ī̆ṣ̌má- m. `Love God';

arm. aic ̣ (*ais-sk̂ā) `investigation'; umbr. eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) `they will have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched' (probably as *eh-iscurent `they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled');

Maybe zero form in alb. (*assa-) shanj `curse, blame'.

lat. aeruscāre `to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to play the juggler' as *aisos-k̂o- `demanding' to av. Imp. išasā `longs for' (-esk̂o- besides -sk̂o-: isaiti `wishes'); ahd. eiscōn `research, ask, demand, (nhd. heischen `demand' with h after heissen `hot'), as. ēscōn, ēscian `demand', ags. āscian, āxian `try, demand, ask', ahd. eisca `demand', ags. æsce f. `investigation';

in Balt.-Slav. with non-palatal k of the present suffix-skō (towards ar. arm. -sk̂-), what is not to be explained by borrowing from the Germ.; lit. íeškau, ieškóti `look', lett. iẽskât `to delouse', Old Church Slavic iskǫ (and ištǫ), iskati `look', iska `wish'.

References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: ais-2

English meaning: to be in awe, to worship

German meaning: `ehrfürchtig sein, verehren'

Note:

The Root / lemma: ais-2 : `to be in awe, to worship' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'

Material: Ahd. ēra, nhd. Ehre, ags. ār `Relief, considerate treatment, honour, luck', anord. eir `considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess'; of it ahd. ērēn, ērōn `honor, spare, betake', ags. ārian `honor, spare, betake', anord. eira `spare'.

Osk. aisusis Abl. Pl. `sacrifices', marruc. aisos D. Pl. `gods', pälign. aisis `gods', volsk. esaristrom `sacrifice', umbr. esono- `divine, sacred', come from Etruscan. Differently Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.

d- extension: gr. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d-) `shies, reveres', αἰδώς, -οῦς `reverence, shyness, shame', αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ-ομαι) `αἴδομαι'; got. aistan, -aida `avoid, pay attention'; zero grade Old Indian īḍḗ `reveres, praises, implores'.

References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 88².

Page(s): 16

Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-

English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution

German meaning: `Anteil'

Coments:

Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to- : `part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion, cut, contribution' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.

Material: Av. aēta- `the proper part'(' punishment'; dual `guilt and punishment').

Gr. αἶσα (*αἰτι̯α) `interest, destiny', hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα `the proper interest', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος `promising good talent, favorabe', αἴσιος `certain from the destiny, proper', ἀναισιμόω `apply, use, consume', αἰσυμνάω `dispenses justice, it rules';

διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from *διαιτιάω) `be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life = leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking', hence, δίαιτα' referee's office' and `life-style, life arrangement', ἔξαιτος `well-chosen, particular'.

Osk. Gen. aeteis `partis', aíttíúm `portionum'.

From Gr. here probably also αἴτιος `responsible, guilty' (τ after αἰτέω), from which later αἰτία `guilt, cause'; also αἰτέω, αἰτίζω'demands' as `requires his interest'; ablaut. οἶτος m. `Destiny'.

Air. āes n., cymr. oes f. `period, age' from *aitḫto-, air. āes m. `People' from *ait-tu-, cymr. oed m. `Age' from *aito.

References: WP. I 2, Hirt Idg. Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 421³, 696⁹, 705⁷.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ai-tro-

English meaning: [bitter, sharp]

German meaning: [bitter, scharf]

Coments:

Root / lemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root / lemma: ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.

Material: lit. aitrùs `bitterly, harsh', aitrà f. `sharpness' (also figurative); the nasal formation *intro- perhaps in abg. ob-ętriti `set on fire', o. sę `burn, be quick-tempered', wru. zajátřič `anger', klr. roz-jatrýti ša `fester'.

Maybe alb. hithrë `nettle, throny plant'. Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.

See also: perhaps in ā̆i-4.

Page(s): 17

Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u-

English meaning: `vital energy, vitality'

Material: Old Indian ā́yu- n., a nominalized adjective to āуú- `flexibe, active'; āyú-ḥ m. `Genius of the vitality', thereof derived s-stem ā́yuḥ n., Gen. āyušaḥ `vitality' (*ā́iu̯os, Gen. *ai̯usḫés); n-stem in the locative. āyuni, Instr. āyunā; yúh ̣`vitality';

av. āyū n. `Life span', Gen. yaoš, dat. yavōi, Instr. yavā, of it yavaētāt- `duration', yavaējī- `living always'; yuš m. `Life span';

Gr. s-stem: kypr. υFαις ζαν (= διὰ βίου); locative without suffix. lakon. αἰές'always'; hom. αἰεί, att. ἀεί (*αιFεσι), Akk. att. αἰῶ (*αιFοσα); Dat.-Lok. without extension in ion. αἰί, lesb. ἄι (*αιFι) (afterwards ἀί̄διος'forever', δην-αιός'long-living'); n-stem: αἰών m. (and f. after αἰώς) `vitality, life span', αἰέν'always';

alb. eshë `period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse' from *aiu̯esi̯ā (Jokl L.-k. U. 34);

lat. o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. `eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period of life'; however, are based aetas f. `age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age, a period of time, epoch', old aevitas (from it osk. Gen. aítateís, Akk. aítatúm, päl. Abl. aetatu) `age, time of life', aeternus `of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless, forever' in adverbial *aiu̯i.

maybe zero grade in alb. (*aetas), jetë `life, lifespan'.

Got. o-stem aiws m. `time, eternity, world'; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiu̯i) = aisl. æ, ei (also in ei-gi `not'), ags. ā, ō, ahd. io `ever, always', got. ni aiw `never', ahd. neo, nio, nhd. nie; ags. n-ā, engl. no `not, no';

maybe alb. (*nio) jo `not, no'.

aisl. lang-ǣr = lat. longaevus `of great age, aged, ancient'; i-stem also in aisl. ǣfi, ǣvi f. (*aiu̯i-) `life, age'; ā-stem in ahd. ēwa f. `time, eternity', thereof ahd. ēwidō `eternity', ēwīg `forever'; got. aju-k-dūÞs f. `eternity' from *ajuki- (= ags. ēce `forever'), with idg. g-suffix + idg.-tūti;

toch. A āym- `mind, life' which m attributed to āñm- `life'.

References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumézil BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.

See also: From this derived *i̯uu̯en- (i̯eu̯-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquely be put in addition *aig-, oak' (= `vitality'?).

Page(s): 17-18

Root / lemma: ai 1

English meaning: `exclamation'

German meaning: Ausruf

Material: Old Indian ē exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;

Old Indian ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative;

av. āi interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);

gr. αἴ, αἶ, αἰαἶ exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof αἰάζω `sighs, deplores', αἴαγμα'Sigh');

lit. aĩ and ái `oh! blows!' and before vocatives.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.

See also: see also *aik-.

Page(s): 10

Root / lemma: ai̯os-

English meaning: `metal (copper; iron)'

German meaning: `Metall', under zw. probably `Kupfer ('brandfarbig'?), Bronze'; im Arischen also `Eisen'

Note:

Root / lemma: ai̯os- : `metal (copper; iron)' derived from Root / lemma: eis-1 : `to move rapidly, *weapon, iron'.

Material:

Old Indian áyas- n., av. ayaŋh- n. `metal, iron';

lat. aes, g. aeris; got. aiz (proto germ. *a(i̯)iz- = idg. *ai̯es-) `copper ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle', ahd. ēr `ore', anord. eir n. `ore, copper'.

thereof av. ayaŋhaēna- `metallic, iron', lat. aēnus (*ai̯es-no- = umbr. ahesnes `of copper, of bronze'), aēneus, ags. ǣren, as. ahd. mhd. ērīn, nhd. ēren (ehern). despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is not idg. ai̯os old borrowing from Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja), the old name of Cyprus, as lat. cuprum : Κύπρος, there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86, 1932) the copper pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.

Note:

Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja) (Cyprus) : Hittite PN Wilusa (gr. reading Ilios) [common phonetic mutation of the old laryngeal ḫ- > a-, i-] : gall. Isarno- PN, ven. FlN'I σάρας, later Īsarcus, nhd. Eisack (Tirol); urir. PN I(s)aros, air. Īär, balkanillyr. iser, messap. isareti (Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.); kelt. FlN Isarā, nhd. Isar, Iser, frz. Isère; *Isiā, frz. Oise; *Isurā, engl. Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161); nhd. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller, lett. FlN Isline, Islīcis, wruss. Isɫa, alb. VN Illyrii.

Here lat. aestimō, old aestumō `to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge', Denomin. from *ais-temos `he cuts the ore' (to temnō).

References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.

See also: To ā̆i-4 `burn'?

Page(s): 15-16

Root / lemma: akkā

English meaning: `mother (children's speech)'

German meaning: `Mutter' (Lallwort)

Material: Old Indian akkā `mother' (gram.), gr. ᾽Ακκώ `nurse of Demeter', ἀκκώ' ghost', ἀκκίζεσθαι `be coy, position oneself stupidly', lat. Acca Lārentia `Laren mother, Roman hall goddess' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp. Madder-akka `earth mother'.

Maybe alb. Ajkuna `great mother' in alb. epos.

References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about toch. ammaki see under am(m)a.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-)

English meaning: `sharp; stone'

German meaning: `scharf, spitz, kantig' and `Stein'

Material: 1. e/o- and ā-St:

Npers. ās (lengthened-grade form) `millstone, grindstone'; gr. ἀκή `point', lengthened-grade form ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἠκμή Hes., redupl. ἀκωκή `point, edge' (as ἀγωγή : ἄγω); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs ἀκούω `hears' as *ἀκ-ους- `having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-; alb. athëtë `sharp, sour',

Note:

In alb. athëtë (*ake-) `sharp, sour' + common alb. suffix -të [common alb. -k > -th phonetic mutation as in alb. (*mag-) math `big'].

lat. acēre `sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill; of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick, vigorous, energetic', acidus `sour, acid, tart', acētum `vinegar';

maybe alb. acar `frost, sharp steel'.

with o: mbr. convoc ar vilin `sharpen the millstone', cymr. hogi `sharpen', acymr. ocoluin, ncymr. hogalen, mbret. hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn `whetstone' (with the unclear second component; to explain bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); mc. cyfogi `vomit, fight', with secondary i̯o-suffix acymr. cemecid, ncymr. cyfegydd (*k̂om-ok̂íi̯o-)' pickaxe';

with zero grade: acymr. diauc, ncymr. diog, mbr. dieuc (*dēḫāk̂o-)'decayed, spoiled', mcymr. ym-am-ogawr (*-āk̂āḫr) `one stirs, is active' (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug, nbret. eok `ripe, made soft' (*eks-āk̂o-), to gall. exācum `centaurion lepton' (Ernault Gloss. MBret. 201); compare also above S. 5;

schwed. ag m. `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' (*ak̂o ́-), mhd. ag `perch', egle, eglinc ds., nhd. schweiz. egel, Demin. egli, aschwed. agh-borre ds., maybe also schwed. agg `rancor, hatred', agga `sting, torment', norw. dial. agge `tooth, point' (*ak̂uko- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with secondary germ. vowel gradation a : u or from *ak̂uko- with assimilation a in u?) norw. dial. ugg `sting, frightening', schwed. dial. ugg `point, tooth', anord. uggr `fear', norw. dial. ugge `fin'; lit. akúotas^* `awn', ãšaka (*ak̂o-kā) `fish bone, bran' = wruss. osoka `sedge', аpr. ackons (*ak̂ōno-) ds.

maybe (*esel), egjër `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj- phonetic mutation], zero grade in alb. (*osoka-) shqirë `sedge'.

----------------------

*baltoslav. forms with k prove none idg. beside the form ak-, but is partially loanword from Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the Baltic and Slavs (Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on top S. 15.

----------------------

2. i- and j- stems:

Arm. aseɫn `needle' (from *asiɫn, Meillet Esquisse 43); gr. ἀκίς, -ίδος `point, sting'; lat. aciēs `keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence battle, battlefield'; as. eggja f., ahd. etc ekka `point, sword edge', nhd. Ecke (proto germ. *aʒi̯ō, anord. egg `edge, cliff backs', eggja `sharpen, spur on', ags. ecg `edge, blade, sword' (from it borrows mir. ecg `edge', nbret. ek `point'), egle Pl. `awns', engl. ails; Old Church Slavic osla (*osъla), russ. osëɫok m. `whetstone', čech. osina f. `awn'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*askel), halë `needle, fishbone, awn', [common alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation], older alb. (*haskel) hakël `needle, fishbone' : lat. aculeus -i m. `sting, point; fig., esp. in plur., painful thoughts, cutting remarks'. It seems alb. [together with cymr. hogi `sharpen', ncymr. hogalen, mbret. hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn `whetstone'] has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

about ags. eher `ear' see under s- formant.

3. u-stem:

Gr. ἄχυρον `chaff' see under s-formant; lat. acus, - ūs f. `needle; fish name', acuere `sharpen', acūmen `sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect; cunning, trickery', acia (*acu-i̯ā) `thread to the sewed', aquifolium (beside ācrifolium) `holly', aculeus `sting', accipiter `hawk, falcon' (*acu-peter `quick-flying');

Maybe alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull `ice, sharp ice', (*accipiter) skifter `falcon, hawk', skip(ë)tar `eagle-man', truncated skipe, shkabë `eagle', suffixed geg. Shkipni `land of the eagles'.

From lat. aquila -ae f. `an eagle; milit., an eagle as the standard of a Roman legion; architect., gable or pediment'. aquilo -onis m. `the north wind; the north'. aqua -ae f. `water' it seems that Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).

gall. acaunum (*akounon) `rock'; ill. ONAcumincum today Szlankamen `salt stone' (Banat);

Note: ill. PN Acu-mincum `salt stone' : alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull `ice, sharp ice'.

nhd. Achel f. `ear point, awn' from ndd. aggel (with spirant. g) from idg. *ak̂uḫlā; ags. āwel m. `fork', anord. soð-āll `meat fork' (germ. *ahwala-, idg. *ák̂u̯ḫolo-); if here gallo-lat. opulus `common maple' (Marstrander, Corr. germ.-celt. 18), would be placed idg. *ok̂u̯-olo- ; about anord. uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about ags. éar see s-formant; cymr. ebill `drill', mbr. ebil `peg, nail' (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-);

Note:

The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, lat. and gr.

balt. *ašus in lett. ass `sharp, pointed', lit. ašutaĩ m. Pl. `coarse horse hair' = slav. *ošuta m. `Thistle' in Church Slavic оsъtъ, russ. osót. On account of here toch. A āc̨āwe `rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?

see under *ōk̂u-s `fast (sharp in the movement)'.

4. With m-formant:

ak̂mo-/-ā

Gr. ἀκμή `point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point' (ἀκμήν Adv., ἀκμαῖος, ἀκμάζω); schwed. dial. åm `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (germ. *ahma-, compare finn. Lw. ahma `equisetum').

ak̂-men-/-mer-

Old Indian aśman- n. `Stone, sky' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), aśmará- `stone', av. asman-`stone, sky' (Old Indian Gen. áśnaḥ, Instr. áśnā, av. Gen. ašnō, Abl. ašnāat̃ with -n- from -mn-; Instr. Pl. Old Indian aśnāih ̣ after o-stem); phryg. PN ᾽Ακμονία; gr. ἄκμων' anvil', ἄκμων ὁ οὐρανός; lit. ãšmens m. Pl. `Edge', akmuõ, -eñs m. `stone'.

5. With n-formant:

ak̂en-

Old Indian aśáni-ḥ `head of the arrow, missile'; av. аsǝŋgа-, Old pers. aϑanga- `stone' (*akḫenḫgo, Benveniste Orig. 28); gr. ἄκαινα `point, sting; longitudinal dimension' (however, about lat. acuna `a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap, deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9), ἀκόνη `whetstone', ἄκων, - οντος `spear' (for older ἄκων, *-ονος after the participles), ἀκοντίζω `throw the spear', ἄκανος `thistle kind, prickly head plant', ἀκανίζειν `fruit carry prickly heads', ἄκανθος `thistle' (from *ἀκαν-ανθος `sting flower'), ἄκανθα `thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish', ἀκαλανθίς' goldfinch' (from *ἀκανθαλίς), ἄκαθος `barque', ἀκάτη, ἀκάτιον `woman's shoe' (*ak̂nṭo-, probably from the pointed form); lat. agna `ear of grain' (from *ak̂nā); got. ahana f. `chaff', anord. ǫgn, ags. egenu f. and äegnan Pl., ahd. agana ds., nhd. Ahne, dial. Agen `stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (germ. *ag-, *ahanō, idg. *ak̂ǝnā); lit. žem. ašnìs `edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing', lett. asns m. `germ bursting out'.

6. With r-formant:

ak̂er-, ok̂er-

Note:

Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-, ok̂ʷer-

Air. a(i)cher `sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras (PN in the Ogham) not lat. Lw .; abret. acer-uission `with sharp fingers' (biss), ocerou Pl. `sharpened', acymr. ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; lit. ašerỹs, ešerỹs `river perch'; pol. dial. jesiora (from *aserā); anord. ǫgr ds. (from proto germ. *agura-, idg. *ok̂r̥-o-), westnorw. augur (from *ǫ̣gurr, newer development from ǫgr), influenced from auga `eye',

From the extension of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' with r-formant derived the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-, ok̂ʷer- whose zero grade produced alb. (*k̂ʷerna), gurrë `stream' [common alb. rn > rr shift], (*k̂ʷer-) gur `stone';

Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):

lat. acer, -eris n. `the maple tree or maple wood' (from acer arbor became vlat. acerabulus, Meyer-Lübke REW. 93), dän. ær ds. (germ. *ahira-); nhd. dial. Acher ds. (germ. *ahura-);

gr. ἄκαστος ἡ σφένδαμνος Hes. (*ἄκαρστος, meaning as πλατάνιστος beside πλάτανος; to stem compare also ἄκαρνα δάφνη Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos `maple' (Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); ahd. ahorn `maple'

(from schweiz. and other oral kinds would devop certainly ā -, however, ā -would have arisen also of people's etymological distortion, like mnd. ānhorn, ālhorn;ahorn (idg. *ak̂rno-) is up to the declension class = ἄκαρνα, while lat. acernus `of maple' is syncopated from *acer-inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation of both elements.

Rather that counts for gr. ἄκορνα (*-ι̯α) `yellow thistle kind' ἄκανος ds., maybe here also ἄκορος `Kalmus', ἄκορον `his spicy root', compare with other forms still ἄκινος f. `odoriferous flower', ὤκιμον `basil' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).

ak̂ri-, ak̂ro-

Old Indian áśrih ̣ `corner, edge, border', catur-aśra-ḥ ̣ `square'; gr. ἄκρος `sharply', ἄκρον, ἄκρα, ἄκρις `point, mountaintops' (also in ἀκροάομαι as `have sharp hearing, sharpen the ear', and ἀκρίς, -ίδος `grasshopper', short form for ἀκροβατοῦσα `tiptoe', ἀκρίζουσα; ἀκρεμών `point of the boughs', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 241);

lat. (to ā see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) ācer, ācris,-e (alat. ācra, -um) `sharp, piercing, penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent', osk. akrid `sharply, fiercely, keenly', umbr. peracri- `fat, plump, corpulent' (= lat. perācer `very sharp', compare to meaning gr. ἄκρος, also `uppermost, excellent', and ἀκμαῖoς), lat. acerbus `acidic, sad, harsh, bitter, unripe' (from *ăcri-bho-s); compare gall. AXPOTALVS `with high forehead', air. ēr `high' (from *akros); lit. ašrùs, aštrùs, alit. aštras, Old Church Slavic ostrъ `sharp' (t - interpolated wording).

Maybe alb. geg. (*akri) hakërronj `threaten, frighten'.

ok̂ri-, ok̂ro-

With shading o-: gr. ὄκρις f. `sharp' mountain point, corner, edge', alat. ocris m. `rough mountain', lat. mediocris `average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary', actually `to be found halfway up' (here ablaut could be displayed in the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellūs), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea `splint, a greave, legging', umbr. ocar, ukar, Gen. ocrer `mountain, castle mountain', marr. ocres `a mountain, mount, range of mountains', mir. och(a)ir `corner, edge', from it borrows cymr. ochr `edge'.

To the heteroclite paradigm *ak̂-r-(g), *ak̂-n-es (also the i- stem *ak̂i- can have combined with it) compare above ak̂men/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. Κράγος `name of different mountains', ᾽Ακράγ-ας the'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally `rocks, stones'.

7. With s-formant:

ak̂es- : ak̂s-

Gr. ἄχνη `chaff' from *ak̂-sḫnā, afterwards reshuffled ἄχυρον ds. instead of *ἄκυρον; gr. ἀκοσ-τή'Barley' (`awned, bristly', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. ἠκές ὀξύ, Hes. πυρι-ήκης `with igneous point', ἀμφήκης `two-edged', τανύηκης `with long point' (maybe only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ἠκές; however, lies lengthened grade *āk- also before in ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἀκμή Hes., ἠκάδα ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα Hes., compare to meaning ἀκμή `climax of life').

maybe zero grade in alb. (*ἀκοσ - τή) kash-të `chaff (*barley)' where -të is the neuter ending, (*ἄχνη), sanë `chaff'.

additional formations in gr. ὀξύς `sharp', compare to formation lit. tamsùs to Old Indian tāmas-, lit. tamsa ̀ (in addition ὀξίνη `harrow' Hes.), ὄξος `wine vinegar'. - Also *ἀκαχμένος `sharpened' seems to be *ἀκ-ακσ-μένος, Hirt IF. 12, 225.

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

Lat. acus,-eris `a needle' acervus (*aces-vo-s) `a heap, mass; in logic, argument by accumulation'; got. ahs Gen. *ahsis n., aisl. ax n., ahd. ahir, ehir n. (germ. *ahiz), from the Pl. nhd. `ear of corn' f., but ags. ear (*ahuz), dat. Sg. nordhumbr. æhher, eher ds. (about the coexistence from i-, u- and s-stems, partly already idg., but esp. in Germanic, compare Brugmann compare Gr. II 1, 522, under Specht Idg. Dekl. 152. On account of originally idg. -es- or -is-, or-us-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide. compare also Sievers-Brunner Aengl. Gr. pp. 128, 2 under 288 f.)

ak̂-sti-

Cymr. eithin m. Pl. `gorse, furze' (*akstīno-), from it borrows mir. aittenn ds. (with unclear sound gradation); lit. akstìs following'smoked spit' (= russ. ostъ `point, ear, spike'), ãkstinas m. `Sting, spur' = Old Church Slavic ostъnъ m. `Sting', čech. osten ds.

maybe alb. (*osten) hosten `stick for driving cattle' [alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- so this cognate is not a Slavic loanword], zero grade (*ak̂-sti-) heshtë `spear', [lat. hasta `spear, sting']. alb. suggests that Root / lemma: ĝhasto-1, ĝhazdho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti-): (sharp; stone)

8. With t- formant:

Old Indian apāṣ̌ṭhá- m. (from *apaḫaśḫtha) `barb in the arrow'; gr. ἀκτή `gruff coast with breaker; headland, elevation'; toch. В āc ̨-, āc̨c̨e-` head, beginning' (from *ak̂ḫt-).

Note:

Again there has been the shift gr. kw > p in Old Indian

ok̂etā `harrow, device with points':

Lat. occa `harrow' from *otika by rearrangement from *okitā (Hirt IF. 37, 230) compare different formations gr. ὀξίνη `harrow';

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation

acymr. ocet, corn. ocet, bret. oguet: ahd. egida, mhd. eg(e)de, ags. eg(e)de f. (nhd. Egge renewed from the verb eggen from ahd. egen, ecken, proto germ. *agjan, on its part only from the Subst. *agiđō revert formation);

lit. akė́čios, ekė́čios `harrow', Old Prussian aketes `harrows', ē instead of e derives from the verb *akēi̯ō in lit. akė́ju, akė́ti, besides akė́ju, ekė́ti; the anlaut (initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel (Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36).

References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62, 210 ff. (unglaubhaft).

See also: S. under *ok̂-tōu `eight', actually `both points of the hands (without thumb)'.

zero grades k̂- stuck probably in stems k̂emen-, k̂emel-, k̂ōmen- `stone, skies', k̂omor- `stone hammer', k̂ēi-, k̂ōi-, k̂ǝi- `sharpen, whet', k̂ū̆- `sharp, spit, spear'.

Page(s): 18-22

Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-)

English meaning: `to eat'

German meaning: `essen'

Note:

From Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' derived Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-): `to eat'

Material: Old Indian aśnāti (inserted Inf. aśi-tum etc.) `eats, consumes', áśanam n. `food', áśna-ḥ `greedy', lengthened grade āśayati `allows to dine', prātar-āśa-ḥ `breakfast'; av. kahrk-āsa `chicken eater = vulture' etc.;

gr. ἄκυλος f. `acorn' (as `food', compare formally Old Indian aśú-ṣa-ḥ `greedy'), ἄκολος `bite';

Maybe alb. ha `eat, bite, consume' : ἄκολος `bite';

Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' : Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*ḫek-): `to eat'.

Note:

Only gr. and alb. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-

an. agn n. `bait for fish' (*ak̂ǝ-nó-), ǣja `allow to graze' (*ahjan).

References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.

Page(s): 18

Root / lemma: ak̂ru

English meaning: `tear'

German meaning: `Träne'

Material: Ved. áśru n., later also áśram `tear', av. asrū- n., lit. ašara ̀ and ãšara f., toch. А ākör Pl. ākrunt ds., compare Old Indian aśrāyāmi, lit. ãšaroju `cries'. The relationship to idg. *dak̂ru `tear' is unsettled. compare Meillet BSL. 32, 141.

Note:

Root / lemma: ak̂ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

English meaning: `water, river'

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Note:

From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

From Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

Material:

Lat. aqua `water, water pipe' (thereof aquilus `dark', aquila `eagle', eigentl. `the swarthy', aquilō `north wind', eigentl. `the darkening sky') = got. aƕa f. `river, body of water', aisl. ǫ́, ags. ēa, as. ahd. aha, nhd. Ache ds. (germ. *ahwō, thereof derived *ahwjō, *awjō `surrounded by the water' in aisl. ey f. `island, pasture, grassland', ags. íeg, ahd. -ouwa, -awa, mhd. ouwe f. `water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water';

maybe alb. (*aquilō) akull `frozen water, ice'

It seems that Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).

nhd. Aue, compare afries. ei-land `island', Sca(n)din-avia Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.), russ. FlN Oká, pannon. PN Aquincum `stove (*cooking stove where water boils making bubbles)', apul. FlN Aquilō, ven. PN Aquileia (also in South Germany); with ablaut (idg. ē) in addition aisl. ǽgir (*ēkʷi̯ós) `God of the sea', ags. ǽg-weard `watch at the sea', éagor `sea, flood' (the initial sound after ēa); maybe here Old Indian kām `water', dak. plant N κοαδάμα ποταμογείτων `water colonist' (*kʷa-dhēmn̥), poln. (nordill.) FlN Kwa.

The affiliation from hitt. e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi) `drinks', 3. Pl. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not unlikely. Moreover also toch. AB yok-tsi `drink'. Air. oiche `water' does not exist; cymr. aig `sea' is neologism to eigion from lat. oceanus.

alb. (*oceanus) oqean `ocean'.

From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *ōk`e (˜ -k-)

Meaning: `deep place, place far from the shore'

Turkic protoform: *ȫkö

Tungus protoform: *(x)uK-

Japanese protoform: *ǝki

Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".

References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch 190.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: akʷ-

English meaning: `to hurt'

German meaning: `schädigen'?

Material: Old Indian áka m `grief, pain', av. akō `nasty, bad', axtis ̀ `grief, pain, illness'; gr. noun *ἄπαρ, *ἀπνός, thereof ἠπανεῖ ἀπορεῖ, ἠπανία ἀπορία, ἠπεροπεύς'swindler'; Verbalst. ἀπ- in ἀπάτη'deception' (*apn̥tā), redupl. Present ἰάπτω'damage'.

Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation

References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: albhi-

English meaning: `barley'

German meaning: `Gerste'

Note:

Root / lemma: albhi- : `barley' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: eregʷ(h)o-, erogʷ(h)o- : `pea' [common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation].

Material: Gr. ἄλφι, ἄλφιτον `barley, pearl barley, barley flour', lakon. ἀλίφατα ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ι; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in ἄλφι : ἄλφατα from which by intersection with ἄλφι then ἄλφιτ-α, -ον - sees a relation as between Old Indian ásthḫi : asth-n-áḥ, what would guarante older proto idg. of the word); alb. elp (elbi) `barley' (N. Pl. *albhī-). Iran. *arbhi- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc arba `barley'.

relationship to *albh- `white' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 an.

From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *àrp`á

English meaning: `barley, millet'

Turkic protoform: *arpa

Mongolian protoform: *arbaj

Tungus protoform: *arpa

Japanese protoform: *àpá

Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. АПиПЯЯ 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, Щербак 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasyā- (or *arbasyā) (Стеблин-Каменский 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.

References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann Gl. 17, 253.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: albho- (*hele-bho-)

English meaning: `white'

German meaning: `weiß'

Note:

Root / lemma: albho- (*helba-): `white' derived from Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, _el- : red, brown (in names of trees and animals) extended in -kʷho-, -bho- formants. see lat. olor `swan' (*elōs); gr. ἔλαφος m. f. `stag (white spotted)'.

Material:

Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë (*alkʷha) `white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.

Gr. ἀλφός `white rash', ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN ᾽Αλφειός; common illyr.- gr. -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation.

lat. albus `white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig., fortunate', umbr. alfu `white', osk. Alafaternum Alafaternum `Alfaternorum', prälig. Alafis `Albius' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to osk.-umbr. root alf-, as lat. alb-, s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from lat. albus also must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus `whitefish', albarus `white poplar', albūcus `asphodel plant' etc.;

Maybe lat. albulus -a -um `whitish; f. as subst. Albula -ae (sc. aqua), old name of the Tiber'.

cymr. elfydd m. `earth, world' from *albíi̯o- (compare Old Church Slavic světъ `light, world');

ahd. albiz, elbiz, ags. aelbitu, ielfetu, anord. elptr, ǫlpt f. (germ. *alƀ-it-, -ut-) `swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) Old Church Slavic lebedь, russ. lebedь lebjadь, in the ablaut to poln. ɫabędź, serb. lȁbud, čech. labud ``swan' (proto slav. *olbḫedь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter suffix form lit. bal-añdis `pigeon, dove', actually `white';

Maybe through rhyme effect alb. (*m'elmë) mjellmë `swan' similar to alb. ját(ë)rë, t'jetër `other' see Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : `this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one' [rhyme of m- the same as rhyme of t-] common alb. -mb- > -m- phonetic mutation; [illyr. names ending in -m- suffix like alb. delmë `sheep', VN Dalmatae, Delmatae (see Root / lemma: dhē(i)- (dh-ei-?): to suck); therefore an early Slavic loanword in Illyrian .

see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebedá, poln. lebioda, ɫoboda `atriplex, goosefoot', Lidén Stud. 97); ndl. alft, elft `whitefish' (formally = ahd. etc albiz `swan'; to loanword from lat. albula `whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are against, mhd. albel `whitefish', nhd. Albe, nd. alf, albe `whitefish'), compare lat. alburnus `a white fish, bleak' ds .;

nhd mdartl. Albums `hard sand under the fertile earth', schwed. mdartl. alf ds .;

probably also anord. alfr, ags. ælf, engl. elf (from which nhd. Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed), mnd. alf `Аlp, grand, evil spirit', mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably `whitish nebulous figures'), as well as ahd. alba `insect larva, locusta quae nondum volavit', ndl. elften f. Pl. `cock chafer grubs', norw. alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl. *albna, from which *almna).

Note:

The Illyr. TN Albanoi is the plural form mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably `whitish nebulous figures') a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.

Arbën `name of alb. during Middle Ages'

see to these germ. words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22, 1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as `white water' also the name of Elbe (lat. Albis, Albia, from germ. *Alƀī, Gen. Alƀiōz =), anord. elfr `river' and river name (in addition probably also mnd. elve `riverbed'), compare gall. FlN Albis, Albā (now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dubā, i.e. `black, deep water'), lat. Albula, gr. ᾽Αλφειός (see esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).

Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation

In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like gall.-lat. Albiōn, mir. Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Albḫi̯en-) `Britain' (to cymr. elfydd or from the white chalk rocks), lat. Alpēs, ῎Αλπεις (high mountains?) and in ital., ligur. and kelt. areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium likewise below go back or, however, are not idg. derivation of the concept `white' (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148, ZrP. 56, 179 f.).

Arm. aɫauni `pigeon, dove', barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ. 38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *albhi- *albhi- `barley' s. d.

Maybe here belongs Hett. al-pa-áš (alpas) `cloud' in spite of Couvreur (H ̯ 106, 149) here.

To the ablaut: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. ἀλωφός (also ἐλεφιτίς?) and arm. aɫauni, and in addition tuned slav. intonation (serb. lȁbūd), s. Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.

This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. lat. galbus lit. raĩbas `in different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside raĩnas; Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 388 f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός is possible according to Brugmann aaO.

to lit. al̃vas `tin' (`white metal'), Old Prussian alwis `lead, plumbum', russ. ólovo `tin' (from idg. *alǝu̯o-? Balt. correspondences are borrowed according to Niedermann from the Slav.) stand in a similar relation, as gr. κορω-νός to lat. curv-us `crooked, curved, bent', Old Indian palāḫlaḫḥ (: palāvḫaḥ) to Old Prussian pelwo, also go back to a word root *alō[u]-: *alǝu-: *alu- (in arm. aɫawni and slav. words);

Note:

From balt. - slav. the notion for `white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *ni̯ā̀lpá

Meaning: `tin, lead'

Tungus protoform: *ńālban

Japanese protoform: *nàmári

Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nàmá-ri < *nàpan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.

Earlier:

Protoform: *ălpa

Meaning: `unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms'

Turkic protoform: *ălp-

Mongolian protoform: *alba-n

Tungus protoform: *alba-

Korean protoform: *àrphằ-

Japanese protoform: *apar-

Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.

gr. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *aleḫbh-;

here as `the shining one' gall. alausa `European shad, twaite shad' (frz. alose, span. alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FlN Alaunos (nengl. Aln), cymr. PN Alun as well as arm. aɫauni `pigeon, dove' from *alǝu-n-.

A stem form ali- `white' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because hett. ali- `white' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. ἀλίφαλος, ἀλίφατα, ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.

Here, however, probably (as a `pale yellow plant') hisp.-lat. ala `elecampane' (Isid.), span.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with -nt-suffix ahd. alant ds., with it etymological identically the fish name ahd. alunt (newer alant), as. alund `whitefish, Alant' = (with gramm. alteration) aisl. - ǫlunn `a fish', idg. basic form *al-n̥t-/*al-ont-. The original meaning of al- is probably`white, shining', hence, then also `pale yellow' etc.

A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why Specht (Idg. Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al- as _el- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see below areĝ-), er- .

References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.

Page(s): 30-31

Root / lemma: aldh-

English meaning: `trough'

German meaning: `Trog'

Material: Altn. alda f. `wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare'; norw. dial. olda f. `trough'; schwed. dial. ålla `deep cavity'. compare ags. ealdoÞ, aldot, aldaht `trough, tub, container', nhd. bair. alden `field furrow'.

In addition baltoslav. *aldii̯ā- in Church Slavic ladiji, alъdiji f. `small boat', lit. aldijà, eldijà f. `river small boat', also lit. eldijė̃lė `smoking frying pan'.

Norw. lodje `Russian vessel, boat', schwed. lodja, mnd. lod(d)ie, loddige are borrowed from russ. ɫodьjá (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 under`olde').

References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.

Page(s): 31-32

Root / lemma: aleq-

English meaning: `to hit back, shoot'

German meaning: `abwehren, schätzen', presumably actually `abschließen and dadurch schätzen'

Material: Old Indian rákṣ̌ati `defended, protected, preserved', arm. aracel `graze, protect, watch, guard' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), gr. ἀλέξω `prevent, protect, fight off' (so- present; rakṣ̌ati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning root areq-), ᾽Αλέκτωρ, ᾽Αλεκτρυών the epic proper names, after becoming known as the cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); ἀλαλκεῖν' defend, refuse, fend', ἀλκάθω `defends, helps', ἄλκαρ `Protection, defense, help', ἔπαλξις `Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the walls; help' (*αλκ-τι-ς), ἀλκή `defense, help' and `thickness, strength' (latter meaning, although in itself from `vigorous defense' understandable, maybe by flowing together with another, mpers. ark `work, effort, trouble' to suitable words, see Bartholomae Heidelbg. SB. 1916, IX 10); ἀλκὶ πεποιθώς Hom.; ἄλκιμος `strong, hard, potent; from weapons: `resistable, suited to the fight';

ags. ealgian `protect, defend' (*algōjan); got. alhs (f., conservative stem) `temple', ags. ealh, as. alah m. ds., urnord.-run. aluh `amulet' (?), alit. elkas, al̃kas m. `holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early victims', lett. èlks m. `Idol, god' (germ. and balt. words originally `holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove');

maybe alb. alka `protective layer of milk, cream, isolating layer of milk'.

toch. В alāsk `remove'.

References: WP. I 89 f.

See also: S. similar root areq-`close, protect'.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: algh- (*helgh-)

English meaning: `frost, cold'

German meaning: `Frost, Kälte'

Material:

Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë `white (cold white), cream, wool' fat';

Lat. algor `frost, cold', algeō, -ēre `freeze, to be cold', belong algidus `cold' according to Lidén, studies z. Old Indian and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to aisl. Gen. Sg. elgiar, nisl. elgur m. `snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow'. Germ. s-stem *alʒiz- disguised itself with lat. algor, idg. *alghes-.

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Ar. under Arm. Stud. 126.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: algʷh-

English meaning: `to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'

German meaning: `verdienen, Gegenwert'

Material: Old Indian árhati `is worth, earns, is obliged, debit,', argháḫḥ `value, validity, price' (=osset. arɣ `price, value'), av. arǝjaiti `is worth, amounts for value' (npers. arzīdan `earn'), arǝjah- (es- stem) n. `value, price'.

maybe alb. (*árhati) argat `worker, serf', argëtoj `entertain, reward, please, become lazy', argomë `barren, unproductive'.

Gr. ἀλφή `acquisition, purchase' = lit. algà, Old Prussian Gen. Sg. ālgas `wage', gr. ἀλφάνω, ἀλφεῖν `profit, earn' (ἀλφεῖν = Old Indian árhati, but by the more complete present ἀλφάνω in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ἀλφεσίβοιος `cattle earned'.

Note:

Common gr. gʷ> b, kʷ > p phonetic mutation

maybe alb. geg. (*ἀλφή) ble- `to buy, purchase'.

An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indian arjati `acquires, earns, fetches'.

References: WP. I 91.

Page(s): 32-33

Root / lemma: al-1, ol-

English meaning: `besides; other'

German meaning: Pron.-stem `darüber hinaus'

Note:

Root / lemma: al-1, ol- : `besides; other' derived from Root / lemma: alā : interjection.

Material: Lat. uls `beyond', *ulter, -tra, -trum `ulterior, situated beyond' (ultrō, ultra), compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus = osk. últiumam `the utmost, extreme, the highest, first, greatest, lowest, meanest';

Maybe alb. ultë, ulët `low', ul `to low, sit below' : lat. ulterior -ius `compar. as from ulter, farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'.

alat. ollus `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)' (*ol-no-s, compare below ir. ind-oll and slav. *olnī), newer olle, ollī `then, next', ollīc `he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there'; lengthened grade ōlim `in the distant past, once' (probably after im, exim reshaped and with Old Indian par-āri `third-last year' [compare πέρ-υσι] to be equated *ōli, Lok. adverb, also the glosses olitana `the aged, old, ancient, of long standing', olitinata `old, inveterate, ancient, former, of old times' can reject - ō or ŏ-?), umbr. ulo, ulu `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, that'; influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)'.

Slav. *olnī (idg. *olnḫei) = Old Church Slavic lani, čech. loni, poln. loni `in the last summer, last year' (`that year', compare lat. ollī `at that time, then').

The meaning from ir. alltar, allaid (see below) also allows that the relationship of Old Indian áraṇa- `far, strange' (= av. auruna- `wild'?), árād `from a distance', ārḗ `far' seems possible. Moreover also maybe Old Indian arí `of strangers, stranger', ar(i)yá- `suitable, proper to the stranger' (compare ahd. eli-lenti `foreign land'), then Subst. `hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man', in addition ā́r(i)ya- `to ar(i)yá-, suitable, hospitable', hence, VN' Arier = Aryan', āryaka- `venerable man', aryamáṇ- n. `Hospitality', m. `Guest's friend';

maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.

av. airyō (= ārya), Old pers. āriya (= ariya), `Aryan', av. airyaman `guest, friend', npers. ērmān `guest', in addition sarmat. VN ᾽Αλανοί (osset. *alan), osset. ir `Ossete', iron `Ossetic' `Ossetic' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d. Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);

air. aire (*arios) and airech `nobleman, of noble people, suitor' can belong to preposition air- `in front of', thus `standing in the first place', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354); mythical ir. ancestor Е́remón is scholar neologism to Ériu `Ireland'. see under ari̯o- `lord, god, master'.

---------------------

*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix gr. ἐρι-(reduced grade ἀρι-), e.g. ἀρί-γνωτος `easily (the stranger) recognizable', Old Indian arí- etc surely must lead back to idg. *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indian sūrí- `master, ruler, lord' as su-ri- `hospitable' and ri-śā́das `worry for sustaining the stranger'.

----------------------

Air. oll Adj. `honorable, large, extensive', actually `above (the ordinary) going out' (formally = lat. ollus, idg. *olnos), compounds (h)uilliu `farther, more', Adv. ind-oll `ultra, extreme', from which maybe also innonn, innunn `over, beyond' (with assimilation in collaboration with inonn `the same, identical';

Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e `in addition, but', actually `on the other side (and) therefrom on this side'; ol-foirbthe `pluperfect, past perfect', oldāu, oldaas `when I, when he', actually `about (the) outside, what I am, what he is', inaill `certain, sure', actually `situated on the other side' (of it inoillus `confidence, security';

inuilligud `protection, safety'; with ol(l) `ultra, beyond' maybe corresponds ol `says' as `ultra, beyond, further', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol `because, sice' keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with cymr. ol `footprint'.

Besides with a: air. al (with Akk.) `on the other side, over - beyond' (simplification from *all in the pretone), Adv. tall (*to-al-nā) `on the other side, there', anall `from on the other side, from there, over here', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer alla `beyond, on the other side' (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f., thus not from without ending idg. *ol or *al); derivatives: alltar `the world of the dead, the other world, hereafter', also from `to savage areas situated on the other side', alltarach `otherworld, ulterior, thithertho'.

Gall. alla `another, other, different', allos `second' (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Alloḫbroges = mcymr. all-fro `exiled, ostracized, banished' (to bro `land'), all-tud `foreigner', acymr. allann, ncymr. allan `outdoors, outside'; air. all-slige `the second cutting out'.

Got. alls, aisl. allr, ags. eall, ahd. all `all', besides in the compound germ. ala- (without -no-suffix) in agerm. matron's names Ala-teivia, Ala-gabiae etc, got. ala-mans `all people, humanity', ahd. ala-wāri `totally true' (nhd. albern); compare air. oll-athair (epithet of ir. God's father Dagdae `the good God') = anord. al-fǫðr (epithet of Odin),' all father'.

Lat. alers, allers `taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever, shrewd, skilful' according to Landgraf ALL. 9, 362, Ernout Él. dial. lat. 104 from *ad-ers, *allers (contrast to iners).

From an adverb *ali `there, in a specific place, in each case' (differently Debrunner REtIE. 3, 10 f.) have derived:

ali̯os `other':

arm. ail `other';

gr. ἄλλος `other' (kypr. αἴλος), n. ἄλλο, compare ἀλλοδ-απός `from elsewhere, from another place, strange' (= lat. aliud, forms as in lat. longinquus `far removed, far off, remote, distant'), in addition ἀλλήλων etc `each other', ἀλλάττω `makes different, changes', ἀλλαγή `variation, change, exchange, trade': ἀλλότριος `becoming another, strange', from Old Indian anyátra `somewhere else' corresponding adverb;

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nyátra) tjetër `other' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] : Old Indian anyátra `somewhere else'.

lat. alius = osk. allo `other things', n. aliud = gr. ἄλλο, in addition from the adverb ali: aliēnus `strange' (from *ali-i̯es-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum `one from two' = osk. alttram `alteram' (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in altrinsecus, altrōvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also alterāre, adulter, alternus, altercāri;

gall. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), air. aile (*ali̯os), n. aill (from adverbial all from *alḫnā; palat. l comes from aile), cymr. ail, bret. eil (from *eliüs, Comparative *alii̯ōs), doubled air. alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill, mcymr. etc arall, Pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);

got. aljis `other', but only in compositions, as as. eli-lendi n. `foreign land', ahd. eli-lenti ds. = nhd. `woefulness', got. alja-leikō `other, different', aisl. elligar, ellar, ags. ellicor, elcor `other, otherwise,', ahd. elichōr `further', and in adverbs, like ags. elles, engl. else `other, different', anord. alla `otherwise' etc.; a comparative formation *alira is ags. elra `other';

toch. A ālya-k^ǝ, В alye-k^ǝ `ἄλλος τις' (*ali̯e-k^ǝ, Pedersen Groupement 26, Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ā̆lak^ǝ `other', ālam^ǝ `each other', В āläm `somewhere else', aletste `strangers';

ostiran. etc hal-ci `any (thing) available, etc'.

References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614.

About the sound change from *ani̯os to *ali̯os see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.

See also: About ani̯os s. under S. 37 (an2).

Page(s): 24-26

Root / lemma: al-2

English meaning: `to grow; to bear'

German meaning: `wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren'

Material: Old Indian an-ala- `fire' (' the glutton', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);

gr. νεᾱλής `cheerful, strong' (νέος + al-; about φυταλιή see below);

lat. alō, -ere, -ul, -itum `to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up'; alēscere `grow up, prosper', coalēscere `grow together', adolēscere `grow up' (adultus `grown up, adult, mature'), abolēscere `to perish' (in addition appears aboleō, -ēre `destroy, exterminate' as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō, esp., however, after synonymous dēlēvī, dēleō;

the reminiscence in ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), lat. indolēs `native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents', subolēs `a sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny', prōles (*pro-olēs) `offspring, descendants, posterity; the young men of a race; of plants, fruit' (of it prōlētārius `a citizen of the lowest class, serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with o from a before dark l, not with idg. o- ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 accepts); alimentum `food, nourishment', alimōnia,-ium `food, maintenance';

air. alim `be nourishing'; here probably also cymr. alu, mbret. halaff, nbret. ala `bear, give birth to', cymr. al f. `act of giving birth, progeny, people', alaf m. `wealth' = air. alam f. `herd', of it almae ds .;

got. ags. alan (ōl) `grow up' (intr. like lat. adoleō), aisl. ala (ōl) `be nourishing, produce', got. aliÞs `fattened' (participle of a Kaus. *aljan = norw. dial. elja); aisl. elskr `inspired by love', elska `love' (see to the meaning-development Falk-Torp below elske).

With t- formant:

Gr. ἄν-αλτος `insatiable, gluttonous'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. `holy grove', lat. altus `high' (i.e. `large-scale grown'), mir. old `height; shores, coast', cymr. allt `side of a hill, wooded hills', acorn. as, bret. aot, aod `coast', as. ald, ahd. (etc.) alt `old' (actually' grown tall'), ahd. altôn `put off, delay' (`make old');

maybe alb. geg (*n'alt) nalt `high' > alb. tosk (*nalt, lant) lart `high' [n/r rhotacism].

*alti also in got. alds f. `period, lifetime', ags. ield `period, lifetime, age, old age' (Pl. ielde, as. eldi `people, humans'), anord.ǫld f. `time, age, Pl. people'; *alti̯o in osk. altinúm, thus `food, provisions, aliment' = lat. *altiōnum; air. comaltae `foster brother' = mcymr. cyfeillt `serf, slave', ncymr. cyfaill `friend' (*komal-ti̯os), mcymr. eillt (*alti̯os) `pupil, hero', air. inailt (*eni-altī) `servant', got. alÞeis (*alti̯os) `old' = air. alt(a)e `brought up';

*altro- in air. altram `food', altru `nursing father' (cymr. athraw `teacher' etc., see Pedersen KG. I 137); anord. aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) `age, lifetime, old age', ags. ealdor `life', as. aldar, ahd. altar `old age, age'.

With m- formant:

Gr. ἄλμα n. `grove', φυτάλμιος epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also Φυτάλιος, name of Poseidon in isthmian Troy, Φύταλος, for what hom. φυταλιή `tree nursery' as an abstract noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); lat. almus `nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating, sweet, kind, sublime'. Maybe here FlN thrak. Almus, illyr. (?) Almō (Rom), Almā (Etruria), abrit. *Almā, engl. Yealm.

mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit āla- `poison'. obviously alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : `to grow; to bear; grove' derived Root / lemma: el-3 : ol-: `to rot, poison'.

Maybe illyr. Amalthea `the goat that nourished Zeus'.

Toch. А ālym- `life, mind'.

d- extensions: Old Indian íḍ-, íḍā `refreshment, donation, oblation, gift'; gr. ἀλδαίνω `allows to grow, strengthens', ἀλδήσκω'grows', ἀναλδής `not thriving; growth restraining', ἄλδομαι `brings forth, produce, create' (καρπούς).

Maybe alb. geg. ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] `come, (*climax), be born', ardhuna Pl. `yields, profits'.

dh- extensions: Old Indian r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati `prospers, succeeds, does succeed, manages', av. arǝdat̃ `he allows to prosper', ǝrǝdāt- `cause prospering', Old Indian árdhuka- `thriving' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);

gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω `heals', ἄλθομαι `grows, heals'; aschwed. alda `fruit-carrying oak', aisl. aldin `tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn)'.

References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.

Page(s): 26-27

Root / lemma: al-4

English meaning: `to burn'

German meaning: `brennen'

Material: Old Indian alātam n. `fire, blaze, coal' (also úlmukam `fire'); lat. adoleō `to worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell', adolēscō, -ere `flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn' (o from a as in etymological-different adolēscere `to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn' to alō, see under *al-2 `grow'), altāre `fire altar' (with difficult o ablaut umbr. uṙetu `toward turning to vapor');

nschwed. ala `blaze, flame' (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lit.); but in question gr. ἀλάβη ἄνθρακες Hes.; view also from lat. alacer `quick, lively, animated', got. aljan n. `zeal' etc. was possible as `igneous, quick-tempered' (Johansson aaO.); about ags. ǣlan `burn' see *aidh-.

Maybe belongs here gall. MS Alatus, mir. alad `multicolored, dappled, striped' (if originally'burnt') = nir. aladh `trout' (alā̆to-).

Maybe alb. alle `red color'.

References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.

Page(s): 28

Root / lemma: al-5 (*hel-)

English meaning: `to grind'

German meaning: `mahlen, zermalmen'

Material: Old Indian áṇu- `fine, thin, very small' (*alḫnu-), Hindi and Bengali āṭā `flour' (below likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Dekl. 125).

Av. aša (*arta-) `crushed, ground' (Hübschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9, 178 A. 1).

Arm. aɫam `grinds', aɫauri (*alatrio-) `mill', aleur- `flour' (in spite of l instead of ɫ not borrowed from ἄλευρον, Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aɫaxin `servant', aɫij `young girl' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).

Gr. ἀλε: ἀλέω `grinds, crushes' *, ἀλέται λίθοι `millstone, grindstone', ἄλετος and ἀλετός `the milling, the grinding', ἀλετών `mill', ἀλετρεύω `grind', ἄλε[F]αρ, Pl. ἀλείατα (stretched from ἀλέατα; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) `flour' (from it contracted *ἀλῆτα called out of the new sg. ἄλητον ἄλευρον Hes.; ἀλητο-ειδής Hippokr., ἀλήτων ἀλεύρων Rhinthon), ἄλευρον (*ἀλε-Fρ-ον) `wheat flour', ἀλῑνός `flimsy' ( `pulverized, crushed, ground'), ἄλιξ `miller who grinds the spelt, wheat' (from it lat. alica `spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt' ds).

----------------

*) Also ἔλυμος `millet', ὄλυρα `spelt', οὐλαί, att. ὀλαί `ground coarse grain' (*ολF-, not after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *αλF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then word root would be *el-, *ol-, *_el-).

maybe alb. (*hol-) hollë `flimsy, thin'

Note:

Only gr. and alb. preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 89.

Page(s): 28-29

Root / lemma: al-6, alōu- : alǝu-

German meaning: Farbadjektiv `weiß, glänzend'

See also: s. albho- and Farbadjektiv el-.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: alā

English meaning: interjection

German meaning: under likewise `hallo!'

Material: Old Indian alalā(bhavant-) `alert, awake, smart becoming' (mind. arē, rē `du da!' rather to arí `foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S. 24).

Gr. ἀλαλά, ἀλαλαί `hallo, hurra!', ἀλαλητός, ἀλαλητύς `Schlachtruf', ἀλαλάζω `stoße den Schlachtruf from' (similarly ἐλελεῦ `Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf', ἐλελίζω `stoße den Kriegsruf from'); lit. aluoti `hallo cry' (borrowing from dem Deutschen not provable) besides alióti `through Geschrei aufscheuchen'; Old Church Slavic ole, bulg. olele interjection; e.g. Fick I⁴ 356 (nhd. hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from ahd. halón, holón `get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte).

Auf ähnlichem al- seems to based on lit. nu-aldė́ti `ring out; sound', uldúoti `coo' (Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).

References: WP. I 89.

See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lā-.

Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: alp-

English meaning: `small, weak'

German meaning: `klein, schwach' ?

Material: Old Indian álpa-, alpaca ` small, slight, flimsy' (alpēna, alpāt `light, fast'); to unite heavily in the definition with lit. alpstù, alpaũ, al̃pti `become unconscious', alpùs `weak', lett. el̃pe `taking air, breath', alpa ̀ `one time, time, moment in time'.

apposition also from hom. ἀλαπαδνός (from Aeschylos λαπαδνός)'weak', ἀλαπάζω `empties, exhausts', att. λαπάζω'loots', λαπάττω `empties (the body)' is doubtful because of theirs to two-syllables root words compared with of the light ones Old Indian and lit. words;

also they suit, as well as to them, added to λαπαρός `slender, thin, having hollow body', λαπάρα `Flank, swell of the body in the hip', λάπαθος `cavity, pit', λάπαθος `sorrel, rumex' as `βοτάνη κενωτική' in the meaning colouring (`empty, sunken, shrunken') nevertheless, considerably ab. quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps `be tired of, sick of, bored with'.

maybe alb. (*λάπαθος) lëpjetë `sorrel, rumex', truncated (*λάπαθος), laps `be exhaused'.

Maybe lat. lapso -are `to slip, stumble'.

On account of here hett. alḫpaḫanḫda- (alpant-) `ill, weak, small, flimsy'?

References: WP. I 92, Couvreur Ḫ 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Idg. Gr. II, 158.

Page(s): 33

Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-)

English meaning: `bitter; beer'

German meaning: `bitter, Bier, Alaun'

Material: Gr. ἀλύδ(ο)ιμον πικρὸν παρὰ Σώφρονι Hes., ἀλυδμαίνειν [πικραίνειν?] Hes. (see, however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); lat. alūta `soft leather; a shoe, purse or patch, beauty patch' and alūmen `alum' are simply extensions from *alu-.

The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition `beer, mead' (compared to the meaning difference Church Slavic kvasъ `alum, beer'); in. ǫl n. `Beer, carousal', ǫldr n. `Carousal' (*aluÞra-), ags. ealu(đ) n. `beer', as. in aloḫfat, mhd. in al-schaf `drinking vessel';

maybe alb. alle `red (color of beer?)'

hence from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root / lemma: alu- (-d-, -t-): (bitter; beer).

From it borrows Old Prussian alu n. `Mead', lit. alùs (m. become as medùs = preuß. meddo n .; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic olъ (m. become like medъ) `beer'. is also borrowed by finn. olut `Beer' from Germ.

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.

Page(s): 33-34

Root / lemma: ambhi, m̥bhi

English meaning: `around, from both sides'

German meaning: `um-herum, zu beiden Seiten'

Material: Arm. amboɫj `entirely, unscathed' (to oɫj `healthy'), gr. ἀμφί `around' (ἀμφί-ς `to both sides', with the same adverbial -s as z. В. ἄψ, λικριφίς, s.Brugmann Grdr. II² 2, 737);

lat. amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigō), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amputō, amiciō from *am[bi]jaciō) inseparable prefix `round about, around, all around', alat. also preposition am `around' m. Akk. (ambi - for the purposes of `both' also anceps which is against late formation it points to ambō), umbr. amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum `to carry round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify, by carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news'), an- (an-ferener `bearing round'), osk. amvíannud `a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, detour', amnúd `a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive, inducement, occasion, opportunity' (barely *amb-beno- : veniō, however no- derivation, s. v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter-eō, intereō (see v. Planta II 455, WH. I 36);

umbr. ampretu, ambretuto `ambit, circuit', maybe also osk. amfret `flanked' (rather to Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent `they bear round, περιάγουσι';

not lat. trails of the same -er- extension in amfrāctus `a turning, a bend. Transf., legal intricacies, circumlocution, digression', rather from am-frāctus); about PN Amiternum s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 541;

with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t, Buck Elementarbuch 65) osk. ampt `around' (as umbr. ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-); alb. mbi, mbɛ `over, by, on, in' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).

m̥bhi: Old Indian abhí-taḥ, av. aiwito `to both sides, ringed' (about av. aibiš, Old pers. abiš more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19, Beiheft S. 106; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ἀμφίς?);

Old Indian abhí is possible the meaning `around, circum', Old pers. abiy, av. aibī, aiwi in the meaning `about, in regard to, from' from derived *m̥bhi or idg. *obhi or continuing in *ebhi ; gall. ambi- `around, circum' (e.g. ᾽Αμβί-δραυοι `living on river Dravos'),

cymr. am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), corn. bret. am-, em-, air. imb-, imm- `around'; ahd. as. umbi, aisl. umb, ags. ymb, ymbe `around' (absorbed in Got. from bi).

bhi: got. bi in meaning `around', with final sound extension in stressed position as. ags. be-, bī-, ahd. bi-, bī-, nhd. bei (about dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II `space, period', 73 and 1437 under billede `image').

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ambhe) mbë `at, in', (*ambhi) mbi `on upon'.

Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II `space, period', 73 and 1,437 under billede `picture').

ambhō(u) `both':

Gr. ἄμφω `both' (derivative ἀμφότερος); lat. ambō, -ae, -ō `both';

Old Indian ubhāu `both', av. uwa- ds.; lit. abù, Old Church Slavic oba ds.; got. bai m., ba n., Gen. *baddjē (bajōÞs, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II² 2, 77; different - in the outcome to lat. nostrātes - `of our country, native' Fick III⁴ 255), as. bē thie, ags. bā, Þā, engl. both, ahd. beide, bēde, anord. bāðer, Gen. beggja `both' (: got. *baddjē < bai̯i̯ē); toch. A āmpi, āmpe, В ant-api.

From these would be regarded Old Indian ubhāu, av. uwa yet as composition with u- `two' (lat. uīgintī); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the ar. forms as caused by the labial evaporation *abhāu = *m̥bhōu with reference to Old Indian Kubera-ḥ from *Kabēraḥ (compare patronymic Kāberaka-ḥ; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lit. abù, Old Church Slavic oba are probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time, as preposition *ambhi `around' was given up in favour of *obhi (ab. obъ, s. lat. ob `with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of').

The relation *ambhō (u), *ambhi: got. etc. bai, bi lets it be dubious barely that am- (maybe from an-4) is the first composition part, the second part is idg. *bhōu `both'.

References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.

Page(s): 34-35

Root / lemma: ames- or omes-

English meaning: `blackbird'

German meaning: `Amsel'

Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms-)?

Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in ahd. amusla, amsala, ags. ōsle `blackbird', full grade the second syllable in lat. merula `a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp' (Kluge EWb.¹² s. v.) and cymr. mwyalch, acorn. moelh, bret. moualc'h `blackbird' (possible basic form *mesalkā oder *misalkā after Pedersen KG. I 73, where difficult suppositions about ir. smōl, smōlach `thrush').

Differently - because of idg. meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare² 367, ³II 140, Fick II⁴ 205: merula from *misula, cymr. mwyalch etc from meisalkā, finally, with -oi- ahd. *meisa, ags. māse, aisl. meisingr `titmouse'.

However, will be gets covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70 probably more properly in the Adj. *maisa-` small, tiny' because of norw. mdartl. meis `thin, frail person', meiseleg `thin and weak', wfläm. mijzen `crumble', mejzel `A little bit. Tiny bits'. The comparison of lat. with brit words is most reliable.

References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.

Page(s): 35-36

Root / lemma: amǝ-

German meaning: `energisch vorgehen'

See also: see under omǝ-.

Page(s): 36

Root / lemma: am-1, mē-

English meaning: `to grab'

German meaning: `fassen'?

Material: Old Indian ámatram n. `vessel, jug, big drinking bowl', arm. aman `vessel', maybe to lat. ampla (*amḫlā) `handle, handhold', amplus (*am-los) `extensive, far, spacious, considerabe'.

References: WP. I 52 f., WH. I 41 f.

See also: S. under mē-1.

Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: am-2, mē-

German meaning: `mühen'

See also: see under mē-2 ds.

Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: am(m)a, amī̆

English meaning: mother

German meaning: `Mutter', Lallwort

Material: Alb. amë `aunt', `mother', out of it `riverbed', `residuum from Flüssigkeiten'; aisl. amma `grandmother', ahd. amma `mother, wet nurse', nhd. Amme; gr. ἀμμάς, ἀμμία `mother' Hes., osk. Ammaí, Ammae, i.e. Matri (Göttername)'. About Old Indian amba `mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amī-, amĭ- (see Brugmann II², I 496) shaped are lat. amīcus `friend' and amita `Vaterschwester' (compare lit. anýta `Schwiegermutter' : lat. anus `altes woman'). About vlat. amma `owl' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.

Alb. mik `friend' zero grade of rum. amic `friend' not from lat. amīcus `friend'

A Verbalableitung is perhaps lat. amāre `lieben' (compare mhd. ammen `wait, hold on, care' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.

After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also lat. amoenus here. Von a lat. *amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. Γοργόνη; (to Γoργώ) besides Γόργοιτος (to Γοργώι) gestützt;

toch. В ammakki (Vok.) `mother' from *amma + akki (Old Indian akkā).

References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mél. Pedersen 163.

Page(s): 36

Root / lemma: andher-, n̥dher-

English meaning: `stem, spike'

German meaning: `Spitze, Stengel'

Material: Nur griechisch: ἀθήρ `an ear of corn', ἀνθέριξ `stalk point, stalk', ἀνθέρικος `Stalk, stem of a plant', ἀνθερεών `chin' as `bearded, shaggy place', ἀνθρίσκος `the common chervil', named after his prickly fruit, ἀνθρήνη, ἀνθρηδών `wasp, forest bee', word outcome after τενθρήνη `corneous';

τανθρηδών `wasp' (here maybe ἄνθρωπος from *ἄνθρο-ωπος `with bearded face = man', then `man, person', Güntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. Xö; compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426⁴.

After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from *ανδρ-ὡπός, the rough breathing of ὁράω etc figurative?); from also ἀθάρη (*ἀθαρFᾱ), ἀθήρᾱ `wheat gruel, Spelt miller' (von Plin. n. h. 22, 121 however identified as ägypt. word)?

References: WP. I 45.

Page(s): 41

Root / lemma: andh-, anedh-

English meaning: `to grow, bloom, blossom'

German meaning: `hervorstechen, sprießen, blühen'

Material: Old Indian ándhaḥ n. `Soma plants'; arm. and `field'; gr. ἄνθος n. `Flower, bloom', ἀνθέω `blossoms', ἄνθηρός (*-es-ro-) `blossoming' etc; alb. ënde (*andhōn) `blossom, flower', ë̄ndem `blossoms' (ë from present *ë̄ from *andhō); toch. A ānt, В ānte `open space, area'.

Mir. ainder, aindir `young woman', cymr. anner `young cow', Pl. anneirod, acymr. enderic `a bull-calf; also of the young of other animals', cymr. enderig `bull, ox', bret. ounner (Trég. annouar, Vannes an̄noér) `young cow';

moreover frz. (l)andier m. `Fire goat, Aries', also `poppy' (= `young girl', compare ital. madona, fantina `poppy'), further to bask. andere `woman', iber. FN Andere, Anderca, MN Anderus; maybe kelt. Origin? (*andero- `blossoming, young'?).

According to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 339 here gr. ἀν-ήνοθε `came out, bubbled out;', ἐπεν-ήνοθε `reside on top of', κατεν-ήνοθε' canopied, covered', etc.

In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *n̥dh:

Old Indian ádhvan m. = av. advan m. `way, road', for what ai adhvará-ḥ ̣ `religious action (*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony' (originally' course of action, way' - `ceremonious way') from *n̥dhu̯ero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*n̥dhuro-) isl. ǫndurr m. `a kind of snow shoe'.

References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.

See also: Here belongs probably: andher-, n̥dher-.

Page(s): 40-41

Root / lemma: andho-

English meaning: `blind, dark'

German meaning: `blind, dunkel'

Material: Old Indian andhá-, av. anda- `blind, dark', gall. andabata m. `a gladiator who fought with a helmet without openings' (to kelt. Lw. lat. battuō `to beat, knock').

References: WP. I 182, WH. I 46.

Page(s): 41

Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 (*ḫenaḫ-)

English meaning: `to breathe'

Note:

Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : `to breathe' derived from a reduction of Root / lemma: anĝhen- : `smell, odour; person' as in arm. anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin `soul, being, person': anord. angi m. `odour, smell' : alb. anj `swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj phonetic mutation].

German meaning: `atmen, hauchen'

Material: Old Indian ániti `breathes' (also thematically ánati), ánilaḫḥ ̣ `breath, breeze, wind', ānáḫḥ (maybe'breath' or `mouth, nose', āna-nam `mouth, muzzle, face' with ind. Vr̥ddhi;'mouth' as `breathe, the breathing'); prāṇiti `breathes';

av. ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya `of the inhaling and exhaling' (*anti- `breathing' with ā and parā; see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- `mildness' see, however, Airan. Wb. 125 f.).

Gr. ἄνεμος `breath, wind', ἀνήνεμος (with stretch in the compound), νήνεμος `windless, calm', ἠvεμόεις `rich in wind' (ἠ- metrical stretch), ἀνεμώλιος (`windy', i.e.:) `trifling, in vain' (dissimilated from ἀνεμώνιος, see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about that probably from *μετ-ανεμώvιoς by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones μεταμώνιος `in vain, without success'); different Risch 113;

compare Frisk Indog. 15; ἄνται ἄνεμοι ἀντάς πνοιάς Hes. are to change in ἀῆται, ἀήτας. Maybe here νεᾱνίᾱς `youth' as νεFο-αν- `new wheeze', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426³; also ἄσθμα `breathlessness, suffocation', aaO. 337.

Lat. animus `mind, soul', anima `wind, breath, soul, lives' (osk. anamúm `air, a current of air, breeze, breath, wind'), of it animal `living being, animal', hālō, - āre `breathe, smell' (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here attained and also penetrated in an(h)-ēlāre; about latter see *an 4).

Air. anāl, cymr. anadl `breath', mbret. alazn (rearrangement), nbret. holan (*anǝ-tlo-); mcymr. eneit, ncymr. enaid `soul' (*anǝ-tī-), abrit. PN Anate-mōros `warmhearted, bighearted';

air. animm, nir. anam `soul', Gen. anman (stem *ana-mon; the i- color of the Nom. sg. after neutr. -men-stem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with lat. anima f. `breath, wind, air. Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul' see Pokorny ZfcPh. 10 69 f.), corn. eneff, mbret. eneff (Pl. anaffon) nbret. anaoun `soul' (umlauted corn. and bret. forms probably Lw. from Lat., see Vendryès De hib. voc. 112 f., Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);

in addition air. osnad `sighs' (ussḫanad), further (`catch one's breath = rest, relax') anaid `remains, rests, stops', con-osna `desist, cease' (com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen KG. II 455 f., 672); mcymr. anant Pl. `bards, poets', cyn-an in `word, praise';

got. uz-anan (preterit uzōn) `exhale'; with t-formant: anord. ǫnd, g. andar f. `breath, breath of life, life, soul' (= gr. ἄνται), anda, -aða `breathe, gasp' = ags. ōđian `puff strongly', anord. andi m. `breath, mind, soul', afries. omma (*anḫma) `breath', ags. oroð (*ŭz-anÞ-) `breath' *; maybe here ahd. unst, aisl. ags. yst f. `storm' from *n̥ḫsti-;

maybe alb. anda `taste, smell' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation] : anord. anda, -aða `breathe, gasp'.

---------------------

*) In addition also as. ando, ags. anđa, anođa `excitement, rage, sorrow', ahd. anado, ando, anto `annoyance, rage', mhd. ande `feeling of insult', ahd. anadōn, antōn, mhd. anden `let out one's rage', nhd. avenge under a mid definition `gasp before excitement' (Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schröder Аbl. 9). About second a from ahd. anado, ags. anođa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.

-----------------------

Old Church Slavic vonja (*ani̯ā) `smell' (vonjati `scent, smell'), *ǫchati `smell' in aruss. uchati etc. (-ch- perhaps imitation from duchati, thus without historical connection with s from lat. hālāre `breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant' from *an-slo-);

Maybe nasalized alb. (*unhati) nuhat, nuhas `scent, smell'.

Nasals are the most important element of proto Indo Europeans since they indicate the homeland of Aryans in a cold, snowy territory. The prolongation of their nose must have taken place during thousands of years of habitat in the frosty climate. The long nose served Indo Europeans to warm the air while breathing which eventually caused the presence of nasal sounds.

alb. geg. âj, tosk. ēnj `I swell, impregnate', geg. âjun `conceited, puffed' kënjem, gnem `incense' (*kɛ-(a)nemo- Jokl Stud. 37);

Note:

Clearly the initial meaning in alb. geg. âj, tosk. ēnj `I swell, impregnate' was `puff with air'.

toch. AB āñm- `life, mind', В āñme `intention', A āñcām (*āntemo-) `existence, living, mind' (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Toch. 48); also В onolme, wnolme `living being'?

arm. holm `wind' (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet lit. 6, 3) (see Lidén Arm. stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47). - Old Indian ātmán `soul' rather to ahd. ātum `breath', see ēt-men.

Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like Old Indian ani-ti, ani-laḥ, kelt.*ana-tlo- etc, and such like ἄνε-μος, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus lat. *an-slo- > hālō, anord. ǫnd (etc).

References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.

see also under anti̯os.

In addition as pristine cases:

anti'in the face of'> `towards, opposite, against', etc.

Old Indian anti Adv. `opposite itself, before itself, near', from what antiká-ḥ `near', n. `nearness'.

Arm. and `there', ǝnd preposition `for, instead of' m. Gen. and `along, about (in, on) somewhere there' m. Akk. (compare got. and), in meaning'aside' m. Abl. and `with, by' m. Lok. (which has dwindled vowel in the final sound is not determinable; anl. ǝ- from a-), as preverb'on'; in addition andranik `firstborn, the first (earliest)' (Bugge KZ. 32, 2; compare to meaning lat. ante `before, of place or time' and the above mentioned words for'forehead' as a'front'), probably also anc̣anem `to go past' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 425, compare gr. ἄντομαι; c̣ from t + the aoristic s, compare the Aor. ē-anc̣).

Maybe alb. andej `there, in the other side, opposite'.

Gr. ἀντί `in view of, towards, opposite, before; for, instead of' m. Gen., also preverb, e.g. ἀνθίστημι; hom. κατ' ἄντηστιν `in the opposite point of view, against' is fine to Bechtel Lexil. 46 from *ἄντι-στι-ς reshuffled after ἄντην ἵστημι; ἀντικρύ, att. ἄντικρυς `almost, against' (ambiguous ending), ἀντιάω, ἀντιάζω `meets'.

Lat. ante (from *anti, compare antistō, as well as antīcus, antiquus) preposition m. Akk. spatially `against, before', timewise `before', also preverb (e.g. antecedō), antid-eā, -hāc `before', antid-īre `'lead the way' (-d after prōd); in addition anterior `earlier', antārium bellum `war before the town', antīcus `the front' (c after posticus `behind'), antīquus `old' (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus; idg. *anti +*okʷ- `looking'), antēs, -ium `rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines)', originally possibly `fronts' (about antae see, however, under *anǝtā `door post').

Hitt. ḫa-an-ti (ḫanti) `in front, esp., in particular'.

anta `against there' (direction); to -a see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622 f.

Got. and preposition m. Akk. `up there, about there, along'. With therefrom more divergently meaning the nominal prefix and verbal prefix germ. anda-, and `against, opposite', also in verbs normally `from - away': got. anda-, and (e.g. andniman `accept', andanēms `agreeable, pleasant', andbindan `unbind, untie, be confined'), anord. as. ags. and, ahd. ant-, int-, mhd. nhd. ant-, (e.g.Antlitz, Antwort, entbinden).

compounds anord. endr, enn `earlier, formerly, again, after' (endr = got. andiz-uh `either'), ags. end `before' (*andis), ahd. enti `earlier, yore' (germ. *andiaz), mhd. ent, end Konj. `previous, before' (e.g. Falk-Torp 192, 1455).

Lit. añt, older anta m. Gen. `after-there, up, on'.

About gr. ἄντα see above.

n̥ti

A weaker ablaut form (*n̥t-) shows got. and m. dat. `ἀντί, for, around', unÞa- (*n̥to-) in unÞa-Þliuhan `escape', ags. ođ- (*unÞ-) in ođgangan `escape', ūđgenge `fleeting' = anord. unningi, undingi (*unÞ-, *andḫgangia-) `escaped slave' (Brugmann Grdr. II², 803).

Other meaning points got. and m. Akk. `until, to', ahd. unt in unt-az `until, to' and unzi (= untzi) `until, to', as. and `until, to', unti, unt (and + te `to'), unto (and + tō), engl. unto `to, until', anord. unz (and es) `until, till that', ags. (with grammatical change) ođ `in addition, besides, until, to', osk. ant m. Akk. `up to'' (likewise from *n̥ti, see Walde Kelten and Italiker 54; because of germ. and not to place exactly attuning meaning = lat. ante `before', e.g. v. Planta II 443), lit. iñt `after' (rather contamination from in and ant).

The fact that these forms show an extension preposition *en, *n̥ `in' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629 f., where also about gr. dial. ἔντε), is possible as then lit. iñt with į̃ `after' corresponds in the application. However, could be of this one additional use adjustment as a result of the sound resemblance and idg. *n̥t (-i, -aö) `until, to' belong as `up against there, on the opposite side over' to anti; also the words for the `end' (see below) are originally the purpose waving on the opposite side, and with as. unt is also ant (and + te) preposition m. Akk. `wholly, completely' synonymous what, even if only new intersection are from unt with and-, however, the concept relationship of both explained.

anti̯os `against, recumbent before' (formed from the adverb anti):

*anti̯ó- (germ. *andja-) in got. andeis, anord. endir, as. endi, ags. ende m., ahd.anti, enti m. and n., nhd. Ende; also gr. ἀντίος `against' (in addition ἐναντίον ds., ἐναντίος `situated against; opponent') probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr.I 379) to *ἀντιός.

Against it is from *anto- (see above) derived ánti̯o- in anord. enni n., ahd. andi, endi n. `forehead' = lat. antiae `the hair growing upon the forehead, forelock'.

A quite different word is nhd. and, ahd. unti, anti, enti under likewise, as. endi, ags. engl. and `and', anord. en(n) `and, but', with Old Indian áthā̆ `thereupon, thereon, then, ditto', av. aϑā̆ `also', osk. ant m. Akk. `usque ad', lit. iñt m. Akk. `after' (however, see above), toch. В entwe `also' belongs to *en, n̥ `in'.

Also alb. in (*ende) edhe `and, also', zero grade (*ende) dhe `and, but'.

References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f., Feist 46, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f., 722, 726, II (B V 2 b d 3).

Page(s): 48-50

Root / lemma: apelo-

English meaning: strength

German meaning: `Kraft'

Material: Gr. ἀν-απελάσας ἀναρρωσθείς Hes., ion. εὐηπελής `strong', hom. ὀλιγηπελίη `swoon, ion. ἀνηπελίη ἀσθένεια Hes., Elis: MN Tευτί-απλος (after Prellwitz BB. 24, 214 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 18, 205 here ᾽Απέλλων, ᾽Απόλλων, with vocal gradation thess. ῎Απλουν; after Sommer IF. 55, 176² rather pregreek); ill. MN Mag-aplinus, Aplus, Aplo, Aplis, -inis, FN Aplo, -onis; gall. VN Dī-ablintes `the powerless, the weak' (from *-aplentes); germ. GN Matronis Aflims, Afliabus `effective magic', aisl. afi n., ags. afol, abal n. `strength'.

Note:

The Root / lemma: apelo- : `strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro- : `strong, mighty' [the shift l > r].

References: WP. I 176, Feist la, Kretschmer Gl. 24, 250.

Page(s): 52

Root / lemma: ap-1 (proper ǝp-) : ēp-

English meaning: to take, grab, reach

German meaning: `fassen, nehmen, erreichen'

Note:

Maybe alb. tosk. (*ḫeḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na `us' + ep `give') `give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω `give a hand.

Material: Old Indian āpnṓti `achieved, attained', more recently āptá-ḥ `clever, suitable, trusted'; av. apayeiti `achieved, reached', 3. Pl. āpǝnte from *āpu̯antai;

arm. unim `own' (*ōpḫn-ö), ǝnd-unim `attain';

gr. ἅπτω `give a hand, attach, pick a quarrel, light, kindle', ἅπτεσθαι `touch', ἁφή `touch, adherence etc. `will be delievered in spite of the spirit here. Kretschmer Gl. 7, 352 assumes influencing by ἕπω an; hom. ἀφάω (ἁφάω) `touch, palpate, feel, finger', ion. ἀφάσσω ds., common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;

hom. ἀπαφίσκω, ἤπαφον (with öol. o: ἀποφεῖν ἀπατῆσαι Hes.) `cheat, barter, exchange', ἀποφώλιος `phantasmic, delusive, fallacious', κατηφής `low-spirited' (eigentl. `got down').

Pedersen KZ. 39, 428 puts with gr. ἅπτω arm. ap``the hollow hand' (o-stem, however, Lok. yḫap`i as -i-stem, thus probably older neutr. -os-stem) together, which word should correspond to gr. ἅψος `joint, hinge'; because of p`(= idg. ph) nevertheless, uncertain (compare Meillet BSL. 36, 110);

lat. apīscor `touch, reach, attain, come to, come by', adipīscor `to come up to, overtake; hence to obtain. Perf. partic. adeptus, used passively, = obtained', coēpi `has begun, commenced', later coepī.

The connection with lat. *apiō, *apere `to bind together, unite, joint, connect, link, tie round' (imper. ape `hinder, prevent, restrain'), aptus `as partic. fitted, fastened, connected. Transf., depending on; also prepared, fitted out; fitted up with, equipped with, with abl. (2) as adj. suitable, appropriate, fitting. Adv. apte', cōpula (co-apula) `a link, bond, tie, connection; a rope, a leash; plur. grapnels' is probably certain. Maybe is derived from a common primary meaning `touch, summarize'.

Also lat. apud `at, near, by, with, in' will be best of all suit here. The primary meaning would be `in close connection' (compare juxtā). One has derived from the part. Perf. neutr. *apu̯od (from *apu̯ot `having reached'). Additional form apor, apur (mars.-lat. apur finem) points on originally-d;

lat. apex, -icis `cusp', esp. `the top of the conical cap of the Roman'flamines', or the cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark over a vowel', maybe belongs to *apiō; compare also EM. 60;

toch. A oppöc̨c̨i `clever' (Van Windekens Lexique 82);

hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) `takes', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi).

Note:

The original root was Root / lemma: ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-3 : `to give'.

Maybe alb. tosk. (*eḫipḫmi) ep, jap, geg. nep (*na ep) `give us (*take)' : hitt. eḫipḫmi (ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω `give a hand. [see above]

About Old Indian āpíḫḥ `friend', gr. ἤπιoς `friendly' see below ēpi-.

References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hitt. 128, Couvreur H̯ 93.

Page(s): 50-51

Root / lemma: ap-3, āp-

English meaning: old; damage

German meaning: `gebrechlich; Schaden'

Material: Old Indian apvā́ `illness, failure', av. (from an -es-stem) afša- m. `damage, evil'; lit. opū́s `weak, sore, frail' (Charpentier KZ. 40, 442 f.), presumably gr. ἠπεδανός `frail, weak' (Bezzenberger BB. 1, 164; to the ending see Risch 98; differently Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 530).

References: WP. I 47, Specht Dekl. 345.

Page(s): 52

Root / lemma: apo- (pō̆, ap-u, pu)

English meaning: from, out, of

German meaning: `ab, weg'

Material: Old Indian ápa `off, away, back' as adnominal Рröp. m. Abl. `away from', av. ap. apa `away from'; about privatives *ap- in Iran, and Gr. see Schwyzer ZII. 6, 230 ff.; gr. ἄπο, ἀπό m. Gen. (= *ablative) `away from, ex, from'; maked. ἀπ-, ἀβ-;

alb. prapë `again, back' (*per-apë); lat. ab m. Аbl., `prep. with abl. (1) of motion or measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation, difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of :'a tergo', in the rear; hence in connection with, as regards' (before voiced consonant from ap, still in aperiō from *ap-u̯eri̯ō; perhaps also in aprīcus, s. WH. I 59; about lat. af s. just there 1; abs = gr. ἄψ `back, again'; out of it as- before p-, as-portō; ā before voiced consonants), umbr. ap-ehtre `from without, from the outside; on the outside, outwardly' (about other, unsafe osk.-umbr. Belege s. v. Planta I 209, 426, II 454 f.);

got. af prefix and preposition m. dat. `from, away from, from here', anord. af Adv. and preposition m. dat., ags. æf, of, as. af, ahd. aba, ab- `from, away from', nhd. ab-.

compare also lit. apačià `the lower part' (as `turned away part', *apoti̯ā, to Old Indian ápatya- n. `progeny' and hitt. ap-pé-iz-zi-ia-aš (appezii̯as) `back'.

As kelt. derivatives are taken up from *apo acymr. ncymr. o `ex-, from, of', a.-mcorn., a.-nbret. a ds. However, comes for this poor in sound brit. form rather affiliation to air. ō, ua in consideration (Thurneysen Gr. 524), so that of all Brit. it remains quite unsafe.

In hett. a-ap-pa (apa) `behind, back' (compare gr. ἀπο-δίδωμι `give back, return') have maybe collapsed idg. apo and epi (Pedersen Hitt. 188, Couvreur H̯ 94 f., Lohmann IF. 51, 324 f.).

Derivatives: apо-tero-, ap-ero-, ap-i̯o-, ap-ōko- and above apoti̯ā, apeti̯o-.

Old Indian apataram Adv. `farther away', ap. apataram Adv. `apart, somewhere else', gr. ἀπωτέρω `farther distant' (ἀπωτάτω `very far away'); maybe got. aftarō `from the back, backward', aftuma, aftumists `the last', ags. æftemest ds. and got. aftra `back, again', ahd. as. aftar Adv. `behind, after' and Рröp. m. Dat. `after, behind, according to', ags. æfter ds., anord. eptir Adv. and Рröp. m. Dat. and Akk. `after', aptr Adv. `back, backward'.

For this germ. However, words relationship also stands with gr. ὄπιθεν, idg. *epi, *opi to the consideration (Schulze KZ. 40, 414 Anm. 3), compare still got. afta `behind', ags. æft `behind, later', got. aftana `from the back', anord. aptan, ags. æftan, as. aftan, mhd. aften `afterwards'.

Old Indian ápara- `back, later, following, other', Adv. -ám `after, later', av. ap. apara- `back, later, following', Adv. -ǝm, -am, Sup. Old Indian apamá-, av. apǝma- `the one farthest away, the most distant, the last';

got. afar Adv. and preposition with dat. and Akk. `after, afterward', ahd. avar, abur (latter from *apuḫróḫm, as anord. aur- `bottom, lower, nether, back' in compound, see Falk-Torp, 11 f.) `again, once more, against it' (nhd. aber), anord. afar `esp., very much' (compare to meaning Old Indian ápara- also `outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary', Lidén Stud. 74 ff.; ags. eafora, as. aƀaro `descendant'). see still *āpero- `shore'.

maybe alb. (*apar) parë `first, top', afër `*away, close', afërm `relative, descendant', (*āper-) prej `from'.

Gr. ἄπιος `remote, far' (probably also anord. efja f. `bay in a river in which the current runs back', ags. ebba m. `low tide', as. ebbia f., mndd. ebbe, where borrows from nhd. Ebbe, as `ebb, the outward movement of the tide; the return of tidewater towards the sea').

Old Indian ápāka- `recumbent apart, distant, coming from the front', arm. haka- as 1. composition part `against', hakem `piegare ad una parte, inclinare', Old Church Slavic opaky `again', Church Slavic opako, opaky, opače `back, inverted', in which, admittedly, forms can be partly also related to *opi, gr. ὄπιθεν (compare lat. opācus `shaded, shady; dark, shadowy, obscure' = `turned away from the sun';

Literary formation by (Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 482). Besides anord. ǫfugr `after, turned backward', as. aƀuh, avuh, ahd. abuh, abah `turned away, inverted, wicked' (nhd. öbig, öbicht), ags. *afoc in engl. awkward, from *apu-ko-s (or from *opu-ko-s : ὄπιθεν, so that in the ablaut to got. ibuks `being on the decline', ahd. ippihhōn `roll back'ö Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the consonant relegating to πυ-γή, see also Falk-Torp under avet).

pō̆:

av. pa-zdayeiti `let to move away, scare off'; lat. po-situs, pōnō `to put down, set down, put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit' from *po-s[i]nō, po-liō, po-lūbrum, pōrcet `to keep off, keep back, to hinder, restrain' from *poḫarcet; alb. pa m. Akk. `without', pa- `un-' (Gl. Meyer Alb. Wb. 317); afries. fån `from, of', as. fana, fan, ahd. fona, fon m. Dat. (= *Abl.) `from, of' (ahd. -o- is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to derive from idg. *pu beside *po).

A similar form pursues Trautmann Old Prussian 389 in Old Prussian pan-s-dau `thereafter'. Is totally unsafe whether arm. oɫork `polished, slippery, smooth' contains according to Lidén Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from *po-.

Maybe suffixed alb. pas `behind, back' pastaj `later, thereafter'.

Against it here in spite of often divergent meaning (Brugmann Grdr. II² 2, 808 considers absorption from idg. *upo, and for sl. po in meaning `behind, after' m. Lok. probably properly origin from *pos): Old Church Slavic po `after, in, with, about a little bit there' (lit. pō with Gen. under dat. `after', with Instr. `under'), as essential only more perfective verbal prefixes lit. pa-, Old Church Slavic po- (as nominal prefix Old Church Slavic pa-, lit. pa and pó-, compare e.g. Old Church Slavic pamьněti `remember', pamętь `memory');

Old Prussian pa- essential in nominal, pō- in verbal compound, compare Trautmann 203, Meillet Slave comm.² 505.

About slav. poḫdъ `below, under' see Brugmann Grdr. II² 2, 733 f. - S. still idg. *po-ti and *po-s.

Maybe alb. (*po-s) poshtë `below, under' from the same root as slav. languages slav. poḫdъ `below, under' from Root / lemma: apo- (pō̆, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : (foot, *genitalia).

ap-u stands beside *apo (Lit. see below *pu) in ark. kypr. lesb. thess. ἀπύ, in ahd. abo = aba, anord. au-virđi n. `contemptuous person' (Falk-Torp 11 f.), compare also above *apuḫro- beside *apero-, *apuḫko-, and *pu beside *po. That -u maybe enklit. Particle `and, also' (Feist Зa, 508a, WH. I 87). compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 182.

pu (see оbove *apu) mostly in meaning (`turned away' =) `behind, back':

ahd. fona (see above), Old Indian punar `again back', gr. πύματος `the last'; quite uncertain lat. puppis `the poop or stern of a vessel; poet. the whole ship'.

maybe alb. pupa `the poop or stern of a vessel' : poln. pupa `bottom'.

References: WP. I 47 ff., WH. I If., 842, Feist За, Trautmann 11.

Page(s): 53-55

Root / lemma: appa

English meaning: father

German meaning: `Vater'; Lallwort

Material: compare gr. ἄππα, ἀπφά, ἄπφα, ἀπφῦς (Theokrit) `dad'; toch. В appakke `father' (this -(a)kke from ammakki `Mutter').

References: WP. I 47.

See also: compare also pap(p)a.

Page(s): 52

Root / lemma: apsā

English meaning: asp

German meaning: `Espe'

Material: Ahd. aspa, nhd. Espe, ags. æspe, anord. ǫsp f. ds., lett. apse (from *apuse), Old Prussian abse ds., nordlit. apušìs f., lit. apušė̃, epušė̃ f. `aspen, trembling poplar' (after Bezzenberger BB. 23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *apsā), russ. osína (*opsīna) `aspen', poln. osa, osika, osina `aspen'.

The fact that in this aspen name the sound result -ps-, is not the original -sp-, confirm among others törk.-osm. apsak `poplar', tschuw. ėwës `aspen' as a loanword from the proto Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of gr. gr. ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος, ὅ ἐστι εἰ̃δος δένδρον Hes. a root noun ap- .

References: WP. I 50, Specht Dekl. 60.

Page(s): 55

Root / lemma: ar 4 (er, orö), r̥

English meaning: now, also, interrogative particle

German meaning: etwa `nun, also', also as Fragepartikel

Material: Gr. ἄρα, ἄρ, ῥα (from r̥) `now, thus, consequently', kypr. ερ, ἀ̃ρα interrogative particle (*ἦ ἄρα; γάρ, maybe from γ' ἄρ); likewise zero grade lit. ir̃ `and, also', lett. ir `also', Old Prussian ir `and, also' (= gr. ῥα, zero grade lit. ar̃, lett. ar as an introduction of an interrogative sentence, alit. also er with the same balt. vacillate from a- and e- as between lett. ar `with, in' and Old Prussian er `to'; toch. В ra- emphat. particle.

References: WP. I 77, Trautmann 12, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 342, 622.

Page(s): 62

Root / lemma: ardh-

English meaning: pole

German meaning: `Stange'ö

Material: arm. ardn `lance, spear': lit. ar̃das m. `pole scaffold for drying flax', old ardamas `a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves to make it taut)' (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920)'ö Petersson KZ. 47, 245 (the lit. words not better according to Leskien Abl. 329 to ardýti `split, distinguish', see under er- `rare, loose, crumbly').

References: WP. I 84.

Page(s): 63

Root / lemma: ardi-, r̥di-

English meaning: point, edge

German meaning: `Spitze, Stachel'

Material: Old Indian ali `bee, scorpion' (from *aḍi, idg. *r̥di) = gr. ἄρδις `head of the arrow, sting'; air. aird (*ardi-) `sharp, peak, point of the compass', anord. erta (*artjan) `stir up, stimulate, tease' (another interpretation from erta under er-, er-d- `set in motion').

References: WP. I 83 f., Löders Schriften 429.

Page(s): 63

Root / lemma: areg-

English meaning: to lock

German meaning: `verschließen'

Material: Old Indian argalaḫḥ, argalā `latch, bolt', maked. ἄργελλα `bathing hut, bath hut', from which borrows alb. ragál f. `cottage, hut'; kimmer. ἄργιλλα (*argḫelḫi̯ā) `subterranean dwelling'; as. racud, ags. reced m. `building, house'.

References: WP. I 81, WH. I 63, Jokl IF. 44, 22.

See also: compare *areq- `schötzen, verschließen'.

Page(s): 64

Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-ö), r̥ĝi- (*her-(e)-ĝ-)

English meaning: glittering, white, fast

German meaning: `glönzend, weißlich'

Note:

Old Indian r̥ji-pyá `darting along' epithet of the bird śyená- (`eagle, falcon'), Av. ǝrǝziḫfya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), arm. arcui (< *arciḫwi) `eagle' prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle, *fast' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-ö), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'.

Material: Old Indian árjuḫnaḫḥ `bright, white'; rajatá- `whitish', rajatám híraṇyam `whitish gold, i.e. silver', rajatám `silver' with flashy, in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero grade r̥ (or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with av. ǝrǝzata- n., Old pers. ardata- `silver' (r̥-) : TN illyr. Ardiaei common alb. - illyr. -ĝ- > -d- phonetic mutation.

lat. argentum, osk. aragetud `silver', air. arggat, mir. airget, cymr. arian(t), corn. mbret. argant, nbret. arc'hant `silver', gall. PN Arganto-magus; arcanto-dan .. `coin minter, mint-master, the master or superintendent of a mint',

Maybe alb. (*argento) argjend `silver'.

arm. arcat``silver', toch. A ārkyant N. Pl. f.; with other formation gr. ἄργυρος `silver' (in spite of these equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure, see about that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II² 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39, 235 f., Festschr. Streitberg 228), messap. argorian (: ἀργύριον) ds., argora-pandes (*arguro-pondi̯os) `quaestor, state treasurer'.

Thrak. ἄργιλος `(*white) mouse', FlN ῎Αρζος (*Argi̯os).

Gr. ἀργός `white, fast', in compounds ἀργι- : ἀργι-κέραυνος `with shining thunderbolt', ἀργι-όδων `with brilliantly white teeth' (thereafter also *ἀργινός for ἀργεννός, further formation to ἀργινόεις, epithet of towns situated on white lime or chalk mountains); ἀργαίνω `is white'.

ἀργός probably after Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 8 f. from *ἀργρός dissimilated, wherefore i-stem ἀργι- of compounds behaves as av. dǝrǝzi-raϑa- `possessing steady chariot' to dǝrǝzra- `solid'.

With ἀργός phonetically same Old Indian r̥jrá- connotes also `shining', is in this meaning with ἀργός `white' etymological identical (in addition also Old Indian ŕ̥jīti-, r̥jīka- `radiating').

Old Indian r̥jrá- `fast', Ṛji-śvan- `the allied Indras ordering about fast dogs' = gr. ἀργός `fast' (likewise of dogs, also already proto linguistic epithet, see Schulze Kl. Schr. 124), ἀργί-πους `fleet-footed', horses Πόδ-αργος, upholds Persson Beitr. 828 from ἀργός (r̥jrá-) `white' different word (to the root reĝ- `straight, right, directly' in Old Indian r̥jīšá- `rushing straight for', r̥ji-pyá `darting along', etc), against Bechtel Lexil. 57, the concept of the lights allows to have flowed from that of the quick movement (compare `as quick as a flash, at lightning speed') as well as Schulze aaO.

Sides of the same observation considered as to try illuminating power, brightness of the color, and quickness of the movement (compare lat. micāre `move rapidly to and fro, vibrate, flicker; to shine, glitter, sparkle').

ἄργεμον, ἄργεμα n. `the whiteness (in the eye, nail)', ἀργήεις, dor. ἀργᾶς (*ἀργᾱFεντς `shining'; es-stem in ἐναργής `perspicuous, clear', ἀργεσ-τής epithet of νότος, `elucidative, brightening' (see lastly Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 500¹), ἀργεννός `white sheen, white luster, white-gleaming' (*ἀργεσ-νός); maybe also in ἀργειφόντης epithet of Hermes (`in slaying brilliance'ö).

On account of es-stem av. аrǝzah- `afternoon and evening' so that belongs together etymologically, at least half the meaning is quite doubtful, see. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 202, Bechtel aaO.

Maybe alb. (*а rǝz-) errët `dark', err `darken' : av. а rǝzah- `a fternoon and evening'

ἀργής, -ῆτος, -έτι, -έτα `white-gleaming'; ἄργιλλος and ἄργῑλος `white clay' (lat. Lw. argilla, argīla : alb. argjilë `white clay, mud'): ἄργυ-ρος see above, ἄργυ-φος, ἀργύ-φεος `shining white' (in the word ending probably to root bhā- `shine', Prellwitz BB. 22, 90, Bechtel Lexil. 57 f.).

Maybe alb. harc, harca Pl. `rocky landscape'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

Lat. argentum see above; arguō `to put in clear light; to declare, prove; to accuse, blame, expose, convict', argūtus `to the eye, expressive, lively; talkative to the ear, piercing, shrill, noisy; of omens, clear, significant; of persons, sagacious, cunning; (since Cicero also:) beaming, shimmering' and `shrewd'.

Toch. A ārki, В ā̆rkwi `white' (*arĝu̯i̯o-), ārcune `epithet of the royal title', A ārki-śoṣi `white world' (compare cymr. elfydd S. 30); hett. ḫar-ki-iš (ḫarkis) `white'.

Maybe alb. (*arg-) jargë `white saliva'

Note:

alb. j- stands for the lost old laryngeal ḫ-.

e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for got. unaírkns `impure, unclean', aírkniÞa `cleanness, genuineness', ahd. erchan `right, just, real, true, genuine', anord. jarknasteinn, ags. eorcnanstān `precious stone, jewel' (in addition also anord. jarteikn n. `emblems' from *jar[kn]-teikn, Lidén by Noreen Aisl. Gr.³ ̨p. 281, 6); compare also Feist 25b.

As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of germ. words, however, was concerning the vocalism intersection from germ. *ark- = idg. *arĝ- with *erk- = Old Indian árcati, idg. *erk- at least conceivable.

About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for lit. áržuolas, ąžuolas, dial. áužuolas, ostlit. dial. úžolas `oak', see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263, Trautmann Old Prussian 301, whereupon anž- (compare аpr. ansonis) the original form is (different Zupitza KZ. 36, 66, Germ. Gutt. 214).

By Hirts (Abl. 124) basic *ar(e)ĝ- cause germ. words difficulty, however, see above. The basis of a 2th root vowel (areĝ-) is given only by Old Indian rajatám `whitish', thus dubious.

References: WP. I 82 f., II 362 f., WH. I 66, 848, Feist 25, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 260, 447, 481, Frisk Nominalbildg. 4.

Specht (Dekl. 114¹) places because of gr. ἄρμη λευκή Hes. a color root in ar-, he equates with al- (see above S. 31).

Page(s): 64-65

Root / lemma: arenko-

English meaning: a kind of cereal, type of grain

Material:

Lat. arinca `variety of grain, olyra (which resembles spelt)' (`Galliarum propria' Plin. n. h. 18, 81; foreign, presumably gall. word, despite Niedermann ĕ and ĭ 30 not genuinely lat.), gr. ἄρακος `leguminous plant growing as a weed among lentil plants', ἄρακοι ὄσπριόν τι. τὸ δε αὐτὸ καὶ λάθυρον Hes.

Because of the meaning difference quite doubtful equation; no objection offers sure enough the not sufficing confirmation from ἄρακος in ὄροβος ἐρέβινθος. Non-related in spite of Fick II⁴ 16, 17 are gr. ἄρτος `bread' (to dark origin, see Boisacq 84), mir. arbar `grain' (see *ar- `to plough, plow'), arān `bread'.

References: WP. I 84, WH. I 67.

Page(s): 66-67

Root / lemma: areq-

English meaning: to guard, lock

German meaning: `schötzen, verschließen'

Material: In detail Osthoff IF. 8, 54 ff. m. Lit.

Arm. argel `hump, block, check, fence, hurdle, barrier, drawback, obstacle, hindrance, balk, impediment', denomin. argelum `resist, hold from, hold back'; maybe with o- gradation orm `wall, mural' (*ork-mo-ö);

gr. ἀρκέω `resist, reproach, protects, helps; express disappointment, be sufficient, be enough' (ἀρκέσω, ἤρκεσα) probably from *ἀρκέι̯ω; ἄρκος n. `protection, cover, shelter' (Alkman); ἄρκιoς `sufficing, enough', αὐτ-άρκης `oneself enough', ποδ-άρκης `with sufficing feet, fast' (see also Bechtel Lexil. 279 f.);

Maybe alb. (*ἄρκος) argësh `crude craft supported by skin bladders, crude bridge of crossbars, harrow', zero grade in alb. (*argo-) rrogë `alpine meadow (to be guarded)'.

lat. arceō, -ēre `to shut in; to keep at a distance, hinder, prevent, keep away', arca `a chest, box; esp. a money-box or coffin; also a cell' (actually `fastener, shutter', compare arcānus `shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential'; from Lat. derives got. etc arka `boxes, money boxes, ark';

maybe alb. arkë `box, money boxes, ark'.

ahd. arahha, archa `ark' and from Germ. again Old Church Slavic raka `burial cave', Old Prussian arkan Akk. Sg. `ark'), arx `fortified hill, castle, fort', arcera `canopied chariot' (suffix after cumera, compare WH. I 63) osk. trííbarakavúm `to build, erect, establish; to create, frame' (constitutes beforehand *trēbark- `to enclose a house, to put up a fence around a house');

ahd. rigil, mhd. rigel `latch, bolt', mengl. rail (ags. *reogol), Göntert Kalypso 136;

lit. rãktas `key', rakìnti `to lock, shut';

hett. ḫar(k)- `hold, clamp, to hang (kill s.o. by hanging them)', Götze and Pedersen Muršili 50.

Note:

Maybe alb. (*ḫark-) varg `row, chain, ring'; common prothetic alb. v- before bare initial vowels.

Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of cymr. archen `clothes, shoe', bret. arc'henna `wear shoes' (mir. acrann `shoe, clothes' probably reconverted from arc-, Stokes KZ. 41, 381).

About that of W. Foy KZ. 35, 62 as `castle hill' interpreted Old pers. mountain names arkadri- see Justi IA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadriš `mountain ravine, mountain gorge'), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altiran. Wb. 105 Anm. 1, 116.

Maybe zero grade in alb. kodra, kodrinë (dim.) `hill' from a truncated Old pers. (H)ara-kadriš `mountain ravine'.

Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from slav. račiti `want, grant'.

As form mit o-gradation (or at most with or = r̥) covers lat. Orcus `Orcus, the infernal regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead' (uncertain `lock, seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up'ö).

References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.

See also: Similarly aleq- `refuse, protect' and areg- (see d.).

Page(s): 65-66

Root / lemma: ar(ǝ)-

English meaning: to plough

German meaning: `pflögen'

Material: Arm. araur `plow' (*arātrom; Höbschmann Arm. stem I 21);

gr. ἀρόω (ἤροσα, ἄροτος) `plough, till', ἀρότης, ἀροτήρ `plowman', ἄροτρον `plow'; with original vocalization of the 2nd syllable herakl. αρά̄ςοντι, gortyn. ἄρατρον. ἀρόω etc placed after Persson Beitr. 669 an idg. *aro- besides *arǝ- ahead (compare toch. āre), or appeared instead of ἀράω at the same time with the reshuffle many denominative causatives in -άω to such in -όω after in addition basic o- formation, under special influence from νεόω `plow up the land anew'.

lat. arō, -āre `to till, plow, farm, cultivate. Transf., to furrow, wrinkle; of ships, to plow the sea' (for the older *arǝ-mi), arātor `ploughman, husbandman', arātrum `plow' (-ā- for *-ă- after arāre);

mir. airim `to plough', cymr. arddu (from *arj-) `to plough', arddwr `plowman', mir. ar n. `arable land', cymr. ar f. ds., mir. arḫán `bread', arathar (*arǝtrom), cymr. aradr, corn. aradar, mbret. arazr, nbret. arar `plow'; mir. airem (*ari̯omō), Gen. aireman `plowman', also PN Airem-ón;

maybe alb. arë `arable land, field'.

got. arjan, anord. erja, ags. as. erian, ahd. erran, mhd. ern `to plough, till', anord. arđr `plow', ahd. art `furrowed land', ags. earđ, ierđ f. `furrowed land, yield' (see also under *ar- `yield, acquiesce' about nhd. Art), mhd. arl, nhd. Arl, Arling `plow' (from loanword from slav. *ordloö genuinely germ. after Meringer IF. 17, 121);

lit. ariù, árti `to plough', árklas (*arǝ-tlom) `plow', arklỹs `horse' (as `a plow animal'); artójas `tiller, plowman' (*arǝḫtāi̯a-), Old Prussian artoys `tiller' (with secondary zero grade lit. orė̃ `ploughing time', compare gr. πολύηρος πολυάρουρος Hes.), lett. ar'u `to plough', ara, āre `arable land'; lit. armenà `superficially furrowed layer of earth';

Old Church Slavic orjǫ, orati `to plough'; ralo (serb. rȁlo, poln. radɫo) `plow' (*ar(ǝ)-dhlom: lit.árklas), ratajь `plowman'; about slav. *ora- s. Trautmannn 13;

toch AB āre `plow'. concerning this pertains:

ar(ǝ)u̯-:

Arm. haravunk `arable land' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), lat. arvus, -a, -um `plowed, plowed land', esp. arvum `plowed land, a field; in gen., a region', umbr. arvam-en `in plowed land' (= dem lat. fem. arvas A. Pl.), ar(u)via `crops, field crops';

mir. arbor (*aru̯r̥) `grain', Dat. arbaim, Gen. (already air.) arbe (*aru̯ens), Pl. N. A. arbanna (r/n-stem: Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom airmnech `the man who owns a lot of grain', Corrnac's Gl., with -mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ. 38, 458);

gr. ἄρουρα `arable land' (formally not yet clearly; probably after Benveniste Norns 113 from *ἀρο-Fρᾱ, extension of ἀρο-Fαρ from *aroḫu̯r̥, compare mir. arbor. Unglauhhaft Otrębski KZ. 66, 78).

Through its old e- divergence cymr. erw f. `field', Pl. erwi, erḫwydd, corn. erw, ereu ds., abret. mbret. eru, nbret. ero `furrow' belong against it to ahd. ero `earth', gr. ἔρα, arm. erkir `earth' (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197 likewise *eru̯- as a basis), however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one *ar(ǝ)u̯o-.

From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.

References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 683.

After Specht KZ. 68, 42² furthermore to root *erǝ- (er-5) `disjoint, sever' as `tear the ground open'ö

Page(s): 62-63

Root / lemma: ario-ö

English meaning: master, lord

German meaning: `Herr, Gebieter'

Note:

Root / lemma: ario-ö : master, lord, derived from Root / lemma: ar-1^*, themat. (a)re-, schwere Basis arǝ-, rē- und i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : to move, pass: gr. ἄριστος `best in birth and rank, noblest'.

Material: Old Indian ar(i)yá- `mister, convivial', ā́r(i)ya- `Aryan', āryaka `venerable man'; av. airyō, Old pers. ariya- `Aryan';

gall. PN. Arioḫmānus (GIL, III 4594); ir. aire (gl. primas) besides airech, where is to be formed *arjo- and *arjako-, which to Old Indian āryaka behaves as gr. μεῖραξ `youth' to Old Indian maryaká- `male' (Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II 100). Against it belongs mir. ruire not here, but from ro + rī `king of kings'.

About Old Indian aryamán n. `hospitality', m. `guest's friend', av. airyaman-, npers. ērmān `guest', see above under al-1.

W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly urnord. arjostēR N. Pl. `the most distinguished, the noblest', thus would have to be attached indeed an urnord. *arjaR `posh, lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately, highbred, exclusive' and an idg. *ari̯o-, in the Old Indian phonetically with a derivative from arí- `alien, stranger' would have collapsed.

Kelto-germ. PN Arioḫvistus however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for *Hario-. Also air. aire, airech `suitor' are ambiguous, see above under al-1.

Maybe Arrianes illyr. TN.

References: WP. I 80.

Page(s): 67

Root / lemma: ar-1^*, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-basis (a)rī̆-, rēi-

English meaning: to move, pass

German meaning: `fögen, passen'

Note:

Root / lemma: ar-1^*, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : `to move, pass'

and Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle'.

Material:

------------------

^*) E.-M. 74 determine because of arm. eri `horse’s hock or point of shoulder, shoulder of animals', y-eriurel `fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust; accommodate; readjust; bring into line; mate' posit a basic form *er- . But arm. eri derives after Liden Mél. Pedersen 88 f. back to idg. *rēito-, *rēiti ! compare Trautmann 242.

-------------------

Av. arānte `they settle, get stuck', Old Indian aráḫḥ `wheel spoke', aram, álam Adv. (áraṃkar-, alaṃkar `prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink' and `be in service; serve; do one's service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of use', for what probably аrа-tí- `servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower' and rā-tí- `willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating', av. rāiti `compliant, servant') `suitable, enough';

av. arǝm `suitable, accordingly' (arǝ̄m-piϑwā `midday' = `the time suitable for the meal', next to which ra-piϑwā ds. With zero grade ra- besides *ara-, from what arǝm Adv., Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu- m., `judge, arbitrator' and `period (of time)' (common primary meaning possibly `the act of arranging something (neatly)', from which `the act of arranging the law' and `right time'); Old Indian ar-p-áyati `puts, fixed, clamps, cleats, affixes, appends, fastens, fixates, fortifies'; about hett. ḫar-ap- (ḫarp-) `to arrange, situate, put down 'ö compare Couvreur Ḫ 114 f.;

arm. aṙnem `produce; do; make; cook; render; cause; proffer; offer; hold out; volunteer; give; contract; fix; put; matter; get; have; take; win; pull down; put down', yḫar `, I consent, conjoin, continue, press so' (arar `has done, has made' = gr. ἄραρε), whereof yarem `add, subjoin, splice' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), č̣ar `bad; poor; unsavory; unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable; decayed; wrong; faulty; amiss; maladjusted; uneasy; evil; unkind; wicked; corrupt; off; unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick' with negative č̣ [= oč̣] `not suitable' (Bugge aaO. 23);

gr. ἀραρίσκω, Perf. ἄρᾱρα `join together', ἄρμενος `annexed, appended, attached, appendaged, suitable', ὄαρ `wife' (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root*ser- or root *u̯er-, ἀ-Fείρω); in addition ὀαρίζω `have close relations with';

also `chats confidentially'; χαλκο-άρας `ironclad, armoured', also χερι-άρας τέκτων Pind., ἄρ-θρον `limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle)', ἀρθμός `connection; connexion; contact; touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction; conjunction; coupling; communication; link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination; association; incorporation; compound; relation; relationship; marriage; wedding; society; union; juncture, friendship', ἄρθμιος `joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct, collective'; with t- suffixes homer. δάμ-αρ-τ- `housewife' (`the woman in charge of the house'), öol. δόμορτις Hes.;

πυλάρτης `Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the underworld' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 451, 5); ἀρε- in ἀρέσκω `even out, ease, reconcile, settle, redress, compensate for, equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction', ἀρέσκει μοι `It suits me, I like it', ἀρέσκεσθαι, ἀρέσσασθαι `come to an agreement, come to an agreement with somebody; make oneself inclined, reconcile', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;

ἀρετή `ability; competence; efficiency', ἀρείων `better' (in respect probably stands ἀρι- `very much, very' in compounds, wherewith Reuter KZ. 31, 594a 1 also Old Indian ari-gūrtá-, -ṣ̌tutá- as `keenly praised' would like to compare; uncertain because of gr. ἐρι- `very much, very' see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); ἄριστος `better, best', ἀριστερός `left, on the left'.

With lengthening θυμ-ήρης `appealing well, complacent', ὅμηρος `husband; hostage, pledge', ὁμηρέω `to meet'; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was ῎Ομηρος eigentl. `companion, the blind person who goes with his leader'.

From Slav. perhaps poln. ko-jarzyć `attach, connect, combine' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31, 532).

About maybe related gr. ἄρα, lit. ir̃ s. 4. ar `now, thus'.

Toch. A ārwar, В ārwer, ārwar `ready', А аröm, В ere `face' (compare lat. figura `a form, shape, figure'). Van Windekens BSL. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the same place 173.

t-formations: r̥t-, art- `joint together'.

Old Indian r̥tá- n. `suitable, right', r̥tám n. `well attached, holy order' (to meaning see Oldenberg GGN. 1915, 167-180; not `sacrifice; victim; oblation; offering'), r̥tēna `rite', av. arǝta-, ǝrǝta- n., Old pers. arta- (in compound) `law, right, holy right';

av. aša- under, `what is sure, true', Old Indian r̥tāvan(t)- `proper, fair', av. ašā̆van/t/-; Old Indian r̥tú-ḥ `certain time, order, rule', r̥tíḫḥ f. `kind, way' (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9, 193; see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), av. aipi-ǝrǝta- `appoints, destines, firmly assigned';

arm. ard, Gen. -u (= gr. ἀρτύς, lat. artus, -ūs, compare also on top Old Indian r̥tú-ḥ) `structure, construction, ornament' (Höbschmann Arm. Gr. I 423, Bugge KZ. 32, 3), zḫard `apparatus, ornament'; ard `just now, now, currently' (= gr. ἄρτι) (Bartholomae Stud. II 23, Bugge aaO., Meillet Esquisse 36), ardar `fair, just, right' (Höbschmann Arm. stem I 21, Arm. Gr. I 423;

Persson Beitr. 636 a 2 considers for it also idg. dh; compare av. arǝdra- `faithful, reliably, loyal to belief, pious, godly' and the other undermentioned dh- derivatives), ardiun `struttura (Pedersen KZ. 40, 210);

gr. ἁμαρτή `(at the same time) simultaneous' (Instr. *ἁμ-αρτός `joint together, concurring, coincidental'), ὁμ-αρτέω `connect oneself to somebody, accompany' (due to *ὅμ-αρτος); ti-stem in ἀρτι-Fεπής (`well versed in word structure'), ἀρτί-πο(υ)ς `with healthy feet',

ἀρτί-φρων `able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind' (presumably also in ἄρταμος `butcher, slaughterer; murderer', whereof ἀρταμέω `slaughter, cut up, divide', after J. Schmidt Krit. 83 f. from *ἀρτι- or at most *ἀρτοταμος `workmanlike cutting', compare Old Indian r̥ta-nī- `justly leading', r̥ta-yuj `properly harnessed');

Maybe in u- grade alb. urtë `able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind'

probably also ἀρτεμής `fresh and healthy', probably dissimilated from *ἀρτι-δεμής to δέμας `with a well-built body'; ἄρτι `just' of the present and the most recent past (compare above arm. ard `just now, now' and ard-a-cin `newborn' as gr. ἀρτι-γενής;

morphologically not yet quite clear, perhaps Locative); ἀπ-αρτί `exact, just', ἄρτιος `adequate, just, complete', ἀρτιάζω `plays rightly or oddly', ἀρτίζω `finishes, prepares', ἄρσιον δίκαιον Hes., ἀνάρσιος `hostile', ἐπαρτής `prepares';

ἀρτύν φιλίαν καὶ σύμβασιν, ἀρτύς σύνταξις (= lat. artus `narrow, tight') Hes., ἀρτύω, ἀρτύνω `joins, prepares', ἀρτύ̄νας, ἄρτῡνος, ἀρτῡτήρ title of a public servant or official of Argos, Epidauros, Thera.

Lat. artus `narrow, tight (in space and time), close;'somnus', fast, sound; of supplies, small, meager; of circumstances, difficult, distressing' (Adv. artē, originally instrumental as ἁμαρτή); ars, -tis `skill, method, technique;'ex arte', according to the rules of art. (2) an occupation, profession. (3) concrete, in plur., works of art. (4) conduct, character, method of acting;'bonae artes', good qualities' (actually `articulation, assemblage, pack a gift properly' = mhd. art), in addition the compounds in-ers `unsophisticated, sluggish, untrained, unskillful; inactive, lazy, idle, calm; cowardly; ineffective, dull, insipid', soll-ers `clever, skilful', allers, alers `taught, learned';

artiō, -ire `insert tightly, wedge, crowd, join fast, press together' (more recently artāre); artus, -ūs `the joints;'dolor artuum', gout; poet., limbs', articulus `in the body, a small joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point';

lit. artì `near' (Lok. ti-stem);

mhd. art f. `kind, manner and way', anord. ein-arđr `simple, sincere', einǫrd `reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness';

toch. В ar(t)kye `rich, valuabe' (ö).

m-formations:

A. From the light basis ar-.

Arm. y-armar `suitable, adequate' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21);

gr. ἁρμός `seam, assemblage, joint', ἁρμοῖ `just, recently' (ἁρμόζω `connect, join, adapts, orders', ἁρμονία `connection, alliance, regularity, harmony'), ἅρμα `chariot' (about these words see Sommer Gr. Lautst. 133, Meillet BSL. 28, c.-r. 21 f. [*arsmo-ö], Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 306; farther Lit. by Boisacq 79), ἁρμαλιά `assigned food, provisions';

lat. arma, -ōrum `defensive arms, armor, weapons of war; hence war, soldiers, military power; protection, defense;in gen. tools, equipment', armentum `herd of horses or cattle, cattle for plowing'.

Hence sounds in anord. jǫrmuni `bovine animal, horse' and the PN got. *Aírmana-reiks, ags. Eormenrīc, aisl. Jǫrmunrekr, mhd. Ermenrīch; the same first part to the name from a little bit big also e.g. in Ermunduri `great Thuringia', anord. jǫrmungrund `the wide earth' = ags. eormengrund, ahd. irmindeot, as. Irmin-sūl, and in the short form Herminones.

However, Bröckner KZ. 45, 107 rightly challenges, that `cattle, horses' is the original and `large' out of it derived meaning and decides vice versa for `large, serene' a starting point because of slav. raměnъ `immense, strong, violent, sudden' (from here lit. er̃mas `immense, monstrous', lett. ęr̃ms `monkey, clown, strange appearance'ö), as `shot up' to *er-, *or- (orior etc; compare formal ὄρμενος), not as `sturdy, stout, well built, massive' belongs to *ar- `to join, connect'.

Old Church Slavic jarьmъ `yoke' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31), sloven. jérmen `yoke strap, strap'; with zero grade initial sound and themat. vowel: Old Church Slavic remenь, serb. rè́mēn etc `strap'; Specht Dekl. 149 f.

Toch. В yarm, AB yörm `measure'.

В. From the heavy base аrǝ-mo-: r̥̄-mo- `arm'.

Old Indian īrmá-ḥ `arm, shoulder' (originally `shoulder joint', compare ἄρθρον, lat. artus `joints') = av. аrǝmа- `arm', osset. örm `cupped hand', ölm-örịn, örm-örịn `elbow',

lat. armus `shoulder or shoulder-blade; also, of an animal, the side, the uppermost part of the upper arm, scapula' (from *ar/ǝ/mos), gall. aramō `bifurcation, point of separation', (Wartburg I 119, Jud by Howald-Меуеr Röm. Schweiz 374 ff.), Old Prussian irmo f. `arm', lit. ìrmėdė (`gout', i.e.:) `gout in the joints', irm-liga `gout, arthritis' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 347);

zero grade lit. žem. Pl. tant. armaĩ `Vorderarm am Wagen' (ibd.), Old Church Slavic ramo, ramę, serb. rà́me `shoulder', got. arms, ahd. etc arm `arm', аrm. armukn `elbow' (Höbschmann Arm. Stud. I 21).

Root form rē-, rǝ-:

Lat. reor, rērī `to think, suppose, judge' (the most primitive metering and counting is accompanied by the putting on top of each other or layers of the pieces to be counted), participle ratus `in the opinion, sense', but also `determined, settled; calculated, certain, valid, legal', ratiō `a reckoning, account, consideration, calculation; a reason, motive, ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine, science; the reasoning faculty'; after EM. 793 here (prō)portiō from portiōne =prō ratiōne;

got. *garaÞjan (only participle garaÞana) `to count', an. hundrađ, nhd. Hundert (*rađa n. `number' = lat. rătum `to ratify, confirm, make valid'; s. Fick III⁴ 336); ahd. girad `even (only from numbers)', nhd. gerad (only from numbers divisible by 2; different from gerad = straight ahead), with new ablaut anord. tīḫrø̄đr actually `count after tens' (Fick III⁴ 336); got. raÞjō `number, bill, account', as. rethia `account', ahd. radja, redea `account, speech and answer, story', afries. birethia `accuse', as. rethiōn, ahd. red(i)ōn `talk' (determines the precise correspondence from raÞjō with lat. ratio `a reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation' e.g. Kluge¹¹ s. v. `speech' to the assumption of borrowing germ. words under influence from garaÞian; more properly Falk-Torp 886 raÞjō to determine as primary -i̯ōn-derivative from germ. root *raÞ-[garaÞjan]).

Whether here also anord. rǫđ `row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining along the shore', mnd. rat f. `row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank'ö (Fick III⁴ 337; `row; line; series; chain; range; string; tier; battery; file; turn; run; procession; rank; order; progression; number; set; bank' as `added on each other, stratified'ö).

Ahd. rāmen `strive for something, strive, aim', as. rōmon `strive', mhd. mnd. rām `aim, purpose, target' our *rē-maybe suit as `to arrange in one's mind, calculate', if, besides, this (the previous newer proves) Subst. rām must have been as formation with formants-mo- starting point.

dh-extension rē-dh-, rōḫdh-, rǝ-dh-:

Old Indian rādhnṓti, rā́dhyati `prepares (suitably), manages; gets, succeeds, with which has luck; contents, wins somebody', rādhayati `manages, gives satisfaction', rādhaḫḥ m., rādhaḥ n. `blessing, success, relief, gift, generosity';

Maybe alb. radha `row', radhit `count'.

av. rāδaiti `makes ready', rāδa- m. `social welfare worker', rādah- n. `appropriate for oneself, making oneself available, willingness (in religious regard)', Old pers. rādiy (Lok. Sg.) `weigh' (compare Old Church Slavic radi see under), npers. ārāyad, ārāstan `decorate; adorn; bedeck; trim; attire; array; drape; gild; emblazon; embellish'; air. imm-rādim `considers, thinks over', аcуmr. amraud `suppose, think, mean', ncymr. amrawdd `conversation' with ders. meaning as air. no-rāidiu, no-rādim `says, tells', mcymr. adrawd `tell' and got. rōdjan, anord. rø̄đa `talk' (compare further also placed above nhd. Rede, reden; no-rāidiu and rōdjan, like sl. raditi, kaus.-iter. *rōdhei̯ō); got. garēdan `whereupon be judicious, take precautions', urrēdan `judge, determine' (compare to meaning esp. lat. rērī), undrēdan `procure, grant', ahd. rātan `advise, confer, contemplate, plan, incite, indicate (riddle), request, to look after something, procure, provide, get', as. rādan, anord. rāđa, ags. rǣdan (latter also `read', engl. read), Subst. ahd. rāt m. `available means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention, precaution, stock, supply', similarly as. rād, anord. rād, ags. rǣd; Old Church Slavic raditi `take care; be accustomed; look after; care for; be in the habit; tend; provide; supply; cater; fend; ensure; insure' (serb. râdîm, ráditi `work, strive', rad `business, work'; see Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 558 f.), radi `weigh', next to which *rǝdh- in Old Church Slavic nerodъ `neglect (of dutyö)', sloven. rǫ́dim, rǫ́diti `provide, take care'.

Maybe Old Church Slavic radi `weigh' : alb. geg. randë `heavy (*workö), sth that weighs a lot' ra aor. `fall (sth heavy, weighty)' [nasalized form], randonj `weigh', re `care, attention', roje `guard' [common alb. -d- > -j- shift between two vowels], ruanj `to guard'.

Root form (a)rī̆-, rēi- (see Person root extension 102, 162, 232; Beitr. 741):

Gr. ἀραρίσκω (if not neologism, see above S. 56), ἀριθμός `number', νήριτος `countless', arkad. ἐπάριτος `ἐπίλεκτος, select; choice; exquisite', ἀριμάζει ἁρμόζει Hes.;

lat. rītus, -ūs `conventional kind of the religion practise, usage, ceremony, rite, manner', rīte `in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly' (Lok. one beside rīḫtuḫs lying conservative stem *rīḫt-);

air. rīm `number', āram (*ad-ri-mā) ds., do-rīmu `counts', cymr. rhif `number', anord. rīm n. `reckoning, calculation', as. unrīm `immense number'', ags. rīm n. `number', ahd. rīm m. `row, order, number' (the meaning `verse, rhyme' from anord. and mhd. rīm probably after Kluge¹⁰ s. v. Reim from frz. rime, which has derived from rythmus).

Maybe also *rēi- `thing' (lat. rēs `a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance' etc) after Wood a^x 226 must be added as root noun meaning `stacked up goods, piled-up possessions'.

Maybe is to be added also *rēi- `thing' (lat. rēs etc.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun meaning `having stacked up property'.

In addition probably as dh-extension rēi-dh- (compare above rē-dh- besides rē-):

Got. garaiÞs `arranged, certain', raidjan, garaidjan `prescribe, determine', anord. g-reiđr `ready, easy, clear', greiđa `disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay, disburse, remit', mhd. reiten `get everything set up, prepare, arrange, count, calculate, pay', reite, gereite, bereite, ahd. bireiti `ready', antreitī `series, ordo', lett. riedu, rizt `order', raids `raring, ready', ridi, ridas `device, clamp'.

Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from Old Church Slavic orądije `apparatus, instrumentum' (from ahd. ārunti `message', see Pedersen concentration camp. 38, 310), rędъ `order', lit. rínda `row', lett. riñda `row, number'. On condition of that these continue idg. d, not dh (*re-n-d-), one adds (e.g. Fick I⁴ 527, Pedersen aaO., see also EM. 711) thus the following kin in: ὀρδέω `put on a fabric', ὀρδικόν τὸν χιτωνίσκον. Πάριοι, ὄρδημα ἡ τολύπη τῶν ἐρίων Hes.,

lat. ōrdior, -īrī, ōrsus sum (from weaver's language, Bréal MSL. 5, 440) `to begin a web, lay the warp, begin, commence, make a beginning, set about, undertake', exōrdior `to begin a web, lay the warp, prepare to weave', redōrdior `to take apart, unweave, unravel', ōrdo, -inis `a series, line, row, order' (also umbr. urnasier seems to be = ordinariis `of order, usual, regular, ordinary', Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection agrees with ar- `put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree', which would have been needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes. under artus, -ūs), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-ei̯ō as a causative iterative vocalism.

Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as k-extensions of the bases arǝ-, ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added:

Maybe alb. (*arānea) arnoj `to repair, mend, sew, weave', arnë `patch, piece of fabric' from lat. arānea, -eus `spider'ö

Gr. ἀράχνη `spider', lat. arāneus `of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb', arānea, -eus `spider' (*arǝ-k-snā; the word ending to *snē- `to spin; weave, interweave, produce by spinning' as `a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net'ö); supposedly in addition (Walter KZ. 12, 377, Curtius KZ. 13, 398) gr. ἄρκυς `net', ἀρκάνη τὸ ῥάμμα ᾡ τὸν στήμονα ἐγκαταπλέκουσιναἱ διαζόμεναι Hes. (see also Boisacq 79), wherefore after Bezzenberger BB. 21, 295 lett. er'kuls `spindle; a bunch of oakum, a wad of oakum (for spinning)' (which can stand for *arkuls). Lidén IF. 18, 507 f. puts it better ἄρκυς to slav. *orkyta, serb. ràkita `red pasture' and lett. ẽrcis, gr. ἄρκευθος `juniper' as shrubs with branches usable against lichen.

References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.

See also: S. unten arqu- and erk-.

Page(s): 55-61

Root / lemma: ar-2 oder er-

English meaning: to distribute

German meaning: `zuteilen; (med.) an sich bringen'

Grammatical information: with idg. nu-present

Material: Av. ar- (present ǝrǝnav-, ǝrǝnv-, preterit Pass. ǝrǝnāvī) `grant, allow to be given; do guarantee', with us- and frā `(as an allotment) suspend and assign', frǝ̄rǝta- n. `allotment (of sacrifices under likewise), offering' (Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 184 f.);

arm. aṙnum `I take', Aor. aṙ (Höbschmann Arm. Gr. I 420; meaning from medial `I allot to myself, I assign to myself, I allocate to myself, I appropriate to myself' compare Old Indian dálāmi `give': ā datē `to take something, to accept something'; also in:)

gr. ἄρνυμαι `acquires, tries to reach, conceives, acquire esp. as a price or wage', durative compared with ἀρέσθαι `acquire, win', Aor. ἀρόμηv, ἠρόμην; μισθάρνης, μίσθαρνος `potboiler, day laborer, wageworker', ἄρος n. `usefulness, profit, use' (Aesch.);

hitt. ar-nu-mi `I bring' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696) belongs probably rather than a causative to 3. er- `start to move'.

The full grade vocalisms of the root guaranteeing forms are absent.

References: WP. I 76 f.

Page(s): 61

Root / lemma: ar-3

English meaning: nut

German meaning: `Nuß'

Note: (extends by -ēi-, -ōi-, -u-)

Material: G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 17 combines gr. ἄρυα τὰ ΏHρακλεωτικὰ κάρvα Hes., alb. arrë f. `walnut-tree', Old Church Slavic orěchъ `nut'. relation to lit. ríešutas, ruošutỹs `hazelnut', lett. rieksts `nut, hazelnut', Old Prussian buccareisis `'beechnut' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 314) accepts Specht Dekl. 62.

References: WP. I 77.

Page(s): 61

Root / lemma: ar-5

English meaning: to refuse; to lie

German meaning: `verweigern, leugnen'ö

Note: (with n- formant)

Material: Gr. ἀρνέομαι (*ἀρνε-F-ομαι) `refuses', ἄπαρνος, ἔξαρνος `refusing, denying everything', ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει βοᾳ Hes.;

alb. rrêm `false', rrêmë, rrênë `lie', nërrój (from *rrënój) `denies everything' (rr from rn; Pedersen KZ. 33, 542 Anm. 2). Is even more doubtful whether arm. uranam `denies everything, refuses', urast `denial' would be used (with ur- from ōr-).

References: WP. I 78, Meillet BSL. 26, 19, Esquisse 111, 142.

See also: see also ōr-, ǝr- `reden, rufen'.

Page(s): 62

Root / lemma: aro-m (*ĝher-)

English meaning: reed

German meaning: `Schilfrohr'ö

Material: Gr. ἄρον n. `bistort, kind of reed', ἀρί-σαρον `therefrom a small kind';

lat. harundō `a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherd's pipe; a flute; a weaver's comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse'; to formation compare hirundō `a swallow' and nebrundines : νεφροί `the kidneys'.

Note:

Maybe alb. (*harundinis) dalëndyshe `a swallow' : lat. harundo -inis f. `a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f. `swallow'. Similar phonetic setting alb. dimën `winter' : lat. hiemo -are `to winter, spend the winter' [see Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- : `winter; snow'

Lat. and alb. prove that the original Root / lemma: aro-m : `reed' was (*ĝher-). Only lat., alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

There is no doubt that from illyr.-alb.- lat. (*harundinis) dalëndyshe `a swallow' [common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] derived gr. χελιδών `swallow', therefore Root / lemma: ghel- : `to call, cry' derived from Root / lemma: aro-m : `reed' (*ĝher-) where r/l allophones.

From Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added lat. arista `the beard of an ear of grain; hence the ear itself; also a harvest', aristis `holcus, a green vegetable' is defeated because of his suggesting to genista f. `the broom-plant' under likewise suffix strongly to the suspicion to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178).

From Mediterranean languageö

References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.

Page(s): 68

Root / lemma: arōd-, arǝd-

English meaning: a kind of waterbird

German meaning: `ein Wasservogel'

Material: Gr. ῥωδιός, ἐρωδιός `heron' (ἐρῳδιός folk etymology in ending after -ίδιος), lat. ardea `a heron' ds. (*arǝd-), anord. arta, aschwed. örta `teal', Demin. anord. ertla, norw. erle `wagtail', serb. róda `stork' (*rǝdā́).

Maybe truncated alb. (*ῥωδιός) rosa, rosë `duck', rika `duckling, duck', rum. (*rada) raţă `duck'.

Note:

Alb. and rum. prove that from Root / lemma: anǝt- : (duck) derived Root / lemma: arōd-, arǝd- : (a kind of waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r]

References: WP. I 146 f., WH. I 64.

Page(s): 68

Root / lemma: arqu-

English meaning: smth. bent

German meaning: `Gebogenes'

Material: Lat. arcus, -ūs (stem is in -qu- from, compare alat. Gen. arquī, further argues, arquitenēns) `a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow', arquātus, arcuātus (morbus) `icteric, yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer from jaundice', probably eig. `rainbow-colored, green and yellow looking' (compare Thes.); arcuātus also `arched-shaped, bow-shaped, supported by arches, covered (carriage)';

Note:

ital. arcobaleno `rainbow' > rum. curcubeu `rainbow' > alb. ylber `rainbow'

umbr. arc̨lataf `a round cake; acc.pl. `, wherefore v. Planta I 341, Götze IF. 41, 91 (*arkelo- with loss of the labialisation); got. arƕazna f. `dart, arrow' (arƕa-zna, compare hlaiwazna), altn. ǫr (Gen. ǫrvar) f. `dart, arrow', ags. earh f. ds. (engl. arrow), germ. *arhvō.

Maybe alb. hark `bow' [alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-]

For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu̯-) would speak russ. rakíta, čech. rokyta, serb. rokita etc `a kind of willow tree', where *arqūta (Miklosich EWb. 226, Torbjörnsson BB. 20, 140) forms the basis, and gr. ἄρκευθος `juniper', which word with with all likelyhood concerning this is to be drawn Lidén IF. 18, 507; in addition ἀρκευθίς `juniper berry'.

Indeed, Lidén takes relationship with gr. ἄρκυς `net' (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for what one compares under ar-1, S. 61.

Another connection for gr. ἄρκευθος and russ. rakíta etc seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff., which more properly compares lett. ẽrcis, ẽcis (*ẽrcis) `juniper';

further ẽrcêties `torment oneself, grieve, straiten', ẽrceša `a very quarrelsome person'; lett. ẽrkš(k')is `thorn shrub' would be to Endzelin mixture from *erkīs and lit. erškė̃tis `a thorn plant' corresponding as regards the root of the word form; gr. ἀρ- then would have to contain zero grade from *er-. S. under erk-.

References: WP. I 81, WH. I 64, EM. 69.

Page(s): 67-68

Root / lemma: aru̯ā (*heru̯ā)

English meaning: intestines

German meaning: `Darm'ö

Material: Gr. ὀρύᾱ f. `bowel', lat. arvīna f. `grease, fat, lard, bacon', originally `intestinal fat'ö (compare ahd. mitta-garni `recumbent fat in the middle of the bowels'); ἀρβίννη κρέας. Σικελοί Hes. is lat. Lw.

Note:

Gr. (*horua) ὀρύα, alb. (*ĝhorna) zorrë `bowel' [common alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation] prove that Root / lemma: aru̯ā (*heru̯ā): `intestines' derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā : `bowels'. This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE.

References: WP. I 182, II 353, WH. I 71.

Page(s): 68

Root / lemma: ast(h)-

English meaning: `bones'

German meaning: `Knochen'

See also: s. ost(h)-.

Page(s): 69

Root / lemma: ati, ato-

Meaning: over, etc.

German meaning: `about etwas hinaus', daher bei einer dem Sprecher zugewendeten Bewegung `(about den Standort of Sprechenden) zuröck', endlich einfach `her' under Verblassen der Vorstellung eines öberrannten Zieles oder Ortes.

Note: compare to the meaning question esp. Brugmann Grdr. II², 844 f. the colouring of the beginning vowel stands firm through Lat.-Kelt. (Greek) as idg. a-, and it gives no good reason before, balt.-slav., germ. (and ar.) forms can be attributed to idg. *o-, by the book - following rules in a (very) strict way just because it would be a textbook example of ablaut to e- formed from *eti bildete. With eti (see there) at least equality meaning and exchange existed in the use. Is ati reduction grade to etiö

Material: Old Indian áti `about- onto (adnominal m. Akk.), exceedingly, very much' (Adv. and preverb), av. aiti-, Old pers. atiy- ds. Adv. (as 1. compound part and preverb (before i- `go' as `go by, pass by' and bar- `carry, bear' as `bring over again, to carry'); ar. ati can also represent idg. *eti.

Gr. presumably in ἀτ-άρ `however' (compare αὐτάρ from αὖτ ᾽ἄρ; Brugmann-Thumb 623, KVG. 616; by connection with ἄτερ, got. sundrō, the att. it remained kind of unexplained). Lat. at `but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection, but, you may say' from increasing - to opposing `beyond it', what latter meaning in atḫavus, at-nepos (not in apprīmē under likewise, see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).

Gall. ate- (from *ati-) in Ategnātus (= mbret. (h)aznat, nbret. anat `acquainted, known') under likewise, abrit. Ate-cotti `the very old', air. aith-, preceding ad- `against, un-', mcymr. at-, ncymr. ad-, ed- (Belege e.g. by Fick II⁴ 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);

here as *ate-ko-n probably mir. athach n. `a certain time', cymr. adeg m. ds., compare gall. ATENOVX (name of 2th half month), Thurneysen ZcP. 20, 358ö

Got. аÞ-Þan `but, however' (very doubtful is against it derivation from got. as. ak, ags. ac `however', ahd. oh `but, however' from *aÞ- + ke = gr. γε; differently, but barely appropriate Holthausen IF. 17, 458: = gr. ἄγε, lat. age `go! well!').

Lit. at-, ata-, more recently also ati-, in nominal compound atō- `back, off, away, from, up' (see Brugmann Grundr. II² 2, 844 f.), Old Prussian et-, at- (probably only from balt. at-, Trautmann 46);

Old Church Slavic ot-, otъ `away, since, ex, from', adnominal m. d. Gen.-Аbl., introduces Meillet Ét. 155 f. back to gen.-ablative *atos (in front of, before; in return for; because of, from = Old Indian ataḥ `thenceforth'ö rather Pron.-stem *e- with ablat. Adv.-forms -tos); idg. *ati (and *eti) would be in addition Lok.; both remain very unsafe.

The double aspect lit. ata-: atō- reminds in pa-: pō (see *apo), (see *apo), and it is doubtful about whether one may see in ablative *atōd a kind of o-stem formation. In the Slav. the form on long vowel is formed further in russ. etc. otáva `grommet', as Old Prussian attolis, lit. atólas, lett. atãls, atals `grommet' speaking for idg. older short vocalized form lit. ată- = idg. *ato- (compare to ending *apo, *upo):

air. do-, to- prefix `to' with (idg.ö) zero grade of anl. vowels (Meillet aaO., Stokes BB. 29, 171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also illyr. to-, alb. te `to, by' (Skok by Pokorny Urill. 50).

References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.

Page(s): 70-71

Root / lemma: at-, *atno-

English meaning: to go; year

German meaning: `gehen, Jahr'

Note:

Gr. ἔνος `year' : lat. annus `year' (*atnos) `year' : Old Indian hā́yana- `yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at-, *atno- : `to go; year' : Root / lemma: u̯et- : `year' [prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn- : `winter; snow'.

Material: Old Indian átati `goes, walks, wanders'. Moreover lat. annus `year' from *atnos = got. Dat. Pl. aÞnam `year'. compare Fick I² 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16, 196 f. (meaning development like with germ. *jēram `year' to i̯ē- `go').

Maybe alb. geg. (*ant) vajt, tosk. vete, vajti aor. `to go', (*iti) viti `go around, year, all year around' [common alb. prothetic v- before initial bare vowels - proof of ancient laryngeal ḫ.

Lat. has followed alb. phonetic mutations t > nt > n, clearly lat. annus `year' derived from Old Indian (*antanti) átati]

Note:

Etruscan follows alb. phonetic mutations Etruscan Avil : year, Avilxva :yearly // derivated from Avil, by adding a adjectival suffix -xva.

Osk.-umbr. corresponds akno- `year, festival time, sacrificial time' (with -tn- to -kn-, Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Received the word is durable in compounds lat. perennis `the whole year; continuously' [perennis -e `lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial', perennitas -atis f. `duration, perpetuity', perenno -are `to last many years'.], sollennis `festive, annual, customary, returning or celebrated annually, solemn, ceremonial, ritualistic; usual' (additional form sollemnis absolutely analogical results; Thurneysen AflL. 13, 23 ff., after omnisö); umbr. sevḫacni-, per-acni- `sollennis', Subst. `victim, sacrifice, sacrificial offering'.

References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 51, 847.

Page(s): 69

Root / lemma: augh-, ugh-

English meaning: nape

German meaning: `Genick'

Material: Charpentier KZ. 46, 42 places together Old Indian uṣṇíhā f. `neck' (only Pl.) and gr. αὐχήν `nape, throat, straits'.

In uṣṇíhā before lies diminutive suffix -ihā̆-, gr. -ιχα- . The beginning is *ughḫsḫnḫíghā the first gh is reduced being produced by dissimilation. To *ugh-s-no stands *au̯gh-en- in gr. αὐχήν compared with here arm. awj `throat', awji-k `cervical collar'; öol. ἄμφην `nape, neck', öol. αὔφεν ds. must be separated therefrom, in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 296; about gr. δάφνη: kypr. δαύχνα `laurel' better WH. I 775 f. (compare above S. 43 and Hoffmann Gr. Dial. II 500, Meister Gr. Dial. I 120).

References: WP. I 25, Adontz Mél. Boisacq 10.

Page(s): 87

Root / lemma: aug-

English meaning: to glance, see, dawn

German meaning: `glönzen; sehen'

Note:

Probably Root / lemma: aug- : `to glance, see, dawn' derived from Root / lemma: au̯es- : `to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. `.

Material: Gr. αὐγή `shine, ray, daylight; eye', αὐγάζω `shines, illuminates; sees', ἐρι-αυγής `shining very much';

alb. agój `dawns', agume `aurora, morning, dawn' (see Persson Beitr. 369);

Note:

Root / lemma: aug- : `to glance, see, dawn' derived from Root / lemma: au̯es- : `to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. `

gr. hom. ἠώς *(āusōs), Gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος), att. (with accent innovation) ἕως, dor. ἀ ̄ ώς, ἀ F ώρ, changing through ablaut öol. αὔως `aurora' (proto gr. αυ [ σ ] ώς), böot. ἄα and Αἰαίη (*ἀαίη);

ἄγχαυρος `near the morning', αὔριον `tomorrow' (*αυσρ -); hom. ἤιε Φοῖβε `radiative morning'; ἠι - κανός `rooster, cock' (*āusi- `singing in the morning early morning');

Maybe gr. ἄγχαυρος `near the morning' : alb. agu `dawn' s/ h allophones : Estonian agu `daybreak, dawn' : Latvian ausma, sājums `dawn'

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

from also slav. iugъ `south' (Fick KZ. 20, 168), russ. užinъ, užinaö

Probably wrong etymology since slav. iugъ `south' : alb. jug `south' must have derived from lat. iugum -i n. `a yoke' - a constellation in the southern night skies. see Root / lemma: i̯eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ-, i̯eu̯-g- : to tie together, yoke

References: WP. I 25.

Page(s): 87

Root / lemma: au1

English meaning: interjection of pain

German meaning: Ausruf of Schmerzes, der Verwirrung, Entröstung

Material: Old Indian o, lat. au `Oh!', ags. ēa, mhd. ou(wē), nhd. au, lett. aũ, àu (disyllabic au, avu with displeasure, refusal, astonishment, surprise), poln. au, čech. ounder

References: WH. I 78.

Page(s): 71

Root / lemma: au-2, au̯-es-, au-s-

English meaning: to spend the night, sleep

German meaning: `öbernachten, schlafen'

Material: Arm. aganim `spends the night', vair-ag `living in the country', aut `spend the night, night's rest, station'.

Gr. ἰαύω `sleeps' from redupl. *i-ausō, Aor. ἰ-αῦσαι, next to which unredupl. Aor. ἄεσα, Inf. ἀFέσ(σ)αι; αὖλις, -ιδος `place of residence, camp, stable, night's lodging', αὐλίζομαι `is in the court, spends the night', ἄγραυλος `spending the night outside', αὐλή `court, courtyard, dwelling' (originally probably `the fenced in space around the house in which the cattle is rounded up for the nighttime'); from ἰαύω comes except ἰαυθμός `Night's lodging',

μηλιαυθμός `sheep stable', ἐνιαυθμός `place of residence' (: hom. ἐνιαύειν `have his rest accommodation') also gr. ἐνιαυτός actually `rest, rest station', therefore the solstices as resting places in the course of the sun (solstitium), then `year, solstice, anniversary' (different Specht Idg. Dekl. 15, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 424⁵, s. also en- `year').

A heavy base *au̯ē-, *au̯ō- probably to be added hom. ἀωτεῖς ὕπνον (from Schulze Qunder ep. 72 directly to ἰαύω put under formal comparison from ἐρ(F)ωτάω : εἴρομαι from *ἔρFομαι) and ἄωρος (Sappho), ὦρος (Kallimachos) `ὕπνος' (Benfey Wzl.-Lex. I 298), wherefore ags. wērig, engl. weary, as. wōrag, wōrig `tired, weary', ahd. wuorag `inebriates'; about Old Indian vāyati `gets tired'; see however, root au̯ē- `strive oneself, exert'.

References: WP. I 19 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 690.

See also: Über u̯es- `verweilen' see under besonderem Artikel.

Page(s): 72

Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: ēu-l-) [*heu-l-]

English meaning: tube, hole, *street

German meaning: `Röhre, löngliche Höhlung'

Material: Gr. αὐλός m. `pipe flute, long cavity', ἔν-αυλος m. `riverbed', αὐλών m. f. `mountain valley, gulch, ditch, canal, strait';

Old Church Slavic ulьjь, lit. aulỹs and secondarily avilỹs `beehive', originally the cavity in the tree in which the swarm settles;

Note:

[probably Old Church Slavic avilỹs `beehive' < vaulỹs; but prothetic v- before bare initial vowels has been attested in illyr., alb. and slav. tongues; maybe through metathesis au > ua alb. tosk (*hau-lo-) huall, geg. huell, hoje Pl. `beehive, cavity' = lat. alvus `beehive, cavity' [common alb. shift l > j], alb. hollë `narrow, thin', alb. is the only language to have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-. Clearly the lat. cognate derived from illyr. and slav. cognates.

From (*halvus, alhwus) lat. alvus `beehive, cavity' derived rum. albină `bee', Portuguese abelha `bee', Spanish abeja `bee', French abeille `bee' [common Italic and Greek -hw- > -b- phonetic mutation.

Old Church Slavic ulica f. `street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass', lit. aũlas f., Old Prussian aulinis `bootleg', Old Prussian aulis `shinbone'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. tosk. udhë ullë `road, street' [the common alb.-illyr.-lat. -dh- > -ll-, -d- > -l- shift]

Maybe Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: ēu-l-) : `tube, hole, *street' derived from Root / lemma: u̯eĝh- : `to move, carry, drive' [common alb. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation]

Arm. uɫ, uɫi `way' and (compare the meaning `belly' from lat. alvus) yɫi `pregnant' (with ablaut ū, Pedersen KZ. 39, 459; derivatives uɫarkem and ylem `send in')^*);

----------------------

*) arm. word with the ablaut grade idg. ū̆. from with the same lett. ula, ulá `wheel hub'ö (would be the `tubularly hole' in which the axis is inserted; Lidén IF. 19, 321).

----------------------

nnorw. aul, aule and (with idg. ēu- as a high step to au-) jōl `angelica silvestris', anord. (huann-) jōli `the hollow stems of angelica archangelica ', both plants call in Norway also sløke, whose basic meaning likewise `tube, pipe' is (Falk-Torp 474 and 1492 under jol and from Schroeder to germ. ablaut 58 f. likewise boat name jolle `dinghy').

Here with lat. rearrangement of aul- tu alu̯- also alvus m. f. `belly, womb, stomach; hold of a ship, beehive', alveus `a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship; bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table', although time and limitation of the rearrangement are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21, 177, Sommer Hdb.² 78).

References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122.

Page(s): 88-89

Root / lemma: au-3 (au̯e); u̯ē̆-

English meaning: from, away, of

German meaning: `herab, weg von -'

Material: Old Indian áva `from, down', mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely preposition m. Abl., av. ap. ava prefix `down' and (while more the purpose than the starting point of the movement came to the consciousness) `whereupon to, to what, near' (e.g. avabar- `to take there, carry away' and `to take there, procure, supply, get'), also preposition m. Akk. `there, there in'; therefrom Old Indian ávara- `inferior' and av. aorā `after, below, down' (after parā extended from avarǝ);

av. avarǝ Adv. `below, down'= Old Indian avár RV. I 133, 7; Old Indian aváḥ (avás) `down', whereof avastād `under'; without auslaut vowel (compare av. ao-rā̆) Old Indian ō- e.g. in ō-gaṇá-ḥ `single, pathetic' (: gaṇáḫḥ `troop, multitude'; Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 54);

gr. αὐ- probably in αὐχάττειν ἀναχωρεῖν, ἀναχάζεσθαι Hes. (Schulze Qunder ep. 60);

illyr. au- `(of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at' in proper namesö (Krahe IF. 49, 273);

lat. au- `away, off, gone' in auferō `to take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw, remove' (= av. áva-bharati, av. avaḫbar-), aufugiō `to flee away, run away, escape';

gall. au-tagis `διάταξιςö' (Vendryes BSL. 25, 36);

air. perhaps ō, ūa `from, with, by', as a preposition m. dat., acymr. hou, more recently o `if', o preposition `from';

Old Prussian lit. lett. au- `away, from' (e.g. lett. au-manis `not- sensical, nonsensical'), Old Church Slavic u prefix `away, from', e.g. uḫmyti `to give a wash, wash away' (u-běžati `flee from'), as preposition m. Gen. `from' (with verbs of the desire, receive, take) and, with fading of the concept of the starting point, `by, from';

maybe alb. particle of passive u `by, from' used before verbs in passive voice.

hett. preverb u- (we-, wa-) `here', aḫwaḫan `away' (Sturtevant Lg. 7, 1 ff.).

thereof with t-forms aut(i)o-: gr. αὔτως `unavailingly, in vain', αὔσιος ds. and got. auÞja- (N. Sg. *auÞeis or *auÞs) `desolate, leave' (*`remote'), auÞida `desert', ahd. ōdi, nhd. öde, anord. auđr `desolate'; air. ūathad `item, particular, sort'. - goes to the frightening wilderness, wilderness also mir. ūath `fright, terrible' (are to be kept away cymr. uthr `terrible', corn. uth, euth, bret. euz `fright')ö At least is their connection with lat. pavēre `to quake with fear, panic; transit. to quake at, tremble' everything rather than sure, see pou- `fear'.

Beside aut(i)o- steht perhaps changing through ablaut u-to- in alb. hut `in vain, blank, vainly', u̯e-to- (see unten *u̯ē̆-) in gr. οὑκ ἐτός `not free of charge, not without reason', ἐτώσιος (F by Homer) `in vain, without success, pointless'.

Maybe truncated alb. (*hot) kot `in vain, without success, pointless'; alb. is the only IE language to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- > k-.

to combine *u̯ē̆̆- with *au̯- probably under *au̯e-:

lat. *vĕ- in vēscor `to eat, feed on; to use, enjoy' originally `whereof to eat up' (: esca), from which back formation vēscus `greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling off); underfed';

again alb. eshkë `fungus' : lat. esca `food, victuals, esp. as bait'. Prothetic v- added to bare initial vowels is an alb.-illyr. phonetic mutation.

vē- to indication faulty too much or too little, vē-cors `senseless, mad, moves, treacherous', vē-grandis `diminutive, not large, tiny', vēsānus `mad, insane; of things, furious, wild', Vē-jovis, umbr. veḫpurus (Abl. Pl.), wheather `(ἱερὰ) ἄπυρα'.

Note:

Also in alb. vē- to indication faulty too much or too little: alb. vështirë `difficult, hard' from (vē- shtirë (participle of alb. shtynj `push with difficulty') see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1 : `to push, hit'.

u̯o-: Gr. Fο- in ark. Fο-φληκόσι, att. ὀ-φλισκάνω, ὀφείλω, lesb. ὀ-είγην `open', att. οἴγω, more recently οἴγνυμι (Prellwitz² 345, Brugmann IF. 29, 241, BSGW. 1913, 159).

u̯es-: With Old Indian avás `down' attached together formant germ. wes- in nhd. West, ahd. westar `westwards', anord. vestr n. `westen', Adv. `in the west, against west' (*u̯es-t(e)ro-, compare anord. norḫđr), ahd. westana `from west' etc (Brugmann IF. 13, 157 ff.; about the explanation of the Wisigothae as `West-Goths, Visigoths' s. Kretschmer Gl. 27, 232).

Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, idg. u̯esperos and u̯eqeros, see there.

Relationship from idg. *au̯-, u̯ē̆- with the Pron.-stem au-, u- `yonder, over there' as `on the other side, from there' is conceivable.

References: WP. I 13 f., WH. I 79, 850, Trautmann 16.

Page(s): 72-73

Root / lemma: au-4, u- (: u̯ē̆-, u̯o-)

English meaning: that; other

German meaning: Pronominalstamm `jener', also gegenöberstellend `alter, alius', `andrerseits, hinwiederum', in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Satzgliedern gesetzt `dér einerseits - dér andrerseits', `einerseits - andrerseits'.

Material: au̯o: Old Indian av. Old pers. ava- `that'; Old Church Slavic aruss. ovъ- - ovъ- `on the one hand - on the other hand which appears - other', ovogda - ovogda `one time - the other time' (from this correlative use only poln. ów corresponds to English deictic "I" and serb. òvaj a deictic word meaning "that", also nbulg. -v [*u̯o-s] developed).

u-: Old Indian amú- (Akk. Sg. amúm etc) `that, yonder', arise from Akk. Sg. m. *am (= idg. *eḫm `eum') + *um (Akk. Sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III 550 f.

Toch. A ok, В uk `still', A oki `as, and', A okāk `up to', perhaps only *uḫg (zero grade to got. auk); from in addition В om(p)ne, omte `there'ö

Particle Old Indian u `thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it', emphasizing esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles (nō `and not, not' = ná́ u, athō = atha u), gr. -υ in πάν-υ `even very much',

got. -u interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uh from -u-qʷe, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173); this u also in Old Indian a-sāú m. f. `that, yonder', av. hāu m. f., ap. hauv m. `that, yonder', Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.

Particle Old Indian uḫtā, in both parts `on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon, - as', or only in the second part, a little bit opposing `and, thus' (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-uta, praty-uta),

av. uta, ap. utā `and, and also'; gr. ἠύτε `just as' from *ἠF(ε) + υτε (originally `as on the other hand', `as, also'), but hom. εὖτε `ὅτε' from εὖ + τε after Debrunner IF. 45, 185 ff.; δεῦτε is formed in addition to δεῦρο; also οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο most probably from ὁ, ἁ, το + υτε with additional final inflection;

wgerm. -od in as. thar-od, ahd. thar-ot `thither, there', as. her-od, ahd. her-ot `here', whereupon also as. hwarod `whither, where', ahd. warot `whither, where' (from *uteö or from *utā̆ö Also *aute, *auti, see below, would be possible basic form).

Here av. uiti, gthav. ūitī `so', but not lat. ut and utī, alat. utei.

Beside u, utā etc. stands with the ablaut grade idg. au-:

gr. αὖ `on the other hand, again', *αὖτι `again' (extended to ion. αὖτις, gort. αὖτιν, after antique grammarians for `right away, there', where from αὐτίκα `at the moment, straight away', αὖ-θι`on the spot, here, there', αὖτε `again, thus, further'; lat. aut (*auti) `or', autem `however' (to the form see WH. I 87), osk. aut, auti `or' and `but, on the other hand, on the contrary, however' (to meaning see v. Planta II 465);

maybe alb. geg. o `or' from ital. o `or'

umbr. ute, ote `aut'; perhaps got. auk `then, but', anord. auk `also, and', ags. ēac, as. ōk, ahd. ouh `and, thus, but', nhd. also = gr. αὖ-γε `again'.

Pedersen Pron. dém. 315 supposes gr. αὖ suitable form in the initial sound of from alb. a-që `so much'. - Brugmann BSGW. 60, 23 a 2 lines up in gr. αὐ-τός as `(he) himself - (he) of his own, self'; other interpretations see with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613 f.

Maybe alb. (*aut-) vetë `self' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels].

With r-forms airan. avar `here', lit. aurè `see there!', zero grade umbr. uru `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former', ura-ku `ad illam', ures `illis' (orer ose rather with ŏ = ŭ as = lit. au); perhaps δεῦρο `here, well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now")' (δεύρω after ὀπίσσω under likewise, inschr. δεῦρε after ἄγε) from *δέ-υρο (δε `here' + αὐρο `here'), Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612, 632.

u̯ḗ-, u̯o-: meaning `or' (= `on the other hand') esp. in Old Indian vā `or' (also `even, yet; meanwhile; probably, possibly'; also confirming vāi), av. ap. vā `or' (particle of the emphasis and assurance),

Old Indian av. vā - vā `either - or', gr. ἠ-(F)έ, ἤ (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress for ἦ-(F)ε, as yet in the second part of the double question),

lat. -vĕ `or' (also in ceu, sīve, seu, nēve, neu), also probably ir. nó, abret. nou `or' (if from *neḫu̯e `or not'' with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences, Thurneysen Grammar 551;

not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative *neu̯e of the verb ir. at-nói `he entrusts with him', gr. νεύω); toch. В waḫt `where'.

compare also Old Indian i-vá (: va = ἰ-δέ: δέ) `just as, exactly the same way', ē-vá `in such a way, exactly the same way, just, only', ēvám `so, thus' (behaves to be confirmed vāi and vā - vā as ēḫna- `this' to nā - nā `in different way', originally `thus and thus'; with ē-vá corresponds gr. οἶ(F)ος `only' (`*just only'), av. aēva-, Old pers. aiva- `an, one' (compare with no- demonstrative idg. *oiḫnoḫs `an, one').

References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II² 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m. Lit. II² 3, 987,

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. αὖ, etc

WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80.

Page(s): 73-75

Root / lemma: auqʷ(h)- : uqʷ(h)- and beside it probably as andere lengthened grade u̯eqʷ(h)-

English meaning: cooking pot

German meaning: `Kochtopf, Wörmepfanne'

Material: Lat. aulla, aula, vulg. ōlla `jar, pot' from *auxlā, Demin. auxilla (fal. olna in ending after urna); probably alb. anë f. `vessel' (from *auqʷnāö Jokl. Stud. 3); Old Indian ukhá-ḥ m., ukhā́ `pot, saucepan'; got. aúhns m. (*ukʷnós) `oven, stove', with gramm. variation anorw. ogn, aschwed. oghn ds.

Maybe alb. (*ahna) ena `dish' : Indic AnvA `oven, furnace'.

Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: gr. gr. ἰπνός, older ἱπνός `stove' (after Fick III⁴ 29 between, Oštir WuS. 5, 217, Göntert Abl. 25 from *u̯_eqʷ-nós; not *uqʷnós, s. Boisacq m. Lit.), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from *ὑκFνός through dissimilatorischen sound changeöö (W. Schulze GGA. In 1897, 908);

Note:

Common gr. - celt. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation.

bret. offen f. `stone trough' in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from *uppā; ags. ofnet `small vessel', ofen, ahd. ovan, anord. ofn `stove, oven' (likewise leadable back in *u_eqʷnos; beginning u̯- caused as in wulfa- `wolf' the development from -lv- to -f-, during got. etc auhns goes back to idg. *uqʷ-nós; then the loss of w- in Ofen then must be explained indeed from influence of this sister's form *uhna-).

From the assimilated form aschwed. omn, mundartl. umn `stove' is probably borrowed Old Prussian wumpnis `oven', umnode `bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove'. S. Meillet MSL. 9, 137, Meringer IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Germ. Lw. studies, Falk-Тоrp under ovn, weigand herdsman and clever under Ofen.

To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f.

References: WP. I 24, WH. I 84, 850, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 258.

See also: (compare S. 84 f. aug-: u̯eg-, oldest au̯eg-)

Page(s): 88

Root / lemma: aus- (*heuks)

English meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood

German meaning: `schöpfen'

Root / lemma: aus- : `to draw (water), ladle' derived from the stem: au̯/е /-, au̯ent-: of Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `.

Material: Gr ἐξαύω `scoops, extracts, takes from' (simple αὔω), ἐξαυστήρ μέτρου ὄνομα, καταῦσαι ἐξαντλήσαι, καταδῦσαι, καθαῦσαι ἀφανίσαι (Spritus asper after the former present tense *αὕω from *αὔσω, Sommer Gr. Lautst. 2 f.)

under likewise with zero grade *us- ἀφ-ύω, ἀφ-ύσσω (latter from Aor. ἀφύσσαι) `scoops', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;

ἀφυσμός ἀπάντλησις Suidas and ἀρύω `scoops', originally *Fᾱρ (: Old Indian vār `water')*ὔ[σ]ω `scoops water', ἀρυστήρ `vessel for ladling'.

Anord. ausa `to scoop', austr `scoop, backwash, the shocks, wake', ndd. ūtoesen `to draw (water), ladle, scoop', schwöb. Öse `vessel for ladling'.

Lat hauriō, -īre, hausī, haustum `to draw up, draw out or in; to drink up, absorb, swallow; to shed blood; to drain, empty a receptacle; in gen., to derive, take in; also to exhaust, weaken, waste', then also `slurp, tie, suffers', poet. `wounds', with secondary h as casual in humerus.

References: WP. I 27 f., WH. I 637, 869, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 190 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 644⁴.

Page(s): 90

Root / lemma: au̯eg-, u̯ōg-, aug-, ug-

English meaning: to magnify, increase

German meaning: `vermehren, zunehmen'

Note: with s-forms au̯ek-s-, auk-s-, u̯ek-s-, uk-s-

Material: Old Indian ugrá- `immense' (compounds Sup. ṓjīyas-, ṓjiṣ̌ṭha- `the stronger one, strongest') = av. ugra- `strong, hard' (compounds Sup. aojyah-, aojišta-).

lat. augeō, -ēre `to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend', auctor (= umbr. uhtur) `a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc', auctiō `an increasing; hence, from the bidding, an auction', augmen(tum) `an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake' (= lit. augmuõ `increase, growth', Old Indian ōjmán- m. `strength'), augur `a seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur' from *augos `aggrandizement' (WH. I 83);

got. aukan (preterit aíauk), auknan `increase', ana-, bi-aukan `to append, subjoin, add on', ahd. ouhhōn, as. ōkian `increase', ags. ēacian `increase', īecan `increase', anord. auka (preterit jōk and aukađa) `increase', st. participle ags. ēacen, as. ōkan `increased, pregnant';

lit. áugu, áugti (lengthened grade) `increase, grow', auginù, -ìnti `allow to grow, educate, bring up', changing through ablaut pa-ūgė́ti `grow up', ũgis `growth, annual growth', lett. aûdzêt, aûdzinât `gather', Old Prussian auginnons particle Perf. Akt. `drawn, pulled',

alett. aukts `high' = lat. auctus `to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend', lett. aũgt `grow', as also thrak. Αὐθί-παρος `high ford', Old Prussian Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan `authority', aucktimmien `chief',

next to which with s of -es-stem (see below) lit. áukštas, lett. aûksts `high' (: lat. augustus `consecrated, holy; majestic, dignified'), Old Prussian auck-timmiskan f. (Akk.) `authority', Old Prussian aūgus `costive, constipated' (as `increasing'), lit. áugumas, lett. aûgums `increase, growth';

es-stem Old Indian ṓjas- n. `vigorousness, strength', av. aojah-, aogah- (also r-stem aogarǝ) `vigorousness, strength', lat. augustus see above (also lit. etc áukštas); in addition with s in the verb:

Old Indian vákṣaṇaḫm `strengthening', vakṣáyati `allows to grow', av. vaxšaiti `allows to grow', next to which with the weakest root grade Old Indian úkṣati `'gains strength' (Perf. vavákṣa), av. uxšyeiti `grows'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

got. wahsjan `grow' (= Old Indian vakṣayati, idg. Iter.-Kaus. *u̯okséi̯ō; with it that combined ō- gradation Perf. wōhs to the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189);

gr. ἀ(F)έξω `grow, increase', ἀέξομαι `grows'; αὔξω, αὐξάνω `grow, increase', lat. auxilium `help, aid, assistance, support, succor' (originally Pl. -iа `strengthening, reinforcements', N. Pl. auxilis `auxiliary troops, or in gen., military power');

anord. vaxa, vexa `grow', ahd. wahsan, nhd. wachsen, wuchs, wherefore e.g. got. wahstus `accretion, growth, body size', ahd. wa(h)smo `growth' under likewise;

toch. A oksiš `grows', A okšu, В aukšu `old'; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also here AB oko `fruit', A okar `plant'; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.

Here with zero grade u̯ōg-: got. wōkrs m. `interest', ags. wōcor f. `progeny, interest' (compare gr. τόκος in the same meaning), ahd. wuohhar m. `yield of the ground, fetus, progeny, profit, interest, usury' (in addition steir. wiech `extensive, excessive, rich in leaves' as umlautö

A little bit differently Schroeder Abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form au̯eg- the grade u̯eg- is covered in air. fēr, cymr. gwair `grass, herbage'; probably with the same ablaut Old Indian vā́ja-ḥ `strength, property, wealth, the prize (won in a contest) [The Greeks gave a wreath of laurels to winners in the Pythian games], race', originally `quick, successful, energy', Oldenberg ZdMG. 50, 443 ff.

References: WP. I 22 f., WH. I 82 f., 850, Feist 67, 541, 572, Pedersen Tochar. 227.

Page(s): 84-85

Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) (*hekʷei-)

English meaning: bird, *water bird

German meaning: `Vogel'

Note:

Both Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) (*hekʷei-): bird, *water bird : Root / lemma: akʷā- (*ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : water, river, derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh- : young of an animal or bird; common gr. gh- > h- phonetic mutation.

Material: Old Indian víḥ, vḗḥ m. `bird' (Gen. vēḥ, Akk. vim), av. vīš ds. (G. Pl. vayąm, also with themat. case from stem vaya-), mpers. vāi, vāyandak `bird', Old Indian vayas- n. `fowl, bird', vāyasa-ḥ `bird, crow'; verbal av. ā-vayeiti `flies up' (from divinities), Old Indian vēvīyatē `flutters'.

Note:

Common zero grade in alb. (*avidos) vide, vidhezë `dove' : Old Indian víḥ, vḗḥ m. `bird'.

Gr. αἰετός `eagle', att. ἀ̄ετός, αἰβετός, ἀετός Περγαῖοι Hes. (*αFι̯-ετός);

Maybe nasalized alb. geg. (*hegʷ-os, hab-os) > *gabôjë, gabonjë, shkab(*-on-)ë, shqiponjë `eagle' : gr αἰβετός (*α F ι ̯- ετός) `eagle' : diminutive lat. (*aku̯ei-la) aquila `eagle'.

Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh- : young of an animal or bird : Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) (*hekʷei-): bird, *water bird similar phonetic mutations as hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather' see Root / lemma: au̯o-s (*gḫue-gḫue-as) (*ghehu̯o-s): grandfather: the original root was a dublicated (*gḫue-gḫue-as) hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather' that was abbreviated into Root / lemma: au̯o-s: grandfather; Root / lemma: sūs- (*ghus): parent : alb. (*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh `grandfather'.

alb. vi-do, vito, vidheze `dove';

Note:

Common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation. Hence Root / lemma: au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-ö) : `bird, water bird' evolved simultaneously with Root / lemma: akʷā- (*ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : `water, river'.

lat. avis f. `bird' (therefrom auca `bird, esp. goose';

Back-formation from Demin. aucella from *avicella; false by WH. I 79) = umbr. avif Akk. Pl. `birds' (aviekate D. Sg. `the taken auspices', aviekla `relating to an augur or augury');

cymr. hwyad, acorn. hoet, bret. houad `duck' from *au̯i̯etosö (Pedersen KG. I 55). Arm. hav `bird, cock, hen' can have indeed suggestion -h, but also as *pǝu̯- belong to *pōu̯- `the young, boy' (slav. pъta `bird' etc).

References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.

See also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for `egg', see under ōu-.

Page(s): 86

Root / lemma: au̯(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-, u̯ē-

English meaning: to blow

German meaning: `wehen, blasen, hauchen'

Grammatical information: participle u̯ē-nt-

Note: in slav. languages often from the `throw dice', i.e. to the cleaning of the grain of the chaff by throwing of the grains against the wind.

Material: I. belong to light root form au̯(e)-:

a. Gr. ἄος (if not late neologism), -ᾱής (see under II a).

b. Mcymr. awyđ `violent gust of wind', acorn. awit `air' (*au̯eido-);

c. u̯e-dhro- presumably in anord. veđr n. `wind, air, weather', as. wedar n. `weather, bad weather', ahd. wetar `weather, scent, free air, wind (of animals)' and Old Church Slavic vedro `cheerful weather', vedrъ `jovial, merry (from the weather)';

u̯ĕ-d- perhaps in gr. ἑδανός `fragrant'; in u̯ĕ-dh- correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting still ἐθμή ἀτμός, καπνὸς λεπτός, ἀτμή Hes.).

d. r-, l- derivatives: gr. αὔρα `aerial breath, draft' (places light root form au̯ĕ- ahead, as ἄελλα, ἀετμόν, Wetter, see under); but ἀήρ, Gen. ἠέρος `smoke, fog, air' stays away, see under u̯er- `bind, hang up'.

Gr. ἄελλα, öol. αὔελλα `storm' (*ἄFελ-ι̯ᾰ); cymr. awen `inspiration', awel f. `wind, breath', acorn. auhel `aura, heaven, breeze', mcorn. awel `weather', brit. Lw. mir. ahél (h hiatus sign), aial `wind, breath'. According to Thurneysen Grammar 125 air. oal `mouth' from *au̯elā.

e. au̯-et- in gr. ἀετμόν τὸ πνεῦμα Hes., ἄετμα φλόξ Et. M., ἀτμός (contracted from ἀετμός) `vapour, smoke, smoke', with zero grade, but analogical absorption of ἀ-: ἀυτμή `breath, draft of the bellows, the wind, smell, hot aura of the fire', ἀυτμήν ds.

II. belong to heavy root form:

a. uē-, uǝ-: Old Indian vāti, av. vāiti `blows', gr. ἄησι ds., kypr. ζάει (read ζάη with ζ from *dj-) Hes. (that α in ἄησι perhaps prothetic; from light root form come gr. ἄος πνεῦμα Hes.;

maybe alb. (**u̯ē-nts) vesh `strike, blow, hit'.

ἀκρᾱής `sharp blowing', δυσᾱής `adverse blowing', ὑπερᾱής `excessive blowing' with stretch in compound); besides the participle *u̯ē-nt- `blowing' (Old Indian vānt-, gr. Akk. ἄεντα) stand *u̯ē-nto-s `wind' in lat. ventus, got. etc winds, ahd. wint, cymr. gwynt `wind', wherefore lat. ventilāre `(*expose to a draught, brandish, fan), oscillate, vibrate', ventilābrum `throw shovel', got. diswinÞjan `separate the grain (the wheat) from the chaff', winÞiskaúrō `throw shovel' (germ. Þ, next to which with gramm. variation d in:) ahd. wintōn `winnow, fan', winta, wintscūvala `winnowing shovel', ags. windwian `to expose to the hoist, winnow, fan' (engl. winnow); toch. A want, В yente `wind'.

About hett. hu-u-wa-an-te-eš (h(u)u̯anteš) `hoist' (ö) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the word as `(hurrying) clouds' to hu-wa-a-i `runs, flees', which also belongs here; see Couvreur Ḫ 119 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680⁴ .

n- present: gr. αἱνω from *ἀFά-ν-ι̯ω (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694) and ἁ̄νέω from *ἀFανέω `clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves', Fᾶναι περιπτίσαι Hes. (delivers γάναι περιπτύσαι; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on such zero grade n- present, but in meaning `blow', thus Old Prussian wins `air', Akk. winnen `weather'ö

i̯o-present (or from root form *u̯ēi- ö): Old Indian vāyati `blows', av. fravāyeiti `goes out'', got. waían waíwō, ags. wāwan, ahd. wājan, wāen `blow', Old Church Slavic vějǫ, vějetъ `blow' and `winnow, fan' (therefrom russ. vě́jalo, sloven. vėvnica, poln. wiejaczka `winnowing shovel, a winnowing-fan'); nominal: lit. vė́jas `blow'; Old Indian vāyú-ḥ, av. vāyuš `blow, wind, air'.

For root-like value of -i- leads the sound grade *u̯ī̆- to the following words in which give space, however, partly to other views: Old Church Slavic vijalь, vijalica `storm, weather', russ. vьjálica `snow flurry' (also vějálica!), vьjuga `blizzard, snowstorm', zavьjátь `snow-covered, covered with snow', čech. váti (*vьjati) `blow' (only slav. developments from vortonigem věj-ö);

r.-Church Slavic vichъrъ (*u̯ēisuro-) `whirlwind' (in any case, at first to russ. vichatь `shake, move', vichljatь `toss, fling', s. Brugmann Grundr. II¹ 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70, and probably as `whirl, swing in the circle' to *u̯eis- `turn');

lit. výdra, vidras `gale' (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lit. very rare forms -dra - compare really lit. vė́tra `storm' - urges to caution);

hom. ἄιον ἦτορ, θυμὸν ἄισθε, αίσθων from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), gr. root ἀFισ-; mcymr. awyđ s. 82 above.

b. au̯ē-d-: ahd. wāzan, wiaz, mhd. wāzen `blow, exhale, inflate', wāz `gust of wind', lit. vėdìnti `ventilate, cool'; at most gr. ἀάζω `breathes' from *ἀFάδ-ι̯ω (rather, however, gr. neologism of after other verbs in -άζω);

presumably also (from *au̯ǝ-d-ro-) lit. áudra m. `storm', n. `thunderstorm', Old Prussian wydra `blow'. About Old Indian ūdhar n. `chillness, cold', av. аоδarǝ, aota ds. compare Persson Beitr. 11.

c. u̯ē-lo- perhaps in lat. ēvēlātus `scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly', whence vēlābra `something winnowing the grain' (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in ahd. wāla m. n. `fans' (if not from *wēḫÞla, see under)ö

d. u̯ē-s-: Old Indian vāsa-ḥ, vāsaka-ḥ `fragrance', vāsayati `fills with fragrance', saṃvāsita-ḥ `makes stinking'; isl. vās `frigid aura', væsa `exhale, blow, breathe', ndl. waas `white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance', lit. vė́stu, vė́sti `cool off, become chill or become aerial', vėsà `chill air, coolness', vė́sus `chilly, aerial'.

e. t- further formations: Old Indian vāta-ḥ, av. vātō `blow', Old Indian vātula-ḥ (see under), gr. ἀήτης `blowing, wind', ἀήσυρος `windy, aerial' = Old Indian vātula `windy' (also `mad; crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced'; in addition also perhaps gr. ἀήσυλος `sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked' after Brugmann BSGW. 1901, 94; in spite of αἴσυλος ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to Old Indian yātu-ḥ `spook, ghost');

lat. vannus `winnowing-fan' (from *u̯at-nó-s, compare the Demin. vatillum originally `a small winnowing shovel'; from lat. comes ahd. wanna, ags. fann `winnowing-fan', also nhd. Wanne);

anord. vēl, vēli `whisk, tail' (about syncopated *veÞla- from *vaÞila-), ahd. wedil ds.; ahd. wadal `tail, fan', Adj. `wandering, fickle, beggar', wadalōn `sweep in a curve, rove' (proto Germanic *waÞla-, idg. *u̯ǝ-tlo-), ags. waÞol `wandering', wǣdla `beggar, poor', wǣdl `poverty', wǣdlian `beg, be poor' (proto Germanic *wēÞla-), next to which ahd. wallōn `wander, gad about, pilgrimages', ags. weallian `wander; roam; travel; journey; drift; float; rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp' (from *wāđlṓ-ja-n); ahd. wāla `fans' (from *wē-Þla- or *wē-la-, see above); lit.vė́tra `storm', thunder - storm', Old Church Slavic větrъ `air, blow', Old Prussian wetro `blow'; lit. vė́tyti `winnow, fan'.

Maybe alb. (*vė́tytinj) `strike (lightning)' : lit. vė́tyti `winnow, fan'

About Old Indian úpа-vājayati `make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them)' (composed from Pāṇini as Kaus. to vā-) see Wackernagel KZ. 43, 292.

Maybe alb. vatra, vatër `hearth, (place where one blows the fire)'

Maybe here gr. ἄεθλος (see au̯ē-11 `strive oneself') as `gasp, pant, wheeze'ö

References: WP. I 220 f., Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.

Page(s): 81-84

Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- (*aku̯ent- : aḫu̯ent-)

English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc.

German meaning: `benetzen, befeuchten, fließen'

Note:

From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

From Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

Material: a) au̯/е/-, au̯ent-:

Note:

The following mutations have taken place: Root: akʷā- > aku̯/е /-, aku̯ent- > au̯/е /-, au̯ent-:

Hisp. FlN Avo[s] > span. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga; gall. FlN Aveda > prov. Avèze (Gard), Avisio portus (Alpes-mar.);

Old Indian avatáḫḥ m. `fountains, wells' (*au̯n̥tos), avaṭá-ḥ `cistern, tank' (with prakrit. ṭ from t), ital. FlN Avēns in Sabine land (therefrom Aventīnus m. hill of Romeö), Aventia (Etrurian), gall. Aventia, spring nymph of Aventicum > frz. Avenches (Schweiz), numerous FlN Avantia (*au̯n̥tiā) > frz. Avance, La Vence, abrit. *Avantīsā > cymr. Ewenni; alit. FlN Avantà, lett. avuõts (*au̯ontos) `sources, wellspring, spring'.

b) au̯ed-, aud-, ū̆d-;

Note:

The zero grade of Root / lemma: akʷā- `water, river' has been suffixed in nasalized -(n)dor, -(n)tor: *(a)ku̯/е /-, *(a)ku̯entor, *(a)hu̯entor) > (a)u̯ed-, (a)ud-, ū̆d-(*(a)hu̯ed-):

heteroklit. r/n-stem u̯édōr, u̯ódōr (Nom. Sg.), udén(i) (Lok.Sg.), udnés (Gen. Sg.) `water', compare J. Schmidt Pl. 172 ft., Pedersen KZ. 32, 240 ff., Bartholomae PBrB. 41, 273.

Old Indian ōdatī `the soaking, the flowing', ōdman- n. `the waves, floods', ōda-ná-m `mash boiled in milk', av. (*ahuoda) aoδa- m. `wellspring, fount'.

Old Indian unátti (*u-n-ed-ti), 3. Pl. undáti `soaked, moistened'; av. vaiδi- f. `water run, irrigation canal'.

Old Indian udán(i) Lok., udnáḥ Gen., udā́ Nom. Akk. Pl. `water' (Nom. Akk. Sg. udakáḫm); from r-stem derived samudraḫḥ `sea', anudraḫḥ `waterless' (= gr. ἄνυδρος);

udro-s `water animal': Old Indian udráḫḥ `a water animal' = av. udra- m. `otter' (= gr. ὕδρος, ahd. etc ottar, compare also lat. lutra and with ū lit. údra, Old Church Slavic vydra ds.);

also nasalized alb. (*lutra) lundra `otter' a Latin loanword

from -(e)s-stem Old Indian (*hutsa-) utsaḫḥ `spring, well', compare air. (*hudeski̯o-) uisce (*udeski̯o-) `water';

Note:

The following phonetic mutations have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)ku̯ent- > gu̯et, zero grade in slav. (a)hu̯eda- > voda, zero grade in phryg. (a)ku̯edu > βεδυ [common Greek gʷ> b, kʷ> p phonetic mutation]:

arm. (*gwet) get `river' (basic form *u̯edō, Sandhi form to u̯edōr, compare under slav. voda; it corresponds also phryg. βεδυ `water', i.e. *vedū from *u̯edō, Kretschmer Einl. 225).

Maybe alb. (*gu̯et) det `sea' : arm. get `river' common alb. gu̯- > d- phonetic mutation.

Note:

Maybe phryg. βεδυ `water' : nasalized illyr. Bindus `water god' [common illyr. gu̯- > b- phonetic mutation].

Maybe alb. geg. bdorë, vdorë, dzborë `snow, snowfall' : gr. ὕδωρ `water' common illyr. gw- > b- phonetic mutation.

Gr. ὕδωρ, ὕδατος (*υδ-n̥-τος) `water' (with metr. elongation ῡδωρ); from r-stem derived ἄνυδρος `waterless', ὕδρος, ὕδρᾱ `water snake', ἐνυδρίς f. `otter', ὑδαρής, ὑδαρός `watery' (ὑδαλέος ds. with suffix exchange; similarly ὕλλος `water snake, ichneumon' : ὕδρος = lak. ἑλλά̄ : ἕδρα), ὕδερος `dropsy', ὑδρία `water bucket' (: lat. uter); from n-stem (compare ὕδνης `watery') derived ΏΑλοσύδνη eig. `sea wave, wave, the billow' (ö),epithet of Amphitrite and Thetis (Johansson Beitr. 117;

from also ὑδνον `truffle' as `juicy'öö), as well as probably Καλ-υδών, -ύδνα (-ύμνᾱ), Καλύδνιοι, -ύμνιοι (see Boisacq 998 a)ö

es-stem τὸ ὕδος `water' is only late poet. Nom. Akk. to Dat. ὕδει.

Maked. PN ῎Εδεσσα from *u̯edesi̯ā, Kretschmer RIEt Balc. 1, 383. common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation.

Alb. ujë `water' (after Pedersen KZ. 34, 286; 36, 339 not from *udḫni̯ā, but from *ud-; or, nevertheless, from *udōö).

The shift -dn- > nj > j of possibly alb. (*udna-h) ujë, ujna Pl. `water' has also been attested in alb. shtynj, shtyj `poke, push' (*studni̯ō); see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1 : `to push, hit'

Maybe alb. ujë neut. Pl. `water' is a truncated derivative of Luwian wida- `watery', hitt. witi `in water'.

Luwian watti `ö'

D-LSg wa-at-ti: KBo XXIX 25 iii 10.

Could be cognate of Hitt. witi 'in water', but unprovable.

Luwian wida- `watery'

D-LPl ú-i-da-an-za: 45 ii 6.

See Watkins, Flex. u. Wortbild. 376. Cf. perh. witam[ ] at KBo

XXIX 37,4. Contra Starke, StBoT 31.567f, witi, ˚witaš and

witaz are Hittite!

Luwian witantalli(ya)- `of the water(s)' (öö)

N-ASgNt ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-an: 43 ii 1.

ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-ya-an-za: 43 ii 9.

ú-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-an-za: 19,4*.

AbIn ú-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-ti: 19,8*.

Mere guess based on shape & context. Far from assured!

Luwian witatt(a)- `ö'

ASg ú-i-ta-at-ta-an: 43 ii 11.

Perhaps again a derivative of `water'. A 2nd pl. imv. of wida(i)-

is highly unlikely in the context.

Luwian NINDA wiyattatar 'ö'

N-ASg NINDA ú-i-ya-at-ta-tar: XVII 24 ii 3.

Lat. (*hunda) unda, f. `water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people' (with n- infix from the present; compare Old Prussian (*gwundan) wundan n., unds m. `water' and Old Indian (*hundati) unátti, undáti as well as lit. vanduõ, -eñs, vándenį, žem. unduo, lett. ûdens m. f. `water', and in addition Schulze EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. II² 3, 281, 283, Trautmann 337);

(*huter) uter, utris `hose, tube' (*udri-s `*water hose', compare gr. ὑδρία), lutra `otter' (l- after lutum `mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle').

Umbr. (*hutor) utur n. `water' (= ὕδωρ), Abl. une (*udni).

Air. (*hudesko) u(i)sce `water' (*udeski̯o-), odar `brown' (*udaros), coin fodorne `otters' (`water dogs').

Got. watō (n-stem), Dat. Pl. watnam `water'; aschwed. vætur (æ = idg. eö rather umlaut from germ. a in the -in- case, see Bartolomae aaO.),

aisl. (*gvatna) vatn n. (takes o-stem, compare got. Dat. Pl. watnam), vatr, nord. sea name Vöttern; ahd. wazzar, as. watar, ags. wæter (*u̯odōr) `water';

aisl. (*huotar) otr, ags. otor, ahd. ottar m. `otter, water snake', in addition FlN Otter, old Uterna; with nasalization within the word (compare above to lat. unda) probably got. wintrus, aisl.vetr, ags. winter, ahd. as. wintar `winter' as `wet season' (Lidén PBrB. 15, 522, Falk-Тоrp under vinter; not better to ir. find `white', see under su̯eid- `shine');

perhaps to Wasser also ahd. ags. (*hwaschan) wascan, aisl. vaska, nhd. waschen, wusch (*wat-sk-); with lengthened grade ē of the root shaped from aisl. vātr, ags. wǣt, engl. wet `wet, soaked'.

In Germ. also with Þ ags. wađum m. `wave', zero grade aisl. unnr, uđr, Pl. unnir `wave', as. ūthia, ūđia, ags. ȳđ, ahd. (*gvundra) undea `wave, billow, flood', like from a root variant *u̯et-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the t of the type Old Indian yakr̥-t.

Lit. (*gvounduõ) vanduõ etc (see above); lit. (*hudras) údra, аpr. udro f., ostlit. údras, lett. ûdris m. `otter'; Old Church Slavic (*gvudras) vydra, skr. vīdra (bsl. ūd- : lit. vánd-eni; see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lit.; to ū compare Pedersen Ét. Lit. 54 f.);

Maybe alb. vidra `sea otter' Slavic loanword.

Old Church Slavic (*gvoda) voda `water' (become Fem. because of the ending -a, here for idg. -ō[r]); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic vědro `κάδος, σταμνος' (with ὑδρία attuning well in the meaning, s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337);

hett. wa-a-tar (*gwātar, wātar ) `water', Gen. úе-te-na-aś (e-grade as phryg. βεδυ, a of Nom. from eö). Nom. Pl. ú-wiḫtaḫar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hitt. 167.

Maybe the old laryngeal present in hitt. Gen. úе -te-na-aś `of water', Nom. Pl. ú-wiḫtaḫar `waters' was transmited to turk. su `water'.

c) au̯er- `water, rain, river' (u̯ēr- : ūr-; to the ablaut Persson Beitr. 604, Anm. 2).

1. u̯ēr-, u̯er-: Old Indian vā́r, vā́ri n. `water', av. vār n. `rain' (with themat. inflection iran. av. vār `to rain', med. `allow to rain, let rain'), Old Indian vārī f. `water', av. vairi- m. `sea';

toch. A wör, В war `water';

arm. gayṙ `marsh, mud' (*u̯_eri̯o-);

gr. perhaps in ἀρύω `scoops', if *Fὰρ ὔ[σ]ω (see *aus- `scoop, draw water, ladle');

alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) vrëndë `light rain' (nt- participle); hur-dë `pond, tank, marsh' (*ūr-), shure `urine', shurë (postverbal) f. `urine' (prefix sh from lat. ex or idg. *sm̥ + ūr-në; or + gr. οὐρέωö);

Note:

Albanian preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- > s- like satem languages alb. (*sūrīna) shura `urine' : Hittite šehur `urine' : lat. ūrīna `urine'. But in alb. hur-dë `pond, tank, marsh' alb. preserved ḫ- laryngeal like centum languages.

cymr. gwer m. `suet, sebaceous, tallow';

anord. vari m. `liquid, water'.

2. ūr-, au̯er-: Lat. ūrīna `urine' (in which meaning influenced by οὖρονö), ūrīnor, -ārī `to dive', ūrīnātor `a diver';

Maybe alb. urela `water-pit' : Basque ura `water'.

anord. ūr `fine rain', ȳra `to rain subtly', ūrigr `dew-covered', ags. ūrig ds.;

perhaps anord. ūrr, Gen. ūrar (u-stem), ags. ūr, ahd. ūro, ūrohso, lat. Lw. ūrus `a kind of wild ox', schwed. mdartl. ure `randy bull, a bull in heat' (`*one that scatters, drops, one that inseminates' as Old Indian vr̥šan- etc, see under);

root form au̯er- in thrak. FlN Αὔρας, gr. (Persson IF. 35, 199) *αὔρα `water, spring' in ἄναυρος `without water, of brooks' under likewise (about gr. θησαυρός and Κένταυρος compare Schwyzer Gr.Gr. I 267, 444);

in FlN: ital. Met-aurus (Bruttium), Pisaurus (Umbrien), gall. Avara > frz. Avre, Aura > frz. Eure, Aurana > nhd. Ohrn (Wörttemb.), Arḫauris > frz. Hérault, Vi-aurus > frz. Le Viaur; аpr. Aure, lit. Aurḫytė; anord. aurigr `wet', aurr `wet, water', FlN Aura, ags. ēar `sea';

аpr. wurs (*ūras) `pond, pool', iūrin Akk. Sg., iuriay Pl. fem. `sea', alett. jūri- m., lett. jũ'ra, lit. jū́rės, jū́rios Pl. fem. `sea, esp. the Baltic Sea' (see above to lat. ūrīna; j- presumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204);

lit. jaurùs `swampy, marshy', jáura, jáuras `marshy place, marshy ground, swamp bottom' from *eu̯ǝr- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lit.).

Maybe arm. jur, Gen. jroy `water' [not from (*gʷhðōro-) see Root / lemma: gʷhðer- : `to run, flow'

] : alb. (*jura > uja) ujë, ujëra Pl. `water'.

3. Verbum: Lit. vérdu, vìrti `bubble, surge, cook', versmě `wellspring', vỹrius `whirlpools', atvyrs `counterstream on the shore', lett. ver̂du, vir̂t `soak, bubble, boil, cook', atvars `whirl',

Old Church Slavic vьrjǫ, vьrěti `stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook', virъ `whirlpool', izvorъ `wellspring (bubbling water)', wherefore with from `cook' developed meaning `heat', lett. wersme `glow', Old Church Slavic varъ `heat'.

About possible affiliation of *u̯er/_e/nā `alder' see there.

4. extension u̯er-s- `rain, dew': Old Indian varśá- n. `rain, rainy season, year' (varšati `it is raining'), gr. οὖρον `urine'; ἔρση, ἐέρση `dew', ion. att. οὐρέω `urinates' (kausativ *u̯orseiō, F- proved by the augmentation ἐούρησα), οὐρία `a water bird';

mir. frass `rain' is older fross (u̯rosḫtā, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 44); hett. waḫarḫšaḫaš `rain'(ö)seems Old Indian Lw.

Maybe alb. (*varśá-) vesa `dew' : ἐέρση `dew'.

u̯r̥sen- `discharging semen = virile', Old Indian vr̥šán- `virile', m. `manikin, man, stallion'.

thereof derived av. varǝšna- `virile', Old Indian vŕ̥ṣ̣a-, vr̥ṣabhá- `bull', vŕ̥ṣṇi- `virile', m. `Aries, ram' (= av. varǝšni- ds.), vŕ̥šaṇa- m. `testicles';

Specht (Dekl. 156) places here (from germ. *wrai-njan-) without s-extension ahd. reineo `stallion', as. wrênio ds., ags. wrǣne `horny, lustful'; ahd. wrenno `stallion' is back-borrowed from Mlat.

u̯ersē/i-: lat. verrēs, -is `boar', lit. ver̃šis `calf', lett. versis `ox, rother, cattle'.

References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418, IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of u̯ers- with ers-). About finn. vesi, stem vete `water' s. Mikkola Mél. van Ginneken 137.

WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Dekl. 18 f., Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, 548, 838.

Page(s): 78-81

Root / lemma: au̯es-

English meaning: to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.

German meaning: `leuchten', especially vom Tagesanbruch

Material: Old Indian uṣā́ḥ f. Akk. uṣā̆́sam, Gen. uṣásaḥ `aurora', av. ušā̊, Akk. ušā̊ŋhǝm, Gen.ušaŋhō ds. (ušas-tara- `eastern'), next to which Old Indian Gen. Sg., Akk. Pl. uṣáḥ, av. Lok. Sg. uši-[δā̊, s. *demā-`to build'] either from a root noun *us-, or as *us-s- to s-stem; Old Indian uccháti = av. usaiti (*us-sk̂éti) `shines in (from the morning)',

Perf. Old Indian uvāsa, Aor. avasran `they shone '; uṣar-, usr `dawn, aurora, early morning, prime of the day, red sky', uṣarḫbúdh- `early awake', usrá- `early morning, reddish', also figurative `cow', m. `bull' (Frisk, nominal formation 3);

u̯es-, u̯ōs- in Old Indian vasarḫhán- `striking in the morning early morning', vāsará- `early morning', m. `day' (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword r/n-stem *u̯es-r-, u̯es-n- `springtide, spring');

gr. hom. ἠώς *(āusōs), Gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος), att. (with accent innovation) ἕως, dor. ἀ̄ώς, ἀFώρ, changing through ablaut öol. αὔως `aurora' (proto gr. αυ[σ]ώς), böot. ἄα and Αἰαίη (*ἀαίη);

ἄγχαυρος `near the morning', αὔριον `tomorrow' (*αυσρ-); hom. ἤιε Φοῖβε `radiative morning'; ἠι-κανός `rooster, cock' (*āusi- `singing in the morning early morning');

Maybe gr. ἄγχαυρος `near the morning' : alb. agu `dawn' s/ h allophones : Estonian agu `daybreak, dawn' : Latvian ausma, sājums `dawn'

Note:

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

lat. aurōra f. `aurora, the morning, dawn, daybreak' (for *ā̆usōsā); auster (*aus-t(e)ro- = germ. *austra-) `souther, southerly wind', austrālis `southern';

presumably also aurum, sabin. ausom `gold' as `*reddish'; to lit. áuksas (k - unexplained), alit. ausas, аpr. ausis `gold';

maybe truncated alb. (*aur-) ar `gold'

perhaps toch. A wös `gold', but compare arm. osḫki `gold', finn. vas-ki `copper'; perhaps Vesuvius (differently under eus- `burn');

mir. fāir `sunrise', cymr. gwawr `aurora', bret. gwere laouen `morning star' (*u̯ōsri-, Pedersen KG. I 82);

germ. *austrō in ags. ēastre `spring goddess', ēastron Pl. `Easter' = ahd. ōst(a)ra, ōstarūn; against it with idg. -t(e)ro-, ahd. ōstar `eastern' and Adv. `the after east', nhd.Öster-reich, anord. austr n. `East' and Adv. `eastwards',

ags. compounds ēasterra `more to the east', in addition Ostrogothae, older Austrogoti as `the eastern Goths'; ahd. ōstan `from the east', ags. ēaste f. `East', anord. austan `from the east'; *āusōs in ags. ēarendel `morning star', ahd. MN Orendil;

lit. aušrà f. `aurora', aũšta `day is breaking', lett. àust ds.; lit. auštrìnis (vějas) `north-east wind', lett. àustra f. `daybreak', àustrums m. `East'; in ablaut žem. apýūšriai m. `daybreak';

Old Church Slavic za ustra `τὸ πρωΐ' (about utro, jutro `morning' from *aus(t)ro- compare Trautmann 19, Mikkola Ursl. Gr. 179 and Berneker 462 f. m. Lit., wherefore Bröckner KZ. 46, 212, auspoln. ŭścić `shine' reconstructs sl. *usto `lustre, shine'), ustrъ `relating to summer' (see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).

compare to ablaut J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 23 f., Hirt Abl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39, 69.

maybe alb. (*në `in' + aušrà), nesrë, nesëret, nesër `tomorrow morning, tomorrow'

References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Dekl. 10, Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indian Gr. Ill 213 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231; Leumann IF. 58, 121 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 514, 557.

Page(s): 86-87

Root / lemma: au̯ē-11 (u̯e-d(h)-ö)

English meaning: to try, force

German meaning: `sich möhen, anstrengen'ö

Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects Old Indian vāyati, -tē `gets tired, is exhausted, tires' with gr. ἄεθλος `drudgery, contest' (*ἄFε-θλος), ἄεθλον, ἀ̃θλον `fight, cut-throat price, battlefield', whereby ἀ- assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form *au̯ē̆- besides *u̯ē-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing the gr. words with mir. feidm `effort',

fedil `persistent, persevering', air. ni fedligedar `(he, she) does not stay' (whereby formal measure relationship would be comparable as *mē- `(apportion by measure), allot, (*cut)' : *med-, *u̯ē- `blow' : anord. veđr, nhd. Wetter), wherefore Pedersen KG. I 110, cymr. gweddil `remnant, leavings' (out of it mir. fuidell) places; here toch. В waimene `difficult, hard'ö

However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts. For vāyati `exert itself' as basic meaning in would put the question through the meaning `dry up' from vāna `dry', upa-vāyati `be extinguished by drying up, dry up',

upavāta- `become dry'; and in ἄεθλος takes turns most of course - θλο-as suffixal, while the dental ir. words root-like d or dh is, thus at best surely exists distant relationship.

References: WP. I 223, Van Windekens Lexique 149.

Page(s): 84

Root / lemma: au̯iĝ-

English meaning: a kind of grass, oat

German meaning: `Grasart, Hafer'

Material: Lat. avēna `oats or wild oats, made only as a cattle feed; hence oaten pipe, shepherd's pipe; in gen., any stalk, straw' (presumably after arēna, terrēnus to occurred suffix exchange for *avīna from *au̯iĝ-snā);

lit. avižà, lett. (Pl. f.) àuzas, Old Prussian wyse `oat', Old Church Slavic ovьsъ, russ. ovësъ `oat' (s from z probably probably because it occurs at the end of the word in conservative Nom. *ovьz), but αἰγίλωψ `a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise' barely as *αFιγιλωψ here.

After Specht Dekl. 298 would be assumed rather idg. *au̯i- besides *au̯es- (*au̯esnā > avēna).

References: WP. I 24, WH. I 81, Trautmann 21.

Page(s): 88

Root / lemma: au̯-5, au̯ē-

English meaning: to weave

German meaning: `flechten, weben'

Material: Unextended in: Old Indian ṓtum, ṓtavē (from der set-basis vā́tavē) `to weave', Perf. ūvuḥ, participle ūtá-, vý-uta- (also das present váyati `weaves' can be after Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 94 an -ei̯o-present v-áyati, so that Fut. vayišyati, vāya- `weaver' only in addition one would be new-created), ṓtu- m. `woof of fabric', vāna- n. `the weaving'.

To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vā́tave `weave, twist', vānam (W. must understand ūtá- as neologism to váyate after hūtá- : hváyate).

dh-extension 1. au-dh-, 2. (a)u̯-ē̆dh-, u-dh-:

1. Arm. zḫaud `strap' (zḫaudem `connects, ties together'), yḫaud `strap, limb, joint' (y-audem `join together'), aud `shoe';

lit. áudžiau, áudžiu, áusti `to weave', ataudaĩ Pl. `woof', ũdis `a unique fabric, the weaving', ũdas `eel line' (vowel as with áugu `increase, sprout': ūgỹs `annual growth');

russ. uslo `fabric' (uzda `bridle'ö), see below eu- `pull'. It goes back to the image of the weaving or spining and that of her assigned fate goddess:

audh- `luck, possession, wealth': illyr. PN Audarus, Audata (: germ. Audoḫberht), paion. PN Audōḫleōn (Krahe IF. 58, 132), cymr. udd (*audos) `master, mister' (different Lewis-Pedersen 14),

bret. ozac'h `landlord' (*udakkos), Loth RC. 41, 234; as. ōdan, ags. ēaden, anord. auđinn `granted from the destiny, grants', anord. auđna `destiny, luck', auđr `wealth', ags. ēad `possession, wealth, luck',

as. ōd `possession, prosperity', ahd. alḫōd `full and free possession' (mlat. allodium), mhd. klein-ōt `jewel', got. audahafts `makes happy', audags `blessed, fortunate', ahd. ōtac `happy, rich'.

2. Anord. vāđ f. `fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net', Pl.vāđir `gowns, clothes', ags. wǣd (*wēđi-) f. `clothes, rope', as. wād `clothes', ahd. wāt, Gen.-i `clothes, armament';

anord. vađr m. `rope, string, fishing line', schwed. norw. vad n. `drag net' (anord. vǫzt f. `spot for fishing at sea from *wađa-stō), mhd. wate, wade f. `drag net, trawl net', mhd. spinne-wet `spinning web'.

References: WP. I 16 f., WH. I 88.

See also: Maybe here u̯ebh- `to weave', u̯edh- `bind, connect' (wherefore as nasal form probably u̯endh-),see there; also perhaps u̯ei- `twist, spin', (a)ueg- `to weave etc' (u̯er- ``twist, spin'ö), u̯es- `wrap'.

Page(s): 75-76

Root / lemma: au̯-6, au̯ed-

English meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen'

Material: Gr. hom. αὖε Imperf. `(he, she) called (out), shouted', ἄβα τροχὸς ἤ βοή Hes.

Old Indian vádati `lets the voice resound, talks' (Perf. ūdimá, participle uditá-), vádanam `the sounds, talking, mouth', úditiḫḥ f. `speech', vādayati `allows to sound, plays (a music instrument), allows to speak', vāditram `musical instrument, music', vāda- `sound letting, m. sound, call, sound, statement, battle of words';

in the lengthened grade and the meaning compares itself in next Old Church Slavic vada `calumny', vaditi `accuse';

nasalized Old Indian vandate, -ti `praises, praises, greets with respect', vandanam `praise, price, reverential greeting', vandāru- `appreciative, praising'; see still Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. under vallakī `a kind of sounds', vallabha-ḥ `minion, favourite'.

Gr. γοδᾶν [i.e. Fοδᾶν] κλαίειν Hes., ΏΗσί(F)οδος `qui ἵησi Fόδαν, i. e. ἀοιδήν`, γοδόν [i.e. Fοδόν] γόητα Hes.;

zero grade ὑδέω, ὕδω (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) `sings, glorifies', ὕδη φήμη, ᾠδη (Theognostos καν. 19, 26) (ὕμνος `ballad, song' rather to the wedding call ὑμήν: other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb.² under suō, Boisacq s. v., again different Risch 50).

Lit. vadinù, vadìnti `shout, call'.

au̯-ē-d- in ἀ(F)ηδών `nightingale' (ἀβηδόνα ἀηδόνα Hes., öol. ἀήδων and ἀήδω, the zero grade ἀυδ- in αὐδή `sound, voice, language' (öol. αὔδω Sappho), αὐδάω `shouts, speaks', αὐδήεις, dor. αὐδά̄εις `speaking with human voice'.

au̯-ei-d- in ἀ(F)είδω (att. ᾄδω) `sings', ἀ(F)οιδή (att. ᾠδή) `song', ἀοιδός `singer', ἀοίδιμος `singer'. Differently Wackernagel KZ. 29, 151 f.

Toch. В watk-, AB wötk-, В yaitk- `command, order '.

References: WP. I 251 f., Specht KZ. 59, 119 f., Van Windekens Lexique 155.

Page(s): 76-77

Root / lemma: au̯-7, au̯ē-, au̯ēi-

English meaning: to like; to help, *desire

German meaning: `gern haben'; daher einerseits `verlangen', andrerseits `begönstigen, hilfreich sein'

Material: Old Indian ávati `desires, favors above others, promotes, patronizes' = av. avaiti `provides, helps' = air. con-ōi `protects'; messap. αFιναμι `I bid (s.o.) farewellö (to wish s.o. to be strong to be healthy)';

Old Indian ávas- n. `satisfaction, favour, assistance' = av. avah- n. `help' (in addition probably Old Indian avasá- n. `nourishment'), compare gr. ἐν-ηής `favorable' (*εν-ᾱFής); Old Indian ōman- `favorable, helping' = av. aoman- `supporting, helping', Old Indian ōmán- m. `favour, assistance, protection',

ōmaḫḥ `comrade'; Old Indian avitár- m. `patron, sponsor, patronizer' (from which 2-syllable root form as Fut. avišyati, Perf. 2. Sg. āvitha, as well as participle ūtá- and:) ūtíḫḥ `delivery, help';

arm. aviun `violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate passion, lust' (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);

gr. -ᾱFονες in 2. part of Greek family names (᾽Ιάονες)ö compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232 f., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 487, 3; 521; ἀί̄τᾱς (Theokrit) `friend, lover';

lat. aveō, -ēre (basis au̯ē[i]- as in preceding) `be eager, have a wild desire, long for, desire', avidus `desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious' (therefrom audeō, -ēre `to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to'), avārus `covetous, greedy';

air. con ōi `protects', cymr. ewyllys `favor, wish desire', corn. awell `desire', abr. aḫiul `unaided, wantonly, voluntarily', mbret. eoull, youll `favor, wish desire', as a name component in gall. Avi-cantus (=abret. Eucant), acymr. Euilaun under likewise, also in ahd. names as Awileib, Awo; compare got. awiḫliuÞ `χάρις, εὐχαριστία'; mcymr. riḫmḫaw `he grants to me', cymr. ad-aw (with negat. at-) `leave', abret. di-eteguetic `abandoned, forsaken, deserted, destitute' (*di-at-aw-etic).

Falk-Torp 1407 adds also an: ahd. ōdi, as. ōthi, ags. Adj. īeÞe, Adv. ēaÞe `easy, comfortable', ahd. ōdmuoti, as. ōthmōdi `modest', ags. ēaÞmōd `modest', anord. auđmjūkr `to move easily, willing, modest',

auđkendr `to recognize easily'; basic meaning is `willing', from which `to make easy'; formal germ. to-participle-formation to awi- (example germ. auÞia- `deserted; flat; waste; empty; abandoned; blasted; desolate; bleak; grey; gray; barren; stuffy; dull; tedious'ö). Rather uncertainly.

If also altlit. auštis `refresh oneself', ataušimas `refreshment', lett. ataust `recover, refresh', ataũsêt `invigorate, refresh' are used, the zero grade lies to them *aus - of in Old Indian ávas-, gr. ἐν-ηής present as a basis es-stem . Or = lit. áušti `get cold', áušyti `cool'ö

Toch. B au-lāre, A olar `comrade'; as dubious В omaute `longing', w-ör(īn)- `crave, long for', A w-aste `protection' with angebl. zero grade the root rather here wa- `give', A 1.Sg. wsā (Pedersen Tochar. 186).

References: WP. I 19, WH. I 81, 850, Van Windekens Lexique 9, 79, 153, 157.

Page(s): 77-78

Root / lemma: au̯-8, au̯ēi-

English meaning: to perceive, understand

German meaning: `sinnlich wahrnehmen, auffassen'

Material: Old Indian -avati with ud- and pra- `aufmerken, heed', Old Church Slavic umъ `Verstand' (basic form *au-mo-); moreover toch. В om-palokoññe `meditation'ö Different Pedersen, Tochar. 223 Anm.

ā̆u̯is-: lengthened grade Old Indian āvíṣ Adv. `apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar', av. āviš Adv. `apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen' (npers. āškār `clear, bright'; Old Indian āviṣṭya-ḥ, av. āvišya- `offenkundig'); Old Church Slavic avě, javě Adv. `kund, apparent, manifest, obvious' (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -ě reshaped from *avь, whereof:) aviti, javiti `offenbaren, kundmachen, show' (lit. óvytis `sich in Traume sehen lassen' Lw. from dem Slav.).

full grade: gr. αἰσθάνομαι, Aor. αἰσθέσθαι `wahrnehmen' (*αFισ-θ-); lat. audiō `hear' from *au̯izḫdhḫiō, compare oboedio from *ób-avizdhiō about *oboīdiō; gr. ἀί̄ω (neologism to Aor.ἐπ-ήισ(σ)α, ἄιον) `vernehme, hear' (*αFισ-), ἐπάιστος `belongs, ruchbar, bekannt'.

Here probably hett. u-uḫ-ḫi `I see, observe', aḫušḫzi `sees', а-ú-ri-iš (from aḫú-waḫriḫiš) `Ausschau, Warte', iterat. ušk- `wiederholt sehen'.

References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.

Page(s): 78

Root / lemma: au̯o-s (*ḫuḫḫaš)

English meaning: grandfather

German meaning: `Großvater mötterlicherseits'

Note:

The original root was hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather' branched into Root / lemma: au̯o-s: grandfather in centum languages and Root / lemma: sūs- (*ghus): parent : alb. (*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh `grandfather' in satem languages; old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;

Material: Arm. hav, Gen. havu `grandfather', lat. avus `grandfather; poet., in gen., an ancestor'; fem. lat. avia `grandmother' (see finally Leumann-Stolz⁵ 204), dubious gr. αἶα as `primordial mother earth' (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473;

lat. also -hu̯- > -v- phonetic mutation.

different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avītus `of a grandfather, ancestral' is probably shaped after marītus, older i-stem in lit. avýnas `brother of the mother';

differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avītus `large-scale fatherly, angestammt' is formed probably after marītus, old i-stem in lit. avýnas `brother of the mother';

i̯o-derivative Old Prussian awis `uncle', Old Church Slavic *ujь ds. (ujka `aunt'), air. (h)áue `a grandson, a nephew', mir. ó(a), úa ds.; en-stem: got. awō `grandmother', anord. afi `grandfather', āi `great-grandfather', ags. ēam, afries. ēm, ahd. ōheim,

nhd. Oheim, Ohm (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz `the one (he) who lived in grandfather's home'), after R. Much Germ. 205 from *auhaim < idg. *au̯os k̂oimos `dear grandfather', compare cymr. tad cu [*tatos koimos] `grandfather'),

lat. avunculus `brother of the mother' (probably caressing diminutive an *avō, -ōnis); cymr. ewythr, acorn. euitor, bret. eontr `uncle' (*au̯en-tro-).

The stem called originally the grandparents on the maternal side, become through the words for `uncle or aunt on the maternal side' probably, s. Hermann GGN. 1918, 214 f.

Da arm. hav could go back also to *pap-, would be au̯os only north - west idg. On account of here hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather'ö Lyk. *χuga `grandfather on the maternal side' appears to speak rather for Asia Minor origin.

References: WP. I 20 f., WH. 88 f., 851, Pedersen Lyk. under Hitt. 25 f., Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 118 ff.

Page(s): 89

Root / lemma: ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, ab_el-

English meaning: apple

German meaning: `Apfel'

Note:

Root / lemma: ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, ab_el- : `apple' derived from Root / lemma: om- (*ḫamel): `raw, bitter, *sweet'.

Material:

Maybe Old Indian: abalá- m. `the plant Tapia Crataeva' {`Crataegus roxburghii' (H. Ebel KZ VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].

Lat. Abella (osk. town, city in Campanien) malifera `apple-bearing', after Verg. Aen. 7, 740, might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic form *ablonā. The apple is not named possibly only after the town.

In the Kelt. the names are to be distinguished for `apple' (*ablu) and `apple tree' (*abaln-). Gall. avallo `fruit', Aballō (n-stem) PN, frz. Avallon, abrit. PN Aballāva, gallo-rom. *aballinca `Alpine mistletoe' (Wartburg);

Maybe illyr. PN Aulona

air. ubull (*ablu) n. `apple', ncymr. afal, Pl. afalau, corn. bret. aval m. `apple', but mir. aball (*abalnā) f. `apple tree', acymr. aball, mcymr. avall Pl. euyill (analogical) f., acymr. aballen, ncymr. afallen `apple tree' (with singulative ending).

The same ablaut forms in the Germanic:

Krimgot. apel (got. *aplsö), ahd. apful, afful, mhd. apfel, ags. æppel (engl. apple), an. epli n. (apal-grār `apple-gray') `apple'. Germ. probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu-. Further an. apaldr `apple tree', ags. apuldor, æppuldre, ahd. apholtra (compare nhd. Affoltern PN), mhd. apfalter `apple tree' (*apaldra-).

The Baltic shows clear tracks in Idg. completely isolated l- declension *ābōl, G. Sg. *ābeles.

lengthened grade of the suffix appears mostly in the word for `apple': ostlit. obuolỹs, lett. âbuolis (-ii̯o-stem), westlit. óbuolas, lett. âbuols (o-stem) from idg. *ābōl-;

Normal grade mostly in the word for `apple tree'; lit. obelìs (fem. i-stem), lett. âbels (i-stem), âbele (ē-stem) from idg. *ābel-; but Old Prussian woble f. (*ābl-) `apple', wobalne (*ābolu-) f. `apple tree'.

Abg. ablъko, jablъko, poln. jabɫko, slov. jábolko, russ. jábloko `apple' (*ablъko from *āblu-) etc; abg. (j)ablanь, sloven. jáblan, ačech. jablan, jablon, russ. jáblonь `apple tree', from idg.*āboln- (influences the sound form of *ablo `apple').

Although a uniform basic form is not attachable, it becomes both lat. kelt. germ. bsl. forms only around ancient relationship and barely around borrowing act. With respect to lat. abies `fir' etc. very uncertain.

Note:

The oldest IE cognate is Luvian: *šamlu(wa)- `apple-(tree)'; Attestations: [HittErgSg] ša-ma-lu-wa-an-za: 145 iii 18. ^GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR-an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 26. ^GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR-lu-wa-an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 28.

Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luvian nt. nom.-acc. sg. šamluwan=za also possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff.

From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *šamlu(wa)- > Root / lemma: ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, ab_el- : `apple' in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon illyr. alb. sa > zero, phonetic mutation Luvian *šamlu(wa)- `apple-(tree)' > lat. malum -i n. `an apple, or other similar fruit'; alb. geg. mollë `apple'.

Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemel ъ ; j ь mela; j ь melo {2} [Page in Trubačev: VI 26-27]: Russ. oméla `mistletoe' [f ā], Old Russ. imela `mistletoe' [f ā], Czech omela (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ā]; omelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o]; jmelí, melí (dial.) `mistletoe' [f iā], Slovak jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o]; imelo, jmelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o], Poln. jemioɫa, jamioɫa `mistletoe' [f ā]; imioɫa (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ā], Upper Sorbian jemjel `mistletoe' [m o], Lower Sorbian jemjoɫ, hemjoɫ `mistletoe' [m o], Serbo-Croatian òmela (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ā]; ìmela, mèla `mistletoe' [f ā], Slovene jemę́la (dial.), omę́la (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ā]; imę̄la, mę̄la `mistletoe' [f ā], Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: emel-; Lith. ãmalas, ẽmalas `mistletoe' [m o] 3^b, Latv. amuols; ęmuols (BW); amuls; āmals; āmuls `mistletoe, clover' [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. emelno (EV) `mistletoe'.

Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135

Notes: {1} The forms with ā- may show the influence of âbuõls `apple, clover'. {2} This plant name is probably a borrowing from the Illyrian Venetian substratum language. The Slavic forms with *jь m- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe's sap is used to produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati `to take'. An etymological connection with PIE *h₁m- `to take' is doubtful, as is the connection with *H₃eHm- `raw' .

maybe gr. Compounds: ἁμάμηλίς plant growing in the same time as the apple-tree, `medlar', = ἐπιμηλίς .

Probably Tocharian B: māla*'a kind of intoxicating drink'; Paradigm: [-, -, māla//]

Examples: se ṣa[māne] mot māla trikelyesa śakse yoköṃ pāyti `whatever monk drinks alcohol or intoxicating beverage through befuddlement or brandy, pāyti `[māla = BHS maireya] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tumeṃ pörwettsai mālasa yokalle `then it [is] to be drunk with an aged drink' (W-33a5).

Derivatives: mālatstse* `drunken': aröñcacu epreta Mārö[nts]= ādañc mālatsai ... ṣpyarkatai-me `O courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Māra's drunken bite' (241a2/3).

References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2.

Page(s): 1-2

Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (or ōĝher etc) (*dā̆ĝhen)

English meaning: day

German meaning: `Tag'

Grammatical information: Heteroklit. Neutrum.

Material: Old Indian áhar, áhaḥ, Gen. áhnḫas, av. Gen. PI. asnḫąm `day'. In Germ. is found anlaut. d- by influence from proto germ. *đā̆ʒwaz (idg. *dhō̆gʷho-, s. *dhegʷh- `burn') `warm season' (: lit. dãgas `summer heat'): the o-stem got. dags,

aisl. dagr, ahd. tac m. `day' is from neutr. es-stem reshaped (got. PN Δαγίσ-θεος = *DagisḫÞius, ahd. Dagiḫbert etc), also in ablaut, ags. dǽg (*dōʒiz), Pl. dōgor n. `day' (got. fidur-dōgs `fourth day'), aisl. døgr n. `day or night' besides there is n-stem adön. døgn n. `day and night'.

Note: From Root / lemma: dhegʷh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (or ōĝher etc): `day' the same as Root / lemma: ak̂ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 310 f.

Page(s): 7

Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ-

English meaning: goat

German meaning: `Ziegenbock, Ziege'

Note:

Material: Old Indian ajá-ḥ `he-goat', ajā́ `she-goat', mpers. azak `goat', npers. azg ds.;

alb. dhī́ `goat' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from *adhi, as sii `eye' from asii);

Note:

Maybe a zero grade in alb. (*ā̆ĝhi) dhī́ `goat' [the common alb. shift -ĝh- > -d-], older alb. geg. (*ā̆ĝhi) edha `goats, sheep'.

lit. ožỹs (*āĝi̯os) `he-goat', ožkà `goat', Old Prussian wosee `goat', wosux `he-goat';

Old Indian ajínaḫm `fur, fleece';

lit. ožìnis `belonging to he-goat', ožíena `billy goat's meat';

Church Slavic (j)azno (*azьno) `skin, leather'.

References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also aiĝ-.

Page(s): 6-7

Root / lemma: ā̆ier-, ā̆ien-

English meaning: day, morning

German meaning: `Tag, Morgen'

Grammatical information: n.

Note:

Root / lemma: ā̆ier-, ā̆ien- : `day, morning' derived from a reduced Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (oder ōĝher etc.): `day'.

Material: Av. ayarǝ, Gen. ayąn n. `day'.

Gr. Lok. *ἀ(ι̯)ερι- in ἄριστον (from *ai̯eri-d-tom, to ed- `eat') `breakfast' (uncontracted ἀέριστον still produceable Hom. Ω 124, π 2); lengthened grades *ἀ̄(ι̯)ερι in the derivative ἠέριος `early morning', contracts in ἦρι `in the morning'. Different Risch 105.

Got. air, aisl. ār, Adv. `early' (likewise Lok. *ai̯eri), in addition Kompar. got. airiza `earlier', Adv. airis = ags. ǣr, ahd. ēr, nhd. eher, ehe; Superl. ags. ǣrest, ahd. ērist, nhd. erst.

Maybe alb. (*ēherst) herët `early'; it seems that alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 3, Feist 24b.

Maybe to ā̆i-4.

Page(s): 12

Root / lemma: ā(i)ĝh- : īĝh-

English meaning: to need

German meaning: `bedörfen, begehren'

Material: Av. āzi-š m. `desire', np. az ds., av. āzaḫš m. `striving, eagerness, zeal'; changing through ablaut av. izyati `strives, striving for' and ī̆žā `striving, zeal, success, prosperousness' Old Indian īhā `desire', īhatē `strives whereupon';

gr. ἀ̄χήν `poor' = ἠχῆνες κενοί, πτωχοί Hes. (by support of words, with ἀ- privative out of it ἀεχῆνες πένητες Hes., and ἀχενία `lack, poverty'), κτεανηχής πένης Hes., changing through ablaut ἰχανάω `longs for', ἶχαρ `desire';

toch. A ākāl, В akālk `wish, longing'. Different Pedersen Toch. 42.

References: WP. I 40, Van Windekens BSL. 41, 55; unwahrscheinlich Bartholomae IF. 5, 215.

Page(s): 14-15

Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂-

English meaning: spear, pike

German meaning: `Spieß; with einer spitzen Waffe treffen'

Note:

Both Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike' are reduced roots of an older root *heĝʷ-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **helĝʷa. This older root was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla `needle' [f ā]

Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero phonetic mutation from the older Baltic-Germanic languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.

Hence from Root / lemma: dhelg- : `to stick; needle' derived the alledged Baltic Root/ lemmna **helĝʷa from which Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla `needle' [f ā], then Both Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike'.

Finally alb. geg. gjilpanë n. f. `needle' is a compound of *gjil- `needle' + peni `thread'; alb. common zero grade *ilga > *gil- `needle' phonetic mutation corresponds to zero grade in Lower Sorbian: gɫa `needle' [f ā].

Material: Gr. αἶκλοι αἱ γωνίαι τοῦ βέλους Hes., gr. ἰκτέα ἀκόντιον Hes., kypr. ἰκμαμένος or ἰχμαμένος (in the latter pitfall from *ἰκσμαμένος) `wounds', gr.αἰχμή `spear, spit' (*aik-smā), Old Prussian aysmis `spit, broach', lit. iẽšmas, jiẽšmas `spit, broach', (basic form *aik̂mos or Gr. exact congruent *aik̂-smos); from moreover Old Prussian ayculo, Church Slavic igla etc `needle', with g instead of ž (compare S.18¹)ö lat. īcō (analogical īciō), -ĕre `hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain', ictus `slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat', probably also av. išarǝ `instant, (very short space of time)' = gr. ἴκταρ `near' (as `adjoining, adjacent') and ἴγδη, ἴγδις `mortar' (also ἴξ, ἴκες `worms damaging the vine', from which ἶπες ds. could be reshuffled after the related to meaning κνῖπες, σκνῖπες, θρῖπες; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.

Here possibly anord. eigin n. `a sprout that has just emerged from a seed' (`point, cusp'), schwed. mdartl. öjel m.ds. (Fick4 III 2) and nd. īne `awn, ear of corn' (Bezzenberger Federal Railway. 27, 166).

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ahel) halë `needle, fishbone, awn, ear of corn' [common alb. -k- > -h- phonetic mutation].

References: WP. I 7, WH. I 670, Trautmann 3, 4.

Page(s): 15

Root / lemma: ā̆i-4

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen, leuchten'

Material: from ags. āfor `sharp, violent', ahd. eibar, eivar `harsh, bitter, pungent, rough, shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage; unpolished, uncouth; frightful, horrible' derived from *aibhro- not is to be connected certainly.

Maybe but here gr. ἰαίνω `warms up' from *i(i̯)-ani̯ō; see under eis-1 `move, shake violently'.

See also: S. under ai-dh-, ā̆i̯er-, ai̯os-, aisk-, ai-tro-.

Page(s): 11

Root / lemma: ā̆l-3

English meaning: to wander, roam

German meaning: `planlos umherschweifen, irren; also geistig irre sein'

Material: Gr. ἄλη `the vagrancy, the wandering about', ἀλάομαι (horn. Pf. ἀλάλημαι), ἀλαίνω `wanders about ^'*, ἀλήτης `beggar',

ἀλητεύω `wander, begging around', ἅλιος `in vain' (Spiritus asper admittedly, still unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the assumption of anl. F-);

from a basis alu-, aleu- gr. ἀλύω `I'm beside myself'^**, ἀλύσσω ds. (Hom.; Fut. ἀλύξει Hippokr.), ἀλύκη `restiveness, worry, concern, fear, alarm', ἄλυσις (from ἀλύω) `angst', ἄλυς, -υος (Plut.) ``idle hanging around, boredom'; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;

with the concept `wander around, around a dangerous place or thing not to come near to', also ἀλεύομαι, ἀλέομαι `avoids', ἀλύσκω (*αλυκ-σκω, compare Aor. ἤλυξα) `escapes', ἀλυσκάζω `avoid, flee', ἀλεείνω ds., ἀλεωλή `defense' (*ἀλεFωλή formation as φειδωλή).

-------------------

^*) ἀλαζών `fibber, boaster, bragger' (actually dragging around juggler, mountebank), derives after Bonfante (BSL. 37, 77) from thrak. VN ᾽Αλαζόνες.

^**) ἀλύ̄ω, ἀλυίω from *ἀλυʒι̯ω vergleichen Schulze Qunder ep. 310 f., Lagercrantz Z. gr. Lautg. 89 with Old Indian roṣati, ruṣyati `be cross with, be angry', but from Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. 256 is placed more right to lit. rústas `unfriendly, unkind'.

--------------------

Mit ā-: ἠλάσκω `wanders around', ἠλαίνω `be demented', Med. `wander around', ἠλέματος (dor. ἀ̄λέματος Theokr.) `foolish, futile, vain', ἠλίθιος `trifling, in vain, brainless', ἠλεός `confuses, beguiles; bewildering', (besides öol. equivalent ἆλλος an *ά̄λιος in:) hom. ἆλλα φρονέων `φρένας ἠλεός' `dazed, unconscious' (from dor. *ᾱλεός derives lat. ālea `a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck').

Lat. ambulō `to walk, go for a walk, travel, march' (umbr. amboltu `a walk, a stroll'); (lat. alūcinor `to wander in mind, dream, talk idly' is probably borrowed from ἀλύω under formal support in vāticinor).

In addition lett. aluôt, aluôtiês `wander around, get lost', with ā lett. āla `half-mad person', āl'uôtiês `behave foolish, gestures clownish'.

Toch. AB āl- `distinguish, remove'.

References: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambulō to gr. ἐλαύνω, stem el-).

Page(s): 27-28

Root / lemma: ālu-, ālo-

English meaning: a bitter plant

German meaning: `bittere Pflanzeö'

Material: Old Indian ālú-ḥ, ālukám- `bulb, onion, round esculent radix'; lat. ālum, ālium `garlic', osk. *allō from *ali̯ā probably as foundation of gr. ἀλλᾶς `sausage (*stuffed tubular casing)'; lat. ālum or ālus `Symphytum officinale L., comfrey, blackwort' a plant appreciated for its roots (perhaps gall. wordö s. Thesaurus).

Maybe alb. helm `bitter; poison'

Note: alb. is the only IE lang. that preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 90 f., WH. I 30, 33.

See also: Probably to alu-.

Page(s): 33

Root / lemma: āmer- (āmōr, āmr̥)

English meaning: day

German meaning: `Tag'

Material: Gr. horn. ἦμαρ, -ατος, att. ἡμέρᾱ (Asper probably after ἑσπέρα, Sommer Gr. Ltst. 123), otherwise ἀ̄μέρα `day' (with Lenis, hence not to idg. *sem- `summer';

Lit. bei Boisacq s. v., wherefore Fick KZ. 43, 147); arm. aur `day' (from *āmōr about *amur, *aumr; Meillet Esquisse 55). To the stem formation s. still J. Schmidt Pl. 195 f., to ion. μεσᾰμβρίη `midday' Boisacq under μεσημβρίᾱ. Van Windekens (Lexique 80) places here toch. A omöl, В emalle `hot', from idg. *āmel-.

References: WP. I 53, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 305, 481, 518.

Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: āno-

English meaning: ring

German meaning: `Ring'

Material: Arm. anur `neckband, ring', lat. ānus `circle, ring', air. āinne (*ānīni̯o-) m. `ring, anus'.

Maybe through metathesis alb. (*ānus) unazë `ring'.

References: WP. I 61, WH. I 55, Pedersen Litt. 2, 80.

Page(s): 47

Root / lemma: āpero-

English meaning: shore

German meaning: `Ufer'

Material: Gr. ἤπειρος, dor. ἄπειρος f. `shore; mainland'; ags. ōfer, mnd. ōver, mhd. (md.) uover, nhd. Ufer; but arm. ap`n `shore' requires idg. ph and hence, stays away.

Maybe alb. (*ἄπειρος) afër `near, close, related, neighboring, in the area of' : Old Indian ápara- `back, later'.

relationship to *apo `since, from, ex', Old Indian ápara- `back, later' as lengthened grade formation becomes adopted by Specht Dekl. 23.

References: WP. I 48.

Page(s): 53

Root / lemma: ā̆p-2

English meaning: water, river

German meaning: `Wasser, Fluß'

Note:

It seems that from Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : `water, river' [through the shift gʷ > b, kʷ > p attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root / lemma: ab- : (water, river) and Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : `water, river'.

Material: Old Indian ā̆p- f. `water', e.g. Pl. Norn. ā́paḥ, Akk. apáḥ, Gen. apā́m, av. Nom. Sg. āfš, Akk. Sg. āpǝm, Instr. Sg. apā(-ca), Old Indian ā́pavant- `watery', in older contraction with reduplication-stem in -i, -u auslaut prefixes (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137 f.) pratīpá- `directed against the stream', nīpá- `low lying, deep-recumbent', anūpá- `situated, lying in water',

dvīpá- `island, sand bank in the river', antarīpa- `island'; the same contraction with in -o ending 1. part in gr. river names ᾽᾽῝᾽Iνωπός, ᾽Ασωπός (: ἰνόω, ἄσις; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62); gr. `Ᾱπία `Peloponnes', Μεσσ-απία ds., lokr. Μεσσ-άπιοι, ill. Μεσσά̄πιοι (different Krahe ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation and Āpuli of Lower Italy, river names ᾽Απιδών (Arcadia), ᾽Απιδανός (Thessaly), thrak. ῎Απος (Dacia),

ill. ῎Αψος, Apsus, apul. PN Sal-apia (`saltwater'); here as vestiges ven.-ill. immigration part of the West German apa- names, as Erft (*Arnapia), and all FlN with -up-, as nhd. Uppia-Bach (Tirol), frz. Sinope (Manche), brit. harbour Rutupiae, sizil. Κακύπαρις (compare lit. Kakupis), compare the thrak. FlN ῝Υπιος, ῝Υπανις;

Old Prussian ape `river', apus `spring, fountain, stream, brook', lit. ùpė, lett. upe `water' (u is perhaps reduplication-stem from idg. o, a, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 11; or belongs up- rather to Old Church Slavic vapa `sea'ö). Here Ach- (*aps-) in cymr. FlN, gall. Axonaö

Besides kelt.-lat. ab-, see below ab-.

Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. goes to explanation the b-form from through ᾽Απιδών, ᾽Απιδανός as well as by Old Indian ábda-ḥ m. `cloud' and with āpaḥ paradigmatic welded together Instr. Dat. Pl. Old Indian adbhiḥ, adbhyaḥ, presumed stem *ap(ǝ)d- (perhaps `giving water', with dō- `give' belonging to the 2nd part) from: *abdō(n), Gen. *abdnés, from which *abnés; from obl. case arose from lat. amnis, was compensated during in Celtic *abdō(n) : *abnés to *abā (mir. ab), *abonā (hence mir. abann).

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130 f., Krahe Wörzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff.

Page(s): 51-52

Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)-

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen, glöhen'

Material: Old Indian ā́sa-ḥ `cinder, dust' (about ásita-ḥ `black' s. *n̥si- `dirt-color, dark color'); lat. āra `altar; hence refuge, protection;'arae', plur., name of certain rocks at sea' (= osk. aasaí `in the altar', umbr. are `altars' etc), āreō, -ēre `to be dry', āridus `dry, arid, dry, parched, thirsty' (therefrom ardeō `to burn, glow, be on fire; of bright objects, to gleam; of feeling (esp. of love), to burn, smart; of political disorder, to be ablaze', participle Pass. assus `dried, roasted; n. pl. as subst. a sweating bath'), ārea `a level or open space, site, courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play' (eigentl. `burnt-out, dry place'); ahd. essa f., nhd. Esse (*asi̯ōn), urnord. aRina, aisl. arinn `exaltation, elevation, hearth, fireplace', ahd. erin `floorboard, ground, bottom' (*azena); toch. AB as- present, ās- Perf. and causative `dry up', A āsar `to dry'; hett. ḫa-aš-ši-i (ḫaši) Lok. `on the hearth' (ḫašaš).

Perhaps here mir. ān `igneous, radiant, noble' (*āsḫno-). About gr. διψά̄ω, πεινά̄ω s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 724.

Because r in hett. aḫaḫri (āri) `becomes hot' does not belong to the stem, it must be distinguished lat. āreō `to be dry, be parched' not from āra `a structure for sacrifice, altar'.

Formant extensions:

azd- in gr. ἄζω (*azḫdḫi̯ō) `parch, dry', ἄζα f. `dehumidifier, dirt', ἀζαλέος `dry, inflaming', ἄδδαυον ξηρόν. Λάκωνες Hes. (-δδ from -zd-); čech. apoln. ozd `a device for drying malt or a room for drying malt', čech. slov. ozditi `to dry malt'.

azg- arm. ačiun `ash' (Meillet Esquisse 29), gr. ἄσβολος (*ἄσγ-βολος) `soot' (`ash - throw'), germ. *askōn in aisl. aska, ags. asce, æsce, ahd. asca, nhd. Asche.

Maybe zero grade lat. cinis -eris m. f. `ashes' < arm. ačiun `ash'; alb. (*aski) hi `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].

Note:

Root / lemma: ken-2, kenǝ-, keni-, kenu- : `to rub, scrape off; ashes' must have come from zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)- : `to burn' into ā̆sk-en with the suffix -en. This assumption is proved by alb. geg. (*askini) hini `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].

azgh-ö in arm. azazim `dries' (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), got. azgo `ash' (*azgōn). About the difficult relation from germ. *askōn : *az-gōn s. Feist 72b; again different Specht Dekl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness arm. examples are not quite flawless.

References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164.

Page(s): 68-69

Root / lemma: āt(e)r-

English meaning: fire, *blow the fire

German meaning: `Feuer'

Note:

Root / lemma: āt(e)r- : `fire, *blow the fire' derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: au̯(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-, u̯ē- : `to blow' with common IE formant -ter.

Material: Av. ātarš (Gen. āϑrō) m. `fire', wherefore Old Indian átharvan- `fire priest', Lw. from av. aϑaurvan-, aϑaurun (das ϑ from āϑrō) ds.;

arm. airem `burns, lights' (due to from *air from *ātēr); serb. vȁtra `fire', klr. vátra `fire, stove', poln. vatra `straw cinder' are borrowed after Jokl WZKM. 34, 37 ff. from rum. vatră `stove', these again from Alb. (geg. votrë, votër with v-suggestion before alb. ot- from *āt-, viell. iran. Lw.).

Note:

Alb. tosk. vatra, geg. votër `hearth' proves that Slavs borrowed prothetic v- before bare initial vowels from illyr. This phonetic mutation in alb. took place before the invasion of Slavs into the Balkans because alb. and rum. share the same cognate.

Perhaps as `burnt' also lat. āter `dead black, dark; poet. clothed in black. Transf., dark, gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous' = umbr. atru, adro `black, coal-black, gloomy, dark'; but lat. Ātella = osk. Aderl[ā] (*Ātrolā, e.g. v. Planta I 551), lat. Ātrius = osk. Aadíriis (v. Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1А. 4, 38, Schulze Lat. Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly Etruscan origin.

Maybe illyr. Adria `deep, dark water, sea', zero grade in alb. (*āter) terr `dead black, dark'.

Possibly affiliation from ir. áith (Gen. átho) f., cymr. odyn f. `oven, stove', s. Fick II⁴ 9.

References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.

Page(s): 69

Root / lemma: ā̆tos, atta (ḫatta)

English meaning: father, mother

German meaning: Lallwort `Vater, Mutter'

Material: Old Indian attā `mother, older sister', attiḫḥ `older sister', osset. öda, gr. ἄττα `old man, old fellow, father', dial. Akk. ἄτειν, ἄττειν `grandfather', lat. atta m. `father; term of endearment of the children towards the father', got. atta `father' (Demin. Attila, ahd. Ezzilo), afries. aththa ds., ahd. atto `father, forefather, ancestor' (tt by running always besides unpostponed neologism), Old Church Slavic оtьcъ (*attikós) `father'; alb. at `father', joshë `(on the maternal side) grandmother' (*ātḫsi̯āö), hett. at-ta-aš (attaš) `father'.

Note:

Alb. and Slav use prothetic j- for lost old laryngeal ḫ-.

A similar *ā̆to-s in germ. *aÞala, *ōÞela appears the basis from ahd. adal `sex, gender', nhd. Adel, as. athali, ags. æđelu N. PL `noble parentage', aisl. ađal `(the rudimentary basis of an organ or other part, esp. in an embryo) anlage, sex', Adj. ahd. edili, as. ethili, ags. aeđele `noble, aristocratic', lengthened grade ahd. uodal, as. ōthil, ags. ēđel, anord. ōđal `(fatherly) genotype' (compare also ahd. fater-uodal, as. fader-ōđil `property inherited from a father, patrimony');

here got. haimōÞli n. `genotype', compare with the same vocal lengahd. Uota (actually `great-grandmother'), afries. ēdila `great-grandfather'; toch. A ātöl `man'; here also av. āϑwya- `name of the fathers Θraētaona `s `as `from noble parentage'ö

The affiliation from gr. ἀταλός `in a juvenile manner, childish', ἀτάλλω `gathers, waits and is in habit' and `jumps cheerfully like a child', red. ἀτιτάλλω `draws up (Redupl. under influence from τιθήνη `nurse'ö), is denied by Leumann Gl. 15, 154.

One on the most different linguistic areas to itself always newly pedagogic babble-word (e.g. elam. atta, magy. atya `father', törk. ata, bask. aita ds.). Similarly tata.

References: WP. I 44, WH. I 77, 850, Feist 62, 233, Trautmann 16.

Page(s): 71

Root / lemma: ā

English meaning: interjection

German meaning: Ausruf der Empfindung

Note: often new-created

Material: Old Indian ā exclamation of the meditation;

gr. ἆ exclamation of the displeasure, pain, astonishment; ἆ, ἀά exclamation of the surprise and complaint; in addition ἄζειν `groan';

lat. ā, āh exclamation of pain, the displeasure;

lit. à, aà exclamation of the surprise, the reprimand or mockery, ā exclamation of the astonished question (of loud new creations);

got. ō exclamation of the displeasure, the admiration; ahd. ō exclamation of pain; mhd. ō exclamation of pain, the admiration, suspended thus to the vocative.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 1, Loewe KZ. 54, 143.

Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: baba-, (*bal-bal-)

English meaning: barbaric speech

German meaning: Schallwort, Lallwort for unartikuliertes undeutliches Reden

Note: also bal-bal-, bar-bar- with multiple dissimilations, onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indian bababā-karōti from the crackle of the fire; gr. βαβαῖ, παπαῖ `upon my soul, damn it all!' (out of it lat. bаbае, pаpае ds., as babaecalus perhaps `fop, dandy' from *βαβαίκαλος), βαβάζω `chats, talks indistinctly' (different is the sound conceivability from βαβράζω `chirps');

lat. babit (gloss.) `he/ she shall make happy, gladden, bless', babiger (gloss.) `stupid'; ital. babbo `father' (cymr. baban `kid, child' is engl. Lw.);

Maybe alb. baba `father' : bebe `child'

alb. bebë `the newborn kid, child'; engl. baby `kid, child', schwed. mdartl. babbe `kid, child, small boy' (see also unter bā^xmb- `swell'), mhd. bābe, bōbe `missis; old woman, mother' (about buobe `boy' see under bhrātēr `brother'); lit. bóba, Old Church Slavic baba `old woman'; serb.-Church Slavic bъbl'u, bъbati `stammer', serb. bòboćem, bobòtati `clatter with the teeth' etc; lett. bibināt `babble, murmur', Old Prussian bebbint `mock'.

balbal- (babal-, bambal-, from which bamḫb-, balḫb- under likewise):

Old Indian balbalāḫkarōti `stammers'; bulg. blаbо́l `ъ, bъlból `ъ `chats', lit. balbãsyti `babble', serbokr. blàbositi `stammer', russ. bolobólitъ `chat, drivel', čech. beblati `stammer'; lat. babulus `chatterbox, a babbler, fool'; nhd. babbeln, pappeln, engl. babble, norw. bable, schwed. babbla, aisl. babba `chat';

lat. balbus `stammering, babbling', balbūtiō `to stammer, stutter; hence in gen.to speak obscurely', Old Indian balbūtháḫḥ name (actually `stammerer');

Mayne alb. (*balbus) belbëzoj `babble'

čech. blb `gannet, gawk', blblati, bleptati `stammer, stutter'; serb. blebètati, lit. blebénti `babble'; gr. βαμβαλύζω (out of it lat. bambalō), βαμβακύζω `my teeth are chattering', βαμβαίνω `stammers'.

Mit -r-: Old Indian barbaraḫḥ `stammering', Pl. name of non-Aryan people (provided that here r on idg. r and Old Indian l in balbalā goes back to idg. l), gr. βάρβαρος `not Greek, speaking an unintelligible / incomprehensible language' (from which lat. barbarus) `βαρβαρόφωνος `from incomprehensible language' (barely after Weidner Gl. 4, 303 f. from babylon. barbaru `stranger, foreign, alien'), serb. brboljiti, brbljati `babble' (see also under bher- `to drone, buzz, hum'), lat. baburrus `foolish, silly', gr. βαβύρτας ὁ παράμωρος Hes. (about lat. burrae `trifles, nonsense' s. WH. I 124).

Here perhaps also Old Indian bālaḫḥ `young, childish, simple', possibly also slav. relationship from russ. balákatь `twaddle', balamútь `babbler, stunner, head turner'. -Unredupl. presumably also gr. βάζω `talks, patters', βάξις `speech', βάσκειν λέγειν, κακολογεῖν Hes.;

but gr. βάσκανος `invoking, imploring, exorcising; bewitching, casting a spell; spreading malicious gossip, speaking badly of; slanderous; envious, jealous', βασκαίνω `bewitches, envies' has derived as magic word through borrowing from nördl. language, perhaps Thrak. or Illyrian, from to bhā- `speak' belonging to present *bha-skō `speaks, discusses' (φάσκω; this also in Hesychs βάσκωö) (Kretschmer Einl. 248 f.);

lat. fascinum `giving it the evil eye, spell casting, invocation (exorcism (ö)); the male member; initially (at first) as a preventative against being bewitched', fascināre `enchant, bewitch, envy' are borrowed from gr. and are adapted only in f- folk etymology in fārī etc.

After Specht Dekl. 133 here lat. osk. bl-ae-sus `lisping, babbling'; different WH. I 107 f.

Maybe alb. (*phlas) flas `speak' not from lat. fābula `a narration, narrative'.

References: WP. II 105 f., WH. I 90, 94, Trautmann 24 f.

Page(s): 91-92

Root / lemma: badi̯os

English meaning: gold, brown

German meaning:'gelb, braun'

Note: (only lat. and ir.; maybe from one, at most not idg., language of ancient Europeö).

Material: Lat. badius `brown, chestnutcolored, bay'; air. buide `gold, yellow' (compare to Lautl. air. mag `field', Gen. muige; gall. Bodiocasses because of о rather for boduo-, about which under *bhaut- `hit'). Gr. βάδιος, βάδεος derives from lat.

References: WP. II 105, WH. I 92.

Page(s): 92

Root / lemma: baitā or paitāö

English meaning: goatskin

German meaning: `Ziegenfell, out of it gefertigter Rock'

Material: the relation from gr. βαίτη `tent or skirt from (nanny goats) fur' to got. paida f. `body skirt, petticoat', as. pēda `skirt', ags. pād `mantle', ahd. pfeit `shirt, shirtlike vestment, shirtlike piece of apparel' is decided there, that germ. word is borrowed from gr. words;

from dem Germ. again finn. paita and perhaps alb. petkë, petëk `clothes'; gr. βαίτη is probably thrak. Lw. or goes back to alb. forms in illyr. *paitā ö

References: WP. II 104, Feist 381 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.

Page(s): 92-93

Root / lemma: bak-

English meaning: stick, to hit

German meaning: `Stab as Stutze', also `stechen, stoßen, schlagen'ö

Material: Lat. baculum `a staff, walking stick' from *bac-(c)lom, older *bakḫtlom; vestiges of -cc- in Demin. bacillum, for which repeatedly delivers baccillum, compare also imbēcillus `(without support) weak, frail' from -baccillos. Pisani (REtIE. 3, 53) places baculum as *bat-lo-m to battuō, that he considers as osk.-urnbr. Lw. (from *bakt-).

Maybe lat. baca (bacca) -ae f. `a berry, fruit; a pearl', bacalis, bacale `berry-bearing (designation of the female laurel), MFr. (*bacale) Bacoule, n.f. Belette `weasel' : alb. buklë `weasel', bukur, bukurosh `good, pleasing, beautiful, slender (like a weasel)' : rum. bucuros `glad'.

Note: In many lang. the name of weasel and good come from the same root.

Gr. βάκτρον, βακτηρία, βακτήριον `a staff, walking stick', βάκται ἰσχυροί Hes. (Contrast from imbēcillus), probably also βακόν πεσόν Hes.

Gr. βάκλα τύμπανα (i.e. `club') Hes., otherwise `club, shillelagh, stick', is probably borrowed from Lat.

Mengl. pegge, engl. peg `pin, peg', nhd. pegel `pole'; but mnd. pegel `mark in a vessel for liquids (from a ring or small existing plugs)', ags. pægel m. `wine pot', engl. pail `bucket' from mlat. pagella `col, column, yardstick'.

Lit. bàkstelėti `bump, puff', lett. bakstît `poke' (or to onomatopoeic word lit.bàkstö).

Against it air. bacc (nir. bac) `stick, a crook', cymr. bach `corner, hook', bret. bac'h `heel, stick' (from `clutch, crutch of the stick'), are in the Island-Celtic or already in the occurred through Latin back-formations from baculum.

References: WP. II 104 f., WH. I 92.

Page(s): 93

Root / lemma: bal-bal-

See also: see under baba-

Page(s): 93

Root / lemma: bal-, balbal-

English meaning: to shake, dance

German meaning: `wirbeln, sich drehen'

Note:

It seems Root / lemma: bal-, balbal- : `to shake, dance' derived from Root / lemma: baba-, (*bal-bal-): `barbaric speech' through an Old Indic intermediary (see above).

Material: Old Indian balbalīti `whirls', balvá- `crooked'; gr. (in Sicily) βαλλίζω `dances', out of it borrows lat. ballāre `dance'.

Maybe alb. (*bal-) valle `dance' [common alb. b > v shift]

References: WP. II 109, WH. 1, 95, Wackernagel Old Indian-Gr. I 181.

Page(s): 93

Root / lemma: ba^xmb-, bha^xmbh-, pa^xmp-, pha^xmph-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Note: Lautnachahmung, from den aufgeblasenen Backen genommen, psychologisch from bа^хmb-, bha^xmbh- as unmittelbarer imitation eines gehörten dumpfen onomatopoeic words Schalles different.

Material: Old Indian bimbaḫḥ-m `Scheibe, ball, Halbkugel', bimbī f. `momordica monadelpha' (eine Cucurbitacee; bimbaḫm `deren rote fruit'); gr. βέμβιξ `Kreisel, Wasserstrudel; bumblebee', wherefore due to eines schwundstufigen βάβαξ `babbler': βαβάκτης `ὀρχηστής'; with bh (or ph): gr. πέμφιξ, -ῖγος `breath, breeze, storm, drip, blister', πομφός `blister, shield boss';

lit. bámba `navel', bam̃balas `Dickbauch', bum̃bulas `knot am stick, in Garn', bum̃bulas, bur̃bulas `vesicle, blister', bum̃bulỹs `Steckröbe', bũmburas, pum̃puras `bud'; lett. bãmba, bum̃ba `ball, sphere', bemberis `Tannenzapfen'; bimbul'i `Kartoffeln', bumbulis, bur̂bulis `knot, knag', bum̃burs `sphere, ball, Kartoffel';

russ.-alt. bubulja `Regentropfen', nowadays búblikъ (*bąbъl-ikъ) `pretzel, Kringel', klr. búben `small Junge, toddler', skr. bùban `kind of bean', bȕbla `clump', čech. boubel, bublina `vesicle, blister', poln. bąbel `vesicle, blister'.

Unverschobenes *ba^xmb- or verschobenes bha^xmbh- in schwed. mdartl. bamb `paunch', norw. mdartl. bamsa `greedy devour, pampfen', dön. (jöt.) bams `thick person', nhd. Bams `thick porridge, mash', mhd. bemstīn `die einen dicken Bauch hat'.

Verschobenes ba^xmb- or unverschobenes pa^xmp- in schwed. mdartl. pampen `aufgedunsen', dön. mdartl. pampe `sich brösten, brag, boast', norw. mdartl. pempa seg (*pampjan) `sich with Trank föllen', mnd. pampen `sich stuff' (nhd. pampfen), nhd. pampe `thick porridge, mash'.

With Tenuis: lat. pampinus `(*bud, *eye) fresh Trieb of Weinstockes, vine-layer'; lit. pampstù, pampaũ, pam̃pti `swell up', pamplỹs `Dickbauch', pùmpa `knob, handle, button, pommel, Teichrose', pim̃pilas m. `penis', lett. pàmpt, pempt, pumpt `to swell', pampali `Kartoffeln', pimpala `das mönnliche limb, member', pumpe `hump, hunchback, swelling, blister' (die u-forms are as contamination with *pup-aufzufassen);

abg. pupъ `navel', russ. pup `navel', púpyš `bud, bulge', poln. pęp `spigot';

aisl. fīfl `giant; rogue, Einfaltspinsel', fimbul- verstörkendes prefix, ags. fīfel `Seeungetöm, giant' (*pempelo-), aisl. fimbul-, fambi `Erztropf'.

Besides with auslaut germ. Tenuis dön. fomp, norw. mdartl. fump, famp `thick fool'.

With Tenuis asp. arm. p`amp`ušt `bladder'.

References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205.

See also: see also *ba^xb- ds.

Page(s): 94-95

Root / lemma: band- (*gʷheid-)

English meaning: drop

Note: Considering phryg. βεδυ `water' : nasalized illyr. Bindus `water god', Root / lemma: band- (*gʷheid-): `drop' : Root / lemma: oid- (*gʷheid-): `to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- (*aku̯ent-): `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

German meaning: `Tropfen'ö

Material: Old Indian bindú-ḥ `drop' (probably for *bandú-ḥ under influence of índuḫḥ `drop'), related to corn. banne, banna, bret. banne `drop' (from which is borrowed mir. banna, bainne `drop, milk'), really Irish buinne `to gush forth, spring up, flood'; illyr. FIG Bindus (*Bendus), apul. fons Bandusiaeö

Note:

Old Indian bindú-ḥ `drop' : illyr. FIG Bindus prove that illyr.- phryg. were the intermediaries of satem and centum languages.

References: WP. II 110, Petersson Heterokl. 204 f., А. Мауеr Gl. 29, 69 ff.

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bar-bar-

See also: see under ba-ba-

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bata-

English meaning: murmur, babble

German meaning: onomatopoetisch for löppisches Lallen or Erstaunen

Material: Old Indian bata interjection of the astonishment `oh, blow', batá-ḥ `weaklingö'; abret. bat, nbret. bad `numbing, dizziness', bada, badaoui `talk thoughtlessly', bader, badaouer `mouth monkey', acorn. badus `moonstruck', gr. βατταρίζω `stammers', βαττολογέω `chats pointless stuff' (compare Blaß-Debrunner⁷ p. 40 appendices).

References: WP. II 105.

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bau

English meaning: sound of barking

German meaning: Nachahmung of Hundegebells, Schreckwort

Material: Gr. βαὺ βαὺ `dog barking', βαΰζω `barks, blasphemes', Βαυβώ `bugbear, Hecate', lat. baubor, -ārī `to bark gently or moderately'; a little bit differently uses lit. baũbti `bawl, bellow' from ox, baũbis cattle God as `bawler', serb. bau bau `fright word', baùkati `get a fright' etc

Maybe alb. (*baubi) bubi `dog'.

Gr. βαυβάω `sleep' is, like βαυβών `penis', folklike code word.

References: WP. II 104, WH. I 99, W. Oehl IF. 56, 119.

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: ba^xb-, bha^xbh-, pa^xp-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Note: (as ba^xmb-, s.d.)

Material: Old Indian pippala-ḥ `berry, paradise fig tree', pippalaka-ḥ `breast nipple'. pipluḫḥ `pimple, mole, mark on the body ("witch's tits" - any kind of mark on the body that a witch could use to suckle a demon)' (probably eig. `blister, vesicle'); lat. papula `a pimple, vesicle', papilla ds. `nipple, teat, breast'; lit. pãpas `nipple, teat, breast, tit', popà `ulcer', pupuolo `thick bud' (u can be Redukt.-stem to a, or assimilated in following uo, but also the root derived form pup-).

Unchanged or neologism schwed.-norw. mdartl. pappe `women's breast', mengl. pappe, engl. pap `nipple, teat, breast'; besides u- forms see under p(h)ū̆- `inflate, swell'.

Also besides under baba- combined babble and child words, like engl. baby, stand mhd. buoben Pl. `feminine breasts', westflöm. babbe `growth, swelling, lump' (idg. bh or in the onomatopoeic word unpostponed b) which will belong from the image of the inflated cheeks in our circle.

References: WP. II 107.

Page(s): 91

Root / lemma: ba^xmb-

English meaning: a kind of noise

German meaning: Nachahmung for dumpfe, dröhnende Schalleindröcke

Material: Gr βόμβος m. (out of it lat. bombus) `a boom, deep hollow noise', βόμβῡξ, -ῡκος `fleas', βομβύκια `humming insects', βομβύλη `narrow-necked vessel' (as `gurgling'), βομβυλιός or -ύλιος `bumblebee' (and `narrow necked vessel'); about βαμβαίνω `clatters with the teeth; stammer, lisp' see under baba-;

alb. bumbulit `it thunders';

maybe alb. bumballë `Blatta orientalis', also dial. `bumblebee' : lit. bim̃balas, bim̃bilas `gadfly, horsefly'.

germ. with by neologism prevented sound movement aisl. bumba `drum', dön. old bomme, bambe `drum', holl. bommen `to drone' (compareauch nhd. bum bum; a little bit similarly nhd. bammeln, bimmeln `ring, sound');

lit. bambė́ti `hum', in ablaut bim̃pti ds., bim̃balas, bim̃bilas `gadfly, horsefly'; russ.-Church Slavic búbenъ, bubonъ `drum', russ. bubnítь `chat, babble', poln. bęben `drum'.

References: WP. II 107, Trautmann 26, WH. I 111.

Page(s): 93-94

Root / lemma: bdel-

English meaning: to suck

German meaning: `saugen, zullen'ö

Material: Gr. βδάλλω `sucks', βδέλλα `leech'; nhd. zullen `suck in a sucking sac', zulp `piece of cloth used for soaking up liquid', ndl. tullen `drink, booze, sup', nhd. tulken `suck, drink with large gulps, quaff'ö Kretschmer KZ. 31, 423;

very uncertain because of more similar germ. words like norw. tūna `drink a lot' under likewise (see Falk-Torp under tylde). If the connection applies, was idg. initial sound bd-, or it is gr. β - perhaps in child languageö - from πι-= ἐπὶ shortened prefix (be- `suck'ö).

References: WP. II 119.

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bed-

English meaning: to swellö

German meaning: `schwellen'ö

Material: Old Indian badvaḫm `troop, heap; a certain high number'; Old Church Slavic (etc) bedro `thigh'; arm. port (*bodro-) `navel, belly, center'.

Maybe here schwed. mdartl. patte `woman's breast, nipple', isl. patti `small child', engl. pat `small lump (from butter)'; the forms standing besides with germ. b-, ölterdön. arsbatte `buttock',

schwed. mdartl. batt `of small heaps' then showed the same auslaut fluctuation as b(h)eu-, b(h)ū̆- `inflate, swell', wherewith root b(h)ed- (:b(h)u-d-, -t-) had the origin from the image of the inflated cheeks together.

Lat. bassus `stout, fertile, fat', roman `low, menial', stays away.

References: WP. II 109, WH. I 98, 477, 851, Kretschmer Gl. 22, 258 f.

Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: bel-1

English meaning: to cut off

German meaning: `ausschneiden, graben, höhlen'öö

Material: Perhaps arm. pelem `excavates, digs', at most also mir. belach `cleft, gap, pass, way' and kelt. *bolko-, -ā in cymr. bwlch m. `fissure', bret. boulc'h ds., mir. bolg f. (das g after tolg ds.)ö

References: WP. II 110; about not existierendes Old Indian bāra `Öffnung' s. Wackernagel under Debrunner KZ. 67, 171 f.

Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: bel-2

English meaning: strong

German meaning: `stark'

Material: Old Indian bálaḫm n. `force, strength, power', bálīyān `stronger', báliṣṭhaḫḥ `the strongest'; gr. βελτίων, βέλτερος `better', βέλτιστος, βέλτατος `best' (this -τ- by reorganization from *βελί̄ων, *βέλιστος after φέρτερος etc);

lat. dēbilis `feeble, weak'; Old Church Slavic boljьjь `greater', bolje Adv. `more, rather, to a greater extent, plus' and `very, more'. Uncertain ndl.-ndd.-fries. pal `motionless, steadfast'.

With lengthened grade Old Indian bālá-ḥ `young, childish', m. `boy, kid, child', f. `girl'.

Maybe in i- grade alb. (*bālá) bila `girl', bir `son, boy' : Old Indian bālá-ḥ, where l/ r are allophones.

References: WP. II 110 f., WH. I 326 f.

Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: bend-, bn̥d-no-

Meaning: spike, needle, etc.

German meaning: `vorspringende Spitze'

Note: perhaps in following kelt. and germ. words:

Material: Mir. benn `horn, summit' (*bn̥d-no- or *bend-no-ö), bennach `pointed', cymr. bann m. `hill, summit, horn (*bn̥d-no-)', mbret. ban `eminence, overhang, haughtiness, pride', gall.*ande-banno- > frz. auvent `(*protection roof) canopy, shield, shelter' (eig. `big horn'), Jud Rom. 49, 389 f., gall. dial. lacus Bēnācus, if for Bennācus, `the horned' (Sirmione), from *benno- (idg. *bend-no- or*bn̥d-no-);

west-flöm. pint `cusp, point', mnd. pint `penis', mhd. (mnd.) pinz `awl', ags. pintel `penis' (engl. pintle also still `peg'), norw. pintol `penis', wherefore probably with ablaut nhd.-bair. pfouzer, pfunzer `sharpened cudgel, club';

with kelt. forms to suitable n-suffix (*penn- from *bend-n-) and. pin `wooden pin, peg, small stake', mnd. pin, pinne `pin, point, nail, peg', mhd. pfinne f. `nail', ags. pinn `peg, staff, stick', spötaisl. pinni m. ds., ablaut. *pann- in ostfries. penne = pinne, ndd. pennen `latch a door (with a bolt)', ags. on-pennian `open (*the pen)', engl. pen `enclose so as to prevent from escaping; shut in, confine (shut in a pen)', ags. penn m. `pen, fold'.

Maybe alb. pendë `pair of oxen tied together' [common alb. n > nd shift] homonym to alb. pendë `feather' : lat. penna `feather'.

References: Johansson KZ. 36, 347 f. (also against borrowing of Pinne from lat. pinna, in which Kluge¹¹ sticks).

WP. II 109 f.

Page(s): 96-97

Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, bh(e)u-

English meaning: expr. sound of hitting

German meaning: schallnachahmend for dumpfe Schalleindröcke, e.g. Uhuruf, dumpfer Schlag among others

Material: Npers. būm `owl'; arm. bu, buēč `owl' (without consonant shift in onomatopoeic word), gr. βύᾱς m., βῦζα f. `eagle owl', βύζειν `cry like an'eagle owl', lat. būbō `eagle owl', bulg. buh `eagle owl', russ. búchatь `shout vaguely and persistently long';

Maybe alb. (*buph) buf `owl' : rum. bufniţă; buhă `owl'

lit. baublỹs `great bittern', baũbti `roar, bellow', bubenù `drones vaguely'; lat. būtio `great bittern', būteo `a falcon's kind'; gr. βοή `call, cry, shout', βοάω `shouts, cries' (out of it lat. boāre `shout, cry'), βωστρέω `call, cry for help' (*βοFαστρέω), seem to be shaped from such bū̆- as rhyme words to γοή, γοάω (see root gō̆u-).

With ending in a guttural sound: Old Indian búk-kāra-ḥ `roar of the lion', bukkati `barks' (av. bučahin- `he who is prone to howling and snarling / hissing', buxti- `howl, hissing'ö), gr. βύκτης `howling'.

Maybe hung. bagoly `owl (*horned birdö)'

Perhaps mir. bōchna `sea' (`*roaring breaker'; basic form *boukaniā); lit. bùkčius `stammerers', lett. bũkšk̨êt `resound vaguely'; slav. buk- (from zero grade of *bouk-) in russ.-Church Slavic bučati `drone, roar', serb. bûčēm, búkati `roar', búčīm, búčati `roar (from the sea)';

Maybe alb. (*bučati) buças `roar (from the sea)'

*būk- in russ. etc byk `bull (*roar of the bull)'; about angebl. *bŭk- in Old Church Slavic bъčela, bьčela `bee' (compare russ. byčátь `hum, from bees') see under bhei- and WH. I 555; nasalized poln. bąkać `talk in a low voice, murmur', bąk `great bittern', old `cry like a great bittern (bird that booms/ roars like an ox during mating'; in the application to vague blow push russ. búkatь, búchatь (*bouk-s-) `bump, hit that resounds', buch `fall!', serb. búhnuti `break out', bušiti `hit, throw, fall, fall with noise', lit. bukùoti, lett. baũkš `description of sound produced by a strong blow', presumably also buka `punch' (also lit. bukùs `dull' here as `become dull through hitting'ö); mhd. buc `blow, push' (without sound movement by continual running beside neologism), puchen, buchen, nhd. pochen, ndl. beuken `hit, bump', schwed. boka, bauka, buka ds. (however, also `dig, spade, thrash about', as aisl. bauka; this versch. wordö see also WH. I under faux), engl. to poke `bump, sting', norw. pok, pauk `crude cudgel, club', perhaps mir. būalaim `hit' (*bougl ..., or to bhāu-d- `hit').

Maybe from the extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: bheg-, bheng- : `to break' in: alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : phryg. βεκός `bread', actually `crumb'.

References: WP. II 112 f., WH. I 111, 119, 124, 470.

Page(s): 97-98

Root / lemma: b(e)u-2, bh(e)ū̆-

English meaning: to swell, puff

German meaning: `aufblasen, schwellen'

Note: Explosive sound of the inflated cheek, like pu-, phu see d .; running beside primeval creation crosses the sound-lawful development, so that e.g. germ. forms with pu- from idg. bu-, but from unpostponed idg. or new pu- are explainable. From the concept of the inflated cheek the meaning `swell, plump bloated (then convex) of the most different kind', also `make bulge, stuff, darn' and `blow, cough under likewise'. Originally differently the onomatopoetic words b(e)u-1 for vague onomatopoetic sounds and bu- `lip, kiss'.

Material: Gr. βῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου ἐλέγετο καὶ Σώφρων βύβα, ἀντὶ τοῦ μεστὰ καὶ πλήρη καὶ μεγάλα ΕΜ; presumably here also βουνός `hill' (dialect), βουνιάς `a turnip kind', βουvίζω `piles up', βούνιον `any plant of the Umbelliferae family'; redupl. βουβών `the groin, glands near the genitals, part. in morbidly swollen state'; nisl. pūa `blow, breathe'.

Reduplicates as βύβα, βουβών also lit. bubsù, bubsė́ti `throw up bubbles' (from water or fermenting dough), mnd. bubbeln `throw up bubbles, surge', schwed. bobba `bombast, grandiloquence, fin, insect', bubba `louse' and `Trollius europaeus' under likewise (with idg. bh or with consonant shift prevented by new creation of b), anord. bȳfa (*bhūbhiōn-) `big, lumpy foot', norw.dial. būve, būva `thicker, uncouth, clumsy person, scarecrow, also a word for male member'.

With certain bh-: Old Indian bhū́-ri-ḥ `rich, a lot, immense', compounds bhū́yas-, bhávīyas-, Superl. bhū́yišṭha-ḥ, av. būiri- `plentiful, full, complete', compounds-Adv. baiyō `(more, timewise =) longer, on longer than', Superl. bōištǝm `most, greatest number of things, very much, most possible'; arm. bavel, bovel `suffice'; lit. būrỹs `heap (houses), amount (sheep, birds, also rain)', lett. bũra `heap (people)';

without r-suffix: Old Church Slavic bujь (*bhou̯i̯o-) `wild, cruel, brainless', russ. bújnyj `growing vehemently, wildly, excessively'; from here ndd. bö, böje, ndl. bui `gust, gust of wind, shower'ö;

maybe alb. bujë `fuss'

gr. φόα ἐξανθήματα ἐν τῷ σώματι Hes.; with lengthened grade *bhōu- gr.-ion. φωΐδες, att. φῷδες `blisters'; gr. φαῖσιγξ, φαῦστιγξ `blister, bubble' (with Abl. ǝu besides ōu).

Also the root bheu- `become, originate' is probably developed from `swell', compare the meaning of Old Indian prábhūta-ḥ `rich, numerous' (: bhávati) with that of bhū́ri-ḥ.

extensions with l are perhaps: Old Indian buri-ḥ, buli-ḥ (unbel.) `buttock, vulva' = lit. bulìs (also bùlė, bulė̃) `buttocks', gr. βυλλά βεβυσμένα Hes., mnd. poll `head, point, treetop' (*bulno-), mnd. pull, poll `(bloated) shell, pod', engl. pulse `legume'; changing through ablaut mnd. puyl `bag', puyla `swelling, lump, growth'; with bh-: got. ufbauljan, only in participle ufbaulidai `(*inflated), conceited, haughty', ahd. paula f. `a pimple, bubble', ags. bȳle, ahd. pūlla, mhd. biule `swelling, blister', anord. beyla `hump, outgrowth', aschwed. bolin, bulin `swollen'; air. bolach `swelling, blister' (*bhulāk-, at most bhol- to bhel- `to swell'); arm. boil, Gen. Pl. bulic̣ `crowd, amount, herd', serb. búljiti `open the eyes wide in a stare, to goggle'.

Dental extensions: gr. βύτανα κόνδυλοι, ὁι δε βρύτανα Hes. (but βυτίνη λάγυνος ἤ ἀμίς. Tαραντινοῖ Hes., origin germ.-rom. kinship of nhd. Bötte, lat. buttis `barrel, cask, keg, cask', corresponds gr. πῡτίνη `demijohn, wickerbottle, carboy', see pū̆- `inflate, bloat'); here probably poln. buta `pride', bucić się `brag, boast'.

Old Indian budbuda-ḥ `blister, bubble', gr. βυζόν πυκνόν, συνετόν, γαῦρον δε καὶ μέγα Hes. (*budi̯o-, perhaps `distended, bloats'ö Yet see under βύζην S. 101); norw. pūte `pillow, cushion', pūta `bulky woman', schwed. puta `be inflated', puta `pillow, cushion' (dial. `female pudenda'; with the same application perhaps gr. βύττος γυναικὸς αἰδοῖον Hes.), engl. to pout `push the lips forward, usu. as an expression of displeasure, sullenness, or flirtatiousness; show displeasure, sulk' (`*to swell'), pout `a young domestic fowl, a chicken, a young turkey, pheasant, pigeon, guinea-fowl', ags. æle-pūte ds. (capitō, actually `big-head'), ndl. puit `frog';

with germ. -d- (-Þ-): ndd. puddig `swollen', ags. puduc `swelling, lump, growth, wart', mengl. ndd. podde `toad' with not yet cleared meaning development ags. pudd `water ditch', mengl. podel,engl. puddle, nhd. mdartl. Pfudel `a small pool of muddy water, esp. one formed on a road or path after rain', as also (with germ. t) norw. mdartl. pøyta, westf. pōt (*pauta) `slop, puddle, pool'; as a convex curvature in addition perhaps ags.pott, afries. mnd. pot `pot, pan' (different Kluge¹¹ under Pott);

compare arm. poytn, Gen. putan `pot, soup pot, jug' from *beud-n- or *boud-n-.

With germ. b-: ahd. būtil, mhd. biutel `sac, bag, pocket'; isl. budda `sac, bag, purse', ags. budda `dung beetle', mengl. budde `bud' and `beetle, chafer', budden `redound' (`*to swell'), engl. bud `bud', to bud `redound', mnd. buddich `thickly inflated', nndd. budde `louse, cock chafer grub; fright picture'; mnd. buddelen, bod(d)elen `throw bubbles, foam', norw. mdartl. boda `roar, bubble, from the water'; anord. bođi `breaker, surge, breakers, surf'; mhd. butte, nhd. Hagebutte;

besides with germ. -tt-: mnd. botte, ndl. bot `bud', mhd. butze `lump, mucus; goblin, fright figure', nhd. Butze(n), Butz `fright figure; lumps, mucus, crowd; cores', etc, ndd. butt `clumsy, dull, coarse', mhd. butzen `to swell';

besides with -t- after long vowel or diphthong mhd. buzen `swell, jut out, bulge (from the belly, the eyes)', ahd. bōzo `a bundle of flax', mhd. bōze `ds.; ridiculous person, knave, boy';

perhaps lit. budėlė̃ `a kind of mushroom', slav. *bъdъla in čech. bedla `a saprophytic fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrella-like cap with gills on the underside', bedly Pl. `oral fungi, funguettes in oral or nasal cavity'; from Arm. here besides poytn (see above) also ptuɫ, Gen. ptɫoy `fruit' and ptuk, Gen. ptkan `green branch, young shoot' and `breast, nipple, teat'.

Air. buiden `troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. byddin, abret. bodin ds. has root-like u and belongs likewise here.

Labial extension: ags. pyffan `blow out, puff out', engl. puff `puff, blow, be inflated', norw. puffa, ndd. puffen.

guttural extensions:

Lat. bucca `the cheek, esp. when puffed out. Transf., a declaimer, bawler; a parasite; a mouthful'; mhd. pfūchen, nhd. (p)fauchen (can contain unpostponed idg. p, compare lit. pũkšti `pant, gasp, wheeze'); schwed. puk `swelling, lump, growth, tubers', anord. poki m. `sac, bag, sack, bag', engl. poke ds., nhd. dial. Pfoch `sac, bag', ags. pohha, pocca `sack, bag, sac, bag', engl. pocket `pocket', mndd. nndd. pogge, pugge `frog, toad; swelling, lump, growth in the abdomen with cows and mares', ags. pocc `blister', nhd. (actually ndd.) Pocke, dial. Pfoche `blister'; anord. pūki m. `devil', ags. pūca, pūcel, engl. puck `fairy demon, ghost' (from Germ. derived ir. pūca `ghost', perhaps also lett. pūk'is `dragon'); zero grade ndd. pōk `subnormal person in growth', norw. mdartl. pauk `small, weak person, knave, boy' (about got. puggs `sac, bag, purse', anord. pungr, ags. pung ds. and scaz-(p)fung `purse' s. though Feist 385).

With germ. b: mengl. nengl. big (*bugja-) `thick, big, large, conceited'; norw. mdartl. bugge `mighty man', mengl. bugge (engl. bug) `a lump of (semi-)dried nasal mucus, booger; chafer, bedbug; bugbear, spectre, bogeyman', nhd. mdartl. bogg(e) `booger, the core in fruit or the carpels of an apple or a pear, bugbear, spectre, bogeyman'.

Here presumably germ. *buh- (idg. *bhuk-) in ahd. buhil `foreland, hill', aisl. bōla f. `swelling, blister, shield boss' (*buhlōn-) and *bū̆k- (idg. *bhū̆g-) in schweiz. Böcki `keg', engl. buck `bucket, pale' and aisl. būkr `belly, body'; ags. būc `belly, crock, pitcher', ahd. būh, nhd. Bauch, in addition lett. bugarains `tubercular', buga `hornless cow', budzis `swelling, blister, unripe Fruit'; but lit. baũžas `hornless', bužỹš `scarecrow, bogie, spectre', būžỹs `bedbug, louse', búože `club, mace, joint, pinhead' (úo probably from ōu, compare above S. 99 φωΐδες) can contain balt. ž as single-linguistic forms and are based on the unextended root.

s-extension:

Gr. βῡνέω > (*βῡνέσω, to υ: s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 692), βύω (*βυσω), βεβυσμένος, βυστός `to cram, fill, chock, stuff, ram up', βύστρα, βύσμα `bung, clot, thrombus', βύζην (βυσ-δην) `crushed, thrusted, thronged, full'; alb. mbush `fill'; mir. būas `sac, bag, pocket, belly' (*bhousto-, compare aisl. beysti `ham'),

Note:

alb. mbush `fill' [common alb. shift b > mb]

anord. pūss `pocket, sac, bag', isl. pose, ags. pusa, posa, ahd. pfoso `sac, bag'; with the more originary meaning `blow, inflate, bloat, to swell', aschwed. pȳsa `pant, sniff, snort', mhd. pfūsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze', sich pfūsen `self inflating, inflated', nhd. mdartl. pfausen, ags. pos `catarrh, waterfall', engl. pose `a cold in the head, catarrh', mndd. pūsten `pant, sniff, snort', pūster `bellows', nhd. pusten (actually ndd.) mdartl. pfausten, anord. pūstr `slap in the face, box on the ear' (as frz. soufflet to souffler); norw. pūs `swelling, lump, growth', peysa, pūsna `to bloat, bulge, swell', schweiz. pfūsig `swollen', nhd. Pfausback, with ndd. anlaut Pausback (besides Bausback with germ. b-, see under); norw. mdartl. pusling `toddler, fairy demon, ghost, goblin', schweiz. Pfosi `toddler, clumsy, stupid person' (`short and thick'); norw. pūs, pøysa `mud puddle', anord. pyss ds. (in place names).

Mit germ. b (= idg. bh, partly perhaps unpostponed or the new b): ags. bōsom (germ.*būs-mo(n)-), ahd. buosam, mhd. buosem, buosen, nhd. Busen, mhd. būs `vanity, arrogance, pomposity, flatulence, bloatedness, inflatedness, bumptiousness, conceitedness, vaingloriousness, swelling fullness', būsen `indulge oneself', nhd. bausen `to booze, bouse, quaff, tipple, carouse, swell', Baus `abundance, tumor, inflation', Bausback, Bausch `swelling, turgescent, bulgy cushion, stuffed breast', mhd. būsch `bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, wad, plumper', anord. busilkinna `woman (with chubby cheeks), a chubby-cheeked woman', norw. baus `proud, rollicking, wanton, violent, quick-tempered', ahd. bōsi `stonyhearted, bad', nhd. böse, mengl. bōsten, nengl. to boast `brag, boast' (`*blow up'), nhd. beysinn `thick, wide and large (from clothes)', būstinn ds., aisl. beysti `ham', nhd. mdartl. Baust `bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb', bauste(r)n `to swell', ahd. biost, nhd. Biest-milch (actually `fat milk'), ags. bēost, bȳsting, engl. beastngs, biestings ds., norw. mdartl. budda (*buzdōn-) ds. (insecure is, whether schwed. mdartl. buska `fresh, fermenting beer' and associated with it as *beuza- is to be added ahd. bior, ags. bēor `beer' as `frothing at the mouth, foaming, bubble-throwing, blistering'; about other interpretations of beer see Kluge¹¹ and Weigand-Hirt).

Russ. búchnutь `to bloat, bulge, swell, gush, well up', sloven, bûhnem, búhniti `to bloat, bulge, swell, sich inflate, bloat', búhor `vesicle, blister', kasch. bucha `pride, hauteur' (*bauṣā).

There is used probably the following group which meaning `blasting forth, sallying forth' from `swell' can be developed: aisl. bysia `stream out with big power'; norw. mdartl. bøysa `storm forth'; schwed. busa `dismay, hurtle out'; ostfries. būsen `be violent, roar, make a noise, attack' (and `live the high life, high on the hog / or high off the hog, have a luxurious lifestyle', compare above mhd. būsen `indulge oneself'), būsterig `stormy', Old Church Slavic bystrъ `board up; strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash', russ. býstryj `fast, sharp sighted, rapid from the current' (*bhūs-ro-).

References: WP. II 114 f., Trautmann 28, 39.

Page(s): 98-102

Root / lemma: bē, bā

English meaning: sheep's bleating

German meaning: Nachahmung of Schaflautes

Material: Gr. βῆ, lat. bēbō, -āre `bleat, shout, from a young deer', bālāre and vlat. bēlāre `bleat', nhd. böh, slav. (e.g. klr.) békati `bleat', lett. bę̃, bęku, biku Interj. `bleating, grousing, blatant', aisl. bekri `Aries, ram', schweiz. böckeln `(*from the alpine chamois)'; similarly air. béiccithir `bellow, roar', cymr. beichio `bellow', perhaps also Old Indian bēkurā `voice, sound, tone', all single-linguistic neologisms. Similarly air. béiccithir `roars', cymr. beichio `mugire', perhaps Old Indian bēkurā `voice, tone', all single-linguistic new formations.

References: WP. II 121, WH. I 95, 99.

Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: bhabhā

English meaning: bean

German meaning: and anklingende words for `Bohne', under zw. `broad bean'

Note: compare to Sachlichen Hoops Waldb. 350, 400 f., 464 f., Hehn Kltpfl.⁸ 221, 570, Schrader RL.² 159 f.

Material: Lat. faba (fal. haba) `the broad bean' (in addition the PN Fabius, Fabidius etc and the island Fabāria),

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift

russ. etc bobъ, Old Prussian babo ds. Probably reduplicated babble-word and as `inflated, bulged pod, tumescence' related to gr. φακός m. `lentil': alb. bathë f. `broad bean' (*bhak̂ā).

Note: common alb. shift -kh > -th also -gh > -dh

Also aisl. baun, ags. bēan, ahd. bōna `bean' (Baunonia Frisian island by Plinius) have originated probably through dissimilation from *baÞnā to *ƀaunā.

Note: The assumption of a duplicated Root / lemma: bhabhā (bha-bhā) seems to be wrong. Common lat. kʷ > p phonetic mutation corresponds to common gr. gʷ > b phonetic mutation : gr. φοῖβος `clean, gleaming', φοιβάω, φοιβάζω `clean', ἀφοίβαντος `smudges' (*bhoigʷ-o-), ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*bhigʷ-) `impure, unclean'. That means gr. φακός m. `lentil' and alb. bathë f. `broad bean' derived from an intermediary root (*bhak̂ʷā) and that one from Root / lemma: bheigʷ- : `to shine'.

Obviously Germanic forms *baÞnā derived from illyr. *bathna (alb. bathë f. `broad bean'); common alb. nasalization t > nt > n.

References: WP. II 131, WH. I 436.

Page(s): 106

Root / lemma: bhag-1

English meaning: to divide

German meaning: `zuteilen; as Anteil bestimmen or (originally medialö) as Anteil, as Portion erhalten'

Material: Old Indian bhajati `allocates, apportions, divides' = av. bag- (bažat̃) `be determined as an interest', Old Indian bhagaḫḥ `property, luck', av. baga-, baγa- n. `favorable interest, attractive lot'; Old Indian bhaga-ḥ `allocator, master, mister, epithet of Savitar and another Āditya' = av. baγa- `master, mister, god', npers. baɣ `god' : Old Church Slavic bogъ `god' (formal also =gr. -φάγος);.

Maybe suffixed alb. (*baɣ-) bagëti `sheep (animal god)'

ur-ind. (Mitanni) PN Bagarriti (= *bhaga-rīti- `blessing stream'), GN Bagbartu (= *bhaga-bhr̥t- `blessing donator'), kleinas. VN Βαγαδά(F)ονες (= *bhaga-dā-u̯on- `making a donation'), Kretschmer KZ. 55, 95, Gl. 18, 232;

Old Indian bhaktá-m `repast, meal' = av. baxta- participle `as alloted lot'. n. `assigned lot, fate determination, esp. bad luck'; Old Indian bhakšati `enjoys, consumes' = av. baxšaiti `has or gives lot', Desid. Old Indian bhikšate `requests';

phryg. Βαγαῖος Ζεὺς Φρύγιος Hes. (perhaps of Iranian origin); or from to gr. φηγός `oak'ö S. under bhāgó-s;

gr. φαγεῖν `eat', στο-φάγος `eating grain', etc; because of gr. φαγόνες σιαγόνες, γνάθοι Hes. perhaps here (Much Zfdt Wtf. 2, 283) as. (kinni-) bako, nhd. Backe;

slav. *bogъ `lot' in Old Church Slavic ubоgъ, nеbоgъ `poor', bogatъ `rich', Old Church Slavic bogъ `god' (proto extension or iran. Lw.); GN Daždi-bоgъ `bestowing wealth';

toch. A pāk, В pāke `deal, portion', A pāc̨iṃ `treasure, tribute'.

References: WP. II 127 f., W. Schulze KZ. 60, 138 = Kl. Schr. 469.

Page(s): 107

Root / lemma: bhag-2

English meaning: sharp

German meaning: `scharf, also vom Geschmack'öö

Material: Kret. φάγρος `whetstone', ἀκόνη, φοξός `pointy heads, pointedheads, pointheads' (from *φαξός after λοξός `crooked *(with a pointed angle'ö) would compare from Lidén Arm.-stem 57 ff. with arm. bark (could be = φάγρος) `bitter, sharp from taste; violent, angry' compared, yet bark could belong also to idg. *bhorgʷo-s .

References: WP. II 128.

Page(s): 107

Root / lemma: bhardhā

English meaning: beard

German meaning: `Bart'

Note:

Root / lemma: bhardhā : `beard' derived from the fussion of suffixed Root / lemma: gʷer-1, gʷerǝ- : `to devour; throat' + zero grade gʷ(h)i- `snake, worm, fish' Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : snake, worm, *fish'.

Material:

Maybe alb. geg. (*gʷer- gʷha) verza `(*throat), gill of fish' Latvian bārda `gill of fish' : Latvian: bā̀rda `beard' [f ā]; bārzda (dial.) `beard' [f ā] : Greek βράγχια, βαράγχια `gill of fish' = Root / lemma: gʷer-1, gʷerǝ- : `to devour; throat' + zero grade of Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- (*egʷhi-, ogʷhi- and eĝhi-): `snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)'

Lat. barba `beard' (assimil. from *far-ba);

ahd. bart, ags. beard `beard' m., therefrom ahd. barta, as. barda, aisl. barđa `hatchet, beards', because the iron stands like a beard in the handle; from the Germ. Old Church Slavic brady `axe, hatchet';

Old Church Slavic brada `beard', russ. borodá ds., also `chin', skr. bráda, Akk. brâdu `beard' etc;

Old Prussian bordus `beard' (unclear after Trautmann 27);

lett. bā̀rda and (see to zd under) bārzda, lit. barzdà, Akk. bar̃zdą `beard';

lat. barbātus, Old Church Slavic bradatъ, lit. barzdótas `having a beard, bearded'.

Maybe rum. bărbat `man, jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded manö)' : alb. burrë `man, jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded manö)'

lit. and partly lett. -zd- is probably through the analogy the balt. correlation (*barzdā) caused from Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozdá `furrow'.

maybe alb. brazda `furrow'

just as slav. *bъrъ `millet, sorghum' (see under bhar- `bristle ear') will be based also idg. *bharḫdhā `beard' on *bhar- `bristle, stand up', next to which extension *bhares- ds.

References: WP. II 135, WH. I 96, Specht Dekl. 87.

Page(s): 110

Root / lemma: bharekʷ- or bh_erekʷ-

English meaning: to stuff

German meaning: `vollstopfen, zusammendröngen'

Material: Gr. φράσσω, φράττω (*φρακι̯ω from *bhr̥kʷ-) `encloses, crams into, crowds together', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;

φρακτός `locked in', with secondary γ: Aor. ἐφράγην (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 760), φραγμός etc, epid. φάρχμα from *φάρκσμα, δρύ-φ[ρ]ακτος `wooden shack, shed', in addition φύρκος τεῖχος Hes.;

lat. farciō, -īrе `to fill full, stuff full, cram', fartus `stuff, fill up, gorge oneself, cram into', perhaps frequ-ēns, -tis `crowded, numerous, full; of places, full, frequented, populous; of time, repeated, frequent, constant; of persons, often doing a thing; of things, often done or used';

Note: common lat. ph > f shift

mir. barc f. `onrush (esp. the waves, billows)'; whereas derives mir. barc f. `fortress' probably from gallo-rom. *bar(i)ca `framehouse, a wooden house' (compare Bollelli L'It. dial. 17, 147 f.);

toch. A prākör, В prākre `firmly fixed in place; not easily moved; physically stable' (Van Windekens Lexique 100).

References: WP. II 134 f., WH. I 456 f., Loth RC. 38, 303 f. Zweifel by EM 332.

Page(s): 110-111

Root / lemma: bhares- : bhores-

English meaning: point, stubble (with formants)

German meaning: `Emporstehendes, Spitze, Borste'

Note: Mit s-extension

Material: bhars-

Lat. fastigium (*bharsti-) `the gable end, pediment of a roof; hence a slope, either up or down; of measurements looking up, height; looking down, depth; abstract, high rank, dignity; principal point in a subject', here perhaps fastus, -ūs m. `pride, haughtiness, arrogance' (tu-stem), in addition fastīdium `loathing, squeamishness, disgust, dislike; hence scorn, haughtiness, disdain' (from *fasti-tīdium, to taedium); s. also Pisani Rc. R. Ist. Lomb. 76, 2, 17 f.;

air. barr `top, point, summit, foliage', cymr. corn. bar, bret. barr ds., abrit. PN Cuno-barros `fierce, furious like a battle dog', gall. *barros `bush, treetop' (M.-L. 964).

bhors-

Mir. borr `stout, proud, swollen', mcymr. bwrr ds., corn. bor `fat';

ahd. parrēn `stand up stiffly', parrunga `pride', aisl. barr- `needle, conifer', ags. bærs, bears, mhd. bars, nhd. Barsch, ahd. bersich `barse, perch'; ablaut. schwed. agh-borre (*borzan, idg. *bhr̥s-) ds.;

ndd. (out of it nhd.) barsch (*bhors-ko-) `coarse, stern, rough'; mengl. burre, borre `burdock, roughness in the throat', engl. bur(r) ds., dön.-schwed. borre `burdock', schwed. sjö-borre `hedgehog', norw. dial. borren, byrren `stout, proud'.

Maybe alb. geg. burrë `man, valiant man, proud man', burrni `pride, bravery' mburr `be proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb phonetic mutation].

Note:

Maybe alb. geg. burrë `man, valiant man, proud man', burrni `pride, bravery' mburr `be proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb phonetic mutation] proves that Root / lemma: bhares- : bhores- : `point, stubble' derived from an extended Root / lemma: bher-1 : `to bear, carry' (see below).

bhr̥sti-, bh_orsti-

Old Indian bhr̥ṣṭíḫḥ f. `prong, spike, cusp, peak, edge, point' = germ. *bursti- in aisl. burst f. `bristle, ridge of the roof', ags. byrst f. `bristle', ahd. burst, borst m. n., bursta f. `bristle', mhd. burste `bristle brush' (from dem Pl. from burst `bristle mass'); slav. *bъrsti̯o- in russ. borščь `acanthus', boršč `red turnip soup', etc

With formants -dho-, -dhā-:

bhrezdh-

Ags. breord, breard m. `edge, bank, border, shore, surface, plain, area' (*brerdaz), besides briord (*brerdia), aschwed. brædder ds., nschwed. brödd, etc

Maybe alb. (*bhrez) brez `hillside, (*border) strap, belt' the same in rum. ööö similar to russ. brozdé `bridle, rein'.

bhrozdh-

Alb. breth, bredhi `fir'; air. brot `sting, prick', acorn. bros, bret. broud ds., compare mir. brostaim `spur on, drive on, goad, incite, arouse' from *bhrosḫt- (Loth RC. 42, 70), mistakenly O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 169 f.; ahd. brart `edge, border, stem, stem bar, stem post', schwed. dial. bradd.

bhr_ezdh-, bhr_ozdh-

Mir. brataim `loots, robs' (in addition bratán `salmon') = cymr. brathu `sting, bite, drill through'; *bhr_ozdh- or *bhr̥zdh- to germ. *bruzd- in ahd. brort `edge, border', ags. brord m. `cusp, peak, germ, sprout, leaf', wsöchs. brerd (*brozdi-),

ags. bryrdan `sting, goad, stir, tease, irritate', aisl. broddr `cusp, peak, grain germ, cutting edge', ahd. gibrortōn `to hem, gird, border'; = baltoslav. *bruzdā- in Old Church Slavic brъzda, russ. brozdé `bridle, rein',

lit. bruzdùklis, old `bridle, rein', currently`peg, plug, toggle'. Whereas is lit. brìzgilas, Old Prussian bisgelan `bridle, rein' probably borrows from proto germ. ƀriʒđila- (ags. brigdels `bridle, rein', bregdan `flax, wattle, braid'). Different Specht Dekl. 142.

References: WP. II 131 ff., WH. I 461 f., 546.

Page(s): 109-110

Root / lemma: bhares-

English meaning: barley

German meaning: `Gerste'

Material: Lat. far (eig. farr), farris n. `spelt, grain, meal' from *far(o)s, *far(e)zes (respectively *fars, *farsḫes) = osk. far, umbr. far; lat. farīna `meal, flour' (from *farrīna), farreus = umbr. farsio, fasiu `made of spelt or wheat, meal';

Note: common alb. ph- > f- shift

maybe alb. farë `seed, barley seed'

got. bariz-eins (= lat. farīna) `from barley', aisl. barr m. `corn, grain, barley', ags. bere `barley' (*bar(a)z-, respectively *bar(i)z-); but slav. *barsina- in Old Church Slavic brašьno `nourishment, food', skr. brȁšno `meal, flour', russ. bórošno `rye flour', after Jokl Miletič-Festschr. (1933) 119 ff. rather to bher-1 `bear, carry'.

Maybe alb. bar `grass, pasture, fodder' : aisl. barr m. `corn, grain, barley'.

References: WP. I 134, WH. I 455 f., 864.

See also: compare also bhares- S. 109.

Page(s): 111

Root / lemma: bharu-, -u̯o-

English meaning: fir-tree, tree, forest

German meaning: `Nadelbaum, Baum, Wald'

Material: Aisl. bǫrr m. `tree', ags. bearu, Gen. bearwes m. `wood, forest, shrubbery, bush', ahd. bara-wāri `forest ranger...a keeper of a park, forest, or area of countryside, priest'; slav. *borъ in russ.-Church Slavic borъ, Pl. borove `fir, spruce, spruce forest', skr. bȍr, Gen. bȍra `pine tree', čech. bor m. `pinewood'.

References: WP. II 164, Trautmann 26 f., Hoops Waldböume 362.

Page(s): 109

Root / lemma: bhar- : bhor- : bhr̥-

English meaning: bristle, stubble, sharp point

German meaning: `Hervorstehendes, Borste, Spitze, Borstenöhre, Grannenkorn'

Material: Mit vokal. formant:

got. baíra-bagms `mulberry tree', engl. black bear-berry `uva ursi', norw. bjørneber `rubus caesius' are reinterpreted after the bear's name *bara- `shrub, bush' = `briar';

from proto slav.. *bъrъ (*bh_or-) derive russ. dial. borъ, kir. bor, Gen. bru `kind of millet, sorghum', skr. bȁr ds.

Other formations with g are:

air. bairgen f. `bread' (*barigenā or *barigonā), cymr. etc bara m. ds. (*barag-, compare lat. farrāgō `mixed fodder for cattle, mash; a medley, mixture').

With formants -ko-:

mir. barc `spear shaft', cymr. barch f. `spear, javelin', slav. bьrkъ in skr. brk `cusp, peak, germ, sprout, whisker, moustache', čech. brk `keel, pinion of birds, primary feather, quill-feather', also probably russ. bérce, bérco `shinbone', dial. `pole' (Berneker 119).

Perhaps here (with consonant increase) *brokko- `badger', mir. brocc, cymr. mbr. broch ds., whether originally `pointy or sharp snouted, rat faced, incisive looking, spiky' to lat. (kelt.) broccus `to with protruding teeth', gall. *broccos `cusp, peak, spiky', frz. broche `spear' etc Unclear is, to what extent mir. brocc `smut', göl. brocach `mottled, speckled, *tabby', cymr. broch `rage, fury, din, fuss, noise, scum, froth, foam', nbr. broc'hed `mad, wicked, evil (= stung, bitten)' are to be owed to secondary semantic change or belong to different stems.

It is striking poln. (ven.-ill). FlN Brok, perhaps signifies `river badger'.

References: WP. II 134, 163, 164, WH. I 455 f.

Page(s): 108-109

Root / lemma: bhasko- (*bhedh-sko)

English meaning: bundle, heap

German meaning: etwa `Bund, Böndel'

Note:

Root / lemma: bhasko- : `bundle, heap' is a truncated formation of an older root *bhedh-sko from which derived both Root / lemma: bhedh-2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: bhasko- : `bundle, heap' (see below). The alledged root *bhedh-sko derived from bhegh- [common illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation].

Material: Maked. βάσκιοι δεσμοὶ φρυγάνων and βασκευταί φασκίδες (these genuine gr. vowel form), ἀγκάλαι Hes.; perhaps here gr. φάσκωλος `leather sack';

lat. fascia `bandage, band, girdle, girth, strap, land stripe', fascis `alliance, bundle, parcel; the fasces with excellent hatchet as a token of the imperious power';

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift

Maybe alb. bashkë `together, bound', bashkonj `put together, unite', bashkë `fleece (a bundle of wool)'.

Note:

Alb. proves that from an early root *bhegh- [common illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation] derived Root / lemma: bhedh-2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: bhadh-sko- : `bundle, heap' (see below).

mir. basc `collar, neckband', abrit. bascauda `brazen rinsing boiler' (perhaps originally an earthen and burnt vessel formed about a twisted skeleton good as basket), cymr. baich `burden, load', mbret. bech, nbret. beac'h ds.; gallo-rom. *ambi-bascia `load', alyonn. ambaissi `kneader for the sheaves' (Jud Rom. 47, 481 ff.).

References: WP. II 135 f., WH. I 97, 459 f.

Page(s): 111

Root / lemma: bhā̆d-

English meaning: good

German meaning: `gut'

Material: Old Indian bhadrá-ḥ `joyful, gratifying, lucky, good', n. `luck, salvation', sú-bhadra-ḥ `lovely, superb, pretty, splendid' = av. hu-baδra- `lucky';

got. batiza `better', batista `best', aisl. betre, betstr, ags. bet(e)ra, betst, ahd. bezzir(o), bezzist, nhd. besser, best; in addition das Adv. of Kompar. aisl. betr, ags. bet (*batiz), ahd. baz (*bataz, congealed Neutr. `benefit');

aisl. bati m. `improvement, salvation', afries. bata m. `benefit, advantage', mhd. bazze ds.; got. gabatnan `acquire benefit', aisl. batna `become better', ags. batian, ahd. bazzen ds.;

with ablaut got. bōta f. `benefit', aisl. ags. bōt `improvement, replacement', ahd. buoz(a) f. `improvement, penance, atonement'.

References: WP. II 151 f., Feist 83, 103, 174, J. Weisweiler Buße (1930).

Page(s): 106

Root / lemma: bhāghú-s

English meaning: elbow, arm

German meaning: `Ellbogen and Unterarm'

Material: Old Indian bāhú-ḥ m. `arm, esp. forearm; with animals forefoot', av. bāzāu-š `arm', Gen. bāzvō (arm. bazuk from dem Iran.);

gr. πῆχυς, öol.-dor. πᾶχυς `elbow, forearm', aisl. bōgr, Akk. PL bōgu `arm, shoulder', ags. bōg `shoulder, arm; twig, branch', ahd. buog (nhd. Bug) `shoulder, hip, haunch, point of shoulder of animals';

toch. А В poke, В pauke `arm'.

References: WP. II 130.

Page(s): 108

Root / lemma: bhā̆gh-

German meaning: `Mud, marsh'

See also: s. bhō̆gh-.

Page(s): 108

Root / lemma: bhāgó-s

English meaning: beech

German meaning: `Buche'

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Gr. φηγός, dor. φᾱγός f. `oak' (compare Specht KZ. 66, 59); lat. fāgus f. `beech'; gall. bāgos in PN Bāgācon, Bāgono-; ahd. buohha `beech' (bōkōn-, compare silva Bācenis `resin' by Caesar and mlat. Bōcōnia `Rhön -an area in Germany'),

aisl. bōk f., ags. bōc, bēce (bōkjōn-), in addition got. bōka f. `alphabetic letter', aisl. bōk, ags. bōc, ahd. buoh f. n. `book (as the wood of rune-tablets)', ahd. buohstap `alphabetic letter', actually `beech stick for scratching'.

Nisl. beyki n. `beech forest' is (because of bæki ds.) writing variant from *bӧ̥̄ki, a late collective to bōk; also is to define perhaps nisl. beykir `cooper'. Unclear is mir aisl. buđkr, bauđkr `first aid kit, medicine box', after Cleasby-Vigfusson 85b a Lw. from mlat. apotheka `bin, box, case, crib, tank, bucket' is soilö

Slav. *buza- : *bъzъ- `elder' in russ. buz m. : slov. bɛz, russ. dial. boz stay away probably; also kurd. būz `a kind of elm', goes back to older vūz (from idg. *u̯igós).

Mhd. būche, biuche `lye', biuchen, būchen `boil or wash in lye' belongs rather to root bheug(h)- `clean, sweep'.

idg. side by side from bhāug- (: bhǝug-: bhū̆g-) and bhāg- is extremely unlikely; compare W. Schulze KZ. 27, 428 = Kl. Schr. 55.

Perhaps after E. Leumann (KZ. 57, 190) to av. baga- `interest, portion, lot, fate', also `fortune cookie tree', because marks were scratched into it by pilgrims.

References: WP. II 128 f., WH. I 445 f., 863 f., E. Passler in `Fröhgesch. under Sprachw. `(Wien 1948).

Page(s): 107-108

Root / lemma: bhā-1, bhō-, bhǝ-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen, leuchten, scheinen'

Material: Old Indian bhā (in compound) `shine, light, lustre', bhā́ti `shines, (he) appears', bhā́ti-ḥ `light', bhā́na-m n. `the shiners, apparition' (compare air. bān `white', ags. bōnian `polish'), bhānú-ḥ `light, ray, sun' (: as. banuḫt), bhā́ma-ḥ `light, shine';

av. bā- `shine, appear, seem' only with ā- (avā̊ntǝm `the resembling, the similar'), frā (fraḫvāiti `shines out') and vi- (viḫbā- `gleam, shine', Benveniste BSL. 32, 86 f.), vīspō-bām(y)a- `all gleaming', bāmya- `light, gleaming', bānu- m. `light, ray';

arm. banam (*bhāḫn-) `open, reveal, divulge, uncover, expose' (if actually `point, allow to become visible'), Aor. baḫt`si, compare gr. φαίνω and alb. bâj;

gr. πεφήσεται `will appear', *bhǝ-n- in present φαίνω (*φανι̯ω instead of *φά-νω Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694) `makes visible, points', φαίνομαι `appear, seem, shine, gleam' (ἐφάνην, Aor. ἔφηνα);

φᾰνερός `obvious, apparent, clear', φανή `torch'; φάσις `rising of a star' (see also under bhā-2), φάσμα, -ατος `apparition, face, omen, sign' (compare πεφασμένος);

ἀμφαδόν, ἀμφάδιος `apparent, manifest, obvious' (ἀνα-φ-); φάντα λάμποντα Hes. (to *φᾱμι = Old Indian bhā́ti); compare ἀργύ-φεος, ἄργυφος `glossy white';

alb. geg. bâj, tosk. bënj (= φαίνω) `make, seem' (originally probably `bring to an apparition');

Note:

Alb. uses a taboo explanation which reflects the religious aspect of the cognate.

air. bān `white', oíb f. (*opi-bhā) `apparition, beauty';

as. banut `touchwood, tinder'; ags. bōnian `polish' (i.e. `make gleaming'), ndd. (and out of it nhd.) bōnen `scour, rub, clean, beans', mhd. böenen `beans (*white)' (from got. bandwa, -wō `mark, token, sign', bandwjan, aisl. benda `give a mark, token, sign' here belong - perhaps as u̯-derivative of participle bhā-nt- `shining, seeming' -, is doubtful. Lit. by Feist 79 f.);

osorb. baju, bać so `burn indiscernibly, gleam', nsorb. bajom, bajaś se `gleam, flicker';

toch. A paṃ `clear, bright' (*bhǝno-), pañi `beauty', В peñijo ds. (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL. 41, 164); A pākör, В pākri, a-pākörtse `open, distinct'; A pā-tsönk, В pa-tsöṅk `window' (-tsönk etc `gleam, shine'), Van Windekens Lexique 78 f.; В pate, A pāt (in compound) `apparition' (*bhāḫti-), Pisani Re. R. 1st. Lornb. 78, 2, 28.

s-extension bhō-s-: Old Indian bhā́s- n. (ved. also disyllabic), Instr. bhāsā́ `light, shine, glory, magnificence, power', subhā́s- `having beautiful shininess', bhā́-sati `glares, gleams', bhā́sant- `gleaming', bhā́saḥ n. `light';

gr. φώσκει διαφάνει Hes., διαφώσκω `begins to shine' are perhaps (from πι-φαύσκω) reshaped after φῶς, also φωστήρ `lustre, shine, shiner'

Doubtful is, whether mir. basc `red', ags. basu, baso `purple' (*bhǝs-ko-, -u̯o-) are to be connected, to got. weina-basi `grape', ahd. beri `berry', actually `red berry'ö In addition the full grades MN ahd. Buoso, aisl. Bōsi etcö

u̯-extension bhā-u-: Old Indian vi-bhā́va-ḥ, vi-bhā́van- `radiating, shining, seeming';

gr. hom. φάε (*φαFε) `gleamed, appeared', φαέθων, -οντος `gleaming', φαεσί-μβροτος, Pind. φαυσί-μβροτος `for the bright people shining',

φάος (öol. φάυος, pamph. φάβος) att. kontr. φῶς, Gen. φωτός, φάους, `light, salvation', whereof *φαFεσ-νός in lesb. φάεννος, ion. φαεινός, att. φᾱνός `gleaming',

hom. φαείνω `gleams'; πιφαύσκω `allows to shine; points, shows, evinces; make known'. Different Specht KZ. 59, 58 f.

Is germ. *baukna-, in afries. bāken `emblem, landmark, mark, fire signal', as. bōkan `mark, token, sign, emblem, landmark', ags. bēacen `mark, token, sign, banner, ensign, flag', ahd. bouhhan `mark, token, sign' from such germ. *bau- shaped after *taikna- `mark, token, sign'ö

References: WP. II 122 f., WH. I 454 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 709.

Page(s): 104-105

Root / lemma: bhā-2

English meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen'

Material: Old Indian probably in sabhā `congregation, meeting' (`*conversation, discussion'; bhā- in Old Indian indeed otherwise - up to bhánati, see under - only in the meaning `shine, appear, seem, shine');

arm. ban (*bhāḫnis), Gen. -i `word, speech, reason, judgement, thing', bay, Gen. bayi `word, verbalism' (*bhǝ-ti-s = gr. φάτις); bay particle `(he, she) says' (= φησί, also bam = φημί, bas = lesb. φαι from *bhāsi);

gr. φημί, dor. φᾱμί `say', φήμη, dor. φάμᾱ `knowledge, shout, call, revelation' (= lat. fāma `a report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition'; ἀφήμονες ἄρρητοι, οὐκ ὀνομαζόμενοι Hes. and only with Apuleius meeting affāmen `harangue, speech' needs to be no old equation);

φάσκω `say, believe' (also βάσκανος, lat. fascinum, see under *baba onomatopoeic word), φάτις f. `rumor', φάσις `language, speech, assertion, announcement'; with ablaut φωνή `voice';

lat. for, fārī (from *fāḫi̯ō(r) = Church Slavic baju, ags. bōian) `speak';

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift.

Maybe alb. geg. me folë `to speak', fjalë `word', tosk. flas `I speak' : lat. for `speak' [r/ l allophones].

lat. fācundus `eloquent, fluent, ready of speech', fātum `an utterance, esp. a divine utterance; hence destiny, fate, the will of a god', fāma `a report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition' (Denom. osk. faamat perhaps `calls'), fābula `talk, conversation; a tale, story, fable, drama, myth' (*bhāḫdhlā), fās actually `divine command or law; sometimes fate, destiny; in gen. right, that which is allowed, lawful', probably from (ne)fās is with infinitive fās (s-stem) `it is (not) to be pronounced' (different EM 333);

in addition diēs fāstus `day on which the praetor could administer justice, court-days. Transf. a list of these days, with festivals, etc., the Roman calendar; a register, record; a list of magistrates', fāsti `the list of these days, calendars'; as derivative of a participle *bhǝ-tó-s, lat. fateor, -ērī, fassus `to confess, admit, allow; to reveal, make known' = osk. fatíum `speak', lat. Fātuus `speaking by inspiration', epithet of `foretelling Faunus';

Maybe alb. (*fateor) fajtor `guilty (*confess, admit guilt)', then truncated alb. faj `guilt'.

aisl. bōn, bøn `request, prayer', ags. böen `request, soccage' (*bhā-ni-s; or with ō-gradation as gr. φωνήö); ags. bōian `brag, boast' (as lat. fōr from *fāi̯ōr, slav. bajǫ);

russ.-serb.-Church Slavic baju, bajati `tell, discuss, heal, cure', Church Slavic basnь `fable, spell, charm', Old Church Slavic balьji, Gen. -ьję `physician, medicine man, magician'.

At a present *bhḫen- based on Old Indian bhánati `speaks'; auf *bhǝn-u̯- (or auf germ. reshuffling after spannan) ahd. bannan redupl. verb. `summon by proclamation (esp. to arms); curse or damn; pronounce an ecclesiastical curse upon', ags. bannan redupl. verb `summon, order',

aisl. banna schw. Verb. `forbid', whereof ahd. ban, PL banna `order under penal threat' (nhd. Bann, Bannwald), ags. gebann, aisl. bann n. `forbid, ban'.

Toch. A pā-, pā-c̨- `beg' (Van Windekens Lexique 87 f.).

After Kuiper (АО. XII 262) here (*bhǝ-s-) Old Indian bhiṣ̌ákti `heals', bhiṣ̌áj- `physician, medicine man, magician', jav. -biś- `healing'; about av. bišazjāt̃ compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 44 f.

References: WP. II 123 f., WH. I 437 f., 450, 458 f., 525 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674 f.

Page(s): 105-106

Root / lemma: bhāso- or bhēso-

English meaning: a kind of a large bird of prey

German meaning: `größere Raubvogelart'

Material: Old Indian bhāsa-ḥ `a certain bird of prey'; gr. hom. att. φήνη `an eagle kind, probably Vultur monachus', was possible from *bhās-nā or *bhēs-nā; also *bhānā (to bhā-1).

References: WP. II 135.

Page(s): 111

Root / lemma: bhāt- : bhǝt-

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen, stoßen'

Material: Lat. fatuus `foolish, idiotic, silly, awful, tasteless from taste' (*from beaten the head, dull); gall. Lw. lat. battuō, -ere, more recently battō `to beat, knock', out of it back-borrowed cymr. bathu `strike coins, mint',

Illyr. Batto `appellation for rebellion leaders', alb. batoj `rock the boat'

compare also gall. anda-bata `blind combatant, gladiator fights with a helmet without openings' with ā: russ. batъ `oaken stick, cudgel, club', skr. bátati `hit, knock', perhaps also (with ă) russ. bótatь `trample, swing' etc;

perhaps older dön. bad `fight, struggle, damage, pity', mnd. bat `damage, pity, misfortune', nhd. Blutbad.

Unclear is the relationship to *bhāu-t- (see under); it must be assumed instead of *bhāt- is perhaps *bhu̯āt-, or lies a root *bhā- with variant formant the basic, which is perhaps present in lat. fāmex, -icis `a bruise, contusion, bloodshot' (*haematoma, effusion of blood resulted from blow)ö

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift

References: WP. II 126 f., WH. I 46, 99, 452, 464.

Page(s): 111-112

Root / lemma: bhā̆u-1 : bhū̆-

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen, stoßen'

Material: a) With present formation -d-:

Lat. fūstis (*bhūdḫstiḫs) `a knobbed stick, cudgel, staff, club' (= gall. būstis in aprov. bust `tree stump' etc), fūsterna `knot, burl, burr, stump, snag';

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift, maybe alb. fut, fus `hit, insert, copulate'

air. bibdu `culpable, fiend' (*bhe-bhud-u̯ōts), mir. búalaim `hit' from *bhāudḫl- ... (or *boug-l- ... to nhd. pochen above S. 98); probably also air. bodar `deaf, stuns, dazes, deafens, baffles', cymr. byddar `deaf' (*budaro-);

aisl. bauta (-ađa) `hit, bump, poke', ags. bēatan (bēot), ahd. boz(z)an (biez or schw. Verb) ds., mhd. boz, bōz, būz m. `blow, knock', nhd. Amboß, ags. býtel `hammer',

mnd. botel ds., mhd. bæzel `beetle, hammer', aisl. bøytill `penis of horses'; aisl. butr `short piece of a tree trunk'; with expressivem tt: ndd. butt `dull, clumsy' (in addition the fish name Butte),

mhd. butze `truncated piece, clump', ags. buttuc `bottom, piece land', norw. dial. butt `stump, clot, chunk' (also wood skid). But ags. bytt `flask, a large cask or barrel, used esp. for wine, ale, or beer' derives from lat. buttis `barrel, vat, cask', also cymr. both `flask';

aisl. beysta `knock, hit' (*bhaudḫsti-, compare lat. fūstis); with -sk-suffix perhaps mhd. būsch `cudgel, club, blow, knock' (*bhūd-sko-), perhaps different from būsch `wad, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb', see above S. 101.

b) with t-formants:

Alb. mböt, mbös `suffocate, drown', skut. mös `slay, kill', compare përmismë `downfallen';

Note:

Common alb. b > mb phonetic mutation

lat. confūtō, -āre `to check, repress; by speech, to put down, silence', refūtō, -āre `to drive back, check, repress; to refute, disprove' (mit ū from previously au), probably also fūtuō, -ere `have sexual relationshs with (a woman), to sleep with';

maybe alb. (*fūtuō) fut `have sexual relations with (a woman), penetrate, insert, cheat'

air. fo-botha (*butāt) `threatens', Verbaln. fubthad; got. bauÞs `deaf, dumb, mute'.

References: WP. II 125 ff., WH. 1 259 f., 573 f.

Page(s): 112

Root / lemma: bhāu-2

See also: s. bhā-1

Page(s): 112

Root / lemma: bhebhru-, bhebhro-

See also: s. bhē̆r- `braun'

Page(s): 113

Root / lemma: bhedh-1

English meaning: to pierce, dig

German meaning: `stechen, especially in die Erde stechen, graben'

Material: Lat. fodiō, -ere, fōdī `to dig; also to dig out; to excavate. Transf. to prick, prod, jog', fossa `ditch, trench, channel', fodicāre `sting repeatedly, dig, jog';

gall. bedo- `canal, ditch, trench, channel' (Wartburg I 313), cymr. bedd, corn. bedh, bret. béz `grave'; gall. *bodīca `fallow field' (M.-L. 1184);

got. badi n. `bed', ags. bedd ds., ahd. etc betti `bed, a garden-plot (to be) filled with plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown', an. beđr m. `bedspread, eiderdown' (idg. *bhodhi̯o-), originally `a bed burrowed in the ground', compare nhd. Flußbett, Beet, engl. bed also `garden bed, garden plot';

lit. bedù, bedžiaũ, bèsti `prick, bore, dig', badaũ, badýti `prick, bump, poke', bãdas `hunger', bẽdrė f. `pit, pothole', Old Prussian boadis `prick, sting', em-badusisi `he/she sticks';

Old Church Slavic bodǫ, bosti (s-Аor. basъ) `prick', bodl' m. `thorn, backbone' (*bodḫlь);

toch. A pat-, pāt- `to plough';

perhaps also hitt. píd-da-i (can also be read pádd-da-i) `makes a hole into the earth', compare Pedersen Hitt. 77.

Perhaps here gr. βόθρος, βόθῡνος m. `pit, pothole', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 262, Zus. 2. Different Petersson Heterokl. 128 ff.

Probably in addition kelto-germ. bodu̯o-, -ā `fight, struggle' in gall. PN Ate-boduus, -uā, Boduo-gnātus, air. bodb f. `crow, battle goddess in the form of a crow';

aisl. bođ f. (*badwō), Gen. bǫđvar, ags. beadu f., as. Badu-, ahd. Batu- (in PN) `fight, struggle'.

References: WP. I 126 ff., 188, WP. I 99, 521 f., 866, Trautmann 29.

Page(s): 113-114

Root / lemma: bhedh-2

English meaning: to bow, bend

German meaning: `krömmen, beugen, dröcken, plagen'

Material: Old Indian bā́dhatē `throngs, presses, plagues', Desid. bī́bhatsatē `is shy of something, feels disgust', jñu-bā́dh- `bending knee';

alb. bint, med. bindem `be bent (*be convinced, pressured)', bashkr `together', bashkonj `unite, assemble';

Note:

got. bida `prayer', ahd. beta f. `request', got. bidjan (sek. -bidan) `bid, beg, ask, pray', aisl. biđja, ags. biddan, ahd. bitten, aisl. knē-beðr m. `knee pad', ags. cnēow-gebed n. `prayer' (compare Old Indian jñu-bādh-);

Maybe alb. geg. me u betu `to vow', tosk. betohem `I vow, swear'

lit. bodùs `unsavory, distasteful', bodė́tis `nauseate before';

toch. В peti, A poto `worship, veneration'.

References: WP. II 130 f., 140, 185, WH. I 461, 495, Feist 89 b; different Kluge¹² 60.

Page(s): 114

Root / lemma: bheg-, bheng-

English meaning: to break

German meaning: `zerschlagen, zerbrechen'

Material: Old Indian bhanákti, Perf. babháñja `break, rupture' (only afterwards after reshuffled the 7th class), bhaŋga-ḥ `break; billow' (compare lit. bangà `billow'), bhañji-ḥ `diffraction, declension, crooked way, sale, step, wave';

arm. bekanem `break', bek `broke';

but phryg. βεκός `bread', actually `crumb' (ö)has unexplained k;

With -u- grade: also alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : phryg. βεκός `bread', actually `crumb'

Note:

From an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: bheg-, bheng- : `to break', Root / lemma: bhenĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-s) : `thick, fat', Root / lemma: bheug-1 : `to flee, *be frightened', Root / lemma: bheug-2, bheugh- : `to clear away, free', Root / lemma: bheug-3, bheugh- : `to bow', Root / lemma: bheug-4 : `to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.

air. bongid, -boing `breaks, reaps, harvests, wins (*gains)' verbal noun búain (*bhog-ni-), enclitic -bach, -bech (*bhogo-m), Thurneysen Grammar 447, 461; Pass. preterit -bocht, perhaps = bocht `poor';

dropping the nasal the preterit buich has probably secondary u (compare air. mag `field', Dat. muig < *mages), so that it is not necessary, to go back in *bheug(h)- `bend';

mcymr. di-vwng `inflexible'; to meaning `defeat, conquer' compare air. maidid `break out' = `defeat'. Toо grade point at also mir. boimm `morsel, bite, mouthful' from *bhog-smn̥;

lit. bangà `billow, heap, lashings, pelting rains', prabangà `excess', lett. buogs `a dense crowd', in addition lit. bangùs `rash, hasty, violent' (from brooks and downpours), bingùs `gamy' (of horses), bengiù, bengiaũ, beñgti `finish', pabangà f. `termination';

pr. pobanginnons `moves, weighs'; in the meaning `finish, end' come into being through ablaut derailment forms with ei, ai (compare Endzelin Lett. Gr. 60) in lett. beĩgas Pl. `end, inclination, slope', lit. pabaigà ds., beigiù and baigiù `end', lett. bèidzu ds.;

here lett. buoga also stands for `stony place', here belongs probably also russ. búga `flooded tract of forest'; different about beig- (to bhei- `hit') Kuiper Nasalprös. 184.

The following forms are to be kept away because of the auslauts and because of meaning and to indicate probably as onomatopoeic words:

germ. *bang- `hit' in aisl. banga `hit', bang `din, fuss, noise', engl. bang `knock, hit', with ablaut mhd. mnd. bungen `drum'; ndd. bengel `club, cudgel, boor' = nhd. Bengel, engl. dial. bangle `gnarled stick', anord. epithet bǫngull.

In addition with intensive consonant increase:

germ. *bank- in aschwed. banka, abl. bunka `hit, knock', obd. bunken `knock, bump, poke', mnd. bunken, ndl. bonken `hit, thrash'.

Lett. bungã `drum', bunga `blow, knock' derive probably from Mnd.

Maybe alb. bungë, bunga Pl. `kind of oak, Quercus sessiflora (stick for beatingö)'

References: WP. II 149 f., WH. I 503, 541, Trautmann 26.

Page(s): 114-115

Root / lemma: bhegʷ-

English meaning: to run

German meaning: `davonlaufen'

Material: Hindi bhāg- `flee';

gr. φέβομαι, φοβέομαι `flee, be afraid', φόβος `escape, fear', φοβέω `startles', φοβερός `frightening, timorous';

lengthened grade lit. bė́gu, bė́gau, bė́gti `run, flee', bėgas, bė̃gis m. `escape, run', lett. bêgu, bêgt `flee', with ablaut kausat. boginù, bogìnti `flee something, to get there quckly';

slav. *běgǫ in russ. běgu (Inf. běžátь), klr. bihú (Inf. bíčy) `run', in addition as neologism Old Church Slavic priběgnǫ, priběgnǫti etc `flee', as well as Old Church Slavic běžǫ, bežati `flee' etc;

toch. A pkönt (pköt) `remote, distant, apart, separated' (Van Windekens Lexique 96).

References: WP. II 184 f., Trautmann 29, Meillet Slave commun² 220, 235, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 717.

Page(s): 116

Root / lemma: bheidh-1

English meaning: to advise, force

German meaning: `jemandem zureden, zwingen', med. `sich einreden lassen, vertrauen'

Material: Gr. πείθομαι `lets me persuade, follow' (Aor. ἐπιθόμην, hom. πεπιθεῖν, πιθέσθαι; Perf. πέποιθα `trust'), Akt. (sek.) πείθω, Aor. ἔπεισα `persuade, convince', πειθώ, -οῦς `persuasion', πιστός (for *φιστος) `reliable, loyal, faithful, relying', πίστις, -ιος, -εως `loyalty, reliance', hom. ἐν πείσῃ `in reassurance' (*πειθ-σ-);

alb. bē f. `oath, vow, pledge' (*bhoidhā = Old Church Slavic běda `need'), ostgeg. per-bej `curse, hex' (in addition neologism bese f. `faith, belief, pact, covenant, loyalty');

Note: alb. bē f. `oath' derived from a truncated alb. betim `oath'

maybe TN illyr. Besoi : alb. besoj `believe, have faith'

lat. fīdō, -ere, fīsus sum `to trust, believe, confide in' (fīsus is to- participle), fīdus `reliable'; foedus (*bhoidhos), by Ennius fīdus (*bheidhos) n. `trusty, true, faithful, sure', fidēs `trust, confidence, reliance, belief, faith', Dius Fidius `the god of faith, a surname of Jupiter'; umbr. combifiatu (*bhidhiā-) `you shall trust, confide, rely upon, believe, be assured'; about osk. Fiisiais, umbr. Fise, Fiso, Fisovio- s. WH. I 494;

Note:

Alb. alb. fē, fēja `religion', fejonj `perform engagement ceremony (marriage vowsö)' : AN fed, OFr. feid, feit : lat. fides;

got. baidjan `constrain, oblige', aisl. beiđa, ags. bædan, ahd. beitten `urge, press, push, arrogate' = abg. causative běždǫ, běditi `constrain, oblige', poběditi `defeat, conquer', běda f. `need';

here probably also got. beidan `wait, hold on', aisl. bīđa, ags. bīdan, ahd. bītan ds., schweiz. beite = ahd. beitten, but in the meaning `wait, hold on'. basic meaning `await' from `trust' or `oneself constrain, oblige'.

References: WP. II 139 f., 185 f., WH. I 493 f.

Page(s): 117

Root / lemma: bheidh-2

German meaning: `binden, flechten'

See also: s. bhidh-.

Page(s): 117

Root / lemma: bheid-

English meaning: to prick, pierce

German meaning: `spalten'

Material: Old Indian bhinádmi (participle bhindánt- = lat. findēns, bhinná-ḥ besides bhittá-ḥ = lat. fissus), bhḗdāmi `split, carve, rupture etc', bhidyátē `is split';

probably gr. φείδομαι (redupl. Aor. hom. πεφιδέσθαι) `with which are stingy, avoid sparingly; spare; avoid a thing' (basic meaning partly perhaps `separate myself from something = take myself away', above all but `pinch off, stingy, from what cut off oneself only a little');

lat. findō, -ere, fidī (probably Aor. as Old Indian Opt. bhidēyam, ags. bite, ahd. bizzi `to split, cleave, divide, halve'), fissum `split, cloven', fissum n., fissūra f. `cleft, fissure';

got. beitan `bite', aisl. bīta `bite; penetrate (from sword under likewise)', as. ags. bītan, ahd. bīzzan `bite' (= Old Indian bhḗdati, gr. φείδομαι); Kaus. aisl. beita `allow to bite, allow to graze', ags. bætan `rein, curb, restrain, hunt, chase', ahd. mhd. beizen `ds., corrode', aisl. beizl `set of teeth, bridle, rein' (*baitislan), ags. gebǣtu N. Pl., gebǣtel n. `set of teeth'; aisl. biti m., ags. bita m. `morsel, mouthful', ahd. bizzo m., bizza f. `morsel, mouthful, nip'; got. baitrs `bitter' (`bitting from taste');

changing through ablaut aisl. bitr `biting, sharp, painful', ags. biter, bitter, as. ahd. bittar `biting, sharp, bitter'; aisl. beiskr `sharp, bitter' (*bait-skaz); got. beist `sourdough' (*bhei[d]-sto-); ags. bitela `biting', bitel `beetle, chafer', engl. beetle;

Maybe alb. bisk `branch, twig (*beamö)'

aisl. beit n. `ship' (originally `hollow dugout canoe' to aisl. bite `balk, beam'), ags. bāt m. `boat', mengl. bōt, out of it borrows nhd. Boot and perhaps aisl. bātr ds.; mnd. beitel, bētel `chisel', mhd. beizel `sting, prick' (: Old Indian bhēduráḫḥ, bhēdiráḫḥ `thunderbolt').

The fact is that bheid- extension to *bhei(ǝ)- `hit' seems possible.

References: WP. II 138 f., WH. I 500 f.

Page(s): 116-117

Root / lemma: bhei(ǝ)-, bhī- (*bher-)

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: Av. byente `they fight, hit' (H. Lommel KZ. 67, 11);

arm. bir `big stick, club, mace, joint' (*bhiḫro-);

gr. φῑτρός m. `tree truck, wooden log', φῑμός m. `toggle, muzzle';

maybe alb. (*bheir) bie `hit, strike', bie `fall, die', sub. bjeri `strike', bie (*bjer) bring : illyr. TN Boii

Alb. and arm. prove that Root / lemma: bhei(ǝ)-, bhī- : `to hit' derived from Root / lemma: bher-1 : `to bear, carry' through an illyr. -r > -j phonetic mutation.

ven. PN φohiio-s-, ill. VN Bοιοί `the combatants, fighters' (: russ. boj), gr.-ill. PN Bοῖον ὄρος, VN Βοιωτοί, kelt.-ill. VN Boii; messap. βίσβην δρέπανον ἀμπελοτόμων, βισβαῖα κλαδευτήρια Hes.;

lat. perfinēs `break through, break in pieces, shiver, shatter' Hes.;

air. ben(a)id `hits, knocks' (*bi-na-ti), ro-bīth `was hit', bīthe `beaten', fo bīth `weel' (= `under the blow'), mbret. benaff `cut, bite', acymr. etbinam `to mangle', without n-Infix abret. bitat `cut loose, cut off', cymr. bidio `cut a hedge', bid `thorn hedge', mir. fid(h)b(h)a `sickle' = acymr. uiidimm `lignite', ncymr. gwyddyf `scythe, pruning knife' = gallo-lat. vidubium `hack, mattock, hoe' (*vidu-bion `wood hoe'), compare mir. PN Faíl-be `(*weapon, magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killer' (*vailu-bios); air. binit f. `rennet, cleaver' (`incisive', *bi-n-antī), mir. bian `skin, fell, fur', air. bīáil `hatchet', acymr. bahell, ncymr. bwyell, bwyall ds., mbret. bouhazl ds. (*bhii̯_ǝli-), air. bēimm n. `blow, knock' (*bhei-smn̥), corn. bommen ds., gall. *biliā `tree stump', frz. bille;

aisl. bīldr `head of the arrow, bloodletting iron' (*bhei-tlo-); ahd. bī(h)al `hatchet' (*bhei_ǝ-lo-), hence probably germ. *bilja- and not *biÞla- in ahd. ags. bill n., as. bil `sword', mhd. bil, billes `stone mattock', nhd. Bille f. `hack, mattock, hoe', mhd. billen `to hoe, chip, trim', ahd. bilōthi, bilidi, nhd. Bild; ahd. billa f. `sourdough'; with formants -li- ags. bile m. `bill, beak, neb', additional form to engl. bill;

Old Church Slavic bijǫ (bьjǫ) biti `hit', skr. bȉjêm bȉti, russ. bьju bitь ds., therefrom with formants -dhlo-: russ.-Church Slavic bilo n. `a louse rake or comb', skr. bȉlo `the transverse piece of wood at the front of a wooden rake (to rake leaves with)', čech. bidlo `shaft, pole', russ. bíɫo `beetle, hammer'; bítva `fight, struggle, blow, knock' (: messap. βίσβη), Old Church Slavic bičь `whip, scourge' (from Slav. nhd. Peitsche); in ablaut Old Church Slavic u-bojь m. `murder', skr. bôj, Gen. bȍja `battle', russ. čech. boj ds. (: illyr. Boii).

References: WP. II 137 f., WH. I 503 f., 506, Trautmann 33, Lidén KZ. 61, 12, Karstien KZ. 65, 154 f.

See also: S. above under bheid-.

Page(s): 117-118

Root / lemma: bheigʷ-

English meaning: to shine (ö)

German meaning: `glönzen'ö

Material: Apers. *bigna- `lustre, shine'ö in den PN Bagā-bignа-, ᾽Αρια-βιγνης;

gr. φοῖβος `clean, gleaming', φοιβάω, φοιβάζω `clean', ἀφοίβαντος `smudges' (*bhoigʷ-o-), ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*bhigʷ-) `impure, unclean'.

Note:

Typical gʷ > b gr. phonetic mutation

About Φοῖβος ᾽Απόλλων compare Kretschmer Gl. 15, 199.

References: WP. II 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.

Page(s): 118

Root / lemma: bhei-

English meaning: bee

German meaning: `Biene'

Note: with n-, k- or t-extension

Material: The short form still in aisl. bӯ-fluga, alem. bī, bair. beij; besides forms with n (barely extracted only the weak Dekl.), as ahd. bini n. `bee', ablaut. bīa f. (*bīḫōn- = ags. béo, engl. bee), bīna (nhd. dial. Bein);

Old Church Slavic bъčela, bьčela ds. (*bhikelā); cymr. bydaf `beehive', аpr. bitte, lit. bìtė, bitìs, lett. bite `bee'.

Gall. *bekos `bee' (M.-L. 1014), air. bech m. `bee', göl. speach `prick, sting', cymr. begḫeg(y)r `drone' deviate of vowel (taboo causing distortionö).

References: WP. II 184 f., WH. I 555 f., Specht Dekl. 46.

Page(s): 116

Root / lemma: b(h)e1 and b(h)eĝh

English meaning: outside, without

German meaning: ... `außer, außerhalb, ohne'

Material: Old Indian bahiḥ (-š) `outdoor, outward, outside from' (m. Abl.);

Old Prussian bhe `without' (preposition m. Akk.), lit. bè `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal prefix), lett. bez `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal prefix);

Old Church Slavic bez etc (dial. also be) `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal prefix). Here also lit. be `still, yet' (`*in addition'), bèt `however, but' (formation as neḫt `but'), bė̃s, lett. bē̆st `possibly, perhaps' (*bhe + est, Endzelin Stud. balt. 7, 32 f.).

On account of here air. bés `perhaps', vorton. from *béis < *bhe-estiö

References: WP. II 137, Trautmann 28, Endzelin Lett. Gr. 497 f.

Page(s): 112-113

Root / lemma: bh(e)lāg-

English meaning: weak, ridiculous

German meaning: etwa `schlaff, albern'ö

Material: *bhlāg- or *bhlōg- in wruss. bɫáhyj `evil, bad, nasty' (hence borrowed lett. blāgs, lit. blõgas `feeble, weak'), bɫažić `romp', gr., russ. blagój `obstinate, nasty',

dial. blažnój `stupid', poln. bɫagi `bad, nothing worth'; barely to gr. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεί, ληρεῖ Hes., because in heavy slav. word, which points gr. light basis; see under (s)p(h)elg-.

Here (apparently with expressive Gemination), however, lat. flaccus `flabby; of men, flap-eared'.

References: WP. II 183 f., 680, WH. I 507 f.

Page(s): 124

Root / lemma: bheld-

English meaning: to knock, hit

German meaning: `pochen, schlagen'

Note: perhaps originally d-present of the onomatopoeic word bhel-

Material: From Germ. probably in addition mnd. bolte(n) `bolt for a door, dart, arrow', ahd. bolz, nhd. Bolz, Bolzen, ags. bolt `bolt for a door, dart, arrow', schwed. bult `bolt for a door' (*bhl̥d-),

perhaps also nhd. Balz, Vb. balzen andbolzen, norw. mdartl. bolt m. `male forest bird; tomcat, male-cat', nhd. Bolze `tomcat, male-cat'; norw. mdartl. bolta `rumble, storm ahead',

older dön. bolte `curl up, roll oneself', schwed. bulta `knock', schwed. mdartl. bultra `wallow, romp', norw. mdartl. bultra `rant, roister, romp', abl. norw. mdartl. baltra `wallow, romp';

lit. beldù, -ė́ti and béldžiu, bélsti `hit, knock', ablaut. bildu, bildė́ti `din, drone, rumble', báldau, -yti `knock, stark rumble', baldas `pestle'; lett. bel̂zt `hit' (perhaps contamination from *belžu = lit. béldžiu with telz- `hit', Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-dt. Wb. 278).

References: WP. II 184, WH. I 560 f.

Page(s): 124

Root / lemma: bheleg-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen'

Note: extension from bhel- ds.

Material: bhelg-: Old Indian bhárgas- n. `radiative lustre, shine' (*bhelgos); Bhŕ̥gavaḥ, Pl. `mythical priests of the flash fire'; lett. bal̃gans `whitish';

perhaps here Old Church Slavic blagъ `good', russ. (old and mtdarl.) bólogo Adv. `good', eig. `light' (contrast `dark': `mad, wicked, evil'); toch. AB pölk- `burn, gleam, shine, get hot', A pölk, В pilko `look', A polkāṃts `stars' (: lit. bãlgans), В empalkaitte `careless, neglectful' (Negation + *palk- `gleam, shine' besides pölk-);

bhleg-: gr. φλέγω `burn, singe, ignite', φλεγέθω `singe, to set on fire; intr. burn, be in flames', φλέγμα n. `blaze; inflammation; mucus', φλεγμονή f. `inflammation, ignition; ferventness, passion; rutting', φλεγύας ἀετός ξανθός Hes. (Adj. `fiery red') φλόξ, φλογμός `flame';

lat. flagrō, -āre `to blaze, burn, glow, flame, also to glitter. Transf., to glow or burn with passion; to suffer from', wherefore probably flamma `a flame, blazing fire; Transf. a source of light, torch, star, lightning; luster, glitter; the fire or glow of passion; devouring flame, destruction' as *flagmā, osk. Flagiuí perhaps `an interpreter of lightning';

Maybe alb. (*flagrō) flegra `(*ardent, passionate breathing) nostrils', flakëroj `I shine', flakë `fire';

besides flăg- (red.- grades *bhl_egró-, *bhl_egmā́ or because of φλογμός, φλόξ rather *bhl_ogmā) stand zero grades bhl̥g-, lat. fulg- in lat. fulgō and fulgeō, -ēre, fulsī `to flash, to lighten; in gen., to shine, glitter gleam; fig., to be distinguished, to shine', fulgor, -ōris `lightning; in gen., glitter, brightness; fig., brightness, glory, lustre, shine', fulgus, -uris `a flash or stroke of lightning; sometimes an object struck by lightning; in gen., brightness', fulmen (*fulgmen) ds.;

mir. imblissiu `pupil (of the eye); orb' (*m̥bhiḫbhl̥gḫs-, Vendryes RC. 40, 431 f);

ahd. blecchen (*blakjan), mhd. blecken `become visible, allow to see', nhd. blecken `show the teeth'; ahd. blecchazzen, mhd. blecken `flash', mndl. nndl. blaken `flame, burn, glow', ags. blæcern, blacern `candlestick, flambeaux', aisl. blakra `blink, glitter, flash'; here probably as `burnt (compare nd. blaken from blackening lamp flame), sooty', ags. blæc `black', n. `ink', ahd.blah ds.;

nasalized germ. *blenk-, *blank- in mhd. nhd. blinken, mhd. blinzen (*blinkatjan), nhd. blinzeln (besides with germ. g older dön. blinge `blink, glitter, flash' under likewise, s. Falk-Torp under blingse); ahd. blanch, mhd. blank `blinking, gleaming, gleaming, white', nhd. blank, ags. blanca m. `steed' (eig. from bright color, compare:) aisl. blakkr `sallow, paled', poet. `steed' (`dun horse, grey, *white horse '), aschwed. blakker `sallow, paled, dun (horse)', but also `black, dark' (from Germ. borrows frz. blanc, ital. bianco). From this nasal form also pr. blingis `pallid';

lit. blágnytis `sober oneself up; lighten up', alit. blinginti `shine'.

A variant on -ĝ- perhaps in lett. blãzt `shimmer', blãzma (blāĝ-ma) `reflection of moonlight on the water'.

References: WP II 214 f., WH. I 510 f. 865, Pedersen Toch. 162, 218, Van Windekens Lexique 17, 98, EM. 398.

See also: Beside bheleg- stands synonymous to bhereĝ-, see there.

Page(s): 124-125

Root / lemma: bheleu-

English meaning: to hit; weak, ill

German meaning: `schlagen, durch Schlagen kraftlos machen, schwach, krank'

Material: Acorn. bal f., pl. -ow `disease, malady', mbr. baluent;

got. balwa-wēsei `wickedness, malice, cowardice', balwjan `torment, smite', ags. bealo `evil, mad, wicked, evil', aisl. bǫl, Dat. bǫlve `misfortune', ahd. balo, Gen. balawes `ruin'; got. bliggwan (*bleuu̯an) `hit', ahd. bliuwan, nhd. bleuen ds., mengl. blowe `blow, knock', aisl. blegðe m. (*blauu̯iðan-) `wedge';

abg. bolъ `sicker', bolė́ti `be ill'.

About nhd. Block etc see under bhel-5.

References: WP. II 189, Hirt Idg. Gr. II 150, Feist 79, 100, Specht Dekl. 133.

See also: Besides a root form bhlēu-: bhlǝu- : bhlū-, see there.

Page(s): 125

Root / lemma: bhelĝh-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen; Balg (aufgeblasene Tierhaut), Kissen, Polster'

Note: (extension of bhel- `inflate, bloat' etc)

Material: Old Indian barhíš- n. `sacrificial grass, (*sacrificial bed of straw)' = av. barǝziš- n. `cushion, pillow, cushion', npers. bāliš `pillow, cushion'; Old Indian upa-bárhaṇa-m, upa-bárhaṇī f. `cover, cushion';

Note:

Clearly alb. bar `grass, straw' derived from Indian languages. Hence alb. is a direct descendant of Sanskrit. Clearly alb. belongs to satem family.

Whether with Asp.-Diss. against forms -ha- here Old Indian bárjaha-ḥ `udder'ö

ir. bolgaim `swell', bolg f. `bubble', bolg m. `sack, bag, belly, husk, trouser', mir. bolgach f. `swelling, blister, bubble, blister; pox', bolgamm `gulp', cymr. bol, bola, boly `belly, sack, bag',

bul `seed capsule, seminal shell' (PL. of boly), bret. bolc'h `linen pod', vann. pehl-en (from *pehl-) ds., gall. bulga `leather sack' (out of it ahd. bulga `water container made of leather'); gall. Belgae `the angry (*a warlike people in the north of Gaul)';

got. balgs m. `hose', aisl. belgr m. `stripped animal skin, bag, belly', ahd. mhd. balg `bag, hose, bellows, sword scabbard', ags. bielg, byl(i)g `sac, bag', engl. belly `belly', bellows `bellows' (germ. *ƀalʒi- m., compare аpr. balsinis; perhaps hat also Old Indian barhiṣ-, av. barǝziš- idg. -i-s- as extension dieses i-stem);

aisl. participle bolginn `swollen', Kaus. belgja `make swell up', as. ags. belgan stem-V. `be angry', ahd. belgan `swell up', refl. `be angry with', afries. participle ovirbulgen `angers';

aisl. bylgja `wave', mnd. bulge ds.; *bul(h)stra- in aisl. bolstr m. `pillow, cushion', ags.bolster n. `pillow, cushion', ahd. bolstar ds., ndl. bolster `fruit skin, husk';

Old Prussian balsinis `pillow, cushion' (*bholĝhi-nos), pobalso `feather bed', lett. pabàlsts m. `pillow' (and `pad', see above S. 123); slov. blazína `pillow, cushion, mattress, a downy or feather bed; pad, ball of the foot or ball of the thumb, heel of hand [anat.]' (and `roof beam, crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion', see above S. 123), skr. blàzina `pillow, cushion, feather-bed'; russ. bólozenь m. `weal, callus, swelling, blister, clavus, corn' (but russ. dial. bólozno `thick board').

Here probably as ven.-ill. Lw. Old Prussian balgnan n., alit. balgnas, lit. bal̃nas `saddle' (probably from `pillow, cushion'). Further baltoslav. forms see above S. 123.

References: WP. II 182 f., WH. I 122. compare about gr. μολγός `leather sack' Vendryes BSL. 41, 134 f.

Page(s): 125-126

Root / lemma: bhel-1, balto-slav. also bhelǝ-

English meaning: shining, white

German meaning: `glönzend, weiß', also von weißlichen Tieren, Pflanzen and Dingen, as Schuppen, Haut etc

Note: to bhā-1 standing in the same relationship, as stel- to stā- `stand', del- `split' to *dā(i)- `divide'

Material: Old Indian bhālam n. `lustre, shine, forehead', sam-bhālayati `glances' (lengthened grade); balākā `a crane's kind' with b- after baká-ḥ `a heron's kind';

arm. bal `pallidness, paleness';

Maybe alb. balë `badger (animal with white spots in the snout)', balo `a dog with white spot on the forehead'.

gr. φαλός `white' Hes., φαλύνει λαμπρύνει Hes., φαλι(F)ός `gleaming, white, white-fronted', φαληρός, dor. -ᾱρός ds., φαληρίς, dor. -ᾱρίς `coot (*bald-headed)', φαλακρός `bald-headed',

Note: dor. φαληρός - α ̄ ρίς `coot (*bald-headed)', φαλακρός `bald-headed' related to alb. alb. balë `forehead, (*shining forehead, *bold as a coot)'

dor. παμφαλάω `look shyly around'; βαλιός `white, it is white-mottled' is probably illyr. Lw.;

illyr. *balta `swamp, marsh, white clay', out of it lat. blatea f., `excrement lump', adalm. balta `sea swamp'; ligur. *bolā `swamp, marsh' (M.-L. 1191b), FlN Duria Bautica (from *Baltica), perhaps here mare Balticum (ven.-ill.ö) `Baltic Sea' (Einhard, 9. Jh), compare Bonfante BSL. 37, 7 f.;

Note: clearly illyr. Albanoi TN derived from the IE root *bal `white'

alb. balë `forehead, (*bold as a cootö)' (= Old Prussian ballo ds.), balásh `white horse or ox', baltë f., balt m. `slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay';

maybe alb. (*balakha) balluke `hair fringe'

lat. fulica (compare ahd. belihha) and fulix f. `coot' (*bholik- with dial. u); but whether fēlēs, -is f. `a polecat, cat, marten; hence a thief' here belongs, is dubious because of mēlēs, -is f. `marten, badger';

kelt. belo- `luminous, white' in cymr. beleu (*bheleu̯o-) `marten', air. oíbell m. `blaze, glow, heat' (f. `spark, glowing coal') = cymr. ufel m. `spark, fire' (*opiḫbhelo-), mir. Bel-tene `festival of 1st May' (= beacon), gall. GN (Apollo) Belenos, (Minerva) Belisama (Superlat.), FlN Belenā > frz. Bienne, schweiz. Biel; afrz. baille `paleness' (out of it mbret.baill ds.) could on ablaut. gall. *bali̯o- go back, compare frz PN Bailleuil < *Bali̯o-i̯alon; gall. belsa `field' from *belisā;

got. bala m. `bald horse, horse with a blaze' (from Belisar's steed [Belisar was a Byzantine commander]), engl. dial. ball `horse with white paleness' (out of it cymr. bal ds), mengl. balled, engl. bald, dön. bældet `naked, bald, bleak', ahd. belihha (compare lat. fulica), nhd. Belche `coot', BergN Belchen (to suffix s. Brugmann Grundriß II 1, 511, Specht Dekl. 213 f.), lengthened grade aisl. bāl `flame', ags. bǽl `pyres, funeral piles' (*bhēl-).

Whereas are germ. *pōl- in ags. pōl, engl. pool, ahd. pfuol `pool', ablaut. ndl. peel (*pali-) `morass', ags. pyll, engl. pill (*puli̯a-, older *bl̥i̯o-) probably from Ven.-IH. borrows (see above *bolā); different Petersson Heterokl. 205;

lit. bãlas `white' and `snowdrop', balà f. `white anemone' and m. `swamp, marsh, moor, fen, pool', balù, balaũ, bálti `become white'; lett. lengthened grade bãls `pallid, pale, wan'; Old Prussian ballo f. `forehead' and *balo `swamp, marsh' in PN;

Old Church Slavic lengthened grade bělъ `white' (*bhēlo-), f. `splint in wood', poln. dial. biel f. `marshy wood, forest', russ. dial. bil `swamp, marsh'; ablaut. bala (*bhōlā) in russ. bala-ružina `puddle, slop', klr. balka `marsh';

lit. báltas (*bholǝtos), lett. bal̃ts `white', North Sea Baltin̨a ezers;

slav. substant. neutr. Adj. *bolto- (*bholǝto-) `swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea' in Old Church Slavic blato `sea', skr. blȁto `sea, ordure', russ. boɫóto `swamp, marsh';

lit. bá'lnas `white' (with glottal stop, idg. *bholǝnos), balañdis `baptism', balánda `orache', russ. lebedá, serb. lobòda ds.;

slav. *bolna f. (with trail tone, idg. *bholnā) in čech. slov. blána `membrane, skin, cutaneously', russ. boɫoná `sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood, (dial.) lump', bóɫonь f., `splint in wood', originally identical with čech. blana `meadow, grassland', poln. bɫoń f., bɫonie n. ds., russ. boɫonьje n. `deeply situated meadows';

perhaps toch. В palsk-, pölsk, A pöl(t)sk `cogitate' (*see, compare Old Indian sam-bhālayati);

whether here gr. φελλός (*bhel-so-), `cork, oak cork', φελλεύς `rocky ground', ἀφελής `even (*of land, ground, etc.: level, flat, not hilly or sloping; of uniform height)', φολίς `scale, flake (ones of reptile)'ö

References: WP. II 175 f., WH. I 108 f., 559 f., W. Schulze Berl. Sbb. 1910, 787 = Kl. Schr. 111, Trautmann 25, 29 f., Specht Dekl. 116 f.

See also: Here further bhel-2; bheleg-; bhlei-, -g-, -k-; bhlendh-; bhles-; bhleu-, -k-, -s-; bhlēu̯o-; bhl̥ndho-; bhlǝido-.

Page(s): 118-120

Root / lemma: bhel-2

English meaning: in names of henbane

German meaning: in Bezeichnungen of Bilsenkrautes

Note: probably with bhel-1 identical

Material: Gall. (illyr. ö) belinuntia f., βελένιον n. `hyoscyamus', to names of Apollo Belenos (see above bhel-1);

ags. beolone (*bhelunā), as. bilene, zero grade older dön. bylne (germ. *bulḫn-), bølme, schwed. bolmört, nhd. dial. bilme; but ahd. bil(i)sa is probably kelt. Lw. (compare aprov. belsa);

slav. *belena-, *belenā in r.-Church Slavic belenъ m., russ. belená f., slav. *belnъ m. in slov. blèn, ačech. blén, zero grade slav. *bьlnъ in skr. bûn.

References: WP. II 180, WH. I 99 f., Trautmann 30, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 97, Specht Dekl. 140.

Page(s): 120

Root / lemma: bhel-3, bhlē-

English meaning: to grow, spread, swell

German meaning: `aufblasen, aufschwellen, sprudeln, strotzen'

Material: Old Indian bhāṇḍa- n. `pot, pan, vessel' (*bhālnḫdaö); after Thieme (ZDMG. 92, 47 f.) here av. barǝ-s-man- `bundle of branches', Old Indian bársva m. Pl. `bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, gums' (Lw. from av. *barsman `cushion'); compare under ahd. bilorn.

Arm. beɫun `fertile' (: gr. φάλης), beɫn-awor ds. (: gr. φαλλός), Adontz, Mél. Boisacq 9.

Gr. φαλλός, φάλης `penis' (φαλλός from *bhl̥nós or *bh_elnós; compare air. ball, nhd. Bulle);

Maybe alb. geg. pallosh `penis' : gr. φαλλός `penis'

in addition φάλλαινα (formation as λύκαινα), φάλλη `whale' (compare that probably borrowed through illyr. mediation lat. ballaena; also mhd. bullich calls big fish kinds;

identical is φάλλαινα `moth', about ἀφελής and supplementary see above Z. 1; about ὄφελος see below phel-; after Persson Beitr. 299 also φλόμος (φλόνος) Great mullein, plant with thick woolly leaves, as *bh(e)loḫmoḫsö

Probably phryg. βάμ-βαλον, βά-βαλον `αἰδοῖον' Hes., also βαλλιόν `penis'; thrak. VN Τρι-βαλλοί.

Lat. follis `a leather bag; a pair of bellows; a purse; a puffed-out cheek' (*bhl̥nis or *bholnis, compare the germ. words with -ll- from -ln-);

cymr. bâl f. `elevation, rise, mountaintop' (*bhl̥ā);

zero grade air. ball m. `limb, member, part, body part', then `deal, portion, place, spot, mark' (also in the body), hence perhaps also cymr. ball `epidemic', balleg `sack, bag'; changing through ablaut bol, boll in cymr. dyrn-fol `glove', arfolli `become pregnant', ffroen-foll `with swollen nostrils' (: φαλλός);

Maybe alb. bole `testicle'

zero grade with formants -ko- and meaning as ahd. bald (see below): nir. bale `strong', cymr. balch, bret. balc'h `stout, proud, hubristic, overbearing'.

bhl̥- (bh_el-) in aschwed. bulin, bolin `swollen', bulde, bolde, byld `hump, ulcer'; aisl. bulr, bolr m. `tree truck, trunk', mnd. mhd. bole f. `plank' (nhd. Bohle); aisl. boli `bull', ags. bula ds., bulluc `young bull', engl. bull, mnd. nhd. Bulle (as *bull-ōn = gr. *φάλλων from a stem *bulla- = φαλλό-ς); hess. bulle `vulva'; aisl. bolli m. drinking bowl' (`*spherical vessel'; mir. ballán `drinking vessel' probably from Nord.), ags. bolla m. `bowl', hēafodbolla `brain box, cranium', afries. strotbolla `larynx', as. bollo `drinking bowl', ahd. bolla f. `vesicle, blister, fruit skin or knot of the flax', mhd. bolle f. `bud, spherical vessel', ahd. hirnibolla `cranium', nhd. Bolle, Roßbollen, mhd. bullich, bolch `big fish among others cod' (compare φάλλαινα), compare also ahd. bolōn, mhd. boln `roll, throw, toss, fling' and with the meaning swollen = `thick, big, large', schwed. mdartl. bål, bol `thick and large, strong, very daring', aisl. poet. bolmr `bear'; here probably aisl. bulki `ship load', schwed. dön. bulk `hump, nodules, tubers';

in heterokl. paradigm (ö) *bhelr̥, Gen. *bhelnés interprets ahd. bilorn m. f. `gums' (*bilurnō `swelling, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb'), whether not from *beluznō;

germ. *belḫn- also in hess. bille `penis' (: bulle), mnd. (ars-)bille, ndl. bil `buttock', schwed. fotabjölle `ball of the foot';

also alb. bili `penis', bole `testicle'

changing through ablaut ahd. ballo, balla, nhd. Ball, Ballen, ahd. arsbelli m. Pl. `buttocks', ags. bealluc m. `testicles' (*bholḫn-), aisl. bǫllr `ball, sphere, testicle'; aisl. bali `elevation along the the edge of the lake bank; small rise on ground level'; with formants -to- and the meaning `swollen, inflated' = `arrogant, bold', got. bal-Þaba Adv. `boldly', balÞei f. `boldness', aisl. ballr `dreadful, dangerous', baldinn `defiant', ags. beald `bold, audacious', ahd. bald `bold, audacious, quick, fast', nhd. bald Adv.; in addition ags. bealdor `prince, lord, master, mister', aisl. GN Baldr.

With coloring gradation *bhōl- probably norw. bøl `in heat, rutting, of the sow' (changing through ablaut bala `rutting, be in heat').

root form bhlē-:

Gr. φλήναφος `gossip, talkative', φλην-έω, -άω `be talkative'; ἐκωφλαίνω as φαίνω from bhā-, Aor. ἐκφλῆναι `bubble out';

lat. flō, flāre `to blow; intransit., of winds, persons and instru- ments; transit., to blow, blow forth; to blow on an instrument; to cast metals, to coin' (probably from *bhlǝ-i̯ō), but flēmina `varicoses' is probably Lw. from gr. φλεγμονή; norw. dial. blæma `bleb on the skin, skin vesicle'; aschwed. blæmma ds.; ahd. blāt(t)ara, as. blādara `blister, bubble', ags. blǣdre ds., reduplication-stem aisl. blaðra `vesicle, blister, bubble', ahd. etc blat `leaf'; aisl. blā- in Zs. `excessive, very'; with prevalent meaning `blow' ahd. i̯o-present blājan, blāen `blow, swell, blow out', ags. blāwan `blow' (here w from Perf.), ahd. blāt, ags. blæd `blow, breath, breeze, gust of wind', aisl. blǣr `gust of wind'; with -s- got. ufblēsan `inflate, bloat', aisl. blāsa `blow, pant, gasp, inflate, bloat; unpers.: `swell up', ahd. blāsan `blow', blāsa `bubble', blāst `blast, breath, breeze', ags. blǣst, aisl. blāstr (*blēstu-) `blast, breath, breeze, snort, rage, fury';

Maybe alb. plas `blow'

lett. blèn̨as `prank' derives from russ. Lw. blèdis `confidence trickster, swindler'.

Maybe alb. geg. blenj `I buy, bargain, strike a deal)' similar meaning shift as lat. īcō -ĕre `hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain'

Here perhaps got. blōÞ `blood', s. bhel-4.

References: WP. II 177 f., WH. I 515, 524 f.

See also: In addition bhel-4 `bloom' etc and the extensions bhelĝh-, bhlē̆d-, bhlegʷ-, bhlei-, bhleu- `to swell' etc

Page(s): 120-122

Root / lemma: bhel-4 and bhlē-, bhlō-, bhlǝ-

English meaning: leaf; bloom

German meaning: `Blatt, Blöte, blöhen; öppig sprießen'

Note: probably from bhel- `to swell' in sense of `vegetable lushness' and `swelling = bud'

Material: Gr. φύλλον `leaf' (*bh^ul̥i̯om), lat. folium ds.; mir. bileóc `leaf' (from *bile < *bheli̯o-); moreover probably air. bile n. `tree';

Maybe alb. (*φύλλον) pyll `forest' [common alb. shift u > y]

bhlē-, mostly bhlō- in: lat. flōs, -ris m. `a flower, blossom. Transf., the prime, flower of anything, the best, the pride; on the face, first beard, down'; flōreō, -ēre `to bloom, flower. Transf., to be in one's prime, to prosper, flourish, be in repute; with abl. to abound in, swarm with'; osk. Fluusaí `the goddess of flowers, whose festival was celebrated on the 28th of April, often with unbridled license', Fluusasiaís `of the festivals of Flora', sabin. Flusare `of or belonging to the festival of Flora, of the Floralia'.

Mir. blāth m. `bloom, blossom, flower', cymr. blawd, acorn. blodon `bloom, blossom' (*bhlō-t-), mbret. (with -men-suffix) bleuzven, nbret. bleun̄(v)enn ds., with s-derivative mhd. bluost `bloom, blossom', nhd. Blust, ags. blōstma, blōsma, blōstm `flower, blossom', an. blōmstr ds., ndl. blōsen `bloom' (= mnd. blōsen `blush', see below bhles- `shine');

got. blōma m., ahd. bluomo m. `flower, blossom', aisl. blomi m. ds., blōm collective `flower, blossom'; ahd. bluojen, bluowen, as. blōjan, ags. blōwan `bloom'; ahd. bluot f. `blossoming, bloom, blossom' = ags. blēd f. `scion, shoot, twig, branch, flower, blossom, fruit'; but got. blōÞ n., aisl. blōð, as. ags. blōd, ahd. bluot `blood' probably to *bhelē- `effervesce'.

With ē: ags. blǣd m. `breath, breeze', n. `bubble', f. `bloom, blossom', ahd. blāt `bloom, blossom' (compare also ags. blǣd, ahd. blāt `life, breath, breeze' and bhel- `inflate, bloat');

with ǝ: ahd. blat, as. blad, ags. blæd, aisl. blað n. `leaf'; toch. A. pölt ds.

References: WP. II 176 f., WH. I 518 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351.

Page(s): 122

Root / lemma: bhel-5, mostly with -ĝ- (-k̂-) suffix: bh_elǝĝ-, bh_elǝ-n-ĝ-, bheleĝ-; bhl̥k̂-

English meaning: balk

German meaning: `Bohle, Balken'

Material: Basic bhel- in Old Indian bhuríjāu Du.`arms, arms or shafts of the cart's pole'; gall. *balākon `(wall) projection', cymr. balog `pinnacle' (M.-L. 890).

With guttural extensions:

Gr. φάλαγξ, -γγος f. `stem, balk, beam; battle row, array', φάλαγγαι `planks, planking' (if only with secondary nasal rendering from other nouns in -γξ, so *φαλαγ- = Old Indian bhurij-; yet perhaps with bh_elǝ-ĝ- only parallel ĝ-extension from a n-stem *bh_elǝn- from); with -k-: φάλκης m. `balk, beam plank in ship'.

Lat. fulciō, -īre, fulsī, -tum (*bhl̥ki̯ō) `to prop up, support; to strengthen, secure; morally, to support, stay, uphold' (eig. `through balk, beam'); fulcrum (*fulc-lomö) `the post or foot of a couch (prop, rack, rest camp)'.

Perhaps also sufflāmen `a brake, drag, hindrance' (*flăg- = idg. *bhlǝĝ-smen);

aisl. bialki (*belkan-) `balk, beam'; ablaut. (*balkan-): ags. balca, bealca; ahd. as. balko `balk, beam'; aisl. balkr `partition wall, dividing off, partitioning off', bǫlkr `dividing off, partitioning off';

zero grade ags. bolca m. `gangplank'; but ahd. bloh(h), mhd. bloch, nhd. (ndd.) Block `clot, chunk, balk, plank' contains idg. u, also from idg. *bhluko- or, whether with germ. consonant increase, from *bhlugo-, to mir. blog `piece, fragment', further perhaps to got. bliggwan, ahd. bliuwan, nhd. bleuen `hit', from idg. *bhleu̯-ono-; see under bheleu-.

Whereas belong probably to *bhelĝh- `to swell' from a meaning mediation `thick, tumescent' from:

lit. balžienа `long beam in the harrow', balžíenas `crossbar, crossbeam', lett. bàlžiêns, bèlziêns m. `prop', ostlett. bòlgzds m. `props connected in the wood sledge level', lett. pabàlsts m. `prop, handle, grasp, handle in the plow', bàlzît, pabàlstît `prop, sustain';

russ. mdartl. (Gouv. Olonez) bólozno `thick board', slov. blazína `roof beam, crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion'; kašub. bɫozno `the runners connecting the sledge skids'.

References: WP. II 181 f., WH. I 559, Trautmann 25 f.

Page(s): 122-123

Root / lemma: bhel-6

English meaning: to sound, speak, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: `schallen, reden, bröllen, bellen'; Schallwurzel

Material: Old Indian bhaṣáḫḥ `barking, baying' (*bhelḫs-), bhāṣatē `talks, speaks, prattles'; bhaṇḍatē (Dhatup.) `speaks, jeers, rebukes' (*bhelḫnḫdō), bháṇati `talks, speaks' (*bhel-nō) are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 32 f. nichtidg.

aisl. belja `roar, bellow', mndl. belen `bark, bay'; aisl. bylja, bulda `threaten, drone, roar', bylr `gust of wind', ags. bylgan `roar, bellow', mhd. boln `cry, roar, bellow';

with germ. ll (consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words), ahd. bellan `bark, bay', ags. bellan `roar, bellow, bark, bay, grunt'; ahd. bullōn `howl (from the wind), bark, bay, roar, bellow', isl.-norw. bulla `babble, chat'; aisl. bjalla, ags. belle, engl. bell, mnd. belle `bell', nhd. (eigentl. ndd.) Bellhammel `bellwether (with bell)';

with germ. ld (probably from a present dh- and perhaps with lit. bìldu to compare, because latter contains most probably idg. dh) dön. baldre, norw. mdartl. baldra, schwed mdartl. ballra `rant, roister' mnd. ndl. balderen ds., dön. buldre, schwed. bullsa, mnd. ndl. bulderen, bolderen, mhd. buldern, nhd. poltern; Old Prussian billit `say, speak', lit. bìlstu, bilaũ, bìlti `to start to talk', bīlu, biloti `talk', bilóju, -óti `say, talk', byl-aũ, -óti ds., bylà `speech, pronunciation, conversation, entertainment', lett. bil̂stu, bil̂žu, bil̂st (in Zs.) `talk, address, speak to', bil̂dêt `address, speak to'; lett. bil̨̃l̨ât (from *bil̨n̨a) `weep, cry'; with formants -so- lit. bal̃sas `voice, sound, tone';

toch. AB pöl-, pāl- `praise, laud' (Van Windekens Lexique 89).

References: WP. II 182, WH. I 516, Trautmann 25.

See also: From this derived *bhlē- `bleat'.

Page(s): 123-124

Root / lemma: bhendh-

English meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden'

Material: Old Indian badhnā́ti, only later bandhati `binds, fetters, captures, takes prisoner, put together', av. bandayaiti `binds', participle Old Indian baddhá-, av. ap. basta-, Old Indian bándhana- n. `ligation', bandhá-ḥ m. `ligation, strap',

Note:

Probably from av. ap. basta- n. `ligation' derived alb. besë `pact, covenant, faith, belief, armistice', previously illyr. TN Besoi [common alb. shift st > s]; clearly illyr. displays simultaneous satem and centum characteristics since it was created before the split of Indo European family. Because the institution of besa is the most important pagan medium that surpasses monotheistic religions in alb. psyche, that means alb. are the descendants of illyr. Only alb. and Indic languages relate to the fact of blood bond. The institution of besa marks the ancient code of blood revenge and the victory of patriarchy or the blood line of the father.

av. banda- m. `band, manacle' (: aisl. as. bant, ahd. bant n., nhd. Band; got. bandi, ags. bend f. ds.; lit. bandà `cattle', see under); Old Indian bándhu-ḥ m. `kinsman, relative' (as πενθερός).

Gr. πεῖσμα `rope, hawser, rope, cable' (from *πενθσμα, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 287, compare Brugmann IF. 11, 104 f., also for πέσμα and πάσμα), πενθερός `father-in-law' (*`linked by marriage');

here after Pedersen (REtIE. 1, 192) also πάσχω `suffer' as `is bound, is entrapped', as also lat. offendō `to strike against, knock; to hit upon, fall in with; to shock, offend, displease; intransit. to knock, strike; to run aground; to stumble, make a mistake, to give offence (with dat.); also to take offence', dēfendō `(*release from the entanglement) to repel, repulse, ward off, drive away (2) to defend, protect; esp. to defend in court; in argument, to maintain a proposition or statement; to sustain a part'; πάθνη (covers late, but old), with sound rearrangement hom. att. φάτνη `crib' (*bhn̥dhḫnā; under a basic meaning `twisted, woven basket' as kelt. benna `carriage basket');

thrak. βενδ- `bind' (vgl Kretschmer Einl. 236); alb. besë `pact, covenant, faith, belief, armistice';

illyr. TN Besoi

lat. offendimentum, offendix `the knot of a band, or the band itself, chin strap under priest's cap, apex (a Roman priest's cap), fastened with two strings or bands';

gall. benna `kind of vehicle', galat. Ζεὺς Βέννιος, cymr. benn `wagon, cart' (out of it ags. binn, and through roman. mediation nhd. dial. benne `carriage boxes', ndl. ben `basket, trough'; basic form *bhendh-nā); mir. buinne `strap, bangle' (*bhondhiā);

got. ags. bindan, aisl. binda, ahd. bintan `bind', got. andbundnan `is unfastened', got. bandi etc see above;

lit. beñdras `partner, comrade' (formant associated with gr. πενθερός), bandà `herd of cattle' (eig. `the tied (down) cattle, the bound cattle').

Here also got. bansts m. `barn' (*bhondh-sti; compare in other meaning afries. bōst `matrimonial union' from *bhondh-stu- `bond';

ndd. banse `silo, garner, barn', ags. *bōs, engl. boose `cattle shed', ags. bōsig `crib', aisl. bāss m. `room for keeping, cattle stall' (*band-sa-);

jöt. bende `divided off room in cattle shed' erases probably every doubt about the relationship of above group with binden.

References: WP. II 152, WH. I 102, Feist 79, 80 f., 93.

Page(s): 127

Root / lemma: bhend-

English meaning: to sing, rejoice

German meaning: etwa `singen, schön klingen, jauchzen'

Material: Old Indian bhandatē `receives cheering shout, is praised, glares, gleams', bhándiṣṭha-ḥ `in loudest cheering, shrilly, screaming, best of all praising',

bhandána-ḥ `cheering', bhandánā `merry tintinnabulation, cheer' (doubts the meaning partly); zero grade air. mir. bind `melodic', abret. bann `melodious, harmonious'.

References: WP. II 151 f.

Page(s): 126-127

Root / lemma: bhenĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-s)

English meaning: thick, fat

German meaning: `dick, dicht, feist'

Material: Old Indian bahú- `dense, rich, much, a lot of' `compounds Sup. baṁhīyas-, baṁhišṭha- (= gr. παχύς);

bahulá- `thick, dense, vast, spacious, big, large, rich, much, a lot of' (= gr. παχυλῶς Adv. by Aristot., if these not newer formation); báṁhatē (uncovered) `increase, multiply', bháṁhayatē `clamps, fastens, strengthens';

av. bązah- n. `height, depth', bąšnu- m. ds., bal. bāz `much, a lot of', baz `dense';

gr. παχύς `thick, dense, fat, obese' (compounds πᾰσσων), πάχος n. `thickness, fatness' (occurs after παχύς for *πέγχος = av. bązah-), πάχετος `thick; thickness, fatness';

aisl. bingr `heap', aschwed. binge ds., ahd. bungo `tuber, bulb', nhd. Bachbunge; in addition with intens. consonant-sharpening aisl. bunki `stowed away shipload', norw. bunka (and bunga) `small heap, swelling, blister', ndl. bonk `clump, lump' under likewise;

Note:

Alb. bungë `kind of edible oak fruit' : with -u- grade alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : phryg. βεκός `bread', actually `crumb' prove that from an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, bh(e)u- : `expr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: bheg-, bheng- : `to break', Root / lemma: bhenĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-s) : `thick, fat', Root / lemma: bheug-1 : `to flee, *be frightened', Root / lemma: bheug-2, bheugh- : `to clear away, free', Root / lemma: bheug-3, bheugh- : `to bow', Root / lemma: bheug-4 : `to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.

lett. bìezs `dense, thick', bìezums `thickness, fatness';

lat. pinguis `fat; oily; rich, fertile; n. as subst. fatness, fat. Transf. thick, dense; heavy, stupid; easy, quiet' has perhaps originated through hybridization of *fingu-is = παχύς, bahú- with that to opīmus, πίων respective words;

toch. В pkante, pkatte `greatness, bulk, extent' (Van Windekens Lexique 96);

hitt. pa-an-ku- (panku-) `all, in general'.

References: WP. II 151, Couvreur H̯ 177.

Page(s): 127-128

Root / lemma: bhen-

English meaning: to hit, wound

German meaning: `schlagen, verwunden'; also von durch den Schlag böser Geister bewirkter Krankheit (avest.; compare to diesem Aberglauben Havers IF. 25, 380 f.)

Material: Av. bąnayǝn `it makes me sick', banta- `sickens, waste away';

got. banja `blow, knock, wound, ulcer', aisl. ben, ags. benn f., as. beniḫwunda `wound'; aisl. bani m. `death; murderer', ags. bana, ahd. as. bano `killer, murderer', ahd. bano, mhd. bane, ban `death, ruin'; perhaps also mhd. bane, ban f. and m. `pathway, way, alley' as `*by all means through an wood, forest' or `*a (well-) beaten track, a way used often'; mir. epit f. `scythe, pruning knife' from *eks-bhen-tī; corn. bony `axe'; but cymr. bon-clust `slap in the face, box on the ear' contains bon `stick'.

Av. bata-, if `ground coarsely, from the grain', could be related as *bhn̥ḫto-, but because of the uncertain meaning is only to name with reservation.

References: WP. II 149, Feist 80.

Page(s): 126

Root / lemma: bheredh-

English meaning: to cut; board

German meaning: `schneiden'

Note:

Root / lemma: bheredh- : `to cut; board' derived from Root / lemma: bhereĝh- : `high; mountain, *sharp' [common illyr. - balt -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation].

Material: Old Indian bardhaka-ḥ `cutting, clipping', m. `carpenter', śata-bradh-na-ḥ `having 100 metal points'; perhaps gr. πέρθω `destroy, smash', πορθέω `destroy, smash, devastate';

bhredhos- in as. ags. bred `board', ahd. bret n., therefrom ahd. britissa, nhd. Pritsche;

bhr̥dho- in got. fōtu-baúrd n. `splint', aisl. bord n. `board, table, desk', ags. bord n. ds., ahd. bort ds. = umbr. forfo- ds. in furfant `they lay on the board'; probably with it identical aisl. borð `edge, border, ship's rim', ahd. mhd. bort ds. (nhd. Bord from Ndd.), ags. bord `board, edge, shield'; ags. borda m. `edge, ornament, decoration', ahd. borto, nhd. Borte;

bhordho- in aisl. barð `edge, border', norw. dial. bard ds.

From germ. *burð- derive skr. bȑdo, russ. bërdo etc `weaver's reed' and lett. birde f. `weaver's rack'.

References: WP. II 163, 174, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 227 f., Meillet Slave commun² 75.

Page(s): 138

Root / lemma: bhereg-

English meaning: expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice

German meaning: in Schallworten `brummen, bellen, lörmen under likewise'

Note: compare bher- ds. as well as that by bhreg- `break, rupture' and `crack, creak' encountering onomatopoeic sounds

Note:

Root / lemma: bhereg- : `expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice' derived from Root / lemma: bhereĝh- : `high; mountain, *sharp'.

Material: Ags. beorcan stem-V., bearkian (*barkōn), engl. bark `bark, bay', aisl. berkja `bark, bay, rumble, rage, clamor';

lit. (žem.) burgė́ti `drone, grumble, quarrel, squabble, be unfriendly', burgèsus `crosspatch, grouch'; presumably also skr. br̀gljati `mumble, murmur, chat', brgalica `turtledove'.

Besides similar bhereq-: lett. brę̀cu, brèkt `cry', russ. brešú, brechátь `yelp, cry, quarrel, squabble, lie', brechnjá `empty gossip', skr. brȅšēm, brèhati `pant, gasp, loud cough' (*bhreq-s-), brȅkćēm, brèktati `pant, sniff, snort'.

Somewhat different because of the clear onomatopoeic words are the following words, which in their partial i- and u-vocalism in these by bher(e)ĝ- `roast' remind present vocal differences, which are explained from different sound imitation:

gr. φρυγίλος `a small bird' (transposition from *φριγύλος: lat. frig-ö);

lat. frigō, -ere `squeak (of small children)', friguttiō, -īre `chirp, twitter (from birds), lisp', later fringuliō, fringultiō ds., frigulō, -āre `cry (from the jackdaw)', fring(u)illa `finch, sparrow';

maybe alb. (*fringuilla) fërgëlloj `shiver, tremble (like a birdö)'

russ. bergléz `goldfinch', skr. br̀glijez `Sitta syriaca', čech. brhel `Eurasian golden oriole, golden oriole', möhr. `woodpecker', poln. bargiel `mountain titmouse'.

Similar ones, but indeed new onomatopoeic words are lat. merulus frindit, lit. briz-gė́ti `bleat, grouse, drone, hum, grumble'.

References: WP. II 171 f., WH. I 548.

Page(s): 138-139

Root / lemma: bhereĝh-

English meaning: high; mountain

German meaning: `hoch, erhaben'

Note:

Root / lemma: bhereĝh- : `high; mountain' derived from Root / lemma: bherǝĝ-, bhrēĝ- : `to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm'

Material: Old Indian Kaus. barháyati `increases', br̥ṁháti `makes fat, obese, strengthens, uplifts', presumably barha-s, -m `tail feather, tail of a bird, esp. from a peacock'; br̥hánt- `big, large, high, convex, elevated, noble, sublime', also `high, loud (of the voice)', fern. br̥hatī (= ir. Brigit, germ. Burgund), av. bǝrǝzant- (npers. buland), f. bǝrǝzaitī `high', in compound bǝrǝzi- (: *bǝrǝzra-), bǝrǝz- `high' and `height, mountain' (= npers. burz ds., ir. bri ́; the Nom. av. barš Subst. could contain ar. -ar-, but also ar. -r̥-, Bartholomae IF. 9, 261), zero grade av. uz-barǝzayeni `I shall allow to grow up' (in addition Σατι-βαρζάνης `improve luck', iran. *barzana-), barǝzan- m. barǝzah- n. `height', barǝšnu- m. `elevation, height, sky, heaven, head', barǝzyah- `higher', barǝzišta- `the highest, the most suitable'; npers. bālḫā `height' (*barz-), burz (see above);

Old Indian br̥hánt- stands for also `big, large, vast, grand, thick, massive' and br̥ṁhati `makes fat, obese, invigorates, strengthens, increases, furthers', bŕ̥háṇā Adv. `dense, tight, firm, strong, proficient; very, absolutely', paribr̥ḍha-ḥ `standing firm, dense, solid'.

Arm. berj `height' in erkna-, lerna-berj `sky-, mountainous' (*bherĝhos), barjr `high' (*bhr̥ĝhú-), (ham-)baṙnam (*barjnam, Aor. barji) `lift up' etc.

Berg- in PN the Mediterranean countries: thrak. Βεργούλη, maked. Βέργα, ill. Berginium (Bruttium: Bergae), lig. Bergomum, kelto-lig. Bergusia, hisp. Bergantia etc about p- in kleinas. Πέργη, Πέργαμος, maked. kret. Πέργαμος suppositions by Kretschmer Gl. 22, 100 f., Krahe ZNF. 19, 64.

Lat. for(c)tis, alat. forctus, dial. horctus, horctis `physically, strong, powerful, robust; morally, brave, courageous, steadfast, bold, audacious' (from *forg-tos, idg. *bhrĝh-tos = Old Indian br̥ḍháḥ).

Cymr. bera `heap' (= nhd. Berg), acorn. bret. bern ds. (-rĝh-n-ö s. Pedersen KG. I 105), gall. PN Bergusia, zero grade mir. brí, Akk. brig `hill' (see above), cymr. bry `high, above', fem., cymr. corn. bret. bre `hill', gall. Litano-briga among others PN; gall. Brigantes, Βρίγαντες people's name (either `the sublime, noble' or `troglodyte, cave dweller, cliff dweller'; Old Indian br̥hant-), Brigantia PN `Bregenz (western Austria)' and name of a feminine divinity, air. Brigit (*bhr̥ĝhn̥tī) `name of a famous saint and generally women's name' (also Old Indian br̥hatī́ is used as woman's name, also ahd. Purgunt), cymr.braint `privilege, prerogative' (eig. `highness'), pl. breiniau, in addition mcymr. breenhin, ncymr. brenin `king', corn. brentyn, bryntyn ds. (*brigantīnos).

Got. baírgahei `mountain range, mountainous region', aisl. bjarg and berg, ahd. as. berg `mountain', ags. beorh, beorg `height, burial mound', engl. barrow `burial mound' (compare arm. -berj, cymr. bera, Old Indian barha-);

germ. *burgundī (= Old Indian br̥hatī, kelt. *brigantī, ir. Brigit) in Burgund, oldest name of Bornholm (Danish island) (eig. `the high-rising') and name Danish and norw. islands, ahd. Purgunt women's name, in addition Burgundiōnes, family name.

Got. baurgs f. `town, city, tower', ahd. burg etc `castle' is genuine germ. equivalent of av. bǝrǝz-, kelt. brig- with the meaning `fortified height as refuge'; With it is coincident though lat. burgus `castle, fort', that is borrowed from gr. πύργος `tower', an oriental loanword from urart. burgana `palace, fortress' derives (820 v. Chr., s. Adontz REtIE 1, 465), whereof would have also derived arm. burgn, aram. burgin, burgon `tower' etc. after Kretschmer though πύργος germ. Lw.

Maybe alb. burg `prison'

This contemplates *berĝhō `save, hide, shelter', originally ostensibly `providing sancturay for someone at a refuge' as retrograde derivative to *bherĝh- `mountain' (Gl. 22, 113); s. above S. 145.

Old Church Slavic brěgъ `bank, border, shore, slope', skr. brȉjeg `hill, bank, border, shore', russ. bēreg ds., is probably not germ. Lw., but rather ven.-ill. origin; Bröckner KZ. 46, 232, Persson Beitr. 927;

Maybe alb. bregu `bank, border, shore, slope'.

from latter with brěgъ as genuine Slavic words related klr. o-boříh, čech. brah `haystack' etc belongs rather to Old Church Slavic brěgǫ `care' (*preserve, save, hide, shelter), as stogъ : στέγω.

Maybe alb. brengë `care, sadness, sorrow', brengos `sadden, worry'

With other vowel gradation *bhregh- perhaps in ags. brego, breogo `master, mister, ruler, prince, lord', aisl. bragr `best, most exquisite, most distinguished, leader, chief, prince', mhd. brogen `rise, direct upwards, wanton brag'.

Toch. AB pörk- `rise', A pörkānt, В pirko `the rising', A pörkör, В parkre, pörkre `tall';

perhaps A prākör, В prākre `tight, firm, solid' (compare lat. fortis); hitt. pár-ku-uš (parkus) `high' (: arm. barjr).

Maybe alb. (*parkus) pragu `threshold, elevation before the door' : hitt. pár-ku-uš (parkus) `high'

References: WP. II 173 f., WH. I 124, 535 f., 853, Feist 75 f., 85 f., Trautmann 30 f., Van Windekens Lexique 90, Couvreur H̯ 178.

Page(s): 140-141

Root / lemma: bherem-1

English meaning: to stick out; edge, hem

German meaning: `hervorstehen, eine Spitze or Kante bilden; Kante, Spitze'ö

Material: bhorm-:

Aisl. barmr `edge, hem', eyḫbarmr `the edge of an island', norw. dial. barm `extremity, border, brim, edge, rim' (e.g. in the sail), ndd. barm, berme `a ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank; a narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch'.

bhrem-: bhrom- :

Perhaps lat. frōns, frondis f. `a leaf, foliage; meton., a chaplet or crown of leaves' (*bhrom-di-, as glāns from *glanḫdi-);

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift

an. brum n. `leaf buds', ahd. brom, brum ds., schweiz. brom `flower bud, young twig, branch', ablaut. brāme ds.

In a basic meaning `bristly, thorn' go back: ags. brōm m. `broom' (*bhrēmo-), mnd. brām `blackberry bush, broom', ahd. brāmo m., brāma f. `briar, blackberry bush', brāmberi, nhd. Brombeere, ags. brēmel, engl. bramble (proto germ. *brāmil), ablaut. mnl. bremme, ahd. brimma `broom' and mnd. brēme, brumme ds.

With the meaning `edge, border': mhd. brëm n. `border, edging, edge', nhd. verbrömen, changing through ablaut mengl. brimme, engl. brim `edge'.

References: WP. II 102.

Page(s): 142

Root / lemma: bherem-2

English meaning: to buzz, drone

German meaning: `brummen, summen, surren'

Material: Old Indian bhramará-ḥ `bee';

gr. φόρμινξ, -γγος f. `zither', because of suffixes loanwordö Initial sound variant *brem- probably in βρέμω `boom, blaster, sough, rustle, bawl, blaster', βρόμος m. `noise, crackling', βροντή f. `thunder' (*βρομ-τᾱ);

lat. fremō, -ere `roar, murmur, growl; with acc. to murmur out something, grumble, complain'; frontēsia `thunder and lightning' is Lw. from gr. βροντήσιος (to βροντή);

Maybe alb. frymë `breath, exhalation', frynj `blow'

cymr. brefu `bleat, roar, bellow'; ahd. breman `drone, grumble, roar, bellow', ags. bremman `roar, bellow', brymm n. `flood, sea', mhd. brimmen ds., ablaut. brummen `drone, grumble' (in addition brunft `heat, rut, rutting season'); mnd. brummen and brammen ds., ahd. as. bremo `gadfly, brake', mhd. breme, as. bremmia, ahd. brimisse, nhd. Breme and (from dem Ndd.) Bremse;

poln. brzmieć `sound, clink, buzz' (*brъm-), bulg. brъmčъ́ `buzz, drone, hum', brъ́mkam ds., brъ́mb-al, -ar, -ъr `bumblebee, beetle, chafer'.

Maybe alb. geg. diminutive (*brum-el) brumull, tosk. brumbull `bumblebee, beetle, bug' [common alb. m > mb phonetic mutation]

As extensions *bhrem- perhaps here the onomatopoeic words: Old Indian bhr̥ŋga-ḥ `giant black bee'; poln. brzęk `sound, tinkling, clinking; gadfly, brake', russ. brjákatь `clang, clink, clatter', čech. brouk `beetle, chafer'; lit. brį́nkterèti `fall chinking' etc;

lit. brenzgu, brengsti `clang, clink, knock', ablaut. branzgu, brangsti `sound, clink'; slav. bręzgъ in russ. brjázgi Pl. `empty gossip'; russ.-Church Slavic brjazdati `sound, clink'.

References: WP. II 202 f., WH. I 544 f., Trautmann 37.

Page(s): 142-143

Root / lemma: bheres-

English meaning: quick

German meaning: `schnell'

Material: Lat. festīnō, -āre `to hasten, hurry; transit., to hasten, accelerate', Denom. von *festiō(n)-, -īn- `haste, hurry', Erweit. to *festi- (from *fersti-) in cōnfestim `immediately, without delay' (from *com festī `with haste, hurry');

mir. bras `quick, fast, stormy' (*bhr_esto-), cymr. brys ds. (*bhr̥sto-), mbret. bresic, brezec `hasty';

lit. bruz-g-ùs `quick, fast', bruz-d-ùs `movable, nimble', besides burz-d-ùlis ds., burz-dė́ti `run to and fro';

slav. *bъrzъ in Old Church Slavic brъzo Adv. `quick, fast', skr. br̂z `quick, fast', russ. borzój `quick, fast, fiery', besides *bъrzdъ in wruss. bórzdo Adv. `quick, fast', skr. brzdìca f. `rapids, speed in stream'.

Perhaps here ligur. FlN Bersula, schweiz. FlN Birsig (Krahe ZONF 9, 45).

Maybe alb. (*bersul) vërsul, `rush forward, attack', truncated (*vërsul) sul `rush, attack' [common alb. b- > v- shift].

References: WP. II 175, WH. I 259, 488 f., Trautmann 40, Specht Dekl. 192.

Page(s): 143

Root / lemma: bh(e)reu- : bh(e)rū̆-

English meaning: to boil, to be wild

German meaning: `sich heftig bewegen, wallen, especially vom Aufbrausen beim Gören, Brauen, Kochen etc'

Note: extension from bher-2.

Material: A. ablaut bheru- (bh_eru-), bhrū̆-:

Old Indian bhurváṇi-ḥ `restless, wild', bhurván- `uncontrollable movement of water'.

Arm. bark `sharp, sour, cruel, savage' (barkanam `I get angry'), which is very much ambiguous, it is constructed here from Dumézil BSL. 40, 52 as *bhr̥ḫu̯-, likewise berkrim `I am glad' as *bherḫu̯-; very doubtful!

Gr. φαρυμός τολμηρός, θρασύς Hes. (*bh_er-u-) and φορυτός `mixture, rubbish, chaff, crap, muck', φορύ̄νω, φορύσσω `knead, jumble, mingle, sully, besmirch', probably also φρυ-άσσομαι `gestures, behaves impatiently (esp. from wild horses); be rollicking, wanton' common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation.

Thrak. βρῦτος (see below).

Alb. brum m., brumë f. `sourdough', mbruj, mbrönj `knead'.

Lat. ferveō, -ēre, fervō, -ĕre `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage' (about fermentum s. bher-2); dēfrū̆tum `leaven, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion' (: thrak. βρῦτος, βρῦτον, βροῦτος `a kind of barley beer'; from thrak. *brūti̯ā (gr. βρύτια), derives illyr. brīsa `skins of pressed grapes', proto extension alb. bërsí ds., from which serb. bersa, bîrsa, bîrza `mould on the wine'; lat. brīsa from dem Venet. or Messap.).

Note:

Not only alb. is the direct descendant of illyr. but Albans in Alba Longa brought their beer formula from Illyricum (Albanoi illyr. TN) to Italy. Slavic languages borrowed their cognates from illyr.

Mir. berbaim `cook, simmer, seethe', cymr. berwi, bret. birvi `simmer, seethe, boil', bero, berv `cooked, boiled', gall. GN Borvo (from spa, mineral spring), compare with other suffix Bormō above S. 133; perhaps also frz. bourbe `slime, mud' from gall. *borvā `mineral water'; air. bruth `blaze, glow, fury', mir. bruith `cook', enbruithe `broth, meat broth' (to en- `water', see under pen-2), acymr. brut `courage, spirit, vivacity; also pride, arrogance', ncymr. brwd `hot' (cymmrwd `mortar' from *kom-bru-to-, compare mir. combruith `simmer, seethe, boil'), brydio `seethe, froth', acorn. bredion `dealer, broker' (Umlaut), abret. brot `jealousy', nbret. broud `hot, fermenting'.

About germ. bru-forms see under B.

B. ablaut bhrē̆u- and (partially again) bhrū̆-:

At first in words for `wellspring' = `bubbling over' (r/n-stem, perhaps bhrēu̯r̥, bhrēu̯n-, bhrun-); arm. aɫbiur, aɫbeur (Gen. aɫber) `wellspring' (from *bhrēw(a)r =) gr. φρέαρ, -ᾱτος `stream, brook' (*φρῆFαρ-, -ατος, hom. φρήατα, consigns φρείατα); mir. tipra f. `wellspring' (maybe from air. *tiprar < *to-ek̂s-bhrēu̯r̥), Gen. tiprat (*to-ek̂s-bhrēu̯n̥tos); air. -tiprai `streams against... `(*to-ek̂s-bhrēu̯-ītö); from stem bhrun- the case obliqui from as en-stem proto germ.*brunō, *brun(e)n-, got. brunna, ahd. brunno, ags. brunna, burna `well, water hole, spring' (aisl. brunn), with metathesis nhd. (ndd.) Born.

Maybe alb. buronj `spring, originate', burim `origin, source, spring, bubbling water (as if boiling)' : russ. brujá `current'; also alb. (*bruth) burth `Cyclamen europaeum (burning of donkey's mouth)' where -th is a diminutive alb. ending.

Note:

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: bh(e)reu- : bh(e)rū̆- : `to boil, to be wild' is an extended Root / lemma: bher-2 : `to boil, swell; to get high' (see below) while the latter root evolved from Root / lemma: bher-1

: `to bear, carry'.

With similar meaning russ. brujá `current', bruítь `rapidly flowing, streaming in', wruss. brújić `urinate, pass water' (this meaning also in mhd. brunnen and in nhd. dial. brunzen, bair. brunnlen `urinate, pass water' from Brunnen), formal next to lit. br(i)áujs, br(i)áutis `push forward with brute force' (*bhrēu-), lett. braulîgs `horny, lustful'; also Old Prussian brewingi `conducive, helpful'ö

bhre-n-u- (present with nasal infix, compare nhd. brennen) with with respect on licking flames lies before in got. ahd. as. brinnan, ais. brinna, ags. beornan, birnan `burn', Kaus. got. brannjan, aisl. brenna, ahd. brennan, ags. bærnan `burn', wherefore among others ahd. brant `blaze', brunst `burn, blaze', aisl. bruni, ags. bryne `blaze', ahd. bronado, ags. brunaÞa `itchiness, heat in the body', schwed. brånad `rutting';

bhréu̯- : bhruu̯- in: ahd. briuwan, ags. brēowan `brew', aschwed. bryggja (from *bryggwa) ds.; germ. *bruđa- in: aisl. ags. brođ, ahd. prođ `broth' (: defrūtum, air. bruth, thrak. βρῦτος; mhd. brodelen, nhd. brodeln);

germ. *brauđa- in: aisl. brauđ, ags. brēad, ahd. brōt `bread' (from the ferment); about ahd. wintes prūt `storm; tempest, whirlwind' s. Kluge¹¹ 692.

References: WP. II 167 f., WH. I 333 f., 487.

Page(s): 143-145

Root / lemma: bherǝĝ-, bhrēĝ-

English meaning: to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm

German meaning: `glönzen, weiß'

Note: equivalent with bherē̆k̂-, s. d. the groups bhereĝ-, bherek̂- shine, appear, seem to be extensions to bher- `bright, brown'. Similar to extension bheleg- besides bhel- `shine'.

Material: Old Indian bhrājatē `glares, gleams, shines'; Old pers. brāzaiti ds. (*bhrēĝō), npers. barāzīdan `shine', barāz `jewellery';

bsl. *brēsk- from bhrēg-sk- in lit. brė́kšta, brė́ško, brė́kšti `break, (dawn), (from the day)', apýbrėškis `time around daybreak'; slov. brę̂sk, čech. břesk, poln. brzask `daybreak, dawn', poln. obrzasknąć `become bright', brzeszczy się `it dawns, the day breaks', with Assimil. of auslauts -sk- to the sounding word anlaut Old Church Slavic pobrězgъ `dawn, twilight, daybreak', russ. brezg, poln. brzazg ds.

With gradation bh(e)rōĝ- probably schwed. brokig `varicolored', norw. mdartl. brōk `a young salmon with transverse bands (', also as brōka f. `large-scale mottled animal'.

With lengthened grade the 1. syllable: got. baírhts `bright, gleaming, distinct', ahd. beraht, mhd. berht `gleaming' (also in names ahd. Bert-, -bert, -brecht), ags. beorht `gleaming, radiating' (engl. bright), aisl. biartr `light, bright'; cymr. berth `gleaming, beautiful', PN bret. Berth-walart, ir. Flaith-bertach; lit. javaĩ béršt `the grain becomes white'; probably also norw. mdartl. bjerk `very bright' (compare noch berk `white trout', schwed. björkna `Abramis blicca').

reduction grade alb. barth (bardhḫi) `white' (*bh_ǝrǝĝo-).

Note:

Common alb. -ĝ- > -dh- phonetic mutation

Illyr. Bardhylus `Illyrian king' a compound of illyr. barth (*bherĝ-) `white' + illyr. hyllus `sun, star'.

In names of the birch (slav. partly elm, lat. ash tree):

Old Indian bhūrjá-ḥ m. `a kind of birch'; osset. börz `birch'; dak. PN Bersovia; lat. farnus `ash tree'(*fár[_a]g-s-no-s, originally stuff adj. `ashen', as well as:) frāxinus ds. (to begin probably with ā, *bh_erǝĝ-s-enós); twofold development of -_erǝ- in farnus and frāxinus would be caused by old accent difference as in palma = gr. *πάλαμᾱ, παλάμη compared with lātus = τλητός;

Maybe alb. geg. frashën `ash-tree' : lat. frāxinus `ash-tree';

ahd. birihha (*bherǝĝ-i̯ā), ags. beorc, birce, aisl. bjǫrk (*bherǝĝā) `birch';

lit. béržas m., Pl. béržai `birch', ablaut. bìržtva f. `birch forest'; bir̃žliai `birch twigs', lett. bęr̃zs m., Old Prussian berse `birch'; russ. berëza, skr. brȅza, аčеch. břieza `birch' (the old color meaning still in bulg. brěz `white spotted' = norw. bjørk s. о., slov. brę́za `name of a white spotted cow or nanny goat');

Maybe alb. brez `stripe'

with formants -to- (= got. baírhts) and intonation change slav. *berstъ in russ. bérest m. `elm, framework', skr. brȉjest, čech. břest ds., but with the meaning `birch' against russ. berësta f., berësto n. `birch bark', čech. břesta `upper birch bark'.

Ahd. -brecht could, if this vocalization instead of -ber(h)t not a innovation is, are applied to bherek̂-, as also in got. baírhts, cymr. berth, hitt. parkuiš.

References: WP. II 170 f., WH. I 458, 510 f., 544, Trautmann 32, 37 f., Specht Dekl. 57.

Page(s): 139-140

Root / lemma: bherǝk̂-, bhrēk̂-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen'

Note: equivalent with bherǝĝ-, bhrēĝ- ds. (see there, also because of ambiguous words)

Material: Old Indian bhrā́śatē `blazes, shines' (uncovered);

gr. φορκόν λευκόν, πολιόν, ῥυσόν Hes., compare but S. 134;

perhaps here air. brecc `mottled, speckled, *tabby', cymr. brych ds., gall. PN Briccius (from *bhr̥k̂-, with expressive consonant stretch);

uncertain suppositions about the origin of cymr. breuddwyd `dream', mir. bruatar ds. by Pedersen Litteris 7, 18, Pokorny IF. Anzeiger 39, 12 f.; whether from *bhrogʷhdh-eiti-, -ro-ö

mhd. brehen `sudden and strong flash', aisl. brjā, brā (*brehōn) `flash', braga, bragða `sparkle, glitter, flame, burn', bragð `(*blink) moment', with originally bare prös. -dh- also aisl. bregða, preterit brā `quick, fast move, swing, reproach', ags. bregdan, brēdan st. V. `quick, fast move, swing', engl. braid `flax, wattle, braid', upbraid `reproach', ahd. brettan, mhd. bretten `pull, tear, twitch, weave' (in addition ahd. brīdel, ags. brīdel, older brigdels `bridle, rein');

with formants -u̯o- got. braƕ in in braƕa augins `ἐν ῥιπῇ όφθαλμοῦ, in a flash, at the moment' (compare aisl. augnabragð n. `blink, winking the eyes') and lengthened gradees *brḗhwā, *brēʒwā́ in aisl. brā f. `eyelash', ags. brǣw, brēaw, brēg m. `eyelid', as. brāha `eyebrow', slegi-brāwa `eyelid', ahd. brāwa f. `brow', wint-prāwa `eyelash' (the meaning `brow' oriented from *ƀrū- `brow', idg.*bhrū-); that in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I. 350, 463⁶ and Specht Dekl. 83, 162 ahd. brāwa could go not back to *bhrēu̯ā, is proved through the grammat. variation in Ags., the form with -ku̯- assumes (Sievers-Brunner 200).

Here probably a kind of fish ahd. brahs(i)a, brahsina, as. bressemo `bream, freshwater bream', norw. brasma, brasme ds., ablaut. aisl. brosma `a kind of codfish'.

Hitt. párḫkuḫiš (parkuiš) `clean, pure', pár-ku-nu-uz-zi (parkunuzi) `purified, clean'.

References: WP. II 169, Feist 76 f., 103 f., Couvreur H̯ 327.

Page(s): 141-142

Root / lemma: bherĝh-

English meaning: to hide, keep

German meaning: `bergen, verwahren'

Material: Got. baírgan `save, store, keep', aisl. bjarga, ags. beorgan, ahd. bergan, as. gibergan `save, store'; changing through ablaut ags. byrgan `bury', byrgen (*burgiznō), byrgels,

as. burgisli `burial, funeral' and ahd. bor(a)gēn `spare, look after, entrust, borrow', ags. borgian `look after, watch over, keep, borrow'.

Note:

Alb.-illyr. and celt.- slav. languages prove that from a zero grade of Root / lemma: bhereĝh- : `high; mountain' derived Root / lemma: bherĝh- : `to hide, keep'. Cognates deriving from those two roots mark of wave of IE people who introduced burial mounds in Europe.

Maybe alb. nasalized (*bergo) brengë `concern, sadness (for a dead personö)', brengos `sadden' : Old Church Slavic brěgǫ, brěšti `care, worry'.

Slav. *bergǫ in Old Church Slavic brěgǫ, brěšti `care, worry' in nebrěšti `neglect', russ. beregú, beréčь `beware, preserve, protect, spare, look after, spare', skr. older bržem, brijeći `guard, watch, preserve, protect, care, worry; hold festivities'; changing through ablaut klr. oboŕíh, gen. oboróha `haystack',

čech. brah `haystack, heap', poln. bróg `barn, haystack' (out of it lit. brãgas ds.); zero grade čech. brh `cave, cottage, tent'; ostlit. bir̃ginti `spare'.

Perhaps here gallo-rom. (rhöt.-ill.) bargā `covered thatched hut', whether from *borgā; Tagliavini ZrP. 46, 48 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.

References: WP. II 172, Trautmann 31, Feist 76.

See also: compare above S. 141.

Page(s): 145

Root / lemma: bher-1

English meaning: to bear, carry

German meaning: `tragen, bringen' etc (also Leibesfrucht tragen; med. `ferri'), also `aufheben, erheben'

Grammatical information: The root bher-, forms the exceptional both themat. and athemat. present, because the durative recognizes neither Aor. nor Perf. in Idg.

Note: Beside bher-, with them. vowel bhere-, sees a heavy basis bherǝ : bhrē-.

Material: Old Indian bhárati `carries', av. baraiti ds. (and `ride'), Old pers. barantiy 3. Pl. ds. (= arm. berem, phryg. αβ-βερετ, gr. φέρω, lat. ferō, air. biru, alb. bie, got. baira,

Old Church Slavic berǫ); Old Indian bhárti (also as gr. φέρτε, lat. fert old unthem. form), bibhárti, bíbharti, bibhr̥máḥ, bibhrati (compare that probably with πίφραμεν = bibhr̥me derived ἐσ-πιφράναι `bring in, take in'), them. abibhran, bibhramāṇa-ḥ and av. -bībarāmi;

Perf. babhāra and jabhāra (hybridization of babhāra with jahāra from hárti);

participle Old Indian bhr̥tá-ḥ, av. bǝrǝte-; Supin. Old Indian bhártum; Kaus. Old Indian bhāráyati = Iter. av. bāraya-;

Sup. av. bairišta- `he cherishes best, cares, looks after' (= gr. φέριστος `most superior, best', probably `he carries the richest, most fertile');

Old Indian bhr̥tíḫḥ `carrying, sustenance, livelihood, food, wage' = av. bǝrǝtis `carrying' (= lat. fors, got. gabaúrÞs, arm. bard); Old Indian bhr̥tyā́ `food, nourishment, care, cultivation' (compare got. baúrÞei);

Old Indian bhárman- n. `preservation, nourishment, care, cultivation; load' (= gr. φέρμα, Old Church Slavic brěmę), heavy basis in bharīman- n. ds.; bharítraḫm `arm' (`*wherewith one carries');

Old Indian bhára-ḥ `acquiring, carrying off, profit, gain, booty; burden'

Maybe alb. barrë `burden' : Old Indian bhāráḫḥ `bundle, work, load';

npers. bar `fruit' (= gr. φόρος, Old Church Slavic sъ-borъ); Old Indian -bhará-ḥ `bearing, carrying, bringing etc', av. -barō ds. (= arm. -vor, gr. -φορος, e.g. δύσφορος = Old Indian durbhara-ḥ);

maybe alb. bar `grass, herb' related to npers. bar `fruit'.

Old Indian bháraṇa-m `carrying, bringing, providing, support' (= Inf. got. baíran); Old Indian bhártar-, bhartár- `bearer, provider', prábhartar- `carrier (of the sacrifice)', av. fra-bǝrǝtar- `carrier of things, secondary priest' (compare lat. fertōr-ius, umbr. arsfertur), fem. Old Indian bhartrī́, av. barǝϑrī `supporter, upholder, mother'; lengthened grade Old Indian bhāráḫḥ `bundle, work, load', bhārin- `bearing, carrying', bhā́rman- (n.) `bringing, attendance', bhārya-ḥ `to bear, carry, support, nourish' (== ahd. bāri or = *bhōrio- in gr. φωριαμός); ba-bhrí-ḥ `bearing, carrying, borne'.

Arm. berem `bear, bring' (Aor. eber = ἔφερε, ábharat), beṙn, Gen. beṙin `burden, load' (compare gr. φερνή `dowry'), ber `yield, fruit, fertility' and `movement, run', -ber `bringing, bearing, carrying', e.g. in lusaber `light-bringing, morning star', secondary instead of -vor, e.g. lusa-vor `light-bringing' (compare lat. Lūci-fer, gr. λευκο-φόρος); bari `good', barv-ok `good, best'; bard `heap; compound', lengthened grade *bhōr- in buṙn `hand, fist; force, might';

phryg. (κακουν) αββερετ (also αββερεται) `(injury, evil) cause, carry';

gr φέρω `bear' (only present system, once participle φερτός; Ipv. φέρτε), med. φέρομαι `moves me fast' (also Old Indian bharatē, lat. ferrī, compare above arm. ber and under Alb.), Iter. φορέω `bear etc' (= alb. mbaj); about φέριστος `the best, noble', Kompar. φέρτερος see above S. 128 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300², 535, 538; about ὄφρα s. Boisacq s. v. and S. 132;

Note:

common alb. b- > mb- > m- phonetic mutation as in alb. geg. maj `bear'

φέρτρον, with them. Vok. φέρετρον `bier, stretcher' (lat. feretrum `a litter, bier' from dem Gr.); φέρμα `fruit, field crop, agricultural crop, unborn child; fruit of one's womb, fetus'; φερνή `dowry', öol. with them. vowel φέρενα f. ds.; φόρος `yield, tax', -φόρος `bearing, carrying', φορά: `carrying, plentiful yield, fullness, wealth'; ἀμφ[ιφ]ορεύς `means: container/vessel with two grips/handles'; φόρτος `burden, load, cargo'; φαρέτρᾱ `quiver'; δί-φρος `the charioteer's and the combatants' holding part of the war chariot'; φώρ `thief' (= lat. fūr), ἴσφωρες λησταί, κλέπται. Λάκωνες Hes.; from φώρ derived φωράω `spy on the thief', then generally `spy on, track', φωpά: `house search'; φωριαμός `box for the storage of clothes' due to *bhōrios `wearable, bearable'.

From the heavy basis bh(e)rē- (ö): Fut. -φρήσω, Aor. -έφρησα, -φρῆναι joined together (with δια- `let pass', with εἰσ- `let in, put in', with ἐκ- `bring out, let out, unburden'); paradigmatic with (ἐσ)-πι-φράναι (see above to Old Indian bibhr̥máḥ).

Ligur. FlN Porco-bera `guiding fish', Gando-bera `guiding scree'.

Mess. maḫberan, beram etc, tabara `priestess' (*to-bherā), dor.-ill. βερνώμεθα κληρωσώμεθα. Λάκωνες, Hes. (to gr. φέρνη `dowry'), doubtful ἀβήρ οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον, Hes.

Note:

Illyr., Mess. and later alb. display satem characteristics the same as Old Indian and av. Not only illyr. shares with Old Indian and av. the cognates for `bear' but also the institution of priesthood and earth fertility: Mess. maḫberan, beram etc, tabara `priestess' : av. fra-bǝrǝtar- `carrier of things, secondary priest' (compare lat. fertōr-ius, umbr. arsfertur), fem. Old Indian bhartrī́, av. barǝϑ rī `supporter, upholder, mother';

Alb. [causative bjer] bie (*bherō), 2. Pl. biṙni `bring, bear, lead, guide', also `fall, fail, hit', ber, beronje `dart, arrow'; kompon. *dz-bier, vdjer etc `fall, lose, destroy', ndzjer `bring out', zbjer `fall, lose'; also bie in the meaning `fall' (compare φέρομαι etc), wherefore dzborë, vdorë etc `snow' (prefix dz-, dë- and *bhērā eig. `the falling down, falling off');

iterative *bhoréi̯ō in tosk. mbanj, mbaj, older mba, geg. mba, mbaj `keep, tend, look after, observe, bear', nordostgeg. also used from carrying pregnant animals, with restored r also mbar, bar `bear, drag'; [common alb. b- > mb- phonetic mutation]

Note:

Alb. (*ndë-borë) dëborë, dzborë, vdorë, bdorë, xborë, borë `snow' is a translated Germanic cognate.

Albanian ndë- `below, low' + (*bherō) `fallen' = Swedish nederbörd `snowfall' (nedan `below' + börd `descent, fall (birth, descent, ancestry, lineage, parentage)' = German niederschlagsmenge (nieder-schlagsmenge).

Alb. abbreviated (*nde-bor) zborë `snow': rum. zbura `fly, fly out, flight, flit, tower, flash, career, sweep, hover, sail, dart, dash, flee, fleet, slip, glide', zbor `flight, soar, soaring, fly, flying, race, volitation, gliding, towering'.

Latvian birt `to snow (*fall, descend)' : Latvian: bḕrt `scatter' from Old Church Slavic: bь rati `gather, select' [verb], berǫ : Polish zbór `(church) gathering' : Russian sobór `church, assembly, meeting'

Also alb. borë `(fallen) snow' : Latvian birt `to pour, fall, rain, snow, hail' : Hungarian porhó n. `snow'.

Altaic etymology :

Protoform: *pŏ̀ru

Meaning: `to snow, rain'

Turkic protoform: *bora-

Mongolian protoform: *boruɣa

Tungus protoform: *pur-

Korean protoform: *pora

Japanese protoform: *pùr-

Note: Poppe 21, Ozawa 288-289, ОСНЯ 1, 188-189, АПиПЯЯ 69. Cf. *boru, a contamination with which should explain Mong. *b- (one would expect *h- with low tone and shortness).

Kaus. *bhōrei̯ō in gr.-alb. bonj, pass. bonem from mating of the mares and cows, eig. `make bear, make pregnant', and dzbonj (etc) `chase away, drive out, drive away' (*`make fall away, make flee'); mbarë `good, lucky', barrë `load' (*bhornā, compare got. barn n. `kid, child'); mberat `pregnant', bark `belly' etc, bar `grass, herb' (*bhoro- `yield');

Note:

Maybe alb. (*brauk) barku `belly' derives from Root / lemma: bhreu-s-1 : `to swell' (see below).

bir `son' (*bh_er-, compare got. baur `son'), bijë, gr. cal. bilë `daughter' (with diminutive suffix -ëlë, -ëjë) : ags. byre `son';

Note:

Maybe alb. l/r are mere allophones as in alb. gjarpën, gjalpër `snake'.

burrë (*baur) `man, husband' (compare to meaning ahd. baro `man, husband'; alb. basic form *bh_ornos, reduplication-stem besides got. barn); presumably also mburr `praise', mbur̄em `boast, brag, be proud'.

Maybe kurd. bere `offspring'

Lat. ferō, ferre `to bear, bring, carry; to bring forth, produce; to bring to a place or a person, fetch, offer; to bear away, carry off; to bear along, move forward, put in motion. Transf., to move, impel, carry away; without object, to lead, tend' (as gr. φέρω only present system), umbr. fertu `you shall bear' etc, volsk. ferom `bear, carry', marruc. ferenter `they are carried, they are born' (compare from compound ad-, afferō: got. atbaíra; efferō: ἐκφέρω, air. as-biur); ferāx `fertile';

Lat. ferculum `a frame, litter, bier, tray; of food, a course or dish', praefericulum `wide offering vessel'; *fertor `the bearer', assumed from fertōrius `a sedan which serves for carrying' and = umbr. ař-fertur, arsfertur `the priest of some particular god'; fertilis `fertile', pöl. fertlid Abl. Sg.; -fer in compound secondary instead of -for `bearing, carrying, bringing'; forda f. `pregnant' (do- extension of Adj. *bhoró-s `bearing, carrying', s. WH. I 527); fūr `thief' (= gr. φώρ, s.o.; to lat. ū s. WH. I 569);

fors Nom. (= idg. *bhr̥tis), forte Abl. `chance, luck' = pöl. forte Pl. `chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune';

fortūna `chance, fate, lot, luck, fortune. Transf., lot, condition, state, mode of life; property, possessions' (from tu-stem *bhr̥-tu-s).

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift.

Air. 1. Sg. biru, -biur, 3. Sg. berid `bear, carry', as-biur `tell', do-biur `give', cymr. cymeraf `take' etc; mir. bert m. `bundle, load', f. `feat, dead, act, plan, birth' etc, birit `sow' = Old Indian bháranti `bearing, carrying';

air. mir. breth and (eig. Dat. Akk.) brith, breith (Gen. brithe `carrying, parturition (Verbaln. to biru); birth; judgement' (*bhr̥tā); cymr. bryd `thought, notion' (rather *bhr̥tu- as *bhr̥ti-, s. Lewis-Pedersen 345), corn. brys `thought, notion', brys `womb'; gall. uergo-bretus Office title, whether for *-britos;

ir. barn `judge', cymr. bret. barn `judgement' (probably *bh_ornos, compare above alb. burre; Pedersen KG. I 51 nimmt -r̥̄-, i.e. _erǝ, an);

air. brāth, gen. -o `court', cymr. brawd `judgement', corn. bres ds., bret. breut `address to the jury; summation; summing up; plea', Pl. breujou `the assizes of justice, judgments of a court of law', gall. Brātu-spantium PN, βρατουδε `from judgment' (*bh_erǝ-tu-); gall. *com-boros `the amassed', out of it mhd. kumber `rubble, heap of rubble', nhd. Kummer.

Got. baíran `bear, carry, bring, beget, spawn, to give birth to children' (bērusjōs `parents');

aisl. bera `bear, carry, bear, endure, bring, produce, give birth to children', ags. ahd. beran `bear, carry, beget, spawn, to give birth to children', nhd. gebören;

got. aisl. ahd. as. barn, ags. bearn `kid, child'; got. barms `breast', schwed. dan. barm `breast, lap', aisl. baðmr `bosom', ahd. as. barm `lap', ags. bearm ds. (= gr. φορμόςö s. S. 137); ahd. baro `man, husband';

schwed. mdartl. björe (*ƀeron-), bare (*ƀaron-) `(carrying, i.e.) luck-bringing magical creature'; aisl. Pl. barar, barir, bǫrur `barrow, bier', ags. bearwe, engl. barrow, ostfries. barwe, ndl. berrie `barrow, bier';

lengthened grade ahd. -bāri, nhd. -bar (e.g. fruchtbar = bearing fruit, bearing, carrying), ags. bǣre (wæstmǣre `fertile'), aisl. bǣrr `capable for carrying, bearable';

ahd. as. bāra, ags. bǣr f. `barrow, bier' (also aisl. bāra, mengl. mnd. bāre `wave'ö perhaps here as `the lifting one', compare below the group from ahd. burian `soar, rise');

zero grade got. baúr `the born', aisl. burr, ags. byre `son'; got. gabaúr n. `money collected from people, (φόρος), tax', gabaúr m. `feast, festival' (to gabaíran `collect, gather'), mhd. urbor, urbar f. n. `interest of a property', m. `tax-payer'; ahd. bor f. `upper space, height', ahd. in bor(e) `at the height, upwards', mhd. enbor(e), nhd. empor, ahd. burian, mhd. börn `raise, uplift'; here obd. borzen `overhang' = ags. borettan `swing' (germ.*-ati̯an), in addition nhd. Börzel under purzeln; ahd. giburian, mhd. gebörn `occur, happen, close juridically, to be due', as. giburian, ags. gebyrian, aisl. byrja `be proper, befit, be suitable', aisl. byrja also `begin', eig. *`lift, raise';

Maybe alb. buronj `begin, gush, spring, originate'

ags. byre, gebyre m. `favorable occasion, opportunity', got. gabaúrjaba adv. `willing, fain, yearning', gabaúrjōÞus `lust, desire'; from the concept of `aroused, lifted, high' arose from the strengthening sense of ahd. bora-, e.g. in bora-tall `very tall, very high', next to which o-grade as. bar- in barwirdig `very solemn, honorable, noble'; presumably also aisl. byrr m., ags. byre `favorable wind', mnd. bore-los `without wind' as `(the ship) bearing, carrying'.

Got. gabaúrÞs f. `birth, parentage, ancestry, gender, sex', aisl. burðr m. `carrying, parturition, birth', byrð f. `birth', ags. gebyrd f., ahd. giburt, as. giburd `birth', also `fate, destiny' (=Old Indian bhr̥tí-ḥ, lat. fors); got. baurÞei `burden, load', ahd. burdī f. `burden', *bhr̥ti̯ōn-: -tīn; aisl. byrdr, ags. byrÞen, byrden ds.

Old Church Slavic berǫ, bьrati (bъrati) `gather, collect, take', skr. bȅrēm brȁti ds., russ. berú bratь ds. etc (slav. *bъrati derived from an older *bъrti after the preterite stem bsl. *birā-), Old Church Slavic brěmę `load, burden', skr. brȅme, russ. mdartl. berémja, ač. břiemě (*bherǝ-men-), Old Church Slavic sъ-borъ `congregation, meeting'; Church Slavic brěždа `pregnant', russ. berëžaja `pregnant (from the mare)', skr. brȅda ds. from cows (*bherǝ-di̯ā), in forms similarly lat. forda; Old Church Slavic brašьno `dish, nourishment, food' see under bhares- `barley'.

Lit. bérnas `youngling; farm laborer', alit. `kid, child', lett. bę̄̀rns `kid, child'; probably lett. bars `heap, bulk, mass'.

Here with specialization on delivering the seminal grain: transitive lit. beriù, bėriaũ, ber̃ti `strew, distribute' (from grain, then also from flour, ash, cinder etc), lett. beṙu, bèrt ds., in ablaut intransitive lit. byrù, biraũ, bìrti `strew, distribute, fall out', lett. bir̃stu, biru, bir̃t `fall out, fall off, drop', etc.

Toch. А В pör- `bear, carry, bring, get, fetch', perhaps also in A kos-preṃ `how muchö' ku-pre `if', töpreṃ `if', tāpör(k) `yet', whether to gr. ὄ-φρα ... τό-φρα `as long as' (see129).

About hitt. bar-aḫ-zi `hunts, scuds, chases' s. Pedersen Hitt. 185.

Specht will restore here also (Dekl. 148), with i- and u-forms, ags. briḫd, bird `young bird', germ. brū-tis `wife, woman, bride', Old Indian bhrūṇá- `embryo', lett. braũna, čеch. brnka (*bhru-nka) `placenta, afterbirth'. S. but under bh(e)reu- `gush, well up, soak'.

References: WP. II 153 f., WH. I 483 f., 527, 569, 865, 866, Trautmann 31, E. Hermann Stud. Bait. 3, 65 f.

Page(s): 128-132

Root / lemma: bher-2

English meaning: to boil, swell; to get high

German meaning: etwa `aufwallen', von quellendem or siedendem Wasser (also vom Aufbrausen beim Göhren, Kochen, as well as vom fire) `sich heftig bewegen'

Note: often with m- forms; also as heavy basis bherǝ- : bhr̥̄-, bh(e)rēi-, bh(e)rī̆-. compare bher-6.

Material: Old Indian bhuráti (*bhr̥̄-é-ti) `moves, shrugs, jerks, flounces, flounders', Intens. jár-bhurīti ds.; also: `flickers, from fire'; bhuraṇyáti `shrugs, jerks, is restless; sets in violent movement, stirs, stirs up' with m-forms Old Indian bhramati, bhrāmyati `wanders around, turns round',

bhramá-ḥ `whirling flame, whirlpool', bhŕ̥mi-ḥ `movable, nimble; whirlwind' (see under aisl. brimi etc); bhū́rṇiḫḥ `violent, angry, irate, wild, keen, eager', might be based as *bhr̥̄ni- likewise on the heavy basis;

here probably av. avabaraiti `streams from', uzbarǝnte `they stream forth (ö)', barǝnti ayąn `during one day, where it squalls, storms'.

From gr. πορφύ̄ρω (*πορφυρι̯(ω) `boils up, surge up, be in restless stir' (: Old Indian járbhurīti); presumably also φύ̄ρω `mix up, mix' (if originally from bubbling up from cooking; basic form *bh_ori̯ō with u- colouring conditioned by the labial of the reduction vowel), wherefore φύρδην `chaos, in a mess', φυρμός `perplexity', φυράω `mix, mingle, stir chaos, knead, bewilder'.

About lig. and ven. names see under.

Alb. burmë `fully ripe' (*fully cooked) from *bh_ormo-.

Maybe alb. burim `spring, bubbling up', buronj `to spring, bubble'

From Lat. probably fretum -i `n. a strait, sound, estuary, firth, channel; the sea in gen., usually plur.; fig., disturbance, turmoil', fretus, -ūs m. `a strait; an interval, difference (surging of the sea, esp. strait, stream, foaming, heat)', fretāle `frying pan';

fermentum `leaven, sourdough, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion,' (: ags. beorma, engl. barm, nd. barme, from which nhd. Burme `brewer's yeast'); also fervēre S. 144;

Air. topur, nir. tobar `wellspring' (*to-uks-boro-), mir. commar = cymr. cymmer `confluence' (*kom-bero-); lig. FlN Comberanea; mir. fobar `wellspring, subterranean stream, brook' = cymr. gofer `stream, brook', bret. gouver ds. (*u[p]o-bero-), cymr. beru `drip, trickle', mbret. beraff `flow', gall. FlN Voberā, frz. Woevre, Voivre etc; with m-forms kelto-lig. aquae Bormiae, GN Bormō, hisp. PN Bormāte, FlN Borma, dak. PN Βόρμανον, ven. FlN Formiō (but gall. GN Borvō belongs to bhereu- `boil'). Über mir. brēo `flame' see under.

Ags. beorma m. etc (see above); from of a root form *bh(e)rē- : bh(e)rō-: ahd. brādam m. `breath, breeze, heat', mhd. brādem `haze, mist', nhd. Brodem, ags. brǣð `haze, mist, breath, breeze, blow' (engl. breath), aisl.brāðr `stormy, hot tempered, hasty', brāð `tarred wood, creosoted', brāðna `melt', intrans., ahd. brātan, ags. brǣdan `fry'; ablaut. mnd. bröien `singe, brood', mhd. bröejen, bröen, nhd. bröhen, ags. brōd f., engl. brood `brood, breed, breeding'; mhd. bruot f. `heat, Brut', ahd. bruoten `brood'; unknown origin are ahd. brāto m. `soft eatable meat' (Braten previously are reinterpreted mhd. time to `roasted meat'), nhd. Wildpret, anord. brādo `calf', late lat. borrows brādo `ham', ags. brǣde m., aisl. brāð `raw meat'.

Beside the very productive root form bhereu- (see there) has to be recognized probably also bh(e)rē̆i-, bh(e)rī̆- . These are based on Old Indian jar-bhurī-ti, gr. *φυρι̯-ω, *πορφυρι̯-ω (see above);

with m-formant presumably gr. φριμάω, φριμάσσομαι `makes me anxious, spring, snort' common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;

aisl. brimi `fire'; mengl. brim `blaze, glow', probably also aisl. brim n. `surf, surge, breakers', ags. brim n. `sea'; in bröhen, Brodem, braten present meaning colouring turns again in norw. prim `a kind of cheese prepared from sour wheys under strong cooking' (also nhd. Brimsenköse), mdartl. also brīm `ds.; also crust, sediment of boiled down liquid' (nhd. bair. Brimsen, Brinzen `what settles with the mush browned in the frying pan'); besides with formant -u̯o- very probably ahd. brīo, mhd. brī(e), ags. brīw `porridge, mash' (as `*south, hot; cooked'), briwan `cook'; moreover also mir. brēo `flame' (*bhriḫu̯o-).

An s-extension perhaps in Old Indian bhrḗṣati `wavers, staggers, sways', norw. mdartl. brīsa `blaze, flare, shine, show off; set on fire', brīs `fire, flame', brisk `agile, lively, alert, awake, smart'.

Maybe alb. brisk `sharp, smart, keen; knife'

References: WP. II 157 f., WH. I 482 f., 546, 865.

See also: compare the related root forms bhereg- `cook', bhereu- `boil', bhreus- `to swell', bhrīg-, bhrūg- `cook, fry'

Page(s): 132-133

Root / lemma: bher-3

English meaning: to scrape, cut, etc.

German meaning: `with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten, ritzen, schneiden, reiben, spalten'

Material: Old Indian (gramm.) bhr̥nāti (ö) `injures, hurts, disables' = npers. burrad `cuts, slices'; av. tiži-bāra- `with with sharp edge' (= arm. bir, compare also alb. boríg(ë); perhaps here Old Indian bhárvati `chews, consumes' (av. baoirya- `what must be chewed', baourva- `chewing') from *bharati is transfigured through influence of Old Indian cárvati `chews up'.

Arm. beran `mouth' (originally `cleft, fissure, orifice'), -bir- `digging up' in getna-, erkra-, hoɫa-bir `digging up the ground, ransacking' (*bhēro-), in addition brem (*birem) `digs out, hollows out, drills out', br-ič̣ `hack, mattock, hoe'; bah, Gen. -i `spade' (*bhr̥ḫti-, perhaps *bh_orti- = russ. bortь), bor, Gen. -oy `scurf'.

Gr. *φάρω `split, cut up, divide' (φάρσαιv σχίσαι EM), φαρόω `plow' = ahd. borōn), φάρος n. `plough, plow (ö)', m. = φάρυγξ (*bh_eros), ἄφαρος `plowed up', φάραγξ `cliff with gaps, gorge, ravine, gulch' (in addition rom. barranca `gorge, ravine, gulch', M.-L. 693a), jon. φάρσος n. `ragged piece, deal, portion'; here perhaps φάσκος m. `moss villus' as *φαρσ-κος. A k-extension in φαρκίς `wrinkle', φορκός `wrinkly' Hes.

Perhaps here (IJ. 13, 157 n. 100) mak. βίρροξ δασύ (compare βιρρωθῆναι ταπεινωθῆναι Hes.), basic meaning `wool villus', gr. lesb. thess. βερρόν δασύ, dor. βειρόν ds., βερβέριον `shabby dress', lat. burra f. `straggly garment', respectively `wool', reburrus `wool with bristling hair'.

Alb. bie (2. pl. birni, Imp. bierɛ) `knocks, hits, plays an instrument; whether (hit there)'.

Alb. brimë `hole' (*bhr̥ḫmā), birë ds. (*bh_erā), geg. brêj, tosk. brënj `gnaw, argue'; britmë `September and October' (if eig. `harvest, autumn', due to *bhr̥ḫti- `the reaping'); bresë `bitter root, chicory' (`bitter' = `incisive'; -së from -ti̯ā, boríg(ë)) `splinter, chip' (*bhēr- m. form. -igë).

Maybe alb. mbresë `print, shock' [common alb. b- > mb- shift]

Lat. feriō, -īre `to strike, knock, smite, hit; esp. to strike dead, slay, kill; colloq., to cheat' (see also WH. 1481 to ferentārius `a light-armed soldier, skirmisher'). About forma `form, figure' s. WH. I 530 f.

forō, -āre `to bore, pierce' (meaning as ahd. borōn, but in ablaut different; denominative of *bhorā `the drilling'), forāmen `hole, opening, aperture'; forus, -ī `the gangway of a ship; a block of seats in the theater; plur., tiers of cells in a beehive'; but forum (alat. also forus) `an open square, marketplace' not as `space surrounded by planks' here (umbr. furo, furu `forum'); see under dhu̯er-.

Mir. bern, berna f. `cleft, gap, slit', bernach `cleft';

probably also mir. bairenn `cliff piece' (in addition bairnech `mussel plate'); air. barae, mir. bara (Dat. barainn) `rage, fury', bairnech `angry, irate', cymr. bar, baran `rage, fury'.

Aisl. berja (preterit barða) `hit, bump, poke', berjask `fight', bardage `battle', ahd. berjan, mhd. berjen, bern `hit, knock, knead', ags. bered `low-spirited' (germ.*ƀarjan = slav. borjǫ), afries. ber `attack'; mhd. bā̆r f. `balk, beam, bar, gate, barrier, enclosed land' (: lat. forus, -um), engl. bar `bar, gate, barrier', aisl. berlings-āss `balk, beam'; germ. is probably (different Wartburg I 260) also mhd. barre `balk, beam, bar, bolt' and rom. family of frz. barre, barrière etc (-rr- from -rz-);

*ƀaru-ha, -ga- `castrated pig' (perhaps with slav. *borv-ъ based on *bhoru-s `castrated animal' and ending in -ha-: -ga- after *farha- `pork, pig' extended) in: ahd. barug, barh, nhd. Barg, Barch (Borg, Borch);

Maybe alb. bariu `shepherd, herdsman (of pigsö)' phonetically equal to lett. baṙu, bãru, bãrt `scold, chide' (see below) not a truncated gr. βώτωρ `herdsman, shepherd'.

ags. bearg, bearh, engl. barrow, aisl. -bǫrgr `a castrated boar' (in addition also aisl. val-bassi `wild boar' as *barhḫsḫanö s. Falk-Тоrp under basse N.); ahd. as. borōn, ags. borian, aisl. bora, -aða `bore' (see above); ahd. bora `borer', ags. bor, byres ds.; aisl. bora `hole' (auga-, eyra-bora).

Lit. bãras, lett. bars `grain swath, strip of cut grain'; lit. barù (and bariù), bárti `scold, chide, vilify', refl. `be quarrelsome', lett. baṙu, bãru, bãrt `scold, chide' (== sl. borjǫ);

Maybe alb. (*bárti) bërtas `scold, yell, scream', mbaroj, `extinguish, finish, end, make ashamed', alb. geg. (*bar-) mbare, marre `shame, sth to be scolded', [common alb. b- > mb- shift].

lit. barnìs (Akk. bar̃nį) `quarrel' (=Old Church Slavic branь); lit. burnà `mouth' = bulg. bъ́rna `lip' (basic form *bh_ornā, compare above ir. bern and to meaning arm. beran).

Here with balt. forms ž: lett. ber̂zt `rub, scour, rub, clean', intrans. birzt `crumb, spall, crumble', bìrze `sowing furrow', lit. biržìs f. `field furrow'.

With of a basic meaning `notch': lit. bùrtai Pl. `lot, fate, charm, spell' = lett. burts `mark, token, sign the magician, alphabetic letter', lit. bùrti `conjure, perform magic', lett. bur̃t `conjure, perform magic', bur̃tains `perform wood-carving notch'; gr. φάρμακον `remedy, magical cure, magic potion; philtre' (probably not idg.) has nothing to do with it.

Old Church Slavic borjǫ, brati `fight' (frequent reflexive), russ. borjú, borótь `subjugate, prostrate', refl. `fight', poln. dial. bróć się `wrestle, struggle'; Old Church Slavic branь `fight, struggle', aruss. boronь `fight, struggle', russ. bóronь `forbid', čech. braň `weapon, armament, armor' under likewise, russ. za-bór `fence, plank fence';

maybe alb. (*broñ) mbronj `defend', mburojë `shield, armour' : poln. broñiæ `defend' [common alb. b- > mb- shift]

(as lat. forus on the concept `board' rejecting: compare russ. alt. zaborolo `wooden town wall, scaffold, trestle', čech. zábradlo `handrail, parapet' under likewise); russ. boroná `harrow', and with slav. -zda-forms slav. *borzda in Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozdá `furrow';

maybe alb. brazda `furrow' a Slavic loanword.

russ. bórov `hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull', skr. brâv `sheep, cattle', mdartl. `castrated pig', slovak. brav `castrated pig', poln. mdartl. browek `fattened boar, porker' (see above germ. *ƀaruha-); *bъrtъ `drilling, cavity' (*bh_orti-) in russ. bortь `the hollow of the tree in what bees have nested' etc.

References: WP. II 159 f., WH. I 481 f., 537, 865, 866, Trautmann 27, Möhlenbach-Endzelin 354.

See also: compare the related root forms bheredh-, bhrēi- (bhrēig-, -k-, see there also about bherĝ-), bhreu-, bhreu-q-, -k̂- `cut, clip', bhreus- `break, rupture', bh_erug- `gullet'.

Page(s): 133-135

Root / lemma: bher-4

English meaning: to roar, buzz, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: in Schallworten `brummen, summen' under likewise

Note: An extension at most in *bherem- `drone, grumble' and treated onomatopoeic words under bherg- `drone, grumble'.

Material: Arm. boṙ, -oy `bumblebee, hornet', to redupl. Old Indian bambhara-ḥ (unbel.) `bee', bambharāliḥ (unbel.) `fly', bambhā-rava-ḥ `the bellow of the cows';

gr. πεμφρηδών `kind of wasp' (formation as ἀνθρηδών, τενθρηδών); similarly also skr. bȕmbar `bumblebee', klr. bombàr `cockchafer'.

Maybe alb. (*bȕmbar) bumballa `bumblebee' [common alb. r > l shift]

Here at least partly (with fractured reduplication) also the bsl. group from lit. barbė́ti `clang, clink', birbiù, -iaũ, bir̃bti `buzz', burbiù, burbė́ti `drone, grumble, bubble, seethe' under likewise;

Maybe alb. (burbut-) burbuqe `ladybug' a compound *burbiù `bug' + kuqe `red' (lat. coccinus `scarlet-colored') = ital. coccinella `ladybug, ladybird'

klr. borborósy Pl. `sullen talk', skr. br̀blati `chat' under likewise, in which indeed the meaning `talk indistinctly, stammer' would go back to the group of Old Indian barbarāḥ etc (see *baba).

References: WP. II 161 f., Trautmann 39 f.

Page(s): 135-136

Root / lemma: bher-5

English meaning: shining; brown

German meaning: `glönzend, hellbraun'

Note: extensions of bher- `shine, appear, seem', bhereĝ-, bherek̂- `shine'.

Material: Old Indian bhallaḫḥ, bhallakaḫḥ bhallū̆ka-ḥ `bear' (-ll- from -rl-); ahd. bero, ags. bera `bear' (*bheron-), aisl. biǫrn ds. (*bhernu-, whose u as like ū̆ from Old Indian bhallū̆ka-ḥ from the stem *bheru- derive might) = ags. beorn `warrior, chieftain';

aisl. bersi `bear' (s as in Fuchs : got. fauhō, Luchs: schwed. lo); ablaut. lit. bė́ras, lett. bę̃rs `brown (from horses)';

gr. φάρη νεφέλαι Hes.ö (*φαρε[σ]a or *φάρεFαö If finally exactly to:) φαρύνει λαμπρύνει Hes., φρύ̄νη, φρῦνος `toad, frog' (*`the brown one' = ahd. brūn); if φάρη as `blanket of clouds' to 7. bher-ö

nep. bhuro `brown' (*bhrūro-); ahd. mhd. brūn `gleaming, brown', ags. brūn, aisl. brūnn ds.; russ. mdartl. bryně́tъ `white, gray shimmer', changing through ablaut bruně́tъ ds. (*bhrou-no-ö) and (from *bhr-ono-, -eno-) russ.-Church Slavic bronъ `white; varicolored (from horses)', russ. bronь (and mdartl. brynь), klr. breńíty `become dun (of a dull or dingy brown colour, dull greyish-brown), ripen', Old Church Slavic brьnije (brenije) `ordure, excrement', slov. br̂n `river mud';

Old Indian babhrú-ḥ `reddish brown; giant ichneumon kind', av. bawra-, bawri- `beaver'; lat. fiber, fibrī `beaver' (also feber s. WH. I 491; probably i has changed for e, as also) kelt. (only in names): *bibros, *bibrus in gall. PN and FlN Bibracte, abrit. VN Bibroci, mir. VN Bibraige (*bibru-rīgion), PN Bibar (*Bibrus) besides *bebros in gall. FlN *Bebrā, frz. Bièvre; Bebronnā, frz. Beuvronne, Brevenne etc; ahd. bibar, ags. beofor (oldest bebr), mnd. bever, aisl. biōrr ds. (urg. *ƀeƀru-); compare also nhd. FlN Bever, old Biverna;

lit. bẽbras, bãbras, bẽbrus ds. (dissimil. debrùs under likewise), Old Prussian bebrus ds.; about lit. bruĩšis etc `roach (lat. Leuciscus rutilus)', Old Prussian brun-se ds. s. Specht Dekl. 120;

slav. *bebrъ in poln. FlN Biebrza, russ. etc bobr (zur o-reduplication s. Berneker 47; besides perhaps *bъbrъ in skr. dȁbar `beaver' and aruss. bebrjanъ `from beaver fur'). compare noch lat. fibrīnus `of the beaver, beaver', volsk. Fibrēnus brook name, av. bawraini- `of the beaver'; ahd. bibarīn, gall. bebrinus (Schol. Iuv.), lit. bẽbrinis ds.;

toch. B perne, A parno `luminous', therefrom B perne, A paröṃ `majesty, grandeur'.

References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f., Van Windekens Lexique 93.

See also: compare further bhel-1 with similar meaning.

Page(s): 136-137

Root / lemma: bher-6

English meaning: to roast, cook

German meaning: `rösten, backen, kochen'

Note: with g-extensions, before partly i-, u- vowels; it derived from bher-2 `move violently, surge, boil, cook'.

Material: 1. forms without -i- or -u-: bhereĝ-:

Old Indian bhurájanta `cooking' (*bh_ereg-); bhr̥jjáti `roasts', bhr̥ṣ̌ṭaḫḥ `roasted', bhrā̆ṣ̌ṭra-ḥ `frying pan', bharj(j)ayati `roasts, bröt', bharjana-ḥ `roasting',

mpers. barštan ds.; presumably is *bhraž- (*bh_oraž- in bhurájanta), *bharž- ar. root form and ind. -jj only in present *bhr̥ĝ-skō, from which derived *bhr̥(ĝ)sĝō, as gr. μίσγω from *μιγ-σκω.

Lat. fertum `a kind of sacrificial cake', alat. ferctum (firctum, s. Ernout Él. dial. lat. 165), participle *fergō `bake', osk. fertalis `the ceremonies where sacrificial cakes were needed'.

Note:

common lat. ph- > f- shift.

Maybe alb. (**fergō) fërgonj `bake'; also truncated alb. (*fertalis) fli `sacrifice'.

Lit. bìrgelas `basic, simple beer', lett. bir̂ga `haze, mist, fume, smoke, coal smoke', Old Prussian aubirgo `cookshop', birgakarkis `a big soup ladle' (with ven.-illyr. g).

2. forms with i, ei:

Npers. biriš-tan `fry', b^arēzan `oven', bal. brējag, brijag `fry', npers. biryān (*briĝāna-) `roasted', pam. (shifted) wirzam `roast' under likewise (Iran. *briǰ-, *braij-).

Lat. frīgō, -ere `roast, dehydrate, desiccate', umbr. frehtu `cooked, boiled'.

3. forms with ū: bhrūĝ-:

gr. φρύ̄γω `roast, dry', φρῡκτός `roasted; fire brand', φρύ̄γανον `dry wood', φρύ̄γετρον `vessel for roasting barley'.

It is extraordinary that in the onomatopoeic words of gr. φρυγίλος `a bird', lat. frigō `(*roast, parch) squeak', poln. bargiel `mountain titmouse', russ. berglézъ `goldfinch' the distribution of the forms with u, with i, and without either, is the same like in the words for cook.

References: WP. II 165 f., WH. I 486 f., 548 f.

Page(s): 137

Root / lemma: bher-7

English meaning: to weave

German meaning: `flechten, weben'ö

Material: Hom. φᾶρος = att. φάρος n. (*φαρFος) `kerchief, cloth, canvas, fabric, velum, cover'; φάραι (ö) ὑφαίνειν, πλέκειν Hes.; φορμός `pannier, mat';

lit. burva `a kind of garment', lett. burves Pl. `small sail' (-u̯- suffix as in gr. *φαρFος), lett. buras ds., lit. bùrė `sail'. S. to vocalism Walde Streitberg-Festschrift 176.

References: WP. II 164, Specht Dekl. 182.

Page(s): 137-138

Root / lemma: bhes-1

English meaning: to smear, spread

German meaning: `abreiben, zerreiben, ausstreuen'

Material: Old Indian bábhasti `chews up', 3. Pl. bápsati; bhásma- n. `ash' resulted through verbal extensions of psā(i)-, psō/i/-, psǝ(i)-, psī- in Old Indian psāti `consumes', gr. ψάω, ψάιω `rub', ψαίρω ds., ψαύω `touch', ψηνός `baldheaded', ψῆφος f., dor. ψᾶφος `pebble', ψήχω `rub off', ψώχω `grind, pulverize';

Ψόλος, φέψαλος `soot, smoke'; ψάμμος f. `sand, beach, seaside' from *ψάφμος, compare ψαφαρός `frail, breakable' (*bhsǝ-bh-) and lat. sabulum `coarse sand, gravel' (*bhsǝ-bhlo-ö);

with already idg. sporadic alteration of anlaut. bhs- to s-: gr. ἄμαθος `sand' (= mhd. samt); through various contaminations ἄμμος and ψάμαθος ds., in addition ψῑλός `naked, bald, bleak, bare', ψιάς `drop' etc;

alb. fšiṅ, pšiṅ, mëšiṅ `sweep, thresh';

Maybe alb. fšeh, pšef, mšef `cover, hide, sweep away' [common alb. p- > mp- > m- phonetic mutation].

lat. sabulum `sand' (see above), wherewith EM. 881 compares arm. awaz ds.;

mhd. samt (*samatho-) besides ahd. sant `sand' (*samtho-, germ. sanda-, out of it finn. santa);

toch. A pös- `diffuse, sprinkle' (ö).

References: WP. II 189, Boisacq 48, 1074, Kluge¹¹ s. v. Sand, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 328 f., 676; Specht Dekl. 255, 325, Van Windekens Lexique 91.

Page(s): 145-146

Root / lemma: bhes-2

English meaning: to blow

German meaning: `hauchen, blasen'

Note: probably onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indian bábhasti `blows', bhástrā f. `bellows, hose', bhasát f. `rump', bháṁsas n. `abdominal part';

gr. ψύ̄-χω `blow' (to suffix s. Hirt Idg. Gr. 3, 256), ψῡχή `breath, breeze, soul'.

Here probably ψύ̄-χω `cools off' (originally through blast), ψῦχος `coldness', ψῡχρόs `cold' etc in spite of Benveniste BSL. 33, 165 ff.; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329 onomatopoeic, as also ψίθυρος `lisping'.

References: WP. II 69, WH. I 477, Boisacq 1075, Uhlenbeck Old Indian W. 186, 198.

Page(s): 146

Root / lemma: bheudh-, nasal. bhu-n-dh-

English meaning: to be awake, aware

German meaning: `wach sein, wecken, beobachten; geweckt, geistig rege, aufmerksam sein, erkennen, or andere in addition veranlassen (aufpassen machen, kundtun, gebieten; darbieten)'

Material: Themat. present in Old Indian bṓdhati, bṓdhate `awakened, awakens, is awake, notices, becomes aware', av. baoδaiti `perceives', with paitī- `whereupon direct one's attention' (= gr. πεύθομαι, germ. *biuðan, abg. bljudǫ); Aor. Old Indian bhudánta (= ἐπύθοντο), Perf. bubṓdha, bubudhimá (: germ. *bauð, *buðum), participle buddhá- `awakened, wise; recognized' (== gr. ἀ-πυστος `ignorant; unfamiliar');

maybe alb. (*bubudhimá) bubullimë `thunder (*hearö)' [common alb. : lat. dh > ll shift].

Old Indian buddhí- f. `understanding, mind, opinion, intention' (= av. paiti-busti- f. `noticing', gr. πύστις `investigating, questions; knowledge, tidings'); causative in Old Indian bōdháyati `awakens; teaches, informs', av. baoδayeiti `perceives, feels' (= abg. buždǫ, buditi, lit. pasibaudyti); of state verb in Old Indian budhyátē `awakes, becomes aware; recognizes', av. buiδyeiti `becomes aware', frabuidyamnō `awakening'; Old Indian boddhár- m. `connoisseur, expert' (: gr. πευστήρ-ιος `questioning'); av. baoδah- n. `awareness, perceptivity', Adj. `perceiving' (: hom. ἀ-πευθής `unexplored, unacquainted; ignorant'); av. zaēni-buδra- `keenly watching' (:abg. bъdrъ, lit. budrùs); av. baoiδi- `fragrancy' (= Old Indian bṓdhi- `plenary cognition');

gr. πεύθομαι and πυνθάνομαι (: lit. bundù, air. ad-bond-) `to learn; to find out, perceive, watch' (πεύσομαι, ἐπυθόμην, πέπυσμαι), πευθώ `knowledge, tidings'; πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question';

maybe alb. (*peus) pyes `ask questions', pyetje `question' : gr. πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question'.

Proto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: pytati `examine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian: pytát' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat' `ask' [verb], Polish: pytać `ask' [verb], Serbo-Croatian: pítati `ask' [verb], Slovene: pítati `ask' [verb], Other cognates: lat. putāre `cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb].

Note:

From Root / lemma: bheudh-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : `to be awake, aware' derived Root / lemma: peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆- : `to clean, sift', Root / lemma: peu-2 : `to research, to understand' (see below).

cymr. bodd (*bhudhā) `free will, approval', corn. both `volition' (: aisl. boð), air. buide `contentedness, gratitude'; here also air. ad-bond- `announce, promulgate', uss-bond- `call off, cancel, refuse' (e.g. Verbaln. obbad); zero grade air. robud `admonishment', cymr. rhybudd `warning', rhybuddio `warn' (: russ. probudítь `awaken');

got. anabiudan `order, dispose', faúrbiudan `forbid', aisl. bjōða `offer, bid, give recognition', ags. bēodan, as. biodan, ahd. biotan `offer, bid, proffer', nhd. bieten `gebieten, verbieten, Gebiet eigentl. `(area of) command'; aisl. boð n., ags. gebod n., mhd. bot n. `commandment', ahd. etc boto `summoner', ahd. butil (nhd. Böttel), ags. bydel `summoner, court servant'; got. biuÞs, -dis `table, desk'; aisl. bjōðr, ags. bēod, ahd. beot, piot `table, desk; dish', eig. `which is offered on tray' (in addition also ahd. biutta, nhd. Beute `kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch, beehive').

With ū (compare Hirt Idg. Gr. II 96): got. anabūsns f. `commandment' (*-bhudh-sni-), as. ambūsan f. ds., ags. bȳsen f. `model, example', aisl. bȳsn n. `wonder, miracle' (from `*warning'), bȳsna `foretoken, warn';

lit. bundù, bùsti `wake up, arouse' and (without nasal infix) budù, budė́ti `watch', bùdinu, -inti `waken, arouse, revive', budrùs `watchful, wakeful'; causative baudžiù, baũsti `punish, curse, chastise, castigate'; refl. `intend, mean, aim' (*bhoudhḫi̯ō), baũdžiava `socage, compulsory labour',

lit. bauslỹs `command, order', lett. baũslis `command', lett. bauma, baũme `rumor, defamation' (*bhoudhḫm-), lit. pasibaudyti `rise, stand up, sally', baudìnti `to cheer up, liven up; ginger up, encourage, arouse, awaken one's lust', Old Prussian etbaudints `to raise from the dead, reawaken'.

Themat. present in abg. bljudǫ, bljusti `look after; protect, beware, look out', russ. bljudú, bljustí `observe, notice' (about slav. -ju from idg. eu s. Meillet Slave commun² 58).

causative in abg. buždǫ, buditi `waken, arouse, revive', russ. bužú, budítь ds. (etc; also in russ. búdenь `workday', probably eig. `working day' or `day for corvée'); stative verb with ē-suffix in abg. bъždǫ, bъděti `watch', perfective (with ne-/no- suffix as in gr. πυνθ-άνο-μαι, wo -ανο- from -n̥no-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 700) vъz-bъnǫ `awake' (*bhud-no-, shaped from Aor. of type gr. ἐπύθετο, etc, s. Berneker 106 f.;

Maybe truncated alb. (*zbudziæ) zgjoj `awaken' : Old Church Slavic: ubuditi `awaken' [verb]; vъ zbuditi `awaken' [verb]; phonetically equal alb. -gj- : poln. -dzi- sounds budzić `awaken, arouse' [verb], perf. zbudziæ `awaken, arouse'.

also about skr. bȁdnjī dân `Christmas Eve', bȁdnjāk `wooden log which one lays in the in the fire of Christmas Eve' etc), abg. sъ-na-bъděti `φυλάττειν'; abg. bъdrъ `πρόθυμος; willing, ready', bъždrь ds., russ. bódryj `alert, awake, smart, strong, fresh', skr. bàdar `agile, lively'.

Toch. В paut-, A pot `honour'ö (Van Windekens Lexique 87).

References: WP. II 147 f., Feist 41, 97, Meillet Slave commun² 202 f.

Page(s): 150-152

Root / lemma: bheug-1

English meaning: to flee, *be frightened

German meaning: `fliehen'

Note: after Kretschmer (Gl. 30, 138) to bheug(h)-2 (av. baog- in the intransitive meaning `escape')

Material: Gr. φεύγω (Aor. ἔφυγον, Perf. πέφευγα) `flee', φυγή f. (= lat. fuga) `escape, a fleeing, flight, running away', hom. φύζα (*φυγι̯α) ds., Akk. φύγα-δε `to flight, to flee' of consonant-stem *φυγ-;

perhaps in ven. PN Φεύγαρον (Westdeutschl.) `refuge, escape castle';

lat. fugiō, fūgī, -ere `to take to flight, run away; to pass away, disappear. Transit., to flee from, run away from, avoid; with infin.,'fuge quaerere', do not seek; of things, to escape the notice of a person', fuga f. `flight, running away; esp. flight from one's country, exile, banishment. Transf., swift course, speed; avoiding (with genit.)';

Note: common lat. ph- > f- shift

maybe alb. fugonj `run'

lit. bū́gstu, bū́gau, bū́gti intr. `be frightened', kaus. baugìnti `jemd. get a fright', baugùs `timorous'.

References: WP. II 144, 146, WH. I 556 f., Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.

Page(s): 152

Root / lemma: bheug-2, bheugh-

English meaning: to clear away, free

German meaning: `wegtun, reinigen, befreien'; intrans. `sich retten'

Material: Av. baog-, bunja- `loosen, escape, they escape before' (bunjainti `release, escape', būjayamnō `discarding', bunjayāt̃ `he escapes'), būjim Akk. `cleaning, purification', ązō-buj- `from need of releasing', baoxtar- `liberator';

Maybe alb. (*bhujissa) bujis, bujisa aor. `bloom', bujë `fuss' : pāli bhujissa- `released, free'

pehl. paz. bōxtan `escape, release', södbal. bōjag `unbolt, loosen, unbind', as pers. Lw. arm. bužem `heal, save, relieve', boiž `healing, deliverance'; pāli paribhuñjati `purifies, cleans, sweeps from'; but pāli bhujissa- `released (from previously slave)' = Old Indian bhujiṣyà- `free, independent' (Lex., in the Lit. as `exploitable', Subst. `maid; maidservant, servant'), to bheug-4.

Illyr. PN Buctor, ven. Fuctor (: av. baoxtar-), Fugonia, vhuχia, vhou-χontios, etc

Note:

Here illyr. Buctor : ven. Fuctor : av. baoxtar- `liberator' proves that av. a satem language can display centum characteristics. Alb. follows the same illyr. - ven. pattern in -tor,-tar suffixes. The tendency in illyr. -g- > -ct- shows the intermediary phase from centum to satem in later alb.: common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- phonetic mutation in the middle of the word.

Got. usbaugjan `sweep up, sweep out, sweep away', nhd. dial. Bocht `rubbish, crap, muck'; moreover probably also mhd. biuchen `cook in lye', originally `clean', būche f. `lye' (with secondary ablaut).

The doubleness germ. gh : ar. g- also by bheugh- (nhd. biegen): bheug- (Old Indian bhujati etc) `bend'. Probably identical with it.

References: WP. II 145, WH. I 560, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.

Page(s): 152

Root / lemma: bheug-3, bheugh-

English meaning: to bow

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Old Indian bhujáti `bends, pushes away', bhugná-ḥ `bent, curved', bhúja-ḥ `arm', bhujā `twist, arm', bhōgáḫḥ `coil of a snake; ring' (: ahd. boug); niṣḫbhuj- `push', Pass. `flunk, escape; to get away';

perhaps bierher alb. butë `soft, flexible' from *bhug(h)-to- `pliable';

common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- phonetic mutation in the middle of the word.

ir. fid-bocc `wooden bow', probably also bocc `tender' (`*pliable'), nir. bog `soft' (from*buggo-), KZ. 33, 77, Fick II⁴; for abret. buc `rotten, putrid; loose, crumbling, friable, flabby', pl. bocion `rotten, decayed', nbret. amsir poug `soft, mild weather', allowed to expect brit. -ch- = ir. -gg-, Pedersen KG. I 161 considers borrowing from Ir.

In Germ. *bheugh-: got. biugan, ahd. biogan `bend', aisl. participle boginn `bent, curved'; ablaut. ags. būgan `be bent', with fram `flee';

Kaus. aisl. beygja, as. bōgian, ags. bīegan, ahd.bougen, nhd. beugen; aisl. biūgr `bent, curved', ahd. biugo `curve'; aisl. bogi, ags. boga (engl. bow), ahd. bogo, nhd. Bogen (ahd. swibogo `Christmas candle arcs (which literally means „an arched buttress“)' from *swi[bi-]bogo); perhaps in addition got. bugjan `let out, lend, buy', aisl. byggia `obtain a wife', ags. bycgan, as. buggian `buy' (compare nhd. dial. `be bent by something' = `acquire, take'); in addition probably lett. bauga and baũgurs `hill'.

Intensive (with intensification) germ. *bukjan in mhd. böcken, schweiz. bukche; mnd. bucken, afries. buckia `to stoop, bend forward, bend down' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 171, 181).

References: WP. II 145 f., WH. I 556, Feist 96.

Page(s): 152-153

Root / lemma: bheug-4

English meaning: to enjoy, *consume, bite

German meaning: `genießen'

Material: Old Indian bhuṅktḗ (with Instr., newer Akk.) `enjoys', compare bhunákti, bhuñjati `grants pleasure, enjoys, consumes', bubhukṣā `hunger', bhṓga-ḥ `enjoyment';

about Old Indian bhujiṣyà- see above under bheug-2;

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

alb. bungë f., bunk, bungu m. `kind of edible oak fruit' (as `nourishing or nutritious tree', post-verbal = `food granter');

Note:

lat. fungor `to occupy oneself with anything, to perform, execute, undergo, usually with abl.; absol. in special sense, to be affected, suffer', with Akk., later Abl., dēfungor `to perform, discharge, have done with, bring to an end, survive', perfungor `to perform fully, execute, discharge; to go through, endure'.

References: WH. I 565 f., Wackernagel Synt. I 68, Jokl L.-k. Unters. 179.

Page(s): 153

Root / lemma: bheu-, bheu̯ǝ- (bhu̯ā-, bhu̯ē-) : bhō̆u- : bhū-

English meaning: to be; to grow

German meaning: ursprönglich `wachsen, gedeihen'

Note: (probably = `to swell'), compare Old Indian prábhūta-ḥ with Old Indian bhūri-ḥ etc under *b(e)u-, bh(e)u- `inflate, bloat, to swell',

from which `originate, become, be', farther `where usually one is, live'; i̯o/ī- present bhu̯-ii̯ō, bhu̯-ii̯e-si, bhu̯-ī-si etc as verb `be' supplies often paradigm of es- `be'; extended root bheu̯ī-, bhu̯ēi-

Material: Old Indian bhávati `is, there is, happens, prospers, becomes' = av. bavaiti `becomes, originates; happens; will be', Old pers. bavatiy `becomes'; Fut. Old Indian bhavišyáti,

av. būšyeiti participle būšyant- `will come into existence' (latter = lit. bū́siu, Church Slavic byšęšteje `τὸ μέλλον',

compare gr. φύ̄σω); Aor. Old Indian ábhūt (= gr. ἔφῡ) and bhúvat, Perf. babhū́va, participle Perf. Akt. babhūvā́n, f. babhūvúšī (: gr. πεφυώς, πεφυυῖα, lit. bùvo, Old Church Slavic byvati), Inf. bhávitum, Absol. bhūtvā́ (compare lit. bū́tų passive `to be', Old Prussian būton Inf.);

Old Indian bhūtá-ḥ, av. būta- `become, being, Old Indian bhūtá-m `entity' (: lit. búta `been', aisl. būð f. `dwelling', russ. bytъ `entity, way of life, lifestyle'; with ŭ gr. φυτόν, air. -both `one was', both f. `cottage', lit. bùtas `house'); prá-bhūta-ḥ `rich, numerous', npers. Inf. būdan `be';

Old Indian bhū́ti-ḥ, bhūtí-ḥ f. `being, well-being, good condition, prospering; flourishing' (av. būti- m. `name daēva'ö = Old Church Slavic za-, po-, prě-bytь, russ. bytь, Inf. Old Church Slavic byti, lit. bū́ti; with ŭ gr. φύσις).

Pass. Old Indian bhūyate; kaus. bhāvayati `brings into existence; looks after and nurtures, refreshes', participle bhāvita-ḥ also `pleasantly excited, in good mood' (=Old Church Slavic iz-baviti `free, release'), with ders. lengthened grade bhāvá-ḥ `being, development, becoming, affection' (: russ. za-báva f. `conversation, entertainment') besides bhavá-ḥ `development, welfare, salvation';

bhavítram `world' (ablaut. with gr. φύτλᾱ `nature, gender, sex' and lit. būklà `dwelling' etc, and with germ. *buÞla- and *bōÞla-, next to which with formants -dhlo- čech. bydlo); bhavana-m `the development, becoming; dwelling, house (: alb. bane, but mir. būan `unwavering, steadfast' from *bhou-no-), ablaut. bhúvana-m `entity';

Old Indian bhū́- f. `earth, world', bhū́mī, bhū́miḥ-, av. ap. būmī-, npers. būm `earth', Old Indian bhū́man- n. `earth, world, being' (= gr. φῦμα), bhūmán- m. `fullness, wealth, bulk, mass, wealth'; pra-bhú-ḥ `mighty, salient';

s-stem bhaviṣ-ṇu-ḥ `becoming, thriving', bhū́ṣati `makes thrive, strengthens', bhūṣayati `bedecks, blazons', bhūṣana-m `amulet, jewellery'.

The ī-basis *bh(e)u̯ī-, as it seems, in Old Indian bṓbhavīti Intens. and bhávī-tva-ḥ `future'; about iran. bī-forms see under.

Arm. bois, Gen. busoy `sprout, herb, plant', busanim `burst forth, spring forth', further perhaps boin, Gen. bunoi `nest' (*bheu-no-), zero grade bun, Gen. bnoi `stem'.

Thrak. PN Κασί-βουνον.

Gr. φύω (lesb. φυίω as osk. fuia, see under), `beget' (Aor. ἔφυσα), φύομαι `become, grow' (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 686), probably neologisms to Aor. ἔφῡν `was, became', besides (neologismö) ἐφύην; φυτόν `growth, plant, kid, child, ulcer', φυή `growth; nature, character', φῦμα n. `plant, growth, ulcer', φύσις `nature', φῦλον n. `stem, gender, sex, kind of', φῡλή `municipality and from it located department' (:Old Church Slavic bylъ, l-participle bylьje); lengthened grades *bhō[u]lo- perhaps in φωλεός, φωλειός `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, den of wild animals', φωλεύω `sleep in a cave', φωλίς `a sea fish which is hidden in the mud'; but aisl. bōl n. `a camp for animals and people', is not from bōl (probably from *bōÞla) `dwelling' miscellaneous word; in addition zero grade schwed. mdartl. bylja, bölja `small nest' from *bulja.

As 2. compound-part in ὑπερφυής, ὑπερ-φ[*F]ίαλος. About φῖτυ see under.

Illyr. VN Buni, PN Bοῦννος (: alb. bunë).

Messap. βύριον οἴκημα, βαυρία οἰκία Hes. (:ahd. būr);

alb. buj, bûj (*bunjō) `stay, stay overnight, spend the night', burr, burrë (*buro-) `man, husband', banë `dwelling, abode, residence, half dilapidated house' (*bhou̯onā: Old Indian bhavanam), banoj `stay, dwell'; bun(ë) `chalet' (*bhunā); perhaps also bōtë `earth, bottom, world, people' (*bhu̯ā-tā or *bhu̯ē-tā).

Note:

Clearly alb. banë, Illyr. VN Buni, PN B οῦννος, Messap. βύριον, Thrak. PN Κασί - βουνον prove that illyr. was indeed a satem language displaying also centum characteristics. The common alb. shift t > nt > n inherited from illyr. and thrak. proves the common origin of those Balkan lang.

Lat. fuī (alat. fūī) `I have been' from *fū-ai, rearrangement of older Aor. *fūm (= gr. ἔ-φῡν, Old Indian á-bhūt `he was'), fu-tūrus `future, about to be', forem `would be', fore `will be', alat. Konj. fuam, fuat `be' (*bhuu̯ām; compare lit. bùvo `was' from *bhu-u̯āt), besides -bam (*bhu̯ām : osk. fu-fans `they were', air. -bā `I was') in legē-bam etc, compare lat.-fal. -bō (from *bhu̯ō) in amā-bō, alat. venī-bō, fal. pipafÞ etc with dem ir. b- future (do-rīmiub `I will enumerate' from *to-rīm-ī-bu̯ō), intensive futāvit `he/she was';

osk. fu-fans `they were', fu-fens `they were', fusíd = lat. foret, fust (= umbr. fust) `he/she will be' and `he/she will have been', fuid Konj.-Perf. `he/she will have been'; but about futír `daughter' s. Vetter Gl. 29, 235, 242 ff. against WH. I 557, 867;

umbr. fust `he/she is going to be', furent `they are going to be' (*fuset, *fusent), fefure `they will have been', futu `you will be' (fuu̯etōd or fu-tōd).

A i̯o/ī- present to root *bhū̆- : *bhu̯-ii̯ō lies before in lat. fīō, fī̆erī `of persons and things, to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen', the ī instead of ĭ is correlated to fīs, fīt (*bhu̯-ī-si, *bhu̯-ī-ti); osk. fiiet (*bhu̯ii̯ent) `they become, they are made', umbr. fito `good deeds, benefitsö', fuia `he/she will become, he/she will be made', fuiest `he/she will make' (*bhu-i̯ō besides *bhu̯ii̯ō as in lesb. φυίω, see above);

lat. nominal formation only in dubius `doubtful; act., wavering; in opinion, doubting; uncertain; as to action, hesitating, irresolute; pass., uncertain, doubted, doubtful, dangerous, critical' (*duḫbhu̯ḫii̯o-s `of double form, consisting of two parts', compare umbr. di-fue `split into two parts' < *du̯i-bhui̯om), probus `good, excellent, fine; morally good, upright, virtuous, right' (*pro-bhu̯os : Old Indian praḫbhú-ḥ `salient, superb'), osk. amḫprufid `dishonest, lacking probity', prúfatted `has shown, marked, indicated, manifested, proven', umbr. prufe `upright, honest, proper'; lat. superḫbus `haughty, exalted, proud; arrogant, overbearing; brilliant, splendid'.

About lat. moribundus see Niedermann Mél. Meillet 104, Benveniste MSL. 34, 189.

Air. baë `benefit' (*bhu̯ǝ-i̯om), būan `steadfast, good' (*bhouno-, in addition cymr. bun `queen, wife, woman'); mir. baile `home, place' (*bhu̯ǝ-lii̯o-);

air. buith `be' (originally Dat. of ā- stem both < *bhutā = cymr. bod, corn. bos, bret. bout = air. both f. `cottage', cymr. bod f. `dwelling': lit. bùtas `house'; moreover also mir. for-baid `burial cloth, shroud, barrow, bier'), Fut. -bīa `will be' (= lat. fiat), preterit 1. Sg. bā (*bhu̯ām), 3. Sg. boī (*bhōu̯e), Pass. preterit -both `one was' (*bhu-to-); the paradigm of the verb Subst. and the copula exists from forms von es- and bheu-, e.g. hat 1. Sg. present Konj. air. bēu (*bh-esō) the anlaut related to bheu-;

air. -bīu `I care to be', mcymr. bydaf, corn. bethaf, mbret. bezaff ds. (*bhu̯ii̯ō = lat. fīō, besides *bhu̯ī- in air. bīth, mcymr. bit `([Imperative Future Tense] you will be' = lat. fīt);

gall. PN Vindo-bios (*-bhu̯ii̯os), compare cymr. gwyn-fyd `luck' (`weiße world', byd), air. su-b(a)e `pleasure, joy' (*su-bhu̯ii̯o-), du-b(a)e (du = gr. δυς-) `mourning, grief';

got. bauan `stay, dwell, inhabit', ald bauan `lead a life', gabauan `erect a house' (*bhōu̯ō, vocalism as in Old Indian bhāvayati, bhāva-ḥ, slav. baviti),

aisl. būa (bjō, būinn) `stay, dwell, bring in good condition, equip', ags. būan and buw(i)an (būde, gebūen) `stay, dwell, farm' (besides ags. bōgian, afries. bōgia `stay, dwell', phonetic type based on got. stōja from *stōwijō and ō as initial vowel), ahd. būan (būta, gibūan) `stay, dwell, farm', nhd. bauen; aisl. byggja `live at a place, farm, populate', later `construct, build' (from *buwwjanö*bewwjanö); aisl. bū n. `domicile, household', ags. bū n. `dwelling' (Pl. by n. of i-stem *būwi- = aisl. bȳr m. `dwelling, residential site, court'; similarly lit. būvis `permanent stay, residence'), ahd. bū, mhd. bū, Gen. būwes m., seldom n. `tilling of the field, dwelling, edifice', nhd. Bau;

aisl. būð f. `dwelling, tent, cottage'; aschwed. bōÞ, mnd. bōde, mhd. buode and būde `cottage, tent', nhd. Bude (*bhō[u]-tā); mnd. bōdel `fortune', bōl `estate', ags. bold and botl n. `dwelling, house', *byldan, engl. to build `to build', afries. bold and bōdel `house, household utensil, household appliance, property' (*bōÞla- from idg. *bhō[u]tlo- and *buÞla-, compare lit. būklà and westsl. bydlo), also aisl. bōl n. `dwelling' [(see above also to bōl `den (of animals)'];

aisl. būr n. `pantry, zenana (part of a house for women in India)', ags. būr m. `cottage, room', ahd. būr m. `house, cage', nhd. (Vogel-)Bauer, whereof ahd. nāhgibūr, ags. nēahgebūr, nhd. Nachbar, engl. neighbour and ahd. gibūr(o), mhd. gebūr(e), then būr, nhd. Bauer `farmer, peasant';

ags. bēo `I am' (*bhu̯ii̯ō = lat. fīō, air. -bīu), besides bēom, ahd. bim etc after *im from *es- `be', as ahd. bis(t), ags. bis after is.

Perhaps got. bagms, ahd. bōum, ags. bēam `tree' from *bhou̯(ǝ)mo- `φυτόν' and aisl. bygg n. `barley', as. Gen. PL bewō `sowing, seed, yield', ags. bēow n. `barley' (*bewwa-) as `the tilled, the sown'.

Maybe alb. (*bēam) bimë `plant', alb. geg. ba `ripen, become', bafsh sub. `be!'

Lit. bū́ti (lett. bût, Old Prussian boūt) `be', bū́tų Supin. `to be' (Old Prussian būton Inf.), participle bū́tas `been', Fut. bū́siu (lett. bûšu), preterit bùvo `he was' (compare also buvó-ju, -ti `care to be' and Old Church Slavic Iter. byvati); Opt. Old Prussian bousai `he is', preterit bēi, be `he was' (from an expanded basis with -ēi-);

lit. bū̃vis m. `being, life', buvinė́ti `stay here and there a while', Old Prussian buwinait `live!';

lett. bûšana `being, entity, condition', Old Prussian bousennis `state, condition'; lit. bùtas, Old Prussian (Akk.) buttan `house';

lit. būklas (*būtla-) `nest, den, hideout, lair of wild animals', pabū̃klas `tool, utensil; apparition, ghost', būklà, būklė̃ `presence (of mind), dwelling', ostlit. búklė ds. (see above; in addition buklùs `wise, sly, cunning');

Old Church Slavic byti `become, be', lo- participle bylъ `been' (therefrom bylьje `herb; healthy herb', compare to meaning φυτόν), Aor. bě `was' (*bhu̯ē-t);

Imperf. běaše, Fut. participle Church Slavic byšęšteje, byšąšteje `τὸ μέλλον', Kondiz. 3. Pl. bǫ (*bhu̯ā-nt), participle za-bъvenъ `forgotten', besides miscellaneous participle *byt e.g. in russ. zabýtyj `forgotten', compare in addition also Subst. russ. bytъ `entity, way of life, lifestyle' under likewise, apoln. byto `nourishment, food', Old Church Slavic iz-bytъkъ `affluence, remnant' under likewise, bytьje `the existence';

maybe alb. mbetje `residue, leftover', mbetet `is left', mbeturinë `trash' [common alb. b- > mb- shift]

Old Church Slavic zabytь `oblivion', pobytь `victory', prěbytь `abode, residence', russ. bytь `entity, creature; facts (of the case), facts (of the matter), matter of fact'; present Old Church Slavic bǫdǫ `become, γίγνομαι', as Fut.: `will become' (if lat. Adj. in -bundusö);

maybe reduced alb. (*bǫdǫ) do Future: `will become'

Kaus. Old Church Slavic izbaviti `free, release' under likewise (: Old Indian bhāva-yati, compare to vocalism also got. bauan and Old Church Slavic zabava `stay, activity, pastime'); čech. bydlo `whereabouts, dwelling', poln. bydɫo `cattle' (from *`state, prosperity, possessions').

Maybe alb. (*zabava) zbavit `entertain, (*pastime)'

Perhaps here (Pedersen Toch. 228¹) toch. В pyautk-, A pyotk-, AB pyutk- `come into being', med. `bring about'.

From the basis bh(e)u̯ī-:

npers. Imp. bīḫd `be!'; Old pers. Opt. bī-yā^h is placed by Wackernagel KZ. 46, 270 = Old Indian bhū-yā́-ḥ, -t;

gr. φῖτυ n. `germ, sprout, scion, shoot' = φίτῡμα, φῑτύω `produce, sow, plant';

lit. alt. bit(i) `he was', also Kondit. 1. Pl. (sùktum-) bime; lett. biju, bija `I was, he was' (lett. bijā- extended from athemat. *bhu̯ī-); ablaut. Old Prussian bēi, see above;

maybe alb. bujis `germ, sprout, scion, shoot, bloom'

Old Church Slavic Kondit. 2. 3. Sg. bi `were, would be' (*bhu̯īḫs, *bhu̯ī-t), wherefore secondary 1. Sg. bi-mь with primary ending.

References: WP. II 140 f., WH. I 375 f., 504 f., 557 f., 865, 867, EM. 812 f., 1004 f., Trautmann 40 f., Feist 83 f.

Specht will place (KZ. 59, 58 f.) under citation of gr. φάFος `light, salvation' = Old Indian bhava- `blessing; benediction, boon, salvation', φαε-σί-μβροτος etc unsere root as *bhau̯ǝ-, not as *bheu̯ǝ-. see also above S. 91.

Page(s): 146-150

Root / lemma: bhēgh- : bhōgh-

English meaning: to resist

German meaning: `streiten'

Material: Gall. bāgaudae `insurgent guerilla' (suffix as in alauda, bascauda), air. bāgaid `fights, brags, threatens', bāg f. `fight, struggle', mcymr. bwyo (*bāgi̯-) `hit',

kymwy (: mir. combāg ds.) `fight', -boawc = mir. bāgach `warlike'; whether cymr. bai `fault, error', beio `rebuke' in addition belongs, it must contain idg. *bhǝgh-;

ahd. bāgan, (bāgēnö) `squabble, quarrel', aisl. bāga, bǣgja `oppose, resist', ahd. bāga `quarrel, fight', as. bāg m. `vainglory, boastfulness', mhd. bāc, -ges m. `loud yelling, quarrel', aisl. bāge, bāgi `adversary', bāgr `difficult, hard, sullen, obstructive'; it is presumed whether germ. family is not borrowed from Kelt., ablaut germ. ē : kelt. ā (idg. ō);

lett. buôztiês `be angry' (*bhōgh-), Endzelin KZ. 52, 118;

russ. bazel `bawler, crier', bazgala `malicious' (Scheftelowitz KZ. 54, 242);

perhaps toch. В pakwāre `evil, bad' (Adverb), A pkönt `hindrance' (*bhǝgh-), Van Windekens Lexique 85, 96.

References: WP. II 130.

Page(s): 115

Root / lemma: bhē̆2, bhō̆

English meaning: a kind of particle

German meaning: Partikel especially the Beteuerung and Hervorhebung

Material: Av. bā, bāt̃, bē, bōit̃ (the latter, as lit. beĩ, probably with strengthening particle *id) particles of the protestation and emphasis, bāδa `yea, in truth' (`if Old Indian baḍhamö'Bartholomae Wb. 953);

Maybe emphasizing particle alb. bah `absolutely not' [alb. preserved the old laryngeal -ḫ]

arm. ba, bay emphasizing particle;

got. ba conditional particle (here iḫba, iḫbai `if, becauseö' Konj. `that not', ni-ba, niḫbai `possibly not yetö', Konj. `if not', ja-bai `if', ahd. ibu, oba, mhd. ob(e) `if, whether' etc, s. Kluge¹¹ 422);

lit. bà `yes, of course; certainly; sure', ben `at least, not only but also', ostlit. bè (= Old Prussian bhe), beĩ (see above) `and', bè, bà, bès, baũ interrogative particle, Old Prussian beggi `for'; Old Church Slavic (etc) bo `for', iḫbo `καὶ γάρ', uḫbo `also', neḫboḫnъ `for indeed'; changing through ablaut klr. ba `yes, of course; certainly; sure', čech. poln. ba `trusted, yea, in truth'.

maybe alb. po `if, whether, yes' : poln. ba `yea, in truth'.

References: WP. II 136, Trautmann 22 f.

Page(s): 113

Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō-

English meaning: to warm, fry, *bath

German meaning: `wörmen, rösten'

Note:

From Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō- : `to warm, fry, *bath' : Root / lemma: bhoso-s : `naked' derived from Ossetic: bægnæg [adj] `naked' of Root / lemma: nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no- : naked' common Indo Iranian m-/n- > bh phonetic mutation : gr.-illyr. βαγαρόν χλιαρόν .

Material: Ahd. bāen, bājan, nhd. böhen (*bhēi̯ō) `warm with covers, bake bread', in addition with idg.-to-suffix aisl. bađ `steam bath', as. bath, ags. bæÞ, ahd. bad `spa, bath'; in addition also norw. dial. bara `clean with warm water', schwed. bara `warm up'.

Note:

The cognates aisl. bađ `steam bath', as. bath, ags. bæÞ, ahd. bad `spa, bath' are created according to alb. phonetic laws -g > -th, -d; maybe euphemistic alb. mbath `get dressed, wear', zbath `get naked, get undressed (to have a bathö)'

Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō- : `to warm, fry, *bath' : Root / lemma: bhoso-s : `naked' as in: Ahd. bar `naked, bare' (*baza-), nhd. bar, ags. bær, aisl. berr `naked, bare'; lit. bãsas, lett. bass, Old Church Slavic bosъ `barefoot'; arm. bok `barefoot' (*bhosoḫgo-).

thereof with g-extension bhōg-

in gr. φώγω `roast, fry', ags. bacan, bōc, ahd. bahhan, aisl. baka, -ađa ds., mhd. sich becheln `bask, get warm, lounge in the sun'; besides with intensive consonant-sharpening ahd. backan, nhd. backen;

gr.-illyr. βαγαρόν χλιαρόν; Λάκωνες Hes. (v. Blumental IF. 49, 175);

In addition perhaps (as `burning desire, ardent wish') russ. bažítь, bažátь `wish, want, whereupon starve', čech. bažiti, perf. zabahnouti `ask for something'.

References: WP. II 187.

Page(s): 113

Root / lemma: bhidh-

English meaning: vessel, cauldron

German meaning: `Topf, Köbel, Faß'

Note:

From an early root *bhegh- [common illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation] derived Root / lemma: bhedh-2 : `to bow, bend', Root / lemma: bhadh-sko- : `bundle, heap' and in -i grade Root / lemma: bhidh- : vessel, cauldron (see above).

Material: gr. πίθος n. `barrel, vat, cask, wine cask', πιθάκνη, att. φιδάκνη ds., lat. fidēlia (*fides-liā) `earthenware vessel, pot, pan'; presumably aisl. biða f. `milk tub', norw. bide n. `butter tub' (*bidjan-), bidne n. `vessel'.

There from lat. fiscus `a basket; hence a money-bag, purse; the state treasury; under the empire, the emperor's privy purse', fiscina `a small basket' (from *bhidh-sko-) may be reconstructed for its family a basic meaning `twisted vessel', it belongs probably to a root bheidh- `bind, flax, wattle, braid'.

References: WP. II 185, WH. I 492 f., 506.

Page(s): 153

Root / lemma: bhili-, bhilo-

English meaning: harmonious, friendly

German meaning: `ebenmößig, angemessen, gut, freundlich'

Material: Mir. bil (*bhiḫli-) `good', gall. Bili- in PN Bili-catus, Bilicius etc, ahd. bila- `kind, gracious', newer bili-, bil- in 1. part of people's name; ags. bile-wit `simple, just, innocent' = mhd. bilewiz, bilwiz `fairy demon, ghost' (eigentl. `good ghost'); ahd. bil-līch `proper'; abstract noun *biliÞō in as. unbilithunga `unconventionality', mhd. unbilde, unbilede n. `wrong; injustice, the incomprehensible', nhd. Unbilde, to adjective mhd. unbil `unjust; unfair', substantivized schweiz. Unbill. About nhd. Bild see under bhei(ǝ)- `hit', wherefore R. Loewe (KZ. 51, 187 ff.) will place also Unbilde .

Gr. φίλος `dear, friend' etc places Kretschmer (IF. 45, 267 f.) as pre Greek to lyd. bilis `be'; against it Loewe aaO., which explains the stress of the first syllable from the vocative.

References: WP. II 185, Kluge¹¹ under Bild, billig, Unbill, Weichbild.

Page(s): 153-154

Root / lemma: bhlagh-men-

English meaning: priest

German meaning: `Zauberpriester'; originally probably Neutrum `Opferhandlung'

Note:

Root / lemma: bhlagh-men- : `priest' derived from the extended Root / lemma: bhlaĝ- : `to hit', meaning Aryan priests assumed they would gain the grace of gods through immolation.

Material: Air. brahmán- m. `magic priest', bráhman- n. `spell, charm, devotion'; messap. βλαμινι `priest'; lat. flāmen, -inis m. `the priest of some particular god, sacrificial priest' (not the old *-ēn).

Because of the numerous congruities in the religious terminology between the Italic and Indic this is equation of the preferred explanation of flāmen from *bhlād-(s)men, angebl. `sacrifice, immolation' (to got. blōtan `worship', an. blōta, ags. blōtan, ahd. bluozan `sacrifice', an. blōt n. `sacrifice, oblation' [-es-stem, compare finn. luote `chant, incantation' from proto germ. *blōtes], ahd. bluostar n. ds., etc). compare also Dumézil REtIE. 1, 377, still compares arm. baɫjal `strive after'.

Maybe alb. lut `chant, pray' : finn. luote `chant, incantation'

References: WP. II 209, WH. I 512 f., 865 f., Feist 100 f., 580 a.

Page(s): 154

Root / lemma: bhlaĝ-

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: Lat. flagrum `whip, scourge', flagellum ds. `a whip, scourge; the thong of a javelin; a young sprout, vine-shoot; plur. the arms of a polypus; fig. `the sting of conscience', with lengthened grade probably flāgitō, -āre `to entreat, ask, demand earnestly; to demand to know; to summon before a court of justice' (originally probably with blows and threats), flāgitium `a disgraceful action, shameful crime; shame, disgrace; meton., scoundrel, rascal' (originally `public castigation and suppression'; conflages `places exposed to all the winds, place blown by the winds' Paul Fest. 35 a appears a spoil for conflūgēs);

Maybe alb. flak `hurl'

aisl. and nnorw. dial. blaka, blakra `strike back and forth, fan, flutter, flap', aisl. blak `blow, knock', aisl. blekkja (*blakjan) `hit' (norw. `flicker'), schwed. mdartl. blökkta (*blakatjan), mndl. blaken `fan, flutter, shiver' (in Germ. phonetic coincidence with the family of aisl. blakra `blink, glitter, flash' etc, see below *bheleg- `shine'; so is e.g. norw. blakra `fan' as well as `shine').

Lit. blaškaũ and bloškiù (-šk- from -ĝ-sq-) `fling sidelong, travel here and there, run around here and there'.

References: WP. II 209, WH. I 511 f.

Page(s): 154

Root / lemma: bhlegʷ-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `sich aufblöhen, schwellen'

Note: extension v. `inflate, bloat'

Material: Gr. φλέψ, -βός f. `vein', φλεβάζοντες βρύοντες Phot.; ahd. bolca, bulchunna (*bhl̥gʷ-) `a round swelling; in water, a bubble'.

References: WP. II 215, WH. I 519 f.

Page(s): 155

Root / lemma: bhlei-2

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `aufblasen, schwellen, strotzen, öberfließen'

Note: extension from bhel- ds.

Material: Norw. dial. bleime, aschwed. blēma `bleb on the skin' (compare norw. blöema ds. under bhel-, bh(e)lē-); dön. blegn(e) `vesicle' (*blajjinōn), ags. blegen f., engl. blain, mnd. bleine, older dön. blen(e), aschwed. blena `vesicle' (*blajinōn).

That gr. φλῑά: `door pillar, door post' eig. `(*tumid =) thick balk, beam' is required only of foreign confirmation (Prellwitz² and Boisacq s. v.; basic form *bhlī-u̯ā or -sā); τὰ φλιμέλια `haematoma, effusion of blood' is corrupted from lat. flēmina `a bloody swelling or congestion of blood about the ankles'.

bhleis-: aisl. blīstra `blow, whistle'ö (compare got. -blēsan under bhel-, bh(e)l-ē-; new variation with i to the imitation of the bright toneö); perhaps serb. blîhām, blíhati `flood; spit; have diarrhea'; blîhnēm, blíhnuti `splash, spray', bulg. bličъ́, blíknъ, blíkvam `pours out of me, flows out' (if not as proto slav. *blychajǫ to u-variant from gr. φλύω etc).

bhleid- (presumably d-present *bhliḫdḫō).

Gr. φλιδάω `overflow of humidity, thereof swell up', ἔφλιδεν διέρρεεν Hes., διαπέφλοιδεν διακέχυται Hes., πεφλοιδέναι φλυκτανοῦσθαι Hes., φλοιδάω, -έω, -ιάω `ferment, seethe, boom, blaster', ἀφλοισμός `scum, froth, foam, slobber' (α- = n̥ `ἐν'); presumably also φλοῖσβος `surging of the sea, the tumult of fighting', πολύφλοισβος θάλασσα (*φλοιδσβος, forms after onomatopoeic words as κόναβος, ἄραβοςö); common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

perhaps here mir. blāed `bellowing, braying, roar' (out of it cymr. bloedd ds.);

engl. bloat `to bloat, bulge, swell' (*blaitōn = φλοιδάω);

lett. blîstu, blîdu, blîzt and bliêžu, -du, -st `grow fat, put on weight'.

References: WP. II 210 f.

Page(s): 156

Root / lemma: bhleiq-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen'

Note: extension from bhlē̆i- (: bhel-) ds., as bhlē̆iĝ-.

Material: Ags. bǣlge (*blaigi̯ōn-) `gudgeon (type of freshwater fish)'; mnl. mnd. blei(g) and bleger, nhd. Bleihe, Blei `fish names'; besides mhd. blicke `carp',

nhd. Blicke (norw. dial. blekka, nhd. Blecke `dace (*white fish)' from the e-root bhleg-ö); in other meaning change (`shine : glance, look') aisl. blīgr `looking staringly and rigidly', blīgja `stare'

In addition russ. blëknutь `bleach, fade, wither, wilt', blëklyj `sallow, paled, faint, languid, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered', blëkotъ `fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium', poln. blaknąć `fade, expire'.

References: WP. II 211.

Page(s): 157

Root / lemma: bhlendh-

English meaning: pale, reddish

German meaning: `fahl, rötlich'; `undeutlich schimmern'; `tröbe sein or machen' (also durch Umröhren of water etc); `irren, schlecht sehen'; `Dömmerung'

Note: It belongs probably to bhel-1.

Material: Old Indian bradhná-ḥ (*bhl̥ndh-no-) `reddish, dun';

germ. *blundaz (*bhl̥ndh-o) in mlat. blundus, ital. biondo, frz. blond, from which mhd. blunt, nhd. blond;

got. blinds `blind', aisl. blindr `blind, undistinguishable', as. ags. blind, ahd. blint `blind', also `dark, cloudy, dull, not obvious'; got. blandan sik `mingle, diffuse, intermingle', aisl. blanda `mix' (blendingr `mixture'), as. ags. blandan, ahd. blantan, mhd. blanden `mix, tarnish' (nhd. Blendling `hybrid, mongrel, half breed'); to germ. a compare the iterative-causative: ahd. blendan (*blandjan) `darken, blind', ags. blendan `blind' (: blandýtis, Old Church Slavic bląditi); aisl. blunda `close the eyes', blundr `slumber', mengl. blundren `stir, bewilder', nengl. blunder `be grossly mistaken, wander';

lit. blendžiù, blę̃sti `sleep; stir flour into soup, talk nonsense, become cloudy', lett. blendu, blenst `have poor eye-sight, be short-sighted'; lit. blandaũ̃s, -ýtis `low the eyes down, be ashamed', lett. bluôdîties `ds.; roam, be ashamed',

Maybe alb. geg. (*flenj) flê, tosk. fle `die, sleep'; [rare alb. ph- > f- phonetic mutation, found in gr. and lat.]

lit. blañdas `sleepiness, turbid weather, cloudiness', blandùs `dim, cloudy, thick (soup), murky; dark'; lit. blį́sta, blíndo, blísti `dim, dusky, cloudy, become dark; become cloudy, from water',

prýblindė (and prieblandà) `dusk, twilight'; here also bliñdė, blendìs, blùndė `sallow';

maybe alb. geg. blî, blini, tosk. bliri `linden tree' n/r stem

Old Church Slavic blędǫ, blęsti `err; wander; πορνεύειν', blędь `gossip, prank', slov. blé-dem, blésti `maunder, drivel, fantasize', ačech. blésti (2. Sg. bledeš) `maunder, drivel'; Old Church Slavic blǫdъ `debauchery, depravity, adultery', poln. bɫąd `mistake, delusion', Old Church Slavic blǫždǫ, blǫditi `err, indulge in debauchery', skr. blúdīm, blúditi `err, wander, cheat, deceive, spoil, caress' etc.

maybe alb. geg. blê, tosk. blenj `(*cheat), barter, buy' similar shift of the meaning in gr. ἤπαφον `cheat, barter, exchange'.

References: WP. II 216, 218, Trautmann 34 f., Endzelin KZ. 52, 112, Specht Dekl. 58, 117.

Page(s): 157-158

Root / lemma: bhles-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen'

Note: : up to now only in the Germ. provable extension from bhel- `shine'

Material: Mhd. blas `naked, bald, bleak, pallid' (nhd. blaß) n. `torch, burning candle', ags. blæse `torch, fire', engl. blaze `blaze, glow; white forehead spot',

ahd. blas-ros `horse with with a bright spot' (with a bright spot on the forehead), mnd. bles, blesse (*blasjō) `paleness', aisl. *bles- in blesōttr `marked with a white spot' and in compound on -blesi.

References: WP. II 217.

Page(s): 158

Root / lemma: bhleu-(k)-, (-s-)

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen'

Note: extension from bhel- `shine'.

Material: *bhleu-s- in gr. περι-πεφλευσμένος πυρί `blazed by the fire', ἐπέφλευσε, περιφλύ̄ω `sear all around'; aisl. blys n. `flame', ags. blȳsa m. `flame, torch', mnd. blūs `torch', ags. blyscon `blush', engl. blush.

*bhleuḫk- in mhd. bliehen `burning luminously', ahd. bluhhen.

The westslav. forms as čech. blýštěti `shimmer', blýskati `shine' (besides Old Church Slavic blъštati etc, see below *bhleiĝ-) are against it probably reshuffling after *lyskati, poln. ɫyskać `flash, shine' etc - meaning not direct accordingly, respectively only from a primordial meaning `shine' to justify, Trautmann GGA. 1911, 245 compares with mhd. bliehen: lit. blunkù, blù̀kti `become pale, lose one's color'.

References: WP. II 214.

Page(s): 159-160

Root / lemma: bhleus-

English meaning: weak, mild

German meaning: etwa `schlaff'ö

Note: Perhaps to bheleu-.

Material: Schwed. mdartl. bloslin `weak', norweg. blyr `mild, lukewarm', bløyra `weakling, wimp', nhd. schwöb. blūsche(n) `slow, idle': lit. apsi-blausti `despond, despair, become sad'.

References: WP. II 214.

Page(s): 160

Root / lemma: bhleu-

English meaning: to blow; to swell, flow

German meaning: `aufblasen (schnauben, bröllen), schwellen, strotzen, öberwallen, fließen'

Note: extension from bhel- `(inflate, bloat), swell up'

Material: Gr. φλέ(F)ω `to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be brimful', Φλεύς (*Φληυς, lengthened grade), ephes. Φλέως (*ΦληFος) epithet of Dionysos as a vegetation God; presumably from the lushness of growth also att. φλέως, jon. φλοῦς `reed plant';

φλοίω (*φλοFι̯ω) `swell, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be in bloom, blossom', ὑπέρφλοιος `growing excessively' or `exceedingly succulent', Φλοῖος, Φλοία `epithet of Dionysos and the Kore as vegetation divinities' probably also φλοιός, φλόος `bark, husk';

changing through ablaut φλύω `surge up, bubble, chat; be fruitful', ἀποφλύειν ἀπερεύγεσθαι Hes. φλύος m. `gossip', φλύᾱξ `gossip, prank; buffoon';

lit. bliáuju, blióviau, bliáuti `roar, bellow, bleat', bliū́vauti `roar, bellow', lett. bl'aûnu, bl'aût ds.; Old Church Slavic bl'ujǫ, bl'ьvati `spit, vomit' (based on old preterite stem, compare lit. bliùvo from idg. *bhluu̯ā-); in addition perhaps also Old Prussian bleusky `reed' (would be correct in the meaning to gr. φλέως!).

With a s-extension nd. blöstern `violent blow, storm, pant, sniff, snort', engl. bluster `boom, blaster, rant, roister' and skr. bljuzgati `stream noisily, chat silly stuff'; also skr. blíhati etcö (see under bhlei-s-).

With dental formant: mhd. blōdern `chat, prate'ö (rather new onomatopoeic word; compare Kluge¹¹ under plaudern); rather schweiz. bloder `big bubble etc', blodern `effervesce, surge, boil', nhd. Pluderhosen; perhaps skr. blútiti `speak absurd, speak inappropriate', Berneker 62; about ahd. blāt(t)ara `bubble' (*blē-drō-) s. S. 121;

with -d- (originally present formingö): φλυδάω `flows about, dissolves, become soft', φλυδαρός `muddy, sludgy, slushy, squashy, squishy, slobbery, sloppily', ἐκφλυνδάνειν `break open, from ulcers'.

g-extension bhleugʷ- (compare the root form bhlegʷ-):

gr. οἰνό-φλυξ `wine-drunken'; φλύζω `to bubble up, boil up, surge up, overflow, also with words'; φλυκτίς, φλύκταινα `bubble'; but πομ-φόλυξ `blister, shield hump' stays away;

lat. fluō, -ere, flūxi, flūctum, newer flūxum `to flow; of a solid object, to flow, drip with any liquid, stream, pour; of abstr. things, to proceed, issue, spread; of circumstances, to tend; of language, to flow; to sink, droop', flūctus, -ūs `current, wave, a streaming, flowing. Transf., commotion, disturbance', flūmen (*fleugsmen) `flowing water; hence a river, stream', conflūgēs alat. `confluence of two stretches of water', fluvius `river' (from present fluō from), flustra Nom. PL `calm (at sea)' (*flugstrom); if here (with nasalization) cymr. blyngu `become angry', blwng `angry, irate', bret. blouhi `rebuke'ö

References: WP. II 213 f., WH. I 519 f., Trautmann 35; different EM. 372.

Page(s): 158-159

Root / lemma: bhlē̆d-, bhl̥d-

English meaning: to boil; to chatter, boast

German meaning: `aufsprudeln, heraussprudeln, also von Worten'

Material: Gr. φλέδων `babbler', φλεδών `gossip'; φληδῶντα ληροῦντα Hes.; παφλάζω `bubble, seethe, foam'; moreover also Aor. φλαδεῖν (intrans.) `tear'; compare to meaning lat. fragor `a breaking; a noise of breaking, crack, crash';

with varying lengthened grade bhlōd- air. indlāidi `brags, boasts', indlādud `boasting' (*ind-blād- `puff oneself up or make inflated words') and lett. blādu, blāzt `chat';

zero grade ahd. uz-ar-pulzit `boil, bubble out';

nhd. platzen, plötschern are probably certainly of new onomatopoeic word formation.

References: WP. II 210, 216, WH. I 515, 518.

See also: to bhel-3.

Page(s): 155

Root / lemma: bhlē̆iĝ-, bhlīĝ-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen'

Note: extension from bhlē̆i- ds., as bhleiq-

Material: Ags. blīcan `shine', as, blīkan `shine', ahd. blīhhan st.-V. `become pallid', mhd. blīchen st.-V. `shine, blush', aisl. blīkja, bleik `appear, gleam, shine';

aisl. bleikr, ags. blāc, ahd. bleih `pallid, pale, wan'; ahd. bleihha `dace, roach', norw. bleikja and blika ds.; aisl. blik n. `bright lustre, shine; gold, gold plating',

ahd. bleh `(*shiny) thin metal panel', nhd. Blech, mnd. blick ds.; ags. blike m. (*bliki-) `bare place'; ahd. blic, -eches `quick highlight, flash, lightning', mhd. blic, -ekes `lustre, shine, look, lightning', nhd. Blick, ahd. blecchazzen (*blekatjan), mhd. bliczen, nhd. blitzen; as. bliksmo `lightning', aschwed. blixa `blink', nschwed. also `flash'.

Lit. blizgù, -ė́ti `flicker, shine', blýškiu, blyškė́ti `sparkle, glitter, shimmer, shine', blykštù, blyškaũ, blỹkšti `blanch, pale', ablaut. blaikštaûs, -ýtis `clear up, of the sky'; lett. blaiskums `spot, mark', meln-blaiskaińš `dark grey'.

Russ.-Church Slavic blěskъ `lustre, shine' (*bhloiĝ-sko-); changing through ablaut Old Church Slavic bliskъ `lustre, shine' and *blьskъ in čech. blesk, Gen. old blsku `lightning', Old Church Slavic blьštǫ, blьštati `shine', Iter. bliscajǫ, bliscati sę.

References: WP. II 21 If., EM. 398, Trautmann 34, Meillet Slave commun² 133, Specht Dekl. 144.

Page(s): 156-157

Root / lemma: bhlē̆i-1 : bhlǝi- : bhlī-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen', also von Narben

Note: extension from bhel- ds.

Material: Germ. *blīÞia- (*bhlei-tio- or rather *bhlī-tio-) `light, cheerful, fair (of sky, heaven, then of the looks, appearance, the mood:) cheerful' in got. bleiÞs `merciful, mild',

aisl. blīðr `mild (of weather), friendly, pleasant', ags. blīÞe `cheerful, friendly', ahd. blīdi `cheerful, blithe, glad, friendly', as. blīthōn, ahd. blīden `be glad'.

As. blī n. `paint, color', Adj. `coloured', afries. blī(e)n `paint, color', bli `beautiful', ags. blēo n. `paint, color, apparition, form' (probably *blīja-).

On account of germ. *blīwa `lead' (ahd. blīo, -wes, as. blī, aisl. blȳ) with lit. blývas `purple, mauve, violet-blue' corresponding color adj. with formants -u̯o- of our root (to accept nhd. blau congruent, indeed unoccupied kelt. *blīu̯o- from *bhlēḫu̯o- as wellspring, was conceivable), would be debatable, but the most likely.

Here (after Specht Dekl. 117) russ. bli-zná `thread break, flaw in fabric', čech. poln. bliḫzna `scar'; because of the parallel forms under bhlēu-1 barely with WH. I 517 to bhlīĝ-.

Lit. blývas `purple, mauve, violet-blue'; perhaps lit. blaĩvas `sober' (if not as *blaidḫvas to related *bhlǝido-s), blaivaũs, -ýtis `clear up, become sober'; perhaps lett. blīnêt `lurk, a furtive (glance), blink'.

Toch. A. plyaskeṃ `meditation'öö (Van Windekens Lexique 97).

References: WP. II 210.

See also: see also under bhlēu-1 and bhlǝido-s.

Page(s): 155-156

Root / lemma: bhlēu-1 : bhlǝu- : bhlū-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen', also von weißem Hautausschlag, Narben, Schinn etc

Note: derivatives to bhel-1.

Material: Russ. blju-šč `ivy' (Specht Dekl. 117); poln. bɫysk (*bhlū-sk-) `lightning'; sorb. bl'u-zná `scar', wruss. blu-zná `weaving flaw'; lett. blau-zgas, blau-znas, lit. blù-zganos `dandruff', lett. blū-zga `peeling skin', blu-zga `small particles, drill dust' etc

Maybe alb. bluanj `grind, mill'

References: Specht Dekl. 117.

See also: compare the parallel formation under bhlēi-1.

Page(s): 159

Root / lemma: bhlēu-2 : bhlǝu- : bhlū-

English meaning: bad

German meaning: `schwach, elend' (probably from `geschlagen')

Note: bh(e)lēu- is apparent, manifest, obvious parallel formation to bheleu- `hit'.

Material: Gr. φλαῦρος, φαῦλος (both dissimil. from *φλαῦλος) `slight, evil, bad';

got. blauÞian `abolish' (eigentl. `make weak'), aisl. blauðr `timorous', ags. blēað `daft, shy', with i̯o-suffix as. blōdi `shamefaced', ahd. blōdi, mhd. blæde `frail, breakable, shy, timid', nhd. blöde;

besides idg. *bhlǝu-to- stands a d- extension in aisl. blautr `mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, timorous', ags. blēat `arm, woeful, wretched, miserable', mndd. blōt, mhd. blōz `bare', nhd. bloß (ahd. bloß with strange meaning `stout, proud');

lengthened grade bhlēu- in ags. un-blēoh `fearless' (suffix -ko-), with gramm. variation; aisl. bljūgr `timid', blygð `the genitals' (*ƀleugiÞō), changing through ablaut ahd. blūgo Adv., mhd. blūc, bliuc `shy', ahd. blūgisōn, blūchisōn `doubt', ags. blycgan (*blugjan) `frighten' (trans.); compare lit. blúkštu, -šti `become limp'.

References: WP. II 208 f., Hirt Idg. Gr. II 150, Feist 99, Specht Dekl. 133.

Page(s): 159

Root / lemma: bhlē-u̯o-s

English meaning: a kind of colour (blue, gold)

German meaning: von lichten Farben `blau, gelb, blond'

Note: also bhl̥̄-u̯o-s, bhlē-ro-s, bhlō-ro-s, derivatives from the root bhel-1, bhelǝ-

Material: Lat. flāvus `golden brown, red-yellow, blond', osk. Flaviies G. Sg. `of or belonging to the college of priests for the Flavian family' (from idg. *bhl̥̄-), besides fulvus `red-yellow, brown-yellow' from *bhl̥-u̯o-s; flōrus `yellow', also PN, from *bhlōros = gall. *blāros (Wartburg), mir. blār `forehead with white spot, spot, field', cymr. blawr `gray', besides *bhlē-ro- in mnd. blāre `paleness, blessige, white spotted cow'.

Maybe alb. bl̃erónj `blossom, be green' (see below Root / lemma: bhlǝido-s : `pale')

Ahd. blāo, nhd. blau (mhd. blā also `gold, yellow'), ags. *blāw or *blǣw, aisl. blār `blue' from *bhlē-u̯o-s; s. also S. 155;

air. blā `yellowishö' is late ags. Lw.ö About germ. *blīwa- `lead' see under bhlei-1.

Lit. blãvas, lett. blãvs `bluish, gold, yellow' are germ. Lw.

References: WP. II 212, WH. I 513 f., different EM 367.

Page(s): 160

Root / lemma: bhlē-

English meaning: to howl, weep

German meaning: `heulen, laut weinen, blöken'

Material: Lat. fleō, flēre (*bhlēi̯ō) `to weep; to drip, trickle; transit., to weep for, lament, bewail; flendus, to be lamented';

lett. blêju, blêt `bleat';

r.-Church Slavic blěju, blějati `bleat' (besides skr. bléjīm, bléjati `bleat' etc, with ĕ); mhd.blǣjen `bleat' (germ. *blējan = lat. fleō); ahd. blāzan, nnd. blössen, ags. blǣtan, engl. to bleat `bleat', ags. blagettan, blǣgettan `cry', ndd. blage n. `kid, child'; mhd. blēren, blerren `bleat, cry';

Maybe alb. (*blǣge-) blegërij `bleat'

nhd. plörren, plören (also `weep, cry'), ndl. blaren `bleat', engl. to blare `roar, bellow'; changing through ablaut mhd. blörjen, blöelen (*blōljan), dissimil. bröelen `roar, bellow'; zero grade mhd. bral `shriek', schwöb. brallǝ `cry'.

References: WP. II 120, WH. I 516.

See also: compare bhel-6 and the onomatopoeic words blē-.

Page(s): 154-155

Root / lemma: bhlǝido-s

English meaning: pale

German meaning: `licht, blaß'

Note: to bhlēi- `shine', from extension root form *bhlēi-d-

Material: Old Church Slavic blědъ `pallid, pale, wan' = ags. blāt `pallid, livid'; ahd. bleizza `paleness'. Perhaps lit. blaĩvas `sober' (if from *blaid-vas; or from the an extension root bhlei-, s. d.),

blaivaũs, -ýtis `become sober; clear up, from the sky'. Alb. bl̃erónj `blossom, be green' from adj. *bl̃erë from *bled-rë (e = idg. ai or oi), bl̃éhurë `pale, wan, pallid'.

In addition probably the illyr. PN Blaedarus.

Note:

Alb. is one of illyr. dialects.

Alb. also shows that Root / lemma: bhlǝido-s : `pale', derived from Root / lemma: bhlē-u̯o-s : `a kind of colour (blue, gold)'.

References: WP. II 217, Trautmann 34, Specht Dekl. 197.

Page(s): 160

Root / lemma: bhlīĝ- (: *bhlēig-)

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen, schmeißen'

Note: also bhlīĝu̯- (gr. kelt.), to indicate from u̯o- present *bhlīĝ-u̯ō.

Material: Äol. ion. φλί̄βω `push, press, squeeze' (about θλί̄βω see under dhlas- `contuse, squeeze'); cymr. blif m. `catapult, pallista', blifaidd `quick, fast';

lat. flīgō, -ere `hit, beat or dash down' (*bhlīĝō, or at most with through flīxi, flīctum assesses u̯- loss from *fligu̯ō);

maybe alb. (*bhlēīĝ-) mbledh `squeeze (the hand into a fist)' [common alb. -ĝ > -dh shift]

lett. blaîzît `squeeze, clash, hit', bliêzt `hit'; Old Church Slavic blizь, blizъ Adv. `nigh, near' (eigentl. `adjacent').

References: WP II 217, WH. I 517, EM. 369.

See also: about russ. blizná see under bhlē̆i-1.

Page(s): 160-161

Root / lemma: bhlos-q-; -g-

English meaning: expr.

German meaning: in Schallworten

Material: Ir. blosc, Gen. bloisc `din, fuss, noise' (bhlosko-); compare also brosc ds. under *bhres-;

lit. blą́zgu, -ė́ti intr. `clatter', blą́zginti `clatter, rattle, clash'.

References: WP. II 218.

Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: bhlō̆k-

English meaning: wool, clothö

German meaning: `Woll- or Wergflocke, Gewebe'ö

Material: Lat. floccus `a flock of wool' (*flōcos) to ahd. blaha f. `coarse bed linen (esp. to covers or substratums)', nhd. Blahe, Blache, ölt. dön. blaa `oakum', now blaar (eig. Pl.), schwed. blånor, blår ds., aschwed. blan, bla ds. (germ. *blahwō-), an. blæja (*blahjōn-) `linen, sheet'.

Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: bhog-

English meaning: running water

German meaning: `fließendes Wasser, Bach'

Material: Mir. búal f. `running water' (*bhoglā), búar m. `diarrhoea' (*bhogro-); proto germ. *baki-, ahd. bah, nhd. Bach, besides *bakja- in aisl. bekkr, ags. becc m. ds.

With regard to Old Indian bhaŋgá-ḥ, lit. bangà `billow' could be related to the root bheg- `shatter, break, rupture'.

References: WP. II 149 f., 187.

Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: bhok-

English meaning: to burnö

German meaning: `flammen, brennen'ö

Material: Lat. focus `a fireplace, hearth; meton., house, family, home; sometimes altar-fire or funeral pyre'; presumably to arm. bosor `red' (`*fiery'), boc̣ `flame' (*bhok̂-s-o-).

References: WP. II 186, WH. I 521.

Page(s): 162

Root / lemma: bholo-

English meaning: smoke, steamö

German meaning: etwa `Dunst, Dampf, warm aufsteigender Geruch'öö

Material: it is associated perhaps air. bolad, nir. boladh and baladh `smell, odor' and lett. buls, bula `misty muggy air, height smoke, dryness';

it could form the basis idg. bhol- (Irish): bh_el- (lett.); perhaps is with above etymology also Peterssons Etym. Miszellen 34 connection of buls with combinable arm. bal `fog, mist, darkness' (if originally `haze, mist')ö

References: WP. II 189.

Page(s): 162

Root / lemma: bhorgʷo-s

English meaning: unfriendly

German meaning: `barsch, unfreundlich'

Material: Arm. bark `violent, angry, irate; herb, bitter, sharp from taste' (*bhr̥gʷos); air. borb, borp `crazy'; mir. borb (*burbo-, idg. *bh_orgʷo-) `raw, ignorant', lett. bar̂gs `stern, hard, unfriendly, pitiless'; schwed. mdartl. bark `willful, unfriendly person', barkun `rough, harsh'.

References: WP. II 188, Trautmann 27.

See also: compare also bhag-2.

Page(s): 163

Root / lemma: bhoso-s

English meaning: naked

German meaning: `nackt'

Note:

Material:

Avestan: LAv. maɣna- [adj] `naked' (< PIr. *magna-)

Khotanese: būnaa- [adj] `naked' (< PIr.*bagnaka-)

Sogdian: (Buddh.) β ɣn'k [adj] `naked', (Chr.) β ɣny [adj] `naked'

Middle Persian: brahnag [adj] `naked' (with secondary -r-)

Ossetic: bægnæg [adj] `naked'

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. β ɣnn'k [adj] `naked'

Ahd. bar `naked, bare' (*baza-), nhd. bar, ags. bær, aisl. berr `naked, bare'; lit. bãsas, lett. bass, Old Church Slavic bosъ `barefoot'; arm. bok `barefoot' (*bhosoḫgo-).

Maybe alb. geg. (*bhas-) zbath- `barefoot', mbath `wear shoes' [common alb. -s > -th shift] : lett. bass `barefoot'.

As gr. ψ-ιλός probably to bhes- `abrade, scrape' (and `grind'), also originally from barren, (naked) sharp places, compare Kretschmer KZ. 31, 414.

References: WP. II 189, Meillet Esquisse 38, Trautmann 28.

Page(s): 163

Root / lemma: bhoudhi-

English meaning: victory

German meaning: `Sieg'ö

Material: Air. búaid n. `victory', abrit. FN Boudicca `the victorious', cymr. budd `profit, gain', buddig `victorious' (*bhoudhīko-) = air. búadach ds.; agerm. GN Baudi-hillia `victory fighter'.

References: WP. II 186, Gutenbrunner Germ. Göttern. 43.

Page(s): 163

Root / lemma: bhoukʷos

English meaning: a kind of buzzing insect

German meaning: `summendes Insekt'

Material: Lat. fūcus, -ī m. `a drone bee' = ags. béaw m. `gadfly, brake', ndd. bau ds.

References: WP. II 184, WH. I 555 f.

Page(s): 163

Root / lemma: bhō̆gh- or bhā̆gh-

English meaning: lowland, swamp

German meaning: `Schlamm, Sumpf'

Material: Mnl. bagger m. `slime, mud', out of it nhd. baggern `drain the mud'; russ. bagnó `low, marshy place', čech. bahno `swamp, marsh, morass', poln. bagno ds.

References: WP. II 187, Petersson Heterokl. 123 f.

Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: bhōi- : bhǝi- : bhī- (bhii̯ǝ-)

English meaning: to fear

German meaning: `sich förchten'

Material: Old Indian bháyatē `be afraid' (from *bhǝi̯etai = slav. bojetъ), av. bayente, byente `they are in fear', mpers. bēsānd `they are in fear' (uriran. *bai-sk̂-); Old Indian bibhḗti `be afraid', sek. to initial Perf. m. Prösensbed. bibhā́ya `I am in fear' (bibhīyāt, bibhītana, abibhēt, participle bibhīvān = av. biwivā̊ `were afraid'); Old Indian bhiyāná-ḥ `were afraid'; bhī́-ḥ f., bhīti-ḥ f. (: lett. Inf. bîtiês) `fear', bhīmá-ḥ `dreadful', bhītá-ḥ `were afraid, horrified', bhīrú-ḥ `timorous, shy, coward' (if r = idg. l, changing through ablaut with lit. báilė, bailùs); npers. bāk `fear' (from *bháyaka-); with idg. simplification of āi to ā before consonant here Old Indian bhā́ma-ḥ perhaps `fierceness, fury', bhāmitá-ḥ `fierce, grim'.

Gr. πίθηκος, πίθων m. `ape' (from *πιθος `ugly', zero grade *bhidh-).

Lat. foedus (*bhoidhos) `foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting'.

Ahd. bibēn, as. bibōn, ags. beofian, aisl. bifa, -aða and bifra (these in ending directed after *titrōn `tremble') to urg. *ƀiƀai-mi; *ƀiƀōn is probably only after to the other coexistence from -ōn- and -ēn- secondary verb besides one from the Perfect form developed grade *ƀiƀēn .

Bsl. originally present *bhǝi̯̯ō-, preterit-stem *bhii̯ā-, Inf. *bhītēi; Old Prussian biātwei `fear, dread', kausat. pobaiint `punish, curse'; lit. bijaũs, bijótis (also not reflexive) `be afraid', lett. bîstuôs, bijuôs, bîtiês and bijājuôs, bijâtiês `be afraid'; lit. baijùs `dreadful, terrible, hideous'; baidaũ, -ýti `frighten', lett. baĩdu, baĩdŷt and biêdêt `daunt, scare';

Maybe alb. geg. mbajt `be afraid', nuk ma mban `I am afraid'

in addition lit. baisà `fright' (*baid-s-ā), baisùs `terrible, horrid', baisióti `smudge, besmear' (and Old Church Slavic běsъ `devil', *běd-sъ); lit. báimė `fear'; báilė ds. (bailus `timorous').

Old Church Slavic bojǫ, bojati sę `be afraid'.

Further formation *bhii̯-es-, *bhīs- in Old Indian bhyásatē `be afraid', udbhyása-ḥ `be afraidd', av. Perf. biwivā̊ŋha (i.e. biwyā̊ŋha) `stimulated fright, was dreadful'; Old Indian bhīṣayatē `frightens', bhī́ṣaṇa-ḥ `causing fright';

ahd. bīsa `north-east wind', bisōn `run around madly', bēr `boar' etc lead to a germ.*bī̆s-, *bī̆z- `storm ahead jumpily'; compare Wißmann Nom. postverb. 78.

References: WP. II 124 f., 186, WH. I 522 f., Trautmann 24, Kluge¹¹ under Biese.

Page(s): 161-162

Root / lemma: bhrag- (better bhrǝ-g-)

English meaning: to smell, scent

German meaning: `riechen'

Material: Lat. fragrō, -āre `to emit a smell, esp. a sweet smell', denominative *bhrǝg-ro-s `smelling'; ahd. bracko (nhd. Bracke), mnd. mnl. bracke `beagle, sleuth, harrier, track hound' (out of it ital. bracco etc), in addition mlat. barm-braccus `lap dog'; compare mhd. brǣhen `smell' (*brēḫi̯ō); also anything for root bhrē, above S. 133.

It remains remote gall. brāca `trouser'; see under bhreĝ-1 `break, rupture'.

References: WP. II 192, WH. I 540, Kluge¹¹ under Bracke.

Page(s): 163

Root / lemma: bhrā́ter-

Meaning: brother

German meaning: `Angehöriger der Großfamilie, Bruder, Blutsverwandter'

Material: Old Indian bhrā́tar-, av. Old pers. brātar- `brother'; osset. örvád `brother, kinsman, relative'; arm. eɫbair, Gen. eɫbaur ds.; (*bhrātēr, *bhrātrós);

Maybe Etruscan (*örva ́ d) ruva `brother' from osset. örvá d `brother, relative'

Illyr. bra `brother! (vocative)' > alb. bre `brother! (vocative)'

maybe Kurdish bira `brother' : turk. birader `brother'.

neuphryg. βρατερε `brother'; mys.-phryg. braterais = φράτραιςö, gr. φρήτηρ (ion.) ἀδελφός Hes., att. φρά̄τηρ, φρά̄τωρ `member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood)';

ven. vhraterei `brother';

maybe alb. vëlla `brother' : Estonian veli `brother' : Lithuanian: brólis `brother' [m io] 1; broterė̃lis `brother (dim.)' [m io]; Latvian: brãlis `brother' [m io]; brātarītis `brother (dim.)' [m io]; Old Prussian: brāti (Ench.) `brother'; brole (EV) `brother'; bratrīkai (Ench.) `brother (dim.)' [Nomp];

Also alb. tosk. (*vhraterei) vllazëri `member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood)';

lat. frāter `brother', osk. fratrúm, umbr. fratrum, fratrom `brothers' etc around spöteslat. frātruēɫis s. WH. I 542);

air. brāth(a)ir `brother, member of a big family', cymr. sg. brawd, brodyr, acorn. broder, mbret. breuzr, nbret. breur, Pl. breudeur ds.;

got. brōÞar, aisl. brōðir, ahd. bruoder, ags. brōÞor `brother';

Short forms in addition ahd. MN Buobo, mhd. buobe `boy', ags. MN Bōfa, Bōja (> engl. boy), norw. dial. boa `brother' etc; further ahd. MN Buole, mhd. buole `kinsman, relative, lover', mnd. bōle `kinsman, relative, brother' etc (see Kluge¹¹ under Bube, Buhle); Old Prussian brāti (Vok. brote) `brother', lit. broterė̃lis, short form brožis, batis, brólis, lett. b(r)ãlis `baby brother', brātarītis `dear brother!';

Old Church Slavic bratrъ, bratъ `brother', short form serb. baća, аčеch. bát'a ds., russ. bátja, báčka `father, priest'.

Also alb. geg. bacë `father, leader' : serb. baća `father, priest'.

compare noch Old Indian bhrātrá-m `brotherhood'; gr. φρά̄τρᾱ, jon. φρήτρη ds.; Old Indian bhrātrya-m : gr. φρᾱτρία, Old Church Slavic bratrьja, bratьja ds., lat. frātria `wife, woman of brothers'.

Toch. A pracar (Dual pratri), В procer.

References: WP. II 193, WH. I 541 f., 866, Specht KZ 62, 249, Fraenkel REtIE 2, 6 f., Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 118.

Page(s): 163-164

Root / lemma: bhred(hö)-

English meaning: to wade, wander

German meaning: `waten', in Bsl. also `plantschen, die Zeit vergeuden; Unsinn schwatzen'

Material: Thrak. PN Bρέδαι; lig. VN Brodionti; compare gall. FlN Bredanna, frz. La Brenne, PN Bροδεντία (Bayern).

Alb. breth, Aor. brodha `(*wade) wander'.

Lit. bredù (ostlit. brendù), bridaũ, brìsti `wade', Iter. bradaũ, -ýti `wade', brastà, brastvà `ford (miry)', bradà `slime, mud', brãdas m. `fishing' (= slav. brodъ), with sek. ablaut brỹdis m. `wading, way in the water', Iter. braidaũ, -ýti `wade around continuously'; lett. brìenu (mdartl. brìedu = ostlit. brendù), bridu, brist, Iter. bradât `wade; tread with feet; speak foolishly', braslis m. `ford', brìdis m. `while, short time'; Old Prussian Chucunbrast `through the devil's way'; zero grade ir = *r̥ noch in lit. birdà `wet ordure', Old Prussian Birdaw, sea name.

Russ.-Church Slavic bredu, bresti `wade through a ford' (zero grade present *brьdǫ in neprěbrъdomъ `not wading through water', Aor. pribrьde, compare ačech. přěbrde `will wade', poln. brnąć `wade' from *brьdnǫti), russ. bredú, brestí `go slowly, fish with the train net', bréditь `chat nonsense, fantasize', bred, bredína `willow' (`standing there often in the water'), r.-Church Slavic, russ. (etc) brodъ `ford', iter. r.-Church Slavic broditi `wade', russ. brodítь `go slowly, slink, wander around; ferment, seethe', skr. bròditi `wade'.

References: WP. II 201 f., Trautmann 37, Möhlenbach-Endzelin 332 f.

Page(s): 164

Root / lemma: bhreĝ-1

English meaning: to break

German meaning: `brechen, krachen'

Material: Old Indian giri-bhráj- `bursting out from the mountains';

lat. frangō, -ere, frēgi (: got. *brēkum), frāctum `break in pieces, dash to pieces, shiver, shatter, fracture', fragilis `frail, breakable, easily broken, brittle, fragile' etc (*bhr_eg-), fragor m. `a breaking; a crashing, a noise of breaking, crack, crash, noise, din'; with ā (after frāctus etc): suffrāgium `a voting tablet, a vote, noisy applause, approval; the right to vote, franchise; in gen. judgment; approval, support'; suffrāginēs f. `the hollows of the knee (suffragines, are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur, that is, they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm)', eigentl. `bend, kink';

mir. braigid `farts', Verbaln. braimm, cymr. corn. bram m. `breaking wind, fart', mir. t-air-brech `crash, blast'; but gall. brāca `breeches' (compare βράκκαι αἴγειαι διφθέραι παρὰ Κελτοῖς Hes.) is germ. Lw., air. brōc `trouser' is ags. Lw.

Maybe alb. (*brāca) brekë `underwear';

got. brikan, as. brekan, ags. brecan, ahd. brehhan `break, rupture' (lat. frēgimus = got. *brēkum, nhd. brachen), ablaut. got. brakja `wrestling match'; lengthened grade mhd. brache f. `breaking in the ground, unbroken recumbent unsowed land after the harvest', ags. ā-brācian `press in', ahd. prahhen, brahhen, mhd. braechen, nhd. prögen (*brēkjan), Causative to brechen; zero grade got. gabruka f. `piece, fragment, gobbet' (*bhr_eg-) == ags. bryce m. `the break, lump', ahd. bruh `break, cracked'; ags. brocian `press', broc `woefulness'; with gemination ahd. brocco `broken', nhd. Brocken;

here perhaps norw. brake m. `juniper' (as brisk ds. to bhres- `break, crack, cracking'), mhd. brake m. f. `twig, branch', engl. brake `brushwood, thorn bushes, fern', ablaut. norw. burkne m. `fern', compare also norw. bruk n. `shrubbery, bush';

a nasal. form in norw. dial. brank n. `affliction, defect', branka `injure, break, rupture'; with the meaning `din, fuss, noise' here aisl. braka `crack, creak', brak n. `row, din, fuss, noise', mhd. ags. brach m. ds., ahd. mhd. as. braht `din, fuss, noise, clamor', with changed meaning nhd. Pracht; ags. breahtm m. `argument, quarrel', as. brahtum `din, fuss, noise, clamorous mass';

germ. *brōk- `rump', newer `trouser' in ags. brēc Pl. `buttocks', engl. breech ds., aisl. brōk, Pl. brøkr `thigh, trouser', ags. brōc, ahd. bruoh, nhd. Bruch ds., schweiz. bruech `pubic region'; geminated ags. etc braccas `britches';

here (rather to bhres-) belong lit. braškù, braškéti `crack, creak' (*bhr_eĝ-sk̂ō), lett. brakšk̂ēt, brakstēt ds.

A parallel root *bhre(n)gh- seeks Wood (KZ. 45, 61) in Old Indian br̥háti `wrenches, tears from', aisl. branga `damage'.

Old Indian br̥gala-m `piece, gobbet, lump' is not idg. (Kuiper Proto-Munda 49).

References: WP. II 200, WH. I 113 f, 539 f., 541, Feist 104 ff., 176, Wißmann Nom. postverb. 11, 58, 123, 181.

Page(s): 165

Root / lemma: bhreĝ-2

English meaning: to stick (ö)

German meaning: `steif emporstehen'

Note: extension from bher- `stand up, edge, bristle' etc, seeks Persson Beitr. 22 f. A. 2 in:

Material: Old Indian bhraj- `stiffness (of the member), rigor(ö)'; isl. norw. brok `stiff grass, grass bristles'; quite dubious also in aisl. bǫrkr (*bhorĝu-s), mnd. borke,

nhd. (eig. ndd.) Borke `rough, outer bark' (from the rough angularityö Similar is gr. φορί̄νη `hard, rough skin, esp. pig's skin' to un extension to place root bher-).

An analoge g-extension from of a i-basis bhrei- could at most exist in norw. brikja `stick up high, to show off, shine', brik `a tall woman keeping her head high', briken `fresh, agile, lively; showy, gleaming, pleasant', brikna `glory, magnificence, lustre, shine, pleasure, joy' (Wood KZ. 45, 66), if not perhaps `shine, shine out' is the basis of this meaning.

Brikena illyr. PN

A bhrēi-k- presumably in gr. φρί̄ξ, -κός `shuddering, quiver, stare', φρί̄σσω, -ττω, πέφρῑκα `stare up; shiver (*flickerö)' common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; cymr. bret. brig `acme, apex' (*bhrīko-).

Maybe alb. (*φρί ̄ ξ, φρίκός) frikë `shuddering, fear', older (*φρίκός) frikësoj `make shiver, scare'.

References: WP. II 201.

Page(s): 166

Root / lemma: bhrendh-

English meaning: to swell, sprout

German meaning: `aufschwellen; schwanger, Fruchtkern ansetzend'

Note: Only for Kelt. to cover Toch. and Balt.-Slav.

Material: Air. probably in brenn- (*bhrendh-uā-) `spring up, bubble, effervesce', e.g. bebarnatar 3 Pl. preterit, with to-ess- : do-n-eprinn `gushes forth', mir. to-oss- : toiprinnit `interior flow, flow into', Kaus. mir. bruinnid `allows to gush forth, streams out' etc; compare also Thurneysen Grammar 461;

Maybe alb. brenda, përbrenda `inside, inward, (*inward inflow)', brendësi `inside, entrails' : Old Prussian pobrendints `weighted'

lit. brę́stu, bréndau, brę́sti `swell, ripen', participle bréndęs `ripening', brįstu, brìndau, brį́sti `gush, well up (e.g. from peas)', brandà `ripeness, rich harvest', brandùs `grainy'; lett. briêstu, briêžu, briêst `gush, well up, to swell, ripen', bruôžs `thick, strong'; Old Prussian pobrendints `weighted', sen brendekermnen `pregnant', i.e. `with body fruit';

slav. *brędъ in ačech. ja-břadek, apoln. ja-brząd `twig, branch of grapevine' (besides one verschied. slav. *brědъ in kašub. břod `fruit-tree'); relationship to bher- (bhren-) `overhang, protrude' is absolutely agreeable;

toch. A pratsak, B pratsāk- `breast'.

References: WP. II 205, Trautmann 35 f., Van Windekens Lexique 99.

Page(s): 167-168

Root / lemma: bhrenk-, bhronk-

English meaning: to bring

German meaning: `bringen'

Material: Cymr. he-brwng `bring, glide, slide, guide, lead' (*semḫbronk-), hebryngiad `guide, leader', acorn. hebrenchiat `leader', mcorn. hem-bronk `will guide, lead', hem-brynkys, hom-bronkys `guided', mbret. ham-brouc, nbr. am-brouk `guide, lead';

got. briggan, brāhta, ahd. bringan, brāhta, also as. (wo also brengian), ags. bringan and breng(e)an preterit brōhte (from *branhta) `bring';

toch. B praṅk-, AB prönk- `depart'.

Angebl. contaminated from den root bher- and enek̂-; finally E. Fraenkel KZ. 58, 286¹ f.; 63, 198.

Maybe alb. geg me pru, aor. prura `to bring'

References: WP. II 204, Lewis-Pedersen 40, Feist 105, Van Windekens Lexique 99.

Page(s): 168

Root / lemma: bhre(n)k̂-

English meaning: to err

German meaning: `to Falle kommen'ö

Material: Old Indian bhráṁśate, bhraśyate `falls, overthrows', participle bhraṣṭá-ḥ, bhraṁśa-ḥ `fall, loss', but in RV. only from nasal basis bhrāśáyan (Kaus.), mā́ bhraśat (Aor.), áni-bhr̥ṣṭa-ḥ `not succumbing'; also bhraṁśa- with originally bare present, then further grown exuberantly nasalizationö or old double formsö Air. brēc `lie, falsity' (*bhrenkā) is the half meaning not so certain with Old Indianbhraṁsá-ḥ to compare, that chosen in the latter sense.

Kuiper (Nasalpras. 141 f.) builds *bhrek̂-mi next to *bhre-n-k̂ō; nevertheless, his etymological comparisons are not persuasive.

References: WP. II 204.

See also: To bhreĝ-1ö

Page(s): 168

Root / lemma: bhren-to-s

English meaning: herdsman, *wanderer, horn

German meaning: `Geweihtröger, Hirt'

Material:

Messap. βρένδον (from *βρέντον) `ἔλαφον' Hes., βρέντιον `deer head' Hes., brunda ds., short form (besides Brenda) to PN Brundisium,

older Βρεντέσιον `Brindisi', illyr. VN Βρέντιοι; ven. FlN Brinta `Brenta'; still today in ital. mountain names and plant names (Bertoldi IF. 52, 206 f.);

compare in addition alb. brî, brîni `horn, antler' (*bhr̥-no-), Plur. geg. brîena; raetorom. brenta `pannier';

maybe alb. brinja `rib, bone'

Note:

Clearly alb. is an illyr. Dialect; alb. bredh `wander' suggests that there is a link between Root / lemma: bhred(h)- : `to wade, wander' and Root / lemma: bhren-to-s : `herdsman, *wanderer'.

nschwed. dial. brind(e), norw. (with g from d) bringe `male elk' (*bhrentós), ablaut. norw. brund `baby male reindeer' (*bhrn̥tós);

lett. briêdis `deer, deer stag', whether from of a idg. additional form *bhrendis, must be the origin of lit. bríedis, Old Prussian braydis m. `elk'; if germ. Lw.ö

Note:

Baltic lang. were created before Slavic lang. hence the vocabulary shared by Baltic and alb. is of illyr. origin.

Perhaps to bhren- `overhang, edge'; different Specht Dekl. 120.

References: WP. II 205, WH. I 116 f., 551, 852, A. Mayer KZ 66, 79 ff., Krahe Festgabe Bulle 191 f.

Page(s): 168-169

Root / lemma: bhren-

English meaning: to stick out; edge

German meaning: `hervorstehen; Kante under likewise'

Note: as bher- ds.

Material: Ir. braine `front part of the ship; guide, leader; edge, border', corn. brenniat ds.

With formants t: lat. frōns, -tis m., new f. `the forehead, brow, front'; aisl. brandr `sword' (*bhron-tó-); in wider meaning `stick, board; sword' against it probably from *bhrondho- to bherdh- `cut, clip'.

With formants d: ags. brant, aisl. brattr `high, sharp' (*bhrondos), lett. bruôdin̨š `ridge of the roof'.

bhren-q-: germ. *branha- in aschwed. brā-, nschwed. brå- `sharp' in PN; aisl. bringa `breast, thorax, breastbone of birds', nisl. bringr `small hill';

maybe alb. (*bhren) brinjë `rib, chest bone, hillside'

Note:

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: bhren-to-s : `herdsman, *wanderer, *horn' derived from an extended Root / lemma: bhren- : `to stick out; edge'.

lit. brankà `the swelling', brankšóti, branksó́ti `jut out stiffly (of bones, laths)'; ablaut. brìnkstu, brìnkti `to swell'; slav. *bręknǫ, *bręknǫti in russ. nabrjáknutь `to bloat, bulge, swell' etc.

bhren-g- perhaps in aisl. brekka (*brinkōn) `steep hill', older dön. brink, brank `upright', mengl. nengl. brink `edge, border, bank, shore', mnd. brink `edge of a field, field margin, meadow', mndl. brinc, nndl. brink `edge, grass strip, border of grass, grass field'.

References: WP. II 203 f., WH. I 551, Trautmann 36.

Page(s): 167

Root / lemma: bhres-

English meaning: to break

German meaning: `bersten, brechen' and `krachen, prasseln' (as beim Brechen)

Material: Mir. brosc, broscar m. `din, fuss, noise'; compare also blosc under bhlosḫq-;

ahd. brestan `break, crack, break, rupture', unpers. `lack, defect', ags. berstan ds., aisl. bersta `break, crack, creak'; ahd. brest(o) `disability, defect',

nhd. Gebresten; ahd. brust `break, defect', ags. byrst m. `damage'; ahd. brastōn `crackle', aisl. brasta `rant, roister, brag, boast'; without -t- norw. bras n. `clatter, brushwood';

with -k-: norw. brisk `juniper'; mhd. braschen `crack, creak, cry, brag, boast';

lit. braškéti etc, see under bhreĝ-1.

References: WP. I 206.

Page(s): 169

Root / lemma: bhreu-k̂- (-k-)

English meaning: to strike; to throw

German meaning: `streichen, streifen'

Note: only balto-slav., probably extension from bhrē̆u-1. For -k- compare above S. 18 Anm.

Material: Lit. braukiù braukiaũ braũkti `whisk, stroke; move slowly'; lett. bràucu brā̀uču bràukt `move';

ablaut. lit. brukù brukaũ brùkti `wave flax, wedge', lett. brukt `crumble', brucinât `abrade, stroke the scythe';

Iterat. lit. braukýti, lett. braũcût `stroke' (with unoriginal intonation) and lit. brũkis m. `stripe, line', lett. brùce f. `scratch, scar', in addition lit. brùknė, bruknìs f., lett. brùklene f. `cranberry';

slav. *brušǫ *brusiti (originally iterative) in bulg. brúsja (brusich) `shake off, get rid of, beat off, chop, cut, reject', skr. brûsim brúsiti `whet', čech. brousiti ds., in addition Old Church Slavic ubrusъ `veronica (the impression of the face of Jesus believed by some to be miraculously made on a head - cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face as he went to his crucifixion; the cloth used for this)', skr. brûs (Gen. brûsa), russ. brus (Gen. brúsa; mostly brusók) `grindstone, whetstone'; russ. etc brusníka `cranberry' (`lightly strippable'); ablaut. r.-Church Slavic brъsnuti `scrape, shave', russ. brosátь (dial. brokátь), brósitь `throw', brósnutь `peel flax', bros `offal' etc in ablaut to bulg. brъ́šъ `rub off'. With ū the iterative grade: Old Church Slavic sъ-brysati `scrape', brysalo `a painter's brush or pencil; style'.

Perhaps here skr.-Church Slavic brutъ `nail', bulg. brut ds. as *bruktъ, compare to meaning lit. brùkti `put by force', to form lett. braukts `knife for cleaning the flax'.

Maybe alb. (*breuks) pres `cut, peel', mpreh `whet, sharpen', mbreh `harness, yoke, put by force' [common alb. p- > mp-, b- > mb- shift], mbres `bruise, beat'.

Perhaps here the illyr. VN Breuci, PN Breucus and the gall. PN Bρευκό-μαγος, today Brumath (Alsace); in addition places Krahe (Gl. 17, 159) illyr. VN Βρεῦνοι: Breones (from *Breu̯ones).

Note:

Illyr. VN Βρεῦνοι : Breones (from *Breu̯ones) evolved according to alb. phonetic laws -t > -nt > -n hence *Breu̯ones < *Breu̯ontes. But only alb. displays the common -k > -th, -t shift found in illyr. VN Breuci : illyr. VN Βρεῦνοι (from *Breu̯ones), hence alb. is a dialect of illyr. Both alb. and older illyr. display centum and satem characteristics.

Finally gall. PN B ρευκό - μαγος, today Brumath (Alsace); has evolved according to illyr. alb. phonetic laws -g > -th as alb. (mag-) math `big'.

About russ. brykátь `kick, reject' etc s. Berneker 93.

References: WP. II 197, Trautmann 36 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 119.

Page(s): 170

Root / lemma: bhreu-s-1

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen; sprießen'

Note: (compare above bhreu-)

Material: Air. brū f., Gen. bronn `belly, body' (*bhrusḫō[n]: -nḫos), brūach `big-bellied' (*brusākos), cymr. bru m. `venter, uterus' (*bhreuso-);

Maybe alb. bark, barku (*bhrauk) `belly' : air. brūach `big-bellied'

air. bruinne `breast' (*bhrusni̯o-), acymr. ncymr. bronn f. `breast', bret. bronn, bron ds. (*bhrusnā) in place names also `round hill', mcymr. brynn, ncymr. bryn m. (*bhrusni̯o-) `hill' (from Kelt. derives got. brunjō f. `(breast)-armor', ahd. brunja, brunna `coat of mail');

Maybe alb. brinjë `rib, side, hillside' : got. brunjō f. `(breast)-armor'

Alb. proves that Root / lemma: bhreu-s-1 : `to swell' derived from Root / lemma: bhreu-k̂- (-k-) : `to strike; to throw'. Hence centum languages predate satem language because of the -k > -h > -s phonetic mutations.

air. brollach `bosom' (*bhrus-lo- with formants-āko-); mir. brūasach `with large, wide breast' (from bhreus-to- = as. briost).

Mhd. briustern `swell up', aisl. ā-brystur f. Pl. `beestings' (also broddr ds. from *bruz-da-z), schweiz. briescht ds. (besides briesch ds. from *bhreus-ko-); as. briost N. Pl., ags. brēost, aisl. briōst `breast', zero grade got. brusts f. Pl., ahd. brust, nhd. Brust; as. brustian `bud' (slav. *brъstъ `bud'), nhd. Brös-chen (from md.) `mammary gland of cows', schwöb. Bröste, bair. Brösel, Briesel, Bries ds., dön. brissel, schwed. kalfbröss, with k-suffix dön. bryske, engl. brisket `breast of the animals'.

Aisl. briōsk `gristle', mhd. brūsche, nhd. Brausche `swelling, blister', nhd. dial. brausche, brauschig `swollen; of style, turgid, bombastic, torose', brauschen `swell up'.

Maybe alb. (*brausch) bark `belly'

Russ. brjúcho `lower abdomen, belly, paunch', dial. brjúchnutь `yield, gush, well up, to bloat, bulge, swell', čech. alt. břuch, břucho, nowadays břich, břicho `belly' etc (*bhreuso-s, -m);

here also klr. brost `f. dial. brost m. `bud', bulg. brъs(t) m. `young sprouts', skr. br̂st m. ds., br̀stina `foliage, leaves'.

Maybe alb. bisht(n)ajë `legume, pod', bisht `tail (shootö)'

here klr. brost `f. dial. brost m. `bud', bulg. Brъs (t) m. `younger shoots', skr. br ̂ ^ st m. ds., br̀stina `foliage'.

References: WP. II 197 f., Feist 107 f., 108 f.

Page(s): 170-171

Root / lemma: bhreu-s-2

English meaning: to break

German meaning: `zerbrechen, zerschlagen, zerkrömeln under likewise'

Note: extension from bhrē̆u-1.

Material: Alb. breshën, breshër `hail', if eig. `granule, mica' (e = idg. eu); lat. frustum `a bit, piece, morsel, gobbet' (from *bhrusḫto-);

air. brūu `shatter, smash' (*bhrū̆si̯ō, gall. brus-, frz. bruiser), mir. brūire, brūile `piece, fragment', bruan ds., bruar `fragment, broken piece', brosna (*brus-toni̯o-) `faggot, brushwood bundle', gall. *bruski̯ā `undergrowth, brushwood', afrz. broce ds., mir. brusc `tiny bit' etc; air. bronnaim `damage' (*bhrusnāmi) (subjunctive robria from *bris- `break, rupture' borrows, see under bhrēi-);

mcymr. breu, ncymr. brau `frail, easily broken', mcorn. brew `broken' (*bhrōuso-); mbret. brusun `tiny bit' (*brousḫt-);

ags. briesan (*brausjan), brȳsan (*brūsjan) `break, rupture trans., shatter', engl. bruise `injure', probably also ahd. brōsma, mhd. brōsem, brōseme, brōsme `bit, flake, crumb'; ags. brosnian `molder'.

References: WP. II 198 f., WH. I 553.

Page(s): 171

Root / lemma: bhreus-3, bhrū̆s-

English meaning: to boil; to sound, etc.

German meaning: `brausen, wallen, rauschen, hervorquellen or -sprießen, sich bauschen, Böschel, Geströpp under likewise'

Note: esp. in germ. words; perhaps to bhreu-s-1; also a new onomatopoeic word could have helped (similarly akr. brújīm, brújiti `buzz, hum from an swarm of bees', Berneker 89).

Material: Mhd. brūsen `boom, blaster, roar', brūs `the boom', ndd. brūsen `boom, blaster, simmer, seethe, boil; be hasty (from people); spread out, grow new shoot (from plants); sprinkle, besprinkle' (compare nhd. Brause) (out of it dön. bruse ds.), ndl. bruisen, previous bruischen `foam, froth, bubble, roar, boom, blaster', ndd. brūsken ds., mhd. brūsche `douche, shower, spray, sprinkler', aschwed. brūsa `storm ahead', norw. mdartl. brŏsa `storm gust', aisl. brusi `he-goat, billy goat', isl. bruskr `tussock, besom', engl. brush `bristle brush, paintbrush, brush, tail (of foxes)', brushwood `shrubbery, bush, shrubbery', mengl. bruschen, engl. to brush `comb with a brush', norw. dial. brauska, bruska and brausta, brusta `make room, rush out forcefully'; schwed. bruska `rustle, rant, roister'.

With germ. *bruska-z `brushwood', *bruskan `crackle, rustle' (-sk- could be idg. zg) one compares the baltoslav. groups lit. brũzgai Pl. `brushwood', briauzgà `babbler', bruzgù, -ė́ti `rustle', russ. brjuzgáju, -átь `mumble, murmur', brjužžátь `drone, grumble, murmur, growl' etc; yet are the verb perhaps are only baltoslav. onomatopoeic word formation. Because of the germ. meaning `spray' is perhaps on the other hand to be compared with russ. brýzgaju, -atь `spray, sprinkle, bubble' etc.

References: WP. II 199 f., Trautmann 38.

Page(s): 171-172

Root / lemma: bhreu-, bhreu-d-

English meaning: to swell, sprout

German meaning: `sprießen, schwellen'

Material: Lat. frutex, -icis m. `a shrub, bush; as a term of reproach, blockhead' based on probably on a participle *bhrūtós `sprouted out'; air. broth `awn, hair'; here d-present: mhd. briezen, brōz `bud, swell', ahd. mhd. broz `bud, sprout'.

References: WP. II 195, WH. I 554.

See also: compare bhreu-s-1 `to swell', bhrughno- `twig, branch'.

Page(s): 169

Root / lemma: bhrēi-, bhrī̆-

English meaning: to pierce, cut with smth. sharp

German meaning: `with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, etc'

Note: extension from bher-.

Material: Old Indian bhrīṇánti `be hurt' (Pf. bibhrāya Dhātup.), av. pairibrīnǝnti `be cut all around', brōiϑrō-taēža- `dashing sharply', mpers. brīn `determined, fixed'.

Maybe alb. geg. pre- `pierce, cut'

Thrak. (ö) βριλών `barber'.

Lat. friō, -āre `rub, grind, crumb, spall, crumble', fricō, -āre `to rub, rub down, rub off' (from *fri-co-s `rubbing, scraping'), refrīva faba `ground bean', frīvolus (from *frī-vo-s `triturated'), `breakable, trifling, worthless; n. pl. as subst. sticks of furniture'.

Maybe alb. (**frico-) fërkonj `rub' possible lat. loanword.

With frīvolus to be compared cymr. briw `broke; wound'; briwo `break, rupture, injure';

with s-extension here gall.-lat. brīsāre `break, shatter', frz. briser etc gallorom. *briscāre `curdle, coagulate, harden', schweiz. bretschi ds. (Wartburg), air. brissid `breaks' (from participle Pert. *bristo-), mir. bress f. `din, fuss, noise, fight, struggle', breissem ds., air. PN Bres-(u)al (*bristo-u̯alos), corn. mbret. bresel `fight', bret. bresa `quarrel', mir. brise `frail, breakable', br. bresk ds.; compare the parallel formation under bhreus-2.

Hereupon probably also cymr. brwydr `fight, struggle', air. briathar `word, *argument' as *bhrei-trā `quarrel, argument' (to cymr. brwyd `torn, perforates'), compare lit. bárti `scold, chide', refl. `be quarrelsome', Old Church Slavic brati `fight', s. bher-2.

Maybe alb. geg. brit, tosk. bërtas `to scold, chide, quarrel, yell' : lit. bárti `scold, chide'.

Here presumably mndl. brīne, nndl. brijn, mengl. brīne, nengl. brine `salted water, salt brine' (from the sharp taste like partly slav. bridъ).

Old Church Slavic britva `razor', russ.-Church Slavic briju, briti `shave, shear', bričь `razor'; Old Church Slavic bridъ `δριμύς', russ.-mdartl. bridkój `sharp, cold', skr. bridak `sharp, sour'; Old Church Slavicbrъselije `shards', russ.-Church Slavic brъselije, brъselъ `shard' (proto slav.. also probably*brъselъ) as *bhri-d-selo-.

Maybe alb. brisk `razor'

ĝ-extension bhrei-ĝ- presumably in lit. brė́žiu, brė́šti `scratch, scrape', Iter. braiž-, -ýti ds., and aisl. brīk f. `board, low wooden wall, low bar'; compare with *bhrei-ĝ- parallel ĝ-extension the einf. root bher- in lett. beriu, berzu, berẑt `rub, scour, clean' and gr. φοργάνη ἡἀραιότης Неs. and auf a k-extension *bhrei-k- traceable gr. φρίκες χάρακες Неs.; brė́šti not better with idg. b- to ags. prica `point', mnd. pricken, mhd. pfrecken `prick' etc, besides that with other root auslaut norw. mdartl. prisa `prick, stir, tease, irritate', preima, preina `banter, stir, tease, irritate' etc (about age and origin germ. words nothing is certain).

References: WP. II 194 f., WH. 116, 549, Vendryes RC 29, 206.

Page(s): 166-167

Root / lemma: bhrē̆u-1, bhrū̆-

English meaning: to pierce, break

German meaning: `with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, abschaben etc', especially germ. `zerschlagen, brechen'

Note: extension from bher-

Material: Old Indian bhrūṇá-m `embryo' (named after the burst caul);

mhd. briune, brūne `lower abdomen, vulva'; ahd. brōdi `frail, breakable' (*bhrou-ti̯o-), aisl. broma `piece, fragment' (*bhrumōn); a t-present in ags. breoðan `break, rupture'; probably d- present based on germ. family of ags. brēotan `break, rupture', aisl. briōta `break, rupture', broti m. `heap of felled trees, barrier', braut f. `way, alley' (compare nhd. Bahn brechen, frz. route from rupta), breyta (*brautjan) `alter, change, modify', breyskr `frail, breakable, brittle'; ahd. bruzī, bruzzī `fragileness'; aisl. brytia = ags. bryttian `divide, share, allot, distribute'; aisl. bryti m. `colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner, i.e. the most distinguished of the farmhands; kind of estate manager, land agent' = agsl. brytta m. `dispenser, distributer'.

To germ. *ƀreutan perhaps also air. fris-brudi `reject'.

Lett. braũna, braũṅa `scurf, dandruff, flake, scale, abandoned skin or shell, caul, entrails' (basic meaning `scrapings', vgl slav. brъsnǫti `scrape, stripe' under bhreu-k̂-);

čech. br-n-ka (*bhrun-) `placenta, afterbirth'.

References: WP. II 195 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.

See also: S. the extension bhreu-k̂-, bhreu-s-2.

Page(s): 169

Root / lemma: bhrēu-2, bhrū-

English meaning: edge

German meaning: `Kante, scharfer Rand'

Note: The group is extended from bher- `stand up; edge'.

Material: Air. brū `edge, bank, border, shore', bruach ds. (*brū-āko-);

aisl. brūn `edge', whereof brȳna `whet', brȳni `whetstone'; ags. mhd. brūn `sharp' (from weapons).

Lit. briaunà `edge, border, cornice' (*bhrēunā), ablaut. with aisl. brūn.

References: WP. II 196 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.

Page(s): 170

Root / lemma: bhroisqo-, bhrisqo-

English meaning: bitter

German meaning: `herb von Geschmack'

Material: Russ.-Church Slavic obrězgnuti, obrьzgnuti `become sauer', čech. břesk `sharp taste', poln. brzazg `unpleasant, sharp taste; bad mood',

russ. brezgátь (old brězgati) `nauseate, feel disgust';

Maybe alb. geg. (prezi-) përzi `to nauseate, feel disgust'

at first to norw. brisk `bitter taste', brisken `bitter, sharp'; probably to bhrēi- `cut, clip' (as mndl. brīne `salt water, brine').

Maybe alb. brisk, brisqe Pl. `sharp, bitter; razor', brisqe Pl. `razors'

References: WP. II 206.

Page(s): 172

Root / lemma: bhrugh-no-

English meaning: twig

German meaning: `Zweig, Stengel'

Note: perhaps in relationship to bhreu- `sprout'

Material: Cymr. brwyn-en f. `bulrush', acorn. brunnen gl. `juncus, bulrush', bret. broenn-enn ds. (from urk.*brugno-); ags. brogn(e) f. `twig, branch, bush', norw. dial. brogn(e) `tree branch, clover stalk, raspberry bush'.

References: WP. II 208.

Page(s): 174

Root / lemma: bhrūg-

English meaning: fruit

German meaning: `Frucht; genießen, gebrauchen'

Note: perhaps oldest `to cut off or peel off fruit for eating' and then to *bhreu- `cut, clip' (compare there to meaning Old Indian bhárvati `chews, consumes', also bsl. *bhreu-q-, -k̂- `graze over, chip')

Material: Lat. frūx, -gis f. `fruit' = umbr. Akk Pl. frif, fri `fruits', lat. frūgī (Dat. *`useful, honest, discreet, moderate' =) `fruitful', fruor, -i, frūctus and fruitus sum `relish' (from *frūgʷor, which has entered for *frūgor ö), frūniscor `relish' (*frūg-nīscor), frūmentum `corn, grain', osk. fruktatiuf (*frūgetātiōns) `frūctus'.

Maybe alb. (*frūg-) fruth `measles, breaking of the skin (disease of fruit and humansö)', frut `fruit' [common alb. -k, -g > -th, -dh shift]

Got. brūkjan, ahd. brūhhan, as. brūkan, ags. brūcan `need, lack', got. brūks, ahd. brūhhi, ags. brȳce `usable'.

References: WP. II 208, WH. I 552 f.

Page(s): 173

Root / lemma: bhrū-1

English meaning: brow

German meaning: `Augenbraue'

Note: partly with initial vowel, idg. o- or a- (full root formö); after Persson Beitr. 17 lies a dark composition part *okʷ- `eye' (with. consonant-Assimilation) before.

Material: Old Indian bhrū́-ḥ f., Akk. bhrúvḫam `brow', av. brvat- f. (Du.) `brows', npers. ebrū, brū ds.(Höbschmann IA. 10, 24);

gr. ὀφρῦς, -ύος f. `brow', figurative `raised edge, hill edge' (after Meillet BSL 27, 129 f. with gr. vocal prosthesisö); maked. ἀβροῦτες `ὀφρύες' (changed from Kretschmer Einl. 287 in ἀβρούFες; held on from Meillet, s.Boisacq 733 Anm. 3, because of the otherwise stated form ἀβροτες and because of av. brvat-);

Note:

According to gr. phonetic mutations -kʷ > -p, -gʷ > -b; hence Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye > gr. ὀφθ - αλ - μός `eye'. From there derived maked. ἀβροῦτες, gr. ὀφρῦς, - ύος f. `brow'; common gr. l > r phonetic shift.

Maybe zero grade alb. (*ἀβροῦτες : *vrenkula > vetulla f. `brow' : vrenjt (*vrenk-) `frown' common alb. -kh > t phonetic mutation. : Khotanese: brrauka-lö `brow' : Sogdian: (Buddh.) β r'wkh `eyebrow' (*brū-kā-) : Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')β rwc [pl.tantum] `eyebrow'; San. vrīc `eyebrow'.

mir. brūad Gen. Du., brāi, brōi Nom. Du. f. `brows' (to diphthong s. Thurneysen Grammar 199), air. forbru Akk. Pl. (*bhrūns : Akk. ὀφρῦς), forbrú Gen. Pl. `eyebrows'; unclear are mir. Pl. abrait (*abrant-es or *abrantī) `eyelids, brows', likewise mbr. abrant `brow', cymr. amrant `eyelid', Specht (Dekl. 83, 162) would like to put to lat. frōns `the forehead, brow, front'; but vocalism and meaning deviate;

ags. brū, aisl. brūn, Pl. brynn `brow' (conservative stem, from *ƀruwūn-).

lit. bruvìs m. `brow', žem. also brū̆nės Pl., Old Prussian wubri f. `eyelash' (seems a transposition from *bruwi);

abg. brъvь (originally Nom. *bry, as kry : krъvъ), skr.-Church Slavic obrъvъ, skr. ȍbrva etc `brow'.

An e- Abl. bhru̯ē- with syllabic become r regards Trautmann KZ. 44, 223 in lit. birwe = bruvìs.

Toch. A pörwān-, В pörwāne (Dual) `eyebrows'.

References: WP. II 206 f., Trautmann 38.

Page(s): 172-173

Root / lemma: bhrū-2, bhrēu-

English meaning: beam, bridge

German meaning: `Balken, Prögel'; also as Übergang about ein Gewösser: `Bröcke'

Material: Aisl. brū f. `bridge'; aisl. bryggia `wharf, pier' ndd. brögge ds., ahd. brucca, as. -bruggia, ags. brycg `bridge', bair. Bruck `Bretterbank am Ofen', ags. brycgian `pave' (originally with thrashed wood), schweiz. brögi (ahd. *brugī) `wood scaffolding', brögel `wooden log', mhd. brögel `cudgel, club', nhd. Prögel (`bridge' is also `balk, rod; track made of beams');

gall. brīva `bridge' (*bhrēua);

abg. brъvъno `balk, beam', skr. br̂v f. `balk, beam, bridge made of beams' (etc, s. about slav. forms Berneker 92).

Unclear is the guttural in the germ. forms: *brugī- from *bruu̯ī-, or k- suffixö S. Kluge¹¹ under `Bröcke = bridge' and Specht Dekl. 211³ f., accepts the connection with bhrū-1.

References: WP. II 207.

Page(s): 173

Root / lemma: bhudh-m(e)n

English meaning: bottom

German meaning: `Boden'

Note: single-linguistic in part to *bhudh-mo-, partly to *bhudh-no-, besides with already idg. metathesis *bhundho- > *bhundo- ö

Material: Old Indian budhná-ḥ `ground, bottom'; av. bū̆nō ds. (*bhundhno-), out of it borrows arm. bun ds., during arm. an-dund-k` `abyss' from *bhundh- seems assimilated. From proto iran. *bundhas derives tscherem. pundaš `bottom, ground'.

Gr. πυθμήν (*φυθ-) m. `bottom, sole, base of a vessel', πύνδαξ m. ds. (for φύνδαξ after πυθμήν Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 71, 333).

Maked. PN Πύδνα (*bhudhnā), dissimil. Κύδναö

Lat. fundus, -ī m. `ground; the bottom or base of anything; a farm, estate' (*bhundhos), profundus `deep' = mir. bond, bonn m. `sole, foundation, groundwork, basis, pad, prop'.

maybe alb. (*fundus), fund `bottom, end', fundos `sink (to the bottom)'

Ahd. bodam, nhd. Boden, as. bodom, ags. *boðm > mengl. bothem m. besides ags. botm m. > engl.bottom and ags. bodan `bottom, ground',

Maybe alb. (bod-) botë `bottom, ground, earth, world'

an. botn `bottom', ags. byðme `bilge, floor, bottom' besides bytme, bytne ds., aisl. bytna `to come to the bottom', with unclear dental change; it seems to lie a basic proto germ. *buÞma-, probably is to be explained analogically; compare Petersson Heterokl. 18, Sievers-Brunner 167, Kluge¹¹ under siedeln. About nhd. Böhne, originally `wooden floor (made from floorboards)', angebl. from germ. *bunī, idg. *budhniā, s. Kluge¹¹ under Böhne.

References: WP. II 190, WH. I 564 f., 867, Porzig WuS. 15, 112 ff. (against it Kretschmer Gl. 22, 116); compare also Vendryes MSL. 18, 305 ff.

Page(s): 174

Root / lemma: bhū̆ĝo-s, nickname bhukko-s

English meaning: goat

German meaning: `Bock'

Grammatical information: (fem. In -ā `goat, nanny goat')

Material: Zigeun. buzni `goat'; av. būza m. `he-goat', npers. buz `goat, he-goat; billy goat';

arm. buz `lamb';

mir. bocc, pocc, nir. boc, poc, cymr. bwch, corn. boch, bret. bouc'h `he-goat; billy goat', in addition mir. boccānach `ghost, bogeyman';

germ. *bukka- (after Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f. borrowed from Kelt.ö) in aisl. bukkr, bokkr, bokki, ags. bucca, nengl. buck, ahd. mhd. boc, -ekes, nhd. Bock.

The aberrant consonant in Old Indian bukka-ḥ `he-goat' (uncovered) is probably from bukkati `barks' (see under beu-1, bu-) influenced hypocoristic reshuffling *bhūja- = av. būza-. Also npers. dial. boča `young goat', pām. buč, böč seem to be a result of similar reorganization.

References: WP. II 189 f., Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f., Martinet Gémination 182.

Page(s): 174

Root / lemma: bh_erug-, bhrug-, bhorg-

English meaning: throat

German meaning: `Schlund, Luftröhre'

Material: Arm. erbuc `breast, brisket of killed animals' (*bhrugo-); gr. φάρυξ, -υγος, later (after λάρυγξ) φάρυγξ, -υγγος `windpipe, gullet'; lat. frūmen n. `(a gruel or porridge made of corn, and used in sacrifices) larynx, gullet' (*frū̆g-smen); without u aisl. barki `neck' (bhor-g-, formally closer to φάραγξ `cleft, gap, abyss')

Similar to lit. burnà, arm. beran `mouth' (eigentl. `orifice') to bher- `cut, clip' under conception `cleft, gap = gullet'.

References: WP. II 171, WH. I 482, 551 f., 866, Lidén Mél. Pedersen 92, Specht Dekl. 162.

Page(s): 145

Root / lemma: bis-(t)li-

English meaning: gall

German meaning: `Galle'ö

Material: Lat. bīlis (*bislis, older *bistlis) f. `gall, bile'; cymr. bustl m., acorn. bistel, bret. bestl (*bis-tlo-, -tli-) `gall'; gallo-rom. *bistlos (Wartburg).

References: WP. II 111, WH. I 105 f.

Page(s): 102

Root / lemma: blat-

English meaning: to chat

German meaning: `plappern under likewise Schallbedeutungen' as well as öhnliche Schallworte schwer bestimmbaren Alters

Material: Lat. blaterō, -āre `chatter, babble, empty gossip; also from shout of the camel, ram, frog', blatiō, -īre `babble, prattle';

mndd. plad(d)eren `chat, prate', nndd. pladdern `splash, besprinkle', schwed. pladder `loose gossip', dön. bladre `spread lose gossip', older also `splash', lacking of consonant shift in onomatopoeic word.

Similar to onomatopoeic words are ndd. plapperen (nhd. plappern), mhd. plappen and blappen, ahd.blabizōn `babble' and mndd. plūderen `babble' (mhd. plūdern, nhd. plaudern).

compare with partly similar meaning bhlē̆d- `to bubble up, chat', bhel- `sound' and bal-, balḫbal- under baba- (e.g. lit. blebénti with nhd. plappern similar formation).

References: WP. II 120, WH. I 109.

Page(s): 102

Root / lemma: blē-

English meaning: to bleat

German meaning: `blöken'

Note: imitation of the sheep sound with different guttural extensions; in the Germ. with consonant shift omitted as a result of continual new imitation.

Material: Gr. βληχάομαι `bleat', βληχή `the bleating'; russ. (etc) blekati (old), blekotátь `bleat'; mndd. bleken, blöken `bleat, bark, bay' (out of it nhd. blöken), norw. mdartl. blækta (*blēkatjan) `bleat'; alb. bl'egërás ds.

Note:

Common alb. n > r rhotacism. Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: bhlē- : `to howl, weep' derived Root / lemma: blē- : `to bleat'; hence the support for the glottal theory bh- > b-.

References: WP. II 120 f., WH. I 95.

See also: compare also bhlē- `howl' etc

Page(s): 102

Root / lemma: blou- (bhlou-ö), plou-

English meaning: flea

German meaning: `Floh'

Note: With k- and s-suffixes and taboo transposition and anlaut alteration.

Material: With p: Old Indian plúši-, arm. lu (*plus-), alb. plesht, lat. pūlex (*pusl-ex), idg.*plouk- in ahd. flôh, ags. fléah.

Note:

Common arm. (often alb.) initial pl- > l- phonetic mutation also common lat. plou- > pule- phonetic mutation since lat. prefers initial consonant + vowel order. Lat. phonetic shift can be explainedt only through glottal theory phlou- > pule [ ph > pu]

With b (or bhö): afgh. vraža, gr. ψύλλα (*blusi̯ā), balto-slav. *blusā in lit. blusà, lett. blusa, pr. PN Blus-kaym, russ.-Church Slavic blъcha, skr. bùha, russ. bɫochá.

References: Meillet MSL. 22, 142, 539 f., Trautmann 35, Specht Dekl. 42 f., 203, 235.

Page(s): 102

Root / lemma: bol-

English meaning: tuber

German meaning: `Knolle, runde Schwellung'

Material: Arm. boɫk `radish', gr. βολβός `onion, bulb' (also βόλβιτος, dissimilated att. βόλιτος `crap, muck, dung',, if possibly originally from nanny goats or horsesö),

βῶλος, βῶλαξ `clod of earth'; Old Indian bálba-ja-ḥ `Eleusine indica, a type of grass', if `nodules coming out from the root'ö, lat. bulbus `onion, bulb, tuber' is borrowed from βολβός.

Redukt.-grade or with Assimil. in Vok. the 2. syllable arm. palar `pustule, bubble'.

References: WP. II 111 f., WH. I 122.

Page(s): 103

Root / lemma: brangh-, brongh-ö

English meaning: hoarseö

German meaning: `heiser'ö

Material: Gr. βράγχος `hoarseness', βραγχάω `be hoarse', air. brong(a)ide `hoarse'; but gr. Aor. ἔβραχε `cracks' probably stays away.

References: WP. I 683 f., II 119.

Page(s): 103

Root / lemma: breuq-

English meaning: to jump, *throw, thrust, poke, touch, run

German meaning: `springen, schnellen'

Material: Perhaps combined so gr. βροῦκος, βρεῦκος (βραῦκος), βρύκος `locust, grasshopper'(βροῦχος probably after βρύ̄χω `crunches with the teeth', and sloven. br̂knem, bŕkniti, br̂kam, bŕkati, bŕcati `bump with the feet, kick, shoot the way up with the fingers, touch';

Maybe Illyr. TN Breuci : so gr. βρεῦκος `locust, grasshopper (mythological monsterö)';

alb. (*breuk) prek `touch, frisk, violate', pres `crunches with the teeth, cut' [taboo word] : Slovene: bŕsati `lead, touch' : Lithuanian: brùkti `poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)' [verb]; Russian: brosát' `throw, (dial.) scutch flax' [verb]; brokát' (dial.) `throw' [verb]; Serbo-Croatian: bŕcati `throw' [verb];

russ.brykátь `kick with the back leg', klr. brykáty `frisk mischievously, run' etc

Note:

Maybe the original cognate was of Baltic - Illyrian origin: Lithuanian: braũktas `wooden knife for cleaning flax' [m o], braũkti `erase, scutch (flax)', brùkti `poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)' [verb]

References: WP. II 119, Specht Idg. Dekl. 251 f.

Page(s): 103

Root / lemma: bronk-

English meaning: to lock

German meaning: `einschließen, einengen'

Material: Got. anapraggan `press' to *pranga- `restriction, constriction' in aschwed. prang `narrow alley', mengl. prange `narrowness', engl. dial. proug `menu fork',

Maybe alb. pranga `restriction, fetter, chain, handcuff' : germ Pranger `pillory'

mndd. prangen `press', pranger `pole', mhd. pfrengen `wedge', ahd. pfragina `bar, gate, barrier', to lit. brañktas m. `pole for hanging (*gallows)', lett. brankti (lit. Lw.) `fitting tightly'.

References: WP. II 119, 677 f.. Feist 43, Kluge¹¹ under Pranger.

Page(s): 103

Root / lemma: bu-

English meaning: lip, kiss

German meaning: `Lippe, Kuß'

Note: as an imitation of the kiss sound, bursting of the sucking lip fastener from inside, thus actually differently from bu-, bhu- `inflate' with normal spraying after outside.

Root / lemma: bu- : `lip, kiss' derived from Root / lemma: ku-, kus- (*kʷukʷh-): `to kiss' common Celtic - Greek kʷ- > p- phonetic mutation.

Material: Npers. bōsīdan `kiss'; alb. buzë `lip';

Maybe alb. (*pus) puth `kiss' [common alb. -s > -th shift] : schwed. puss `kiss'.

mir. bus, pus `lip', busóc, pusóc `kiss' (in addition presumably gall. PN Bussumāros and buđđutton `mouth, kiss');

nhd. Buss `kiss', bussen `kiss', Busserl `kiss', engl. buss, schwed. (with regular consonant shift) puss `kiss'; lit. bučiúoti `kiss', buč the onomatopoeic word, sound of the kiss dental interjection. poln. buzia `mouth, face; kiss'.

Note:

The same phonetic construction for poln. buzia `mouth, face; kiss' : alb. buzë, buza `lip' : rum. buză `lip' : ital. bacio `mouth, face; kiss', older lat. basiatio -onis f. `kissing, a kiss'.

References: WP. I 113 f., WH. II 98.

Page(s): 103

Root / lemma: dak̂ru-

English meaning: tears

German meaning: `Tröne'

Grammatical information: n.

Material:

Gr. δάκρυ, δάκρυον, δάκρυμα `tears'; out of it borrows altlat. dacruma, lat. lacruma, lacrima ds. (with sabin. lö);

Note:

Common lat. dh- > ll-, d- > l- phonetic mutation.

Maybe alb. (*lac-) lag `to moist, damp, wet' [taboo word as in alb. lagen sytë `cry silently'] : abret. dacr-(lon) `moist, damp, wet'

Also alb. (*lok-) lot `tear' [common alb. -k > -th, -t phonetic mutation similar to alb. (*mag-) math `big'.

air. dēr n., cymr. deigr (could go back to Pl. *dakrī the o-Dekl.), Pl. dagrau, abret. dacr-(lon) `moist, damp, wet', corn. dagr `tears' (Island-Celtic *dakrom `see, look' Thurneysen KZ. 48, 66 f); germ. *táhr- and tagr- : got. tagr n. `tears', anord. tār n. (from*tahr-), ags. tæhher, tear, teagor m., ahd. zahar m. (nhd. Zöhre from dem Pl.; whether in Germ. still from old u-stem or it has changed out of itö o-stem has gone out, is doubtful).

Idg. *dak̂ru is probably from *drak̂ru dissimilated because of ahd. trahan, as. Pl. trahni `tears', mnd. trān ds. and `(from fat of squeezed out drops through cooking:) fish oil', mhd. traher ds. (-er probably after zaher has changed) and arm. artasuk `tears', Sg. artausr from *drak̂ur.

On the other hand one searches connection with Old Indian áśru, aśra-m `tears', av. asrūazan- `pouring tears', lit. ašarà, ãšara `tears', lett. asara ds.; probably sheer rhyme word, so *ak̂ro- `acer, sharp, bitter' as epithet of the tears (`bitter tears') partially used in place of dak̂ru, whereby it took over its u-inflectionö compare also Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 142 f.

Note:

From early Italic, Illyrian people the cognate for tears passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *lī́gà (˜ *ĺ-)

Meaning: to weep, cry

Turkic protoform: *jɨ̄g-(la-)

Tungus protoform: *ligi-

References: WP. I 769, WH. I 746 f.

See also: see above S. 23 under ak̂ru.

Page(s): 179

Root / lemma: dāiu̯ēr, Gen. daiu̯rés

English meaning: brother-in-law

German meaning: `the Bruder of Gatten, Schwager'

Material: Old Indian dēvár-, arm. taigr, gr. δᾱήρ (*δαιFηρ), lat. lēvir (in ending reshaped after vir; the l for d probably Sabine), ahd. zeihhur, ags. tācor (presumably through hybridization with an equivalent from lit. láigonas `brother of wife'), lit. dieverìs (for *dievė̃ = Old Indian dēvár-; older conservative Gen. diever̃s), lett. diẽveris, Old Church Slavic děverь (i-, i̯o- and conservative stem).

Note:

The Baltic cognate lit. láigonas `brother of the wife' proves the Balkan origin of Baltic languages inheriting lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 767, WH. I 787, Specht KZ 62, 249 f., Trautmann 43.

Page(s): 179

Root / lemma: dāu-, dǝu-, dū̆-

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: 1. `brennen', 2. `verletzen, quölen, vernichten, feindselig'

Note: uncertainly, whether in both meaning originally identical (possibly partly as `burning pain', partly `destroy by fire, burn down hostile settlements'ö)

Material: Old Indian dunṓti `burns (trans), afflicts', dūná- `burnt, afflicted', Pass. dūyatē `burns' (intr.), kaus. dāvayati `burns' (trans), dāvá-ḥ (with ablaut change davāḫḥ) `blaze', dū f. `affliction, pain', doman- `blaze, agony' (-ǝu- as in δεδαυμένος);

Note:

Old Indian and alb. prove that Root / lemma: dāu-, dǝu-, dū̆- : `to burn' derived from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-) : `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc. `.

arm. erkn (to δύη) `throes of childbirth';

Note: common balt.-illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation reflected in arm.

gr. δαίω (*δᾰF-ι̯ω) `set on fire, inflame', Perf. δέδηε `be in flames, be on fire' (: Old Indian dudāva), participle δεδαυμένος (δαῦσαι ἐκκαῦσαι Hes., ἐκδαβῇ ἐκκαυθῇ Λάκωνες Hes.), δάος n., δαΐς, -ίδος f. `torch' (to ᾳ: von att. δᾱͅς, δᾱͅδός s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 266), δᾱνός `easily ignitable = to dry' (*δαεινός from *δαFεσ-νός), δᾱλός `burning piece of wood' (*δαFελός = lakon. δαβελός); δήιος `hostile', dor. (Trag.) δᾱΐος, δᾳος `afflicted, woeful, wretched, miserable'; hom. δηΐοω `slay, kill, murder' (att. δῃόω `ds., devastate'), δηιοτής, -τῆτος `tumult of war, fight, struggle', hom. δᾰΐ Lok. `in the battle' (to Nom. *δαῦς, idg. *dāus Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 578), δαι-κτάμενος `killed in the fight'; probably δύη `affliction', δυόωσι `fall in the misfortune' (ἀνθρώπους, Od.), δυερός `unlucky'.

About ὀδύνη (mostly Pl.), öol. ἐδύνας Akk. Pl. `pain', ὀδυνᾶν `cause pain, afflict, sadden' see under ed- `eat'; perhaps here δαῦκος ὁ θρασύς (`stormy, hot tempered') Hes.

Alb. dhunë (*dusḫn-) `affliction, pain, force, violence, horrible action; disgrace, insult' (dhunon `revile, violate'; dhun `bitter', originally `unpleasant'ö or as sl. gorьkъ `bitter': gorěti `burn'ö) with *du-s- (presumably as zero grade of -es- stem = or as gr. δά(F)ος); tosk. derë `bitter' (*deu-no-);

lat. presumably duellum, bellum `war, fight' (WH. I 100 f.), with unclear suffix.

Note: common lat. dw- > b- phonetic mutation

air. dōīm `singe, burn' (about air. dōīm `get, exert' see under deu̯(ǝ)-), Verbalnom. dōud = Old Indian davathu-ḥ `blaze, fire'; atūd `kindle, inflame' from *ad-douth, cymr. cynneu `kindle, inflame' under likewise, also bret. devi, cymr. deifio `burn' (with v from w before i̯) here (Thurneysen KZ. 61, 253, Loth RC. 42, 58); air. Gen. condid, mir. connad, condud `firewood', cymr. cynnud `firing', corn. kunys, bret. keuneud `firewood' (Pedersen KG. I 108, II 39, basic form perhaps*kom-dauto-); cymr. etewyn `firebrand' (*ate-dau̯-ino-), bret. collective eteo ds.

ahd. zuscen `burn'; after φρύ̄νη : braun here also ags. tosca `frog', schwed. mdartl. tosk ds.; perhaps (with *eu, see under) anord. tjōn n. `damage, wrong; injustice, derision, ridicule', ags. tēona m., tēone f. `damage', as. tiono `evil, harm, wrong; injustice, enmity', whereof anord. tȳna `destroy, lose', ags. tīenan `plague, anger, slander', as. gitiunean `act wrong against somebody'.^*

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^*) In spite of Osthoff IA. 1, 82 has kept away the family of nhd. zönden, got. tundnan `is ignited', tandjan `ignite, set on fire', mhd. zinden, because of that i and a would not be probably first ablaut neologism in u; after Thurneysen IA. 83, 32 as t-andjan to air. ad-and- `kindle, inflame'.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Berneker IF. 10, 158 places here also lit. džiáuti `place down in order to dry', lett. žaut `dry, burn incense, smoke' as *dēu-ti, as also alb. and germ. eu- forms can contain idg. ēu; the relationship of this *dēu- to *dāu- is unclear; or to di̯eu- `sky, heaven'ö

References: WP. I 767 ff., WH. I 100 f.

Page(s): 179-181

Root / lemma: dā-

English meaning: to flow; river

German meaning: `flössig, fließen'

Material: Old Indian dā-na- n. `liquid flowing from the temples of the elephant for the rutting', dā́-nu- n. f. `every dripping liquid, drop, dew', av. dāḫnu- f. `river, stream', osset. don `water, river'; russ. FlN Don, (Greek) skyth. FlN Τάναις;

Also typical intensive reduplication illyr. (*don-don) Dodona Epirus

russ. FlN Dniepr and Dniestr, old Danapris and Danastius from skyth. *Dānu apara `back river' and *Dānu nazdya- `front river';

av. VN Dānavō Pl. `river inhabitant' (become in R̥gveda water demons, fem. GN Dānu-), skyth. nomadic people, also in Greece, hence (ö) gr. VN Δαναοί, ögypt. Danuna; with formants -mo- arm. tamuk `humid, wet, moist', tamkanam `wet, mositen; of water, collect in pools, and of solids, to be liquefied; wet, moistened, soaked' and presumably gr. δημός (proto gr.ᾱ or ηö) `fat of animals and people', wherewith alb. dhjamë `fat, bacon, tallow, suet' is not connected in a cleared way yet; the fat can be named as with the roast liquidly growing ones (compare Old Church Slavic loj `soft fat, lard, grease' : lijati `pour'). Here also kelt. Dānuvius `Danube river',

gall. ON Condāte `the confluence of two rivers; as a place-name Confluentes'; six engl. Fl Don (*dānu-), cymr. FlN Donwy (*dānuu̯iā).

Benveniste places to arm. tam-uk yet hett. dame(n)k- `fall like rain' (BSL 33, 143).

References: WP. I 763, M. Förster Themse 145 f., Kretschmer Gl. 24, 1 ff., 15 ff., Mél. Pedersen 76 ff., Benveniste BSL 33, 143.

Page(s): 175

Root / lemma: dā : dǝ- and dāi- : dǝi- : dī̆-

English meaning: to share, divide

German meaning: `teilen, zerschneiden, zerreißen'

Grammatical information: originally athemat. Wurzelprösens.

Material: Old Indian dā́ti, dyáti `clips, cuts, mows, separates, divides', participle diná-ḥ, ditá-ḥ, composes ava-ttaḥ `cropped, truncated, cut off', dítiḫḥ `the distributing',

dā́nam `the abscission, trimming', dānám n. `distribution, deal, portion', dā́tu n. `deal, portion', dātár- m. (= δαιτρός) `reaper, mower', dātrám `allotted share', dā́tram n. `sickle', npers. dāra `remuneration', dās `sickle'; Old Indian dayā́ `communion, concern, commiseration' = dáyate (*dǝi-etai) `divides, possess lot, has pity; destructs'.

Maybe nasalized form in alb. (*dáyate) ndanj `cut, separate, allot, share'.

gr. δαίομαι med. `divide, allot, share' with probably after Fut. δαίσω and and the following words preserved ι (phonetic laws δάηται Konj. Ф 375 `is destroyed'); δαίς, -τος, δαίτη,

hom. also δαιτύς, -ύος `share, meal, sacrifice, oblation' (: Old Indian dā́tu); δαιτυμών `guest' (as `serving the meal'), δαιτρός `colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner. `(: Old Indian dātár-), δαιτρόν `share' (: Old Indian dātrám; this αι of these gr. words is partly according to phonetic laws - āi, ǝi - partly analogical, as in kret. Perf. δέδαισμαι to δατέομαι, compare also kret. δαῖσις `division', καρποδαισταί `distributor of fruit'), δαίνῡμι `host', probably also δαίμων m. `god, goddess; fate, destiny, person’s lot in life' (actually `prorating; or `god of the dead as a corpse eater', Porzig IF. 41, 169 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 14, 228 f.; about of Archilochos δαίμων `δαήμων' see below *dens- `high mental power'); δαί̈ζω, Fut. -ξω, Aor. -ξα `divide, carve, slit, destroy' (due to *δᾰFό-ς `sliced, destructed'), ἄ-δατος ἀδιαίρετος Hes., δάνος n. `interest, usury' (due to a participle *dǝ-nó-s = Old Indian diná-ḥ, compare δάνας μερίδας);

gall. arcanto-danos `minting' as `distributing silver'.

With formants -mo- : dāmos f. `people': gr. δῆμος, dor. δᾶμος m. `(people's division) people, area; the single region in Athens', air. dām f. `retinue, troop, multitude, crowd', acymr. dauu `boy, serf, servant', ncymr. daw, dawf `son-in-law'; apparently older fem. o-stem; in addition hett. da-ma-a-iš (damaīšö) `an other, foreigner, stranger', from `*foreign people', originally `*people', Pedersen Hitt. 51 ff.

With formants -lo- perhaps Old Church Slavic dělъ `deal, portion' (*dǝi-lo-) (see under *del- `split'); about air. fo-dālim etc s. just there. Here belongs probably also got. dails `deal, portion', runeninschr. da[i]liÞun `divide', aisl. deill, ags. dǣl, ahd. teil m. `deal, portion';

Maybe alb. dallonj `separate, distinguish'

aisl. deila f. `division, disunion', ahd. teila f. `division'; aisl. deila, ags. dǣlan, ahd. teilan `divide' etc It could hardly derive from Slav., probably it derives from Ven.-Illyr., because the root form *dǝi- is attested in södillyr. PN Dae-tor. An additional form idg. dhǝi- besides dǝi- would be unplausible.

With zero grade dī- : arm. ti, Gen. tioy `age, years, days, time' (*< dī-t(i)- or *dī-to-, *dī-tā), ahd. zīt f. (n. Isidor), as. ags. tīd, anord. tīð f. `time, hour' (*tīÞ-, idg.*dī-t-, ursprgl `period of time'), in addition anord. tīðr `usual, ordinary, frequent, often', ags. tīdan `occur', anord. tīða `aspire, strive'; anord. tī-na `to pick to pieces, take apart, weed, take out, remove, clean';

About got. til `fitting' etc see under ad-2, but got. dails under del-3; here against it ahd. zila `sequence, row, line', westföl. tīle `sheaf row', nhd. Zeile, probably from *tīð-lá-.

p- extension dāp-, dǝp-; dǝp-no-, -ni- `sacrificial meal':

Old Indian dāpayati `divides'; arm. taun (*dap-ni-) `festival'; gr. δάπτω (*δαπι̯ω) `tear, rend, mangle, lacerate, disassemble', with intensive reduplication δαρδάπτω `tear, rend, (κτήματα) squander, dissipate in luxury', δαπάνη f. `expenditure, esp. arising from hospitality (: daps)',

δάπανος `lavish, wasteful', δαπανάω `consume' (out of it lat. dapinō `serve up (as food), provide for'), δαψιλός (Empedokles), δαψιλής `(*wasteful) exuberant, rich, generous'; lat. daps `(*share) a sacrificial feast, religious banquet; in gen., meal, feast, banquet', damnum `loss, damage, defect, fine', damnōsus `ruinous' (*dap-no- : δαπάνη, different Pedersen Hitt 42);

maybe illyr. Epidamnos (Eppi-'*horse' + *dap-no '*sacrifice'), also alb. geg. dam (*dap-no) `damage': lat. damnum.

anord. tafn (*dap-no-) `sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal', compare den germ. GN Tanfana (Tacit.), if from *tafnana, Marstrander NTS. 1, 159.

From Germ. one still adds a lot, what was a meaning-development from `split up, cut up, divide' to `tear, pluck, shortly touch, make short clumsy movement' under likewise would assume; in following the meaning from δαπανᾶν, damnum derives aschw. tappa and tapa `put an end to, lose', aisl. tapa ds.; afries. tapia `pluck', ags. tæppe f. `cloth stripes', mengl. tappen (engl. tap) `hit lightly', mnd. tappen, tāpen (lengthening in open syllableö) `pick, pluck'; anord. tǣpr `barely touching', isl. tǣpta (*tāpatjan) `just touch', norw. mdartl. tæpla `touch lightly, tread quietly'; but norw. mdartl. taap(e) m., dön. taabe `fool, rogue, awkward; clumsy person', norw. taapen `weak, feeble, ineligible', tæpe n. `insignificant; unimportant thing', anord. tǣpiligr `concise', with other labial grades schwed. mdartl. tabb, tabbe `gawk', tabbet `oafish', are probably onomatopoeic words, also as ndd. tappe, schweiz. tāpe, nhd. Tappe `paw', as well as tappen, töppisch etc; s. also under dhabh-1.

Likewise are to be kept away ahd. zabalōn, nhd. zappeln, as well as ahd. zapfo, nhd. Zapfen, ags.tæppa ds. (germ. *tappon-); also only germ. words with i and u (compare Specht Dekl. 152 f.):mengl. tippen, engl. tip `touch quietly, bump quietly', nhd. tippen, mhd. zipfen `(in swift movement) trip, scurry', anord. tifask `walk on tiptoe; trip', mhd. zipf `tip, cusp, peak', nasalized mnd.timpe f. `tip, end', ags. āḫtimplian `hold with nails'; on the other hand norw. mdartl. tuppa, nhd. zupfen, anord. toppr `tuft of hair, summit, acme, apex', ags. topp m. `cusp, peak, crest, summit, tip', toppa m. `filament', ahd. zopf `pigtail, braid, plait, end of a thing'; mnd. tubbe, tobbe `spigot', tobben `pluck, rend', söddt. zöfeln `waver' (as zapfeln); perhaps here also ahd. zumpo `penis', mhd. zumpf(e), nhd. Zumpt, whereat under dumb-.

Here toch. A tāp `ate', Van Windekens Lexique 187.

t-extension dǝ-t- (compare but das participle dǝ-tó-s):

gr. δατέομαι `divide, tear, rend, consume' (Fut. δάσσεσθαι, Aor. hom. δάσσασθαι, att. δάσασθαι), wherefore δασμός `division', δάσμα `lot', common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

δατήριος `dividing, splitting' (this certainly from *δᾰ-τήρ: Old Indian dā-tár- `reaper, mower'), ἄδαστος `undivided'; δατέομαι is gr. neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676) and not idg. *dǝ-t-;

got. ungatass `disarrayed, disorderly' (compare ἄ-δαστος), mndl. getes `be submitting, suitable'; ahd. zetten `(distributing) strew, outspread', nhd. verzette(l)n, probably also anord. teðja `outspread dung', tað n. `(*outstretched) dung'; ahd. zota, zata f. `tuft of wool, hair hanging down together, filament or wool' (therefrom zaturra `a harlot, prostitute'), ags. tættec (expressives tt) `scrap, shred, tatter, rag', an. tǫturr `scrap, shred'; altdön. tothae, older dön. and dön. mdartl. tøde, taade `, retard, delay, hinder'.

Besides with u-Vok. anord. toddi `small piece', holl. todde `scrap, shred', ahd. zota, zotta `topknot', nhd. Zotte, Zote; mhd. zoten `go slowly', nhd. zotteln, ostfries. todden `pull, tear, drag' under likewise; about nhd. zaudern s. Kluge¹¹ 704.

toch. A töt-k `divide, carve, slit'.

s-extension d-es-:

Old Indian dásyati `suffers lack, swelters, languishes', upadásyati `goes out, is exhausted';

norw. dial. tasa `wear out', schwed. dial. tasa `pluck wool, outspread hay', ndd. tasen `pluck', nhd. Zaser, older Zasel `fibre, filament', norw. dial. tase m. `weak person', tasma `languish', tasa `become feeble'; ablaut. dön. mdartl. tæse `work slowly', ndd.tösen `work heavily', identical with norw. dön. tæse `disentangle, wear out, pull out'; compare in similar meaning norw. tasse `go quietly', taspa `go slowly and sluggishly', mhd. zaspen `scratch, go sluggishly', ahd. zascōn `seize, snatch, tear away' (actually `drag') = nhd. dial. zaschen, zöschen `drag, pull, tear, work slowly', zöschen f. `a train in the dress'; about ahd. tasca `pouch, pocket' s. Kluge¹¹ 612.

Maybe truncated alb. geg. (*zascōn) me zanë `to seize, snatch, tear away'

hitt. tešḫā- `keep oneself away from' (3. Sg. preterit ti-eš-ḫa-aš).

Maybe alb. geg. (*tešḫā) tesha Pl. `clothes, belongings, rags', teshë `speck of dust, little splinter, torn piece'

Besides with i-vocalism (idg. *di-s as extension to dī̆-ö Or only germ. neologismö):

schwed. dial. teisa, tesa `pull to pieces', dön. dial. tese `pluck (e.g. wool)', ags. tǣsan `pull to pieces', ahd. zeisan, zias `ruffle; tousle, pluck wool'; ostfries. holl. teisteren `rend', ags. tǣsel, ahd. zeisala `teasel', norw. mdartl. test `willow fibre, ringlet, hair lock', with ī norw.tīst `fibre, filament', tīsl `shrubbery', with ĭ mhd. zispen `go sluggishly' (as zaspen), probably also (ö) ags. teoswian `plague, disparage', teoso `insult, deceit, malice'.

Finally with u-vocalism: norw. dial. tosa `rub, wear out, pluck', also `flub, work slowly', tose `frail person', tos `fibers, ragged rigging', tossa `strew, distribute, outspread', mengl. tōtūsen `tousle, ruffle', mnd. tōsen `rend, pull', ahd. zirzūsōn `tousle, ruffle', mhd. zūsach `brushwood', zūse f. `brushwood, hair lock' under likewise; perhaps to lat. dūmus `a thorn bush, bramble brushwood, shrub' (*dū̆s-mo-s) and air. doss `bush'.

From PIE this root passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *dàma

Meaning: ill, sick, bad

Turkic protoform: *jAman

Tungus protoform: *dam-

Japanese protoform: *dàm-

Note: Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic form (MC ja-mạn'savage, barbarian' is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jaman for a bad disease, sickness is very close to Japanese and may suggest that the original meaning of the root was'ill(ness), sick(ness)').

References: WP. I 763 ff., WH. I 322, 323 f., 859; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.

See also: out at least basically as extensions from dā- `cut, split' agreeable root del- `split', del- `whereupon it is split apart', der- `split, flay' see under see under its own headwords.

Page(s): 175-179

Root / lemma: deiĝh-

English meaning: to prick; tick

German meaning: `prickeln, kitzeln'ö `zwickelndes Insekt'

Material: Arm. ti `tick';

mir. dega, Akk. degaid (*digāt-) `Hirschköfer';

germ. *tīkan-, with intensive sharpening *tikkan-, in ags. ticia m. (lies tiica or ticca), engl. tike and tick `wood tick, sheep louse', mnd. Zecke m. f. `wood tick', nhd. Zecke; besides a mediation form *tīkan- in mnd. teke, mhd. Zeche, engl. teke ds.;

norw. dial. tikka, ndd. ticken `stumble lightly', mhd. zicken ds.; ahd. zechon `pulsate, banter, skirmish'; engl. tickle `titillate'; nasalized ags. tindian ds.

A connection with dhēig- `prick' is not provable.

References: WP. I 777.

Page(s): 187-188

Root / lemma: deik̂-

English meaning: to show

German meaning: `zeigen'

Note: from which lat. and germ. partly `point to something with words, say', developed plural also `show the right, point to the culprit, accuse'

Material: Old Indian dídeṣṭi, diśáti, dēśayati `shows, point at', av. daēs- Aor. dōiš- `show' (daēsayeiti, disyeiti, daēdōišt) `show; assign something to somebody, adjudge', participle Old Indian diṣṭá- (= lat. dictus); diṣṭiḫḥ `instruction, regulation', av. ādišti-š `directive, doctrine' (= lat. dictiḫō, ags. tiht `accusation', ahd. in-, biḫziht ds., nhd. Verzicht), Old Indian diś- f. `instruction, direction', diśā `direction' (= δίκη `right, justice', from which probably lat. dicis causa `for form's sake, for the sake of appearances'), deśáḫḥ `(direction), region' = an. teigr see under;

gr. δείκνῡμι, secondary δεικνύω `points, shows, evinces', kret. προ-δίκνῡτι `ἐπιδείκνυσι', δεῖξις `the display' (with secondary lengthened grade), δίκη see above, δίκαιος, δικάζω, ἄδικος; the Perf. Med. δέδειγμαι, and δεῖγμα `averment, proof, example' not with idg. g, but gr. innovation;

lat. dīcere `to indicate; to appoint; most commonly, to say, speak, tell, mention; in pass. with infin., to be said to; to mention, speak of, tell of, relate; to name, call; to mean, refer to', dīcāre `announce solemnly, award, consecrate, dedicate, set apart, devote, offer', osk. deíkum `say', umbr. teitu, deitu `(Fut. Imper.) you will say, declare', changing through ablaut osk. dicust `will have said', umbr. dersicust ds., osk. da-díkatted `dēdīcavit', lat. dīciō `power, sovereignty, authority', indīcāre `indicate, display, show, offer', index `an informer; a sign, token; the forefinger; a title; a touchstone' (as also Old Indian deśinī `forefinger'), iūdex `a judge; in plur., a panel of jurors', vindex (vindicāre = vim dicere), causidicus; about urir. *Eku̯o-decas, Lugudec(c)as (Gen. Sg.) see under dek̂-1.

got. gateihan `indicate, promulgate', anord. tēa, newer tiā `show, depict, represent, explain, announce', ags. tēon `indicate, promulgate', ahd. zīhan `accuse, blame', zeihen `;

maybe alb. zihem `quarrel, argue'

wherefore anord. tīgenn `(*show, point out, reveal, advise, teach) noble', tīgn f. `rank; noble man, husband'; ahd. zeigōn `show', whereof zeiga `instruction'; inziht etc see above; further anord. teigr m. `linear part of meadow' (`*direction' = Old Indian deśáḫḥ `region, place, land'), changing through ablaut ags. tīg, tīh `meadow, pasture', mnd. tī(g) m. public collective place of a village', ahd. zīch `forum'.

Here presumably with the meaning `finger' (= `*pointer') and secondary, but already old `toe', ahd. zēha, ags. tāhe, tā, anord. tā `toe' (*dóik̂u̯ā), mnd. tēwe, nhd. and södd. zēwe ds. (*doik̂-u̯ā), and that probably from *dicitus through dissimilation against the toneless t resulted lat. digitus `finger, toe'.

Hitt. tek-kuš-ša-nu-mi `makes recognizable, points, shows, evinces' here after Sturtevant Lang. 6, 27 f., 227 ff.; doubts the formation because of E. Forrer by Feist 204.

Besides idg. doiĝ- in got. taikns f. `mark, token, sign, wonder, miracle', taikn n. ds., ahd. (etc) zeihhan n. `mark, token, sign', ags. tǣcan, engl. teach `instruct', anord. teikna `show, signify, designate', ahd. zeihhonōn `draw, depict, sign', got. taiknjan `show', ahd. zeihinen ds.

From germ. *taikna derives finn. taika- `omen, sign'.

Whether deik̂- and deiĝ- from dei- `bright shine' (also `see') are extended as `allow to see, allow to shine'ö

References: WP. I 776 f., WH. I 348 f., 351, 860, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696 f., Feist 204, 472.

Page(s): 188-189

Root / lemma: dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā-

English meaning: to shine; day; sun; sky god, god

German meaning: `hell glönzen, schimmern, scheinen'

Note: (older `*dart rays'ö)

Note:

The origin of the sky god was Anatolia, where the Sumerian sun god Utu was called father god: Utu + Root / lemma: pǝtḗ(r) Gen. pǝtr-és, -ós : `father' - `father Utu': Luvian ^DUTU-wa-az: 107 iii 8; KBo XXIX 25 ii 6*, ^DUTU-wa-za `sun god'.

Material: Old Indian dī́-dē-ti `seems, shines', 3. Pl. dīdyati, Impf. 3. Sg. ádīdēt, Imper. 2. Sg. didīhí, su-dī-tí-ḥ) `having nice brilliance', Kaus. dīpáyati `ignites, illuminates', dī́pyate `blazes, shines, seems' (about dīvyati see under), dīdi- `shining, seeming' (due to from dī́-de-ti); similar *doi-d-o- (broken Redupl.) in anord. teitr `cheerful, blithe, glad' (eigentl. `radiating'), ags. tǣtán `caress', tāt- (in names) `blithe, glad', ahd. zeiz `tender, graceful' (compare heiter and `clear, bright' as `blithe, glad'; Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. 126); perhaps here also lit. dìdis `big, large' as `handsome, considerable';

gr. hom. δέατο (Imperfect) `he saw, discerned, perceived', δεάμην ἐδοκίμαζον, ἐδόξαζον Hes., arkad. Konj. δεά̄τοι, hom. Aor. δοάσσατο `to appear', Konj. δοάσσεται, compared with arkad. Aor. δεά[σε]τοι with ο after ἔδοξε, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681⁶; common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

Maybe alb. (*δέελος) diel `(*bright) sun' [common alb. -e- > -ie- shift].

hom. δέελος `visible' (*δει̯ελος; with metr. lengthening εὐδείελος), δῆλος ds. (from *δέι̯αλος, from which also Hesychs δίαλος; hom. ἀρίζηλος `very distinct, clear, bright' (from *δι̯η-λός);

*doilo- presumably in ags. sweo-tol (from *tāl) `apparent, manifest, obvious, distinct, clear, bright' and in mir. dōel `beetle, chafer' (`shining black insect') as well as in ir. river names Daol (*doilā) as `the shining'. Here probably also lit. dailùs `dainty, pretty', dáilinti `smooth, adorn'.

With formants -tlo- presumably here being found only in the compound germ. *tīÞla- : zīdal-, nhd. Zeidel-, nd. tīl- `honey'(' clearness, shine - clear honey').

Against Pedersens raising from hett. te-eš-ḫa- `dream' (Muršilis 69) s. Couvreur H̯ 53 and above S. 178.

u̯-extension: dei̯eu- (: di̯éu-, diu̯-, di̯u-) `bright, divine revered sky and bright day:

Diphth. stem Nom. di̯ēus (dii̯ēus), Akk. di̯ēum, Vok. di̯ĕu, Lok. di̯éu̯i and di̯ēu, Dat. diu̯éi, Gen. diu̯-és, -ós; di̯ēus-pǝtēr `sky father, heavenly father'.

Old Indian dyā́uḥ (diyā́uḥ) `sky, heaven', Akk. dyā́m, Lok. dyáví, diví, Dat. divḗ, Gen. diváḥ (and dyōḥ), Instr. Pl. dyú-bhiḥ;

gr. Ζεύς (= dyāú-ḥ), Akk. Zῆν (= dyā́m), Vok. Ζεῦ (*di̯ĕu), Gen. Δι(F)ός, Dat. (Lok.) Δι(F)ί (Ζῆν lengthened Ζῆνα, Ζηνός, Zηνί; about Ζάς by Pherekydes of Syros s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 577⁴); the Gen. *diu̯es in thess. Διες-κουριάδεω, prien. Διες-κουρίδου (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 547);

Maybe rum. zeu `god' : alb. zot `god' : rum. zeiţă, zeitate, zână `goddess' : alb. zana f. `nymph, goddess', zota f. m. `gods' : gr. Ζῆνα [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].

in Lat. the old paradigm has split in two which designate the name of the uppermost God and the `day'; similarly in the Osk. and Umbr.:

Note: common lat. illyr. d- > l- phonetic mutation:

lat. Iuppiter from Iū-piter, umbr. Jupater Vok. = Ζεῦ πάτερ, to Nom. Old Indian dyā́ušpitā́ `father of the sky, heavenly father', Ζεὺς πατήρ, Dat. umbr. Iuvepatre, illyr. (Hes.) Δει-πάτυρος; lat. Gen. Iouis (altlat. also Diovis, also as Nom.), osk. Diúveí `Jove', íuvilam, older diuvilam `*iovilam', iúvilas `*iovilae' etc, compare GentilN lat. Iūlius (*Iovilios);

Maybe [from illyr. (Hes.) Δει - πάτυρος ] the compound alb. (*Δει - ἠέλιος) diel `sun god, sun', older dielë `Sunday (day of the sun)', where alb. follows lat. paradigm which designates the name of the uppermost God and the `day'.

Also alb. (*Jove-di, *jeudi) enjte `Thursday' similar to fr. jeudi `Thursday', ital. jovedi `Thursday'.

lat. Diēspiter (whereof Diālis `relating to Jupiter;'(flamen) dialis', the priest of Jupiter') with Akk. d(i̯)i̯ēm has changed after Nom. diēs, otherwise would prevail in the meaning `day', while to the name of `sky God' the ablaut grade *di̯ou̯- from *di̯eu- would be accomplished under the pressure of Vok. *di̯eu- (up to Diēspiter, also umbr. Di, Dei `[masc acc. sing.] god, [neut voc. sing.] god', contracted from diē-, so that Di(m) = *diēm); the old Nom. *diūs from *di̯ēus still standing in addition toVēdiovis, Vēiovis, Vē-diū̆s `old-röm. Underworld God';

in the meaning `day' lat. diēs see above (m.; as f. in the meaning `date, day month year (according to the calendar), period, time' presumably after nox), yet besides the older Nom. di̯ēus still in nu-diū̆s tertius `now is the 3. day', further diū `by day' (Lok. *di̯ēu̯ or *di̯ōu), `for a long time', `a long time ago' out of it `long'.

diminutive lat. diēcula `a little day, a short time', osk. [d]iíkúlús `days', zicolo m. `day';

Maybe alb. diel `sun', dielë `Sunday, (day of the sun)' are diminutive illyr. forms.

air. dīe, proclitic dīa `day' (from after the Akk. *dii̯ēm has changed *dii̯ēs), cymr. dydd, corn. deth, dyth, bret. deiz `day' (also); air. in-dīu `today', cymr. etc he-ddyw `today' (at first from *-dii̯ū, probably = lat. diū).

From the ablaut grade diu̯- in the meaning `day';

Old Indian dívā `during the day', divḗdivē `day by day' (divám Nom. otherwise `sky, heaven'), naktáṁdivam `night and day', sudivám `a nice day', sudivá-ḥ `having a nice day', arm. tiv `day', gr. ἔνδῑος `in the middle of the day (appearing)' (due to *ἐν διFί, compare ἐννύχιος); lat. dius, interdius `of the day, in the daytime, by day' (with lat. syncope from Gen. *diu̯ós); bi-, tri-duum (*diu̯om) `period of two, three days';

es-stem diu̯es- presumed from Old Indian divasáḫḥ `day', formal to dak. διεσεμα `common mullein, high taper', probably from *diu̯es_emā `luminous plant' (Detschev, Dak. Pflanzenn. 14 ff.); but gr. εὔδῐος (*εὔ-διFος) `clear, cheerful', older εὐδία `clear weather', to Old Indian su-divám (above); compare Sommer Nominalkomp. 73 ff.

*diu̯ios in Old Indian divyá-, diviá- `celestial', divyā́ni `the heavenly space', gr. δῖος (from *διFιος, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 472a) `divine, heavenly', lat. dīus `divine, god-like; hence fine, noble; also (apparently) out of doors, in the open air' (different from dīvus!), dīum `open space of heaven', sub dīo; Diāna deriving from *Diviāna, `the virgin goddess of the moon and hunting' *Diviā (ö); compare etr. Tiv `moon', tives `months', after Kretschmer Gl. 13, 111 f. from ital. *diviā, and orph. Πανδῖα `Selene (goddess of the moon)' from *παν-διFιᾰ `all kinds of illuminators'.

ablaut grade di̯u- in Old Indian dyu-mnám `splendor of the sky', dyu-mánt- `bright, light', verbal dyut- `gleam, shine' in dyṓtatē, Aor. ved. ádyaut `shines' (with t probably after śvit- `be bright'); compare also Old Church Slavic dъždь `rain', russ. dožd', ačech. dešč, etc, from *dusḫdi̯u- `bad weather', Trubetzkoj Z. sl. Ph. 4, 62 ff.

Note:

Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s- `to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root / lemma: dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā- : `to shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived slav. (*dus-diu-): Old Church Slavic: dъ žd ь `rain' [m jo] (see below).

o-stem déiu̯o-s `god, the divine':

Old Indian dēváḫḥ `god' (dēvī́ `goddess'), av. daēva- `demon';

lat. deus and dīvus, by of from the paradigm *deiu̯os (> deos), Gen. *deiu̯ī (> dīvī); osk.deívaí `goddess' (osk. deivinais = lat. dīvīnis; umbr. deueia `[fem. Acc. sing.] of a deity, goddess';

maybe alb. dif `giant'

osk. deiuatud `to swear an oath' = lett. dievâtiês `swear, vow'; lat. dīves `rich, wealthy; with abl. or genit., rich in', eigentl. `standing under the protection of the Gods', as slav. bogatъ, s. Schulze KZ. 45, 190);

gall. GN Dēvona, PN Dēvo-gnāta, air. dia, Gen. dē `god', acymr. duiu-(tit) `goddess, deity', mcymr. ncymr. duw, acorn. duy, bret. doué `god';

anord. tīvar Pl. `gods' (*deiu̯ōs) as well as anord. Tȳr (agerm. teiwaz) `the god of war', ags. Tīg, Gen. Tīwes `Mars', ahd. Zīo, Zio;

apreuß. deiw(a)s, lit. diẽvas `god' (deivė̃ `goddess, ghost' from *deiu̯i̯ā, diẽvo sūnẽliai `sons of the sky', finn. Lw. taiwas `sky, heaven'), lett. dìevs (verbal derivative lies before in lit. deivótis `say farewell', lett. dievâtiês see above), compare Trautmann 50, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 484, 485 f. Against it are Old Church Slavic divъ m. `wonder, miracle', divo, -ese n. ds. (-es-stem probably previously after čudo, -ese ds), divьnъ `wonderful', didn't derive from concept `god, deity', but (as θαῦμα from θεάομαι) position itself to klr. dyvl'ú, dyvýty sja `see, look, show', čech. dívam se `look, see, observe', which behaves to Old Indian dī́-de-ti `shines' in the meaning as e.g. mhd. blick `lustre, shine, lightning' and `look of the eyes', nhd. glönzen : slav. ględati `see, show'.

en-stem *deien- (thematic deino-, dino-) only in the meaning `day':

Note:

The extension en-stem *deien- (thematic deino-, dino-) is of Illyrian origin. The attribute nouns that derived from adjectives in illyr. alb. take -ta, -nta suffix which was then reduced to common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation. (see alb. numbers)

originally conservative still in Old Church Slavic dьnь, Gen. dьne `day'; Old Indian dína-m (esp. in compounds `day', lat. nundinae `the market-day held during every ninth day',

maybe alb. (*dína) dita `day' : Old Indian dína-m (esp. in compounds `day' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation]

air. denus `a period of time', trēdenus `three days' time, three days'; alb. gdhinj `make day' from *-diḫnḫi̯ō;

maybe alb. gëdhinj `the day breaks' is a compound of zero grade *ego `I' + dína `I make the day'.

zero grade lit. dienà, lett. dìena, Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan `day' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f., Būga Kalba ir. S. 227 f.); got. sinteins `daily, perpetual, everlasting'; perhaps here ahd. len(gi)zin `springtime' from *langat-tin as `having long days'.

Kretschmer leads back to gr. Tιν-δαρίδαι `sons of Zeus', etr. Tin, Tinia `Juppiter' of a pre-Greek Tin- `Diespiter (Zeus father)', respectively ital. *Dinus (idg. *din- `day, sky, heaven') (Gl. 13, 111; 14, 303 ff., 19, 207; s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 65); but the older form is Τυνδαρίδαι!

r-extension dēi-ro-, dī-ro- in:

germ. *tēra- (*dēi-ro-) and *tīra- (*dīro-) in ahd. zēri, ziari `precious, lovely, delightful, nice, superb, pretty, splendid, beautiful', ziarī `beauty, ornament, adornment', ziarōn `adorn, embellish', mnd. tēr `lustre, shine, fame, prospering; flourishing, good constitution', tēre and tīre `habit, kind and way', ags. as. tīr `honour, fame', anord. tīrr ds.; norw. dial. tīr `alertness, lookout, peering, light, lustre, shine', tīra `peek, sparkle, glitter';

in addition lit. dyrė́ti, dýroti `gawk, lurk', dairýtis, lett. daīrîtiês `stare about', Old Prussian endyrītwei (under likewise, see Būga Kalba ir. s. 227 f., Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f.) `watch, see' (but bulg. díŕъ `search, seek' absents, s. Berneker 201);

toch. A tiri `kind and way'.

About hitt. šiwat- `day', šiwanni- `god' (from *di̯ēu-ö), hierogl.-hitt. tina- `god', šijāri `appears' (*di̯ā-ö) s. Pedersen Hitt. 57, 175 f.

To Old Indian dī́vyati `plays, shows, throws dice' (supposedly `throws the eye') compare with other ablaut dyūtám `dice game', further dēvanam `the game, dice game', and above dyṓtate `shines', dyutiḥ `lustre, shine', dyumánt- `bright, light'. Whether here also av. ā-dīvyeinti `bestir oneself, strive for' as `whereupon it is split apart'ö compare Wackernagel, Berl. Sbb. 1918, 396 f.

The fact that our root as `vibrating light' originally one has been from deiǝ- `hurry, whirl', seems conceivable.

Note:

Alb. cognate (*tiwali) diel `sun' corresponds to Luvian: tiwali(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' and Hitt. ^dšiuš `(sun)god'.

Hitt. ^dšiuš `(sun)god', Luvian ^DŠiwata- `Sun-god' Attestations: [VSg] ^DŠi-wa-ta: KBo XXII 137 iii 8.

Commentary: Hittitized version of Luvian ^DTiwat-; tiwali(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' Attestations: [VSg] ti-wa-a-li-ya: 45 ii 18, ti-wa-li-ya: 48 ii 11; XV 35 i 21; KBo VIII 69,5.

Commentary: As per Starke, StBoT 31.147, iyo-adj. to Tiwat- with -l- for -d-. See also tiwari(ya)-.

Luvian: tiwari(ya)- `of the Sun-(god)' Attestations: [N-APlNt] ti-wa-ri-ya: KBo II 3 iii 40.

Commentary: As per Popko, KZ 97.228f, and Starke, StBoT 31.147, iyo-adj. to Tiwat- with -r- for -d-.

Luvian ^DTiwat- `Sun-god' Attestations: [N/VSg] ^(D)Ti-wa-az: 68,16; 91,8, ^DUTU-wa-az: 107 iii 8; KBo XXIX 25 ii 6*, ^DUTU-wa-za: 78,9; 48 ii 19; 107 ii 12, ^DUTU-az: 127,9(ö); 133 ii 13; IX 31 ii 30; KBo XXIX 40,6; HT 1 ii 6, ^DUTU-za: 45 ii 25.26; 74,9, [VSg] ti-wa-ta(ö): 19,12(bis); XXXII 70,6(ö), ti-u-wa-ta(ö): KBo VII 68 iii 3, [ASg] ^DUTU-an: KBo IX 143 iii(!) 10, [DSg] ^DUTU-ti-i: 107 iii 10, ^DUTU-ti: 36,6; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7, [GenAdj] [NSgC] ^DTi-wa-d[a-aš-ši-iš]: 108,5, [DSg] ^DUTU-ša-an-za-a[n]: 90,7 (sic!).

Commentary: On the last example see Melchert, Gs Carter. Cf. also 107 iii 11 and XXXII 13,11*. The assignment of the tiwata forms here is tentative. Cf. the solution of Starke, StBoT 31.149!

Note:

The sky god originated in Anatolia where he had three eyes which signified the sun, the moon and Jupiter. Ancient people didn't make a clear distinction between the brightest planets and the sun. Actually the moon was a sun goddess. Her gender was determined by moon cycles identical with women's menstrual cycles. The oldest cognates for the sky god are found in Anatolian languages and Albanian. Those tongues make no distinction between Jupiter and the sun. Ancient Indo Europeans believed that there were several suns not just one. As the brightest celestial body at night sky, Jupiter was identified as the aspect of the sun at night - or just another sun. Because of their extreme luster Jupiter and often Mars were all considered minor sun gods. This is the reason why the brightest planet became known in illyr. Δει - πάτυρος `father god'. Probably Anatolian languages borrowed the sun god cognate from Sumerian Utu `sun god'.

References: WP. I 772 f., WH. I 345 f., 347, 349 f., 355, 357 f., 727, 732, 860, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 576 f.

Page(s): 183-187

Root / lemma: dei̯ǝ-2 (di̯ā-, di̯ǝ-, dī-)

English meaning: to swing, move

German meaning: `sich schwingen, herumwirbeln (balt. and partly griech.); eilen, nacheilen, streben'

Material: Old Indian dī́yati `flies, hovers'; gr. δῖνος m. `whirl, whirlpool; round vessel, round threshing floor', δί̄νη (Hom.), öol. δίννα (compare Διννομένης, Hoffmann Gr. D. II 484) `whirl, whirlpool',

δινέω, δῑνεύω, öol. δίννημι `spin in whirl or circle, swing, brandish'; intr. `turn me by dancing in circles'; pass. `roam around, reel around, roll (the eyes) whirl (from river), spin dancing around', δί̄νω öol. δίννω `thresh'; hom. δίω `flee', δίομαι `chase away' (with ostentatious distribution the intr. and tr. meaning in active and Medium), hom. δίενται `to hurry', δίεσθαι `flee', ἐνδίεσαν `rush', διερός (πούς) `fleeting' (after ἵετε, ἵεται: ἵενται to thematic δίεται analogical δίενται instead of *δίονται neologismö),

διώκω `pursue' (contaminated from Fιώκω and δίεμαι, Meillet MSL. 23, 50 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 702); hom. δίζημαι (Fut. hom. διζήσομαι) `strive for, be troubled about, search, seek', nachhom. also `investigate' (*δι-δι̯ᾱ-μαι), next to which due to *διᾱ-το- att. ζητέω `strive for, let me be concerned with'; here with originally *di̯ǝ- : ζάλη `storm, violent movement, particularly of the sea', ζάλος `whirlpool, violent movement of water'ö

compare about gr. words containing the ζ Schwyzer Gr. Or. I 330, 833.

Air. dīan `quick, fast', dēne `quickness'; lett. deju, diêt `dance', dìedelêt `go idly'. About lit. dainà `folk song' (to dejà `lamentationö') compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 with Lit.

Quite doubtful cymr. dig `mad, wicked, evil', russ. díkij `wild', lit. dỹkas `minxish, wanton, bratty, unengaged, leisured, unemployed, idle, lazy', lett. dīks `free of work', Old Church Slavic divьjь `wild' (Berneker 203 f., Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 478, Trautmann 54).

Not here gr. δόναξ `reed' (new ion. δοῦναξ and occasional dor. δῶναξ metr. lengtheningö Schulze Qunder ep. 205, Boisacq 196), δονέω `shake', ἁλίδονος `rove about in the sea' and lett. duonis, duõńi `reed, bulrushes'.

References: WP. I 774 ff.

Page(s): 187

Root / lemma: dek̂-1

English meaning: to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom

German meaning: `nehmen, aufnehmen', daher `begrößen, Ehre erweisen'. Aus the meaning `annehmen, gern aufnehmen' fließt die meaning `gut passend, geeignet, sich schicken, ziemen, es jemandem recht machen; as unannehmbar darstellen, etwas einem gut shining, seeming machen, lehren, lernen'

Material: Old Indian daśasyáti `proves honour, venerates a god, is gracious' (Denomin. of *daśas- = lat. decus), daśā́ f. `state, status, fate, destiny'; av. dasǝm n. `property, belongings piece'; Old Indian Desiderat. dīkšatē `is consecrated', dīkšā́ `consecration' (*di-dk̂-s- with secondary ī), dákšati `is proficient, makes it right, is compliant', dákša-ḥ `proficient, skilful' (but av. daxš- `instruct, teach, instruct', npers. daxš `business, toil' stay away because of the Gutturals), lengthened grade Old Indian dāśnṓti, dā́šṭi, dā́śati `offer a sacrifice, give, proves honour, grants', dāśvás- `honoring the Gods, godly, pious'; av. dāšta- `receive, obtains, attains' (participle);

after Frisk Etyma Armen. 25 f. here arm. ǝncay `gift' from *ǝnd-tisāti- (urarm. -tis- from *dēk̂-); whether tesanem `I behold'ö (compare under δοκεύω); different Meillet Esquisse 135;

gr. (ion. öol. kret.) δέκομαι `take in, accept', att. δέχομαι, athemat. hom. 3. Pl. δέχαται (χ after *δέχθω, Infin. δέχθαι), Aor. δέκτο, participle δέγμενος, compare προτίδεγμαι προσδέχομαι Hes. (γμ instead of κμ); κ is preserved in δοκός `[absorption] beam', δοκάν θήκην Hes. (out of it lat. doga `a sort of vessel (perhaps a measure)'), δοκάναι αἱ στάλικες Hes., δεζάζω `to captivate, fascinate, be impressive', δωρο-δόκος `the take of presents', δεξαμενή (participle Aor.) `water container, water carrier', ἀρι-δείκετος `distinguished' (ει metr. lengthening); nasal present *δεικνvμαι (: Old Indian dāśnṓti) in participle δεικνύμενος `rendering homage, honoring, greeting', to δεικανόωντο `to greet'; intensive δειδέχαται ds., δει-δίσκομαι `greet' (for *δη-δέ(κ)-σκομαι after the present auf -ίσκω); δει- could be read δη- (idg. ē), δεικν- also δεκν-, and δεικα- could be metr. lengthening for δεκα- (Schwyzer Gr Gr. I 648, 697); causative δοκέω (= lat. doceō `to teach, instruct (with acc. of person or thing); with clause, to inform that or how;'docere fabulam', to teach a play to the actors, to bring out, exhibit', δοκεῖ μοι `it seems to me' (`is suitable to me'); δόξα f. `opinion, fame' (*δοκ-σα), δόγμα n. `decision', δόκιμος `respectable, approved'; δοκεύω `to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think, suppose, imagine, expect', προσ-δοκάω `anticipate, expect'; about διδάσκω see under dens-1.

Maybe alb. geg. doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', (*deuk-) dukem `appear, seem'.

Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma: tong-1 (*teng-) : `to think, feel'.

alb. ndieh `to feel' (*dek̂-skō-ö); ndesh `find, encounter' probably slav. Lw.ö S. under dēs-;

lat. decet, -ēre `it is proper, it is fitting (physically or morally)', decus, -oris n. `distinction, honor, glory, grace; moral dignity, virtue; of persons, pride, glory', dignus `worthy, deserving; esp. of persons, usually with abl. or genit. of things, worth having, deserved, suitable, fitting' (from *dec-nos, eigentl. `adorned with'); umbr. tic̨it decet `(see in addition EM. 257); causative doceō, -ēre `instruct' (`lets accept something'); discō, -ere, didīci `to learn, get to know;'discere fidibus', to learn to play on the lyre; in gen., to receive information, find out; to become acquainted with, learn to recognize' (from *di-elk̂-skō);

air. dech `the best' (= lat. decus); also in PN Echuid (*ek̂voḫdek̂ḫs), Gen. Echdach, Luguid, Gen. Luigdech (urir. Lugu-deccas with cc = k), whether does not stand for e for older i; then to deik̂- `point', in the meaning `order'.

Perhaps here germ. *tehḫu̯ōn in ags. teohhian, tiohhian `mean, decide, define, ordain, determine', teohh, tiohh `troop, multitude, crowd, group of people', tēon (*tehōn) `decide, define, ordain, determine', ahd. gizehōn `bring in order', mhd. zeche `alignment, guild, brotherhood, colliery, association', nhd. Zeche, mhd. zesem (*teksma-) `uninterrupted row', wherefore perhaps with lengthened grade (*tēʒ-u̯ō) got. tēwa `order', gatēwjan `dispose'; s. above also under deu̯ā- `move spatially forward'.

Doubtful Old Church Slavic dešǫ, desiti `find', skr. dȅsîm dèsiti `meet', refl. `meet somebody', čech. po-desiti and u-desiti `catch up, catch'; changing through ablaut russ.-Church Slavic dositi `find, meet'; s. also under dēs-.

Toch. A tök- `adjudicate, decide, determine'; dubious A tāskmāṃ (*tākskḫmāṃ) `similar', Van Windekens Lexique 137; Pisani Rč. R. 1st. Lomb. 76, 2, 30.

For es-stem Old Indian daśas(yáti), lat. decus the words stand for `right' (Specht KZ. 62, 218).

dek̂s- with variant suffixes:

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

Old Indian dákṣiṇa-, dakṣiṇá- `on the right, to the south, skilful', av. dašina- `right', lit. dẽšinas ds., dešinė̃ `the right hand', Old Church Slavic desnъ `right'; gr. δεξιτερός = lat. dexter, -tra, -trum (compounds dexterior, Superl. dextimus), osk. destrst (abbreviated from *destrust) `it is on the right', umbr. destrame `on the right side'; gr. δεξιός `right, heralding luck, skilful, adroit' (from δεξι- with formants -Fo-, compare gall. Dexsiva dea); (the suffix -u̯o- probably after *laiḫu̯os, skaiḫu̯os `links') air. dess `on the right, to the south', cymr. deheu (*deksovo-) ds., got. taíhswa, ahd. zeso `right', got. taíhswō- ahd. zes(a)wa `the right hand'; alb. djathtë `right' (that from G. Meyer identical with it Church Slavic destъ is probably corruption for desnъ, s. Berneker 187).

Note:

The etymology of G. Meyer seems erroneous because of the common alb. -k̂- > -th- phonetic mutation similar as lat. dexter, -tra, -trum is a suffixed form of old PIE Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take'. The -ter,-tra suffix has been attested in av. illyr. alb. and lat. Hence before -tra, -ter suffix the -k- becomes usually -ks- in all the above mentioned languages. Hence alb. (*dek̂-) djath-të `right' evolved from the common alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation like in alb. (mag-) math `big' while -të is the common alb. suffix as in alb. maj-të `left' from lat. male `badly, ill, wrongly, wickedly, unfortunately, extremely'.

References: WP. I 782 f., WH. I 330 f., 346 f,, Trautmann 53, 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648, 678, 684, 697, Wistrand Instrumentalis 14 ff.

Page(s): 189-191

Root / lemma: dek̂-2 (: dok̂-, dēk̂-)

English meaning: to tear

German meaning: `reißen, zerreißen, zerfassern'

Material: Old Indian daśā `protruding sheet filaments at the end of fabric, fringes'; ir. dūal `lock, curl of hair'(*dok̂lo-); got. tagl n. `single hair', anord. tagl n. `the hair in the horse's tail', ags. tægl (engl. tail) m. `tail', ahd. zagel `tail, sting, prick, male member, rod';

got. tahjan `rend, pull, tear, tug', distahjan `scatter', isl. tæeja, tāa `teasels', norw. dial. tæja (*tahjan) and taa (*tahōn) `fray, tear';

anord. tāg, Pl. tǣger and tāgar f. `fibre, filament', mhd. zāch, zāhe f. `wick, slow match (wick)'; in other meaning (`tugging - lugging, pulling out') norw. mdartl. taag `slow and enduring',

maybe alb. tegel `sewing'

mnd. tēge, ostfries. tāge `stringy, tenacious' and ahd. zag `hesitating, undecided, shy, timid' wherefore zagēn `be desperate and undecided';

perhaps here as `from which one tears himself' or `ragged, rimose piece', mhd. zacke m. f., nhd. Zacke, mengl. takke `fibula, clasp, a large nail', engl. tack `peg, small nail', with other final sound tagg, tagge m. `jutting cusp, peak, prong, spike'; or belongs Zacke to lett. dęgums `nose, shoe point'ö

Maybe alb. takë `shoe heel (spikeö)'

perhaps here as `in which one tears himself' or `ragged, cracked piece', mhd. zacke m. f., nhd. Zacke, mengl. takke `fibula', engl. tack `pencil, small nail', with other final sound tagg, tagge m. `excellent point, point'; or Zacke to lett. dęgums hear `nose, shoe point'ö

References: WP. I 785.

See also: see also under denk̂-.

Page(s): 191

Root / lemma: dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥-t, dek̂u- (*du̯e-k̂m̥-t)

English meaning: ten

German meaning: `zehn'

Note:

Root / lemma: dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥-t, dek̂u- (*du̯e-k̂m̥-t): `ten' is an extended Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) (*du̯ei-): `two'. The subsequent roots *u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī : `twenty' and k̂m̥tóm `hundred' are mutated forms of the root *du̯e-k̂m̥-t : `ten'. They both reflect the common illyr.- balt d- > zero phonetic mutation.

Material: Old Indian dáśa, av. dasa; arm. tasn (after Meillet Esquisse 42 from *d_ek̂-, as russ. (tri)dcatь `30' from (tri-)dьseti), gr. δέκα, lat. decem (dēnī `per ten' from *dekḫnoi; PN Decius = osk. Dekis, Gen. Dekkieis), osk. deketasiúí, Nom. Pl. degetasiús `manager of the tithes' (*deken-tāsio-),

umbr. desen-(duf) `twelve', air. deich, cymr. deg, corn. bret. dek, got. taíhun (-n as in sibun, niun), an. tiu, ags. tien, tyn, as. tehan, ahd. zehan (a probably from den compounds, Brugmann II 2, 18),

toch. A śök, B śak; finn. deksan `10' is after Jokl Pr. ling. Baudouin de Courtenay 104 borrows from Idg.).

In the substantive number dek̂m̥-t(i), eigentl. `decade', go back:

Old Indian daśat-, daśati- f. `decade', alb. djetë, gr. δεκάς, -άδος (to α s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 498, 597), got. táihun-tēhund `hundred' (actually `ten decades'), anord. tiund f. ds., apreuß. dessīmpts `ten', lit. dẽšimt, old dẽšimtis, lett. old desimt, metath. desmit, old desmits (compare desmite m. f. `ten'); Old Church Slavic desętь (conservative stem in -t, Meillet Slave comm.² 428);

dek̂u- probably in lat. decuria `a body of ten men; a class, division, esp. of jurors; a party, club' (out of it borrows nhd. Decher ö.. `ten pieces'; late lat. *teguria is assumed through schweiz. Ziger `ten pounds of milk'; probably identical with mhd. ziger `curd') = umbr. dequrier, tekuries `decuries, feast of decuries'; compare osk.-umbr. dekvia- in osk. (vía) Dekkviarim `(a way) appropriate to a decury', umbr. tekvias `a way to a decury'; in addition probably germ. *tigu- `decade' in got. fidwor-tigjus `40', aisl. fjōrer-tiger, ags. fēower-tig, ahd. fiorḫzug ds. Older explanations by WH. I 327 f. and Feist 150. see also under under centuria under Kluge¹¹ under Decher.

Maybe alb. tek `odd number'

Changing through ablaut (d)k̂m̥t- (Dual), (d)k̂ō̆mt- (Plur.) in figures of ten (only formations up to 50 are provable as idg.), e.g. Old Indian triṃśát `30', av. ϑrisąs, arm. ere-sun, gr. τριά̄κοντα (from *-κωντα; further details by Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 592), lat. tri-gintā (with unexplained g), gallo-lat. Abl. Pl. TRICONTIS, air. trīcho (with ī after trī `3'), bret. tregont (*triḫk̂omtḫes), acymr. trimuceint (in the ending after uceint `20'); s. also under u̯ī̆-k̂m̥tī̆ `20'.

ordinals dek_̂emo-s and dek̂m̥-to-s:

dek_̂emo-s in Old Indian daśamá-ḥ, av. dasǝma-, osset. dösöm; lat. decimus, therefrom decumānus `of the tenth.(1) relating to the provincial tax of a tenth; m. as subst. the farmer of such a tax. (2) belonging to the tenth legion; m. pl. as subst. its members. (3) belonging to the tenth cohort', later `considerable', osk. Dekm-anniúís `*Decumaniis `, compare also EN Decumius, out of it entl. etr. tecumnal, latinized back Decumenus; gall. decametos, air. dechmad, mcymr. decvet, corn. degves.

dek̂m̥-to-s in gr. δέκατος (see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 595); got. taíhunda, anord. tīunda, ahd. zehanto, zehendo, ags. teogeða; apreuß. dessīmts, lit. dešim̃tas, lett. desmitais, older desimtaiš; Old Church Slavic desętь; toch. A śkönt, B śkante, śkañce (linguistic singles arm. tasn-erord, alb. i-dhjetë);

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indian saptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑ a-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða, lit. septiñtas; also Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language alone.

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare lat. octuāgintā `80'].

Alb. tosk. nanta, geg. nanda `nine' derived from Lycian ñuñtãta `nine'.

Alb. gjashta (sek̂s-ta) `six' [common alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation] : Old Indian ṣáṭ `six', ṣaṣṭhá- `sixth' was initially an ordinal number.

Hence alb. die-ta `ten' derived from a proto Romance cognate *die + common alb. -ta suffix used in attribute nouns; similarly in: Portuguese dez, Galician dez, Spanish diez, Ladino dies, Asturian diez, Aragonese diez, Auvergnat dié, Limosin die, Rumantsch Grischun diesch, Sursilvan diesch, Vallader desch, Ladin díesc, Italian dieci, Venetian diese etc.

Here k̂m̥tóm `hundred' from *(d)km̥tóm `(ten) dekades':

Old Indian śatám, av. satǝm (out of it finn. sata, krimgot. sada);

gr. ἑκατόν, ark. ἑκοτόν (from dissimil. *sém k̂m̥tom `a hundred'ö compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 592 f.), abbreviated *κατον in *τετρά-κατον etc (in τετρακάτιοι τετρακόσιοι, 400', `four hundred');

Note:

Gr. ἑκατόν (*hekaton) < *(d)km̥tóm `(ten) dekades' is crucial to crucial for tracing the cause of old laryngeal ḫ appearance in IE. Hence laryngeals were created after the loss of initlal d- in IE. Gr. and Anatolian tongues reflect the common illyr.- balt d- > zero phonetic mutation.

lat. centum (in addition ducentum, ducentī `200', compare Old Indian dvi-śatam from *du̯i-k̂mtóm; trecentī `300', quadringentī `400', etc; centēsimus `the hundredth' after vīcēsimus, trīcēsimus from*u̯ei-, *trī-k̂m̥t-t_emo-s);

air. cēt, cymr. cant, bret. kant, corn. cans;

got. as. ags. hund, ahd. hund `100' (in compounds from 200), but an. hund-rað (to got. raÞian `count') `120 pieces (10 dozens)' (`120'), out of it ags. hundred; mhd. nhd. hundert from as. hunderod;

lit. šim̃tas, lett. sìmts;

Old Church Slavic etc sъto is barely iran. Lw. (Meillet Slave commun.² 63);

toch. A könt, B könte.

Alb. geg. dö, tosk. di `two' hence alb. (*hönt) alb. një-qind `one- hundred' [common alb. ö > i phonetic mutation], hence alb. displays centum characteristics while rum. sută `a hundred' displays the satem nature of rum.

In addition a r-derivative in lat. centuria f. `a division of 100; a company of soldiers; a century, a part of the Roman people, as divided by Servius Tullius' (as decuria), an. hundari, ahd. huntari n. `a division of 100, administrative district', abg. sъtorica ds., lit. šimteriópas `characterized by a hundred', šimtér-gis `hundred-year-old'.

References: WP. I 785 f., WH. I 200 f., 327 ff., 859, Feist 150, 471 f., Trautmann 53, 305.

Page(s): 191-192

Root / lemma: del-1

English meaning: to put by; to count, tell

German meaning: `zielen, berechnen, nachstellen', also `listig schödigen' and `zöhlen, erzöhlen'

Material: Perhaps arm. toɫ `line, row', toɫem `line up';

gr. δόλος `artifice, bait', δολόω `outwit, circumvent', δόλων `small dagger of the assassinator' (about δόλων `sprit' see under del-3);

from Gr. have been borrowed lat. dolus `a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap artifice, deception', dolō `a pike, sword-stick, a small foresail', osk. Akk. dolom, Abl. dolud `a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap';

maybe alb. (*tāl) tall `tease, trick': anord. tāl f. `deceit, guilefulness'.

anord. tal n. `bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation, number, speech' (ags. tǣl n. `calculation, row', gital `number'), therefrom an. telja `recount, narrate, relate', ags. tellan, ahd. zellen (Fem. anord. tola `speech, number, bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation'), ags. talu `narration, row', ahd. zala `number, report, account' (therefrom an. tala `talk', ags. talian `reckon, consider, think, tell', ahd. zalōn `calculate, count, pay'); g-extension in engl. talk `talk'; from s-stem *talaz- n.: got. talzian `instruct', unḫtals `indocile, disobedient', in addition ags. getǣl `rash, hasty, quick, fast', as. gital ahd. gizal `quick, fast'; with the in dolus `a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap' present coloring of meaning lengthened grade anord. tāl f. `deceit, guilefulness', ags. tǣl f. `reprimand, slander, derision', ahd. zāla `pestering, temptation; snare, danger', zālōn `tear away, rob'; zero grade ags. tyllan `allure, entice' (*dl̥n-).

Original resemblance with del- `split' is doubtful; perhaps from the hatchet being aimed at the wood to be split or from the technique of runes (number marks as incision)ö

About *dil- in got. ga-tils `fitting', etc, see under ad-2; probably barely from of an additional form *daiḫl- here. An association with *del- Persson attempted root extension 115, Pedersen KZ. 39, 372, while they, deriving from dā-, dāi- `divide', *deḫl- and *daiḫl-, dī̆-l- grasped as parallel extensions.

References: WP. I 808 f.

Page(s): 193

Root / lemma: del-2

English meaning: to shake

German meaning: `wackeln, schwanken'

Material: Old Indian dulā́ f. `the wavering', with secondary lengthened grade ō: dōlayatē `swings, sways', -ti `swings, whirls up', dōlita- `fluctuating, moves by oscillating'; lit. del̃sti `tarry, hesitate', dulinė́ti `amble, bum';

with d-extension doubtful (ö) Old Indian duḍi- f. `a small turtle, tortoise' (`waddling'), rather ags.tealt `doubtful, uncertain, wavering', tealt(r)ian `waver, wobble, sway, be doubtful, uncertain', engl. tilt `incline', mndl. touteren `waver, wobble, sway, swing', norw. mdartl. tylta `tread quietly, like on toes', schwed. tulta `walk with small, insecure steps, like children';

with t-extension ahd. zeltāri, mhd. zelter, md. zelder `pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting', nhd. Zelter, anord. tjaldari ds. (influence of lat. tolūtārius `pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting'; compare isl. tölta `march in step, match in tempo' from *talutōn; the relationship to that mentioned by Plinius span. words thieldones `pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting' is unclear), anord. tjaldr `Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian oystercatcher' (`the trudger'); but rather with -ll- from -ln- anord. tolla `hang loose', tyllast `toddle, walk on tiptoe; trip'. compare Falk-Torp under kjeld, tulle.

Maybe alb. tul `boneless meat, pulp, leg meat (also meat hanging lose)'

References: WP. I. 809.

Page(s): 193-194

Root / lemma: del-3 (dol-), delǝ-

English meaning: to split, divide

German meaning: `spalten, schnitzen, kunstvoll behauen'

Material: Old Indian dā̆láyati `splits, makes break, crack', dálati `cracks' (meaning influenced by phálati `broken in two', Göntert Reimw. 48), dalitá-ḥ `split, pull apart, blossomed, flourished',

dalaḫm n. `deal, portion, piece, half, leaf', dalíḫḥ f. `clod of earth'; but Prakr. ḍālā, -ī `bough', probably also daṇḍá-ḥ, -m `stick, bludgeon, beating, punishment' are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 65, 75 not idg.;

arm. probably taɫ `imprinting, impression, mark, token, sign, stave', taɫem `stamps, brands' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 27; *d_el-);

gr. δαίδαλος, δαιδάλεος `wrought artificially', Intens. δαι-δάλλω `work skillfully, decorate' (dissimil. from *δαλ-δαλ-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 647); δέλτος (changing through ablaut kypr. δάλτος) `(*writing board) a writing-tablet' (`wood fissure, smoothly slammed wood board', s. Boisacq 174 m. Lit. and to meaning esp. Schulze KZ. 45, 235; compare to the form under nhd. tent); perhaps here δόλων `sprit, small sail' (out of it lat. dolō m. `a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail'); quite doubtful whereas δαν-δαλ-ίς, δενδαλίς `cakes of the flour of roasted barley' δεν-δαλ-ίδες ἱεραὶ κριθαί as `crushed, coarsely ground' (= `*split'öö Prellwitz² 104 between); lengthened grade δηλέομαι `destroy, smash, damage' (not to lat. dēleō `to blot out, efface; in gen., to destroy, annihilate'); reduced grade ion. πανδάλητος `annihilated', φρενο-δαλής `disturbed senses' Aisch.; el. κα-δαλήμενοι with el. ᾱ from η (see Boisacq 182; against it Wackernagel Gl. 14, 51); with the meaning change `(the heartö) tear, maltreat, cause pain' gr. δάλλει κακουργεῖ Hes. (*d_eli̯ō), δαλῇ κακουργῇ (δαλήσασθαι λυμήνασθαι. ἀδικῆσαι, δάλαν λύμην); compare also lett. dēlīt `torment, smite, agonize' and lat. doleō `to suffer pain, physical or mental, to be pained, to grieve; of things, to cause pain', dolor `pain, physical or mental; esp. disappointment, resentment. Transf., cause of sorrow; rhet., pathos';

alb. dalloj `separate, distinguish, divide', djal `kid, child, offspring (*offshoot)' (*delno-; compare mir. del `rod');

lat. dolō, -āre `to hew with an axe, to work roughly', dolābra `a pick-axe, mattock, hoe', lengthened grade dōlium `a wine-jar, cask, barrel, vat' (as proto slav.*dьly `barrel, vat, cask' see under); doleō, dolor see above (but dēleō is because of Perf. dēlēvi probably new formation from dēḫlēvi `has erased, effaced, obliterated, blotted out');

air. delb f. `shape, form', acymr. delu, ncymr. delw `image, figure, effigy', corn. del, as with causative ablaut air. dolb(a)id `shaped', doilbthid `a worker in clay, potter' (to kelt. *delu̯ā, *dolu̯-, compare ū-stem slav. dьly); perhaps air. fo-dālim `discern, separate, exclude' (etc, s. Pedersen KG.II 502 f.), acorn. didaul `having no part in, not sharing in; wanting in, destitute of' (compare Old Indian and balt.-slav, words for `deal, portion'), perhaps air. fo-dālim `discerno, sejungo' (etc., see Pedersen KG.II 502 f.), acorn. didaul `expers' (compare Old Indian and balt.-slav, words for `part'), cymr. gwa-ddol `a portion or dowry' as o-forms besides δηλέομαι (just as well but as *dāḫl- correlate to *dā(i)- `divide'); probably mir. del `staff, rod' (as `split piece wood'), corn. dele `antenna' (or to θάλλω idg. *dhā̆l-, whose certain attachments indeed point only a-vocalismö; with meaning- transfer alb. djalë `kid, child, youth, youngling' ö see below dhā̆l-);

mnd. tol, tolle `point of twig, branch', holl. tol `spinning top' (`*peg, plug'), mhd. zol(l) m., zolle f. `cylindric bit of wood, clot, chunk, block, toggle', zol as measurement of length `inch', īs-zolle `icicle', anorw. horntylla `yoke, wood piece connecting the horns of two oxen going in the bottom plate' (*dl̥-n-); but mhd. zulle, zölle, nhd. Zölle `riverboat, barge' is probably in spite of Persson Beitr. 174 not genuine germ., but Lw. from dem Slav., s. Kluge¹¹ under Zölle `riverboat, barge'; other formations holl. tolk `stick, rod, chopstick', schwed. tolk `wedge', mhd. zolch `clot, chunk, block, (*blockhead), lubber' (whether anord. tālkn n. `gill of fish' as `the split'ö Falk-Torp under tōkn); with -d ndd. talter `rag, scrap, shred' (Holthausen Afneuere Spr. 121, 292);

with t-suffix germ. *telda- `*stretched tent pole' (: gr. δέλτος) in anord. tiald `curtain, cover, rug, tent', ags. teld n. `tent', ahd. nhd. zelt, actually `stretched cover'; in addition ahd. zelto, nhd. Zelten, Zeltkuchen; or better as `shredded, ground' (see above δενδαλίς) to toch. B tselt-, tsālt- `chew'; from Germ. Lidén aaO. still ranks aschwed. tialdra, tiældra `cairn' in (*telḫÞrōn- or -ðrōn `*shaft, pole, peg, plug as as a boundary marker'ö);

lit. dylù, dìlti (delù, dil̃ti), lett. dęlu, dilstu, dil̃t `wear out, polish' (from `*to plane'), dèlît `wear out, torment, smite'; lit. pùs-dylis (mė́nuo) `moon in the last quarter', delčià `decreasing moon', causative lett. dèldêt `wear out, liquidate, rub off, destroy', diluot `skive, abrade, polish';

out of it derived the concept of smoothness justified probably the transference there of lit. délna (by Juszkiewicz also dáɫna), lett. del̃na `inner flat hand', Old Church Slavic dlanь `palm', russ. old dolonь, nowadays reconverted ladónь `palm; flat place on the threshing floor, threshing floor' (Berneker 208, Trautmann 51, different Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 454);

lit. dalìs, ostlit. dalià `deal, portion, inheritance; alms' (= Old Indian dalí-ḥ `clod of earth'), dalijù, dalýti `divide', lett. dal `a `deal, portion, lot', dalît `divide', Old Prussian dellieis `divide, share!', dellīks `deal, portion' (e from a, Trautmann Old Prussian 100), russ. (etc) dólja `deal, portion, lot' (in addition Old Church Slavic odolěti `defeat, conquer' = `*have, obtain the best part', Berneker 206). compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 435.

Doubtful Old Church Slavic dělъ `deal, portion': either as *dēlo-s here, or rather with idg. ai as *dai-lo- to root dā(i)- `divide'; about got. dails, nhd. Teil see above under dā-, dāi-.

Proto slav. ū-stem *dьly, Gen. *dъlъve (: air. delb from *delu̯ā) in russ.-Church Slavic delvi (*dъlъvi) Lok. Sg., N. Pl. `barrel, vat, cask', mbulg. dьli (*dьly), Lok. Sg. dьlьvi `barrel, vat, cask', nbulg. delva (*dьlъva) `big clay vessel with two handles';

toch. A tālo, B tallāwo `unlucky', Van Windekens Lexique 136 (ö); rather B tsalt-, tsālt- `chew', Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 18 f.

extension del-gh-, dl-egh-; dolgho- etc `sickle, blade'.

Indo-iran. *dargha- (dolgho-) is assumed through mordvin. Lw. tarvas `sickle'; compare pamirdial. lǝrégūś ds.;

air. dlongid `he splits', dluige (*dlogi̯o-) `the fissured', mir. dluigim `split';

anord. telgja `hew, cut out', talga `the cutting, carving', talgo-knīfr `slice knife', also anord. tjalga `thin twig, branch, long arm', ags. telga m. `twig, branch, bough', telgor m. f., telgra m. `twig, branch, scion', mhd. zelge, zelch `bough, twig, branch', ahd. zuelga `twig, branch' (whose zw- probably previously is taken over from zwig);

about lit. dal̃gis, Gen. -io m., lett. dalgs, Old Prussian doalgis `scythe' see under dhelg-;

dolghā in serb. dlaga `board for the splint of broken bones', poln. mdartl. dɫožka `flooring from planks', čech. dláha (dlaha) `board, splint, base of the ground', dlážiti (dlažiti), dlážditi `pave, hit the screed' (Berneker 207).

As for *del- `whereupon it is split apart' is also for that with it perhaps originally resemble*del- `split' given the possibility, that dḫel- is an extension from dā[i]- `divide, share'.

References: WP. I 809 ff., WH. 364 ff., Lidén KZ. 56, 216 ff., Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 18 f.

Page(s): 194-196

Root / lemma: del-4

English meaning: to rain

German meaning: `tröpfeln'

Material: Arm. teɫ `heavy rain', teɫam, -em, -um `to rain, shower, sprinkle, irrigate', tiɫm (*teɫimö), Gen. tɫmoi;

mir. delt m. `dew'; also FlN; bret. delt `humid, wet, moist';

germ. *dol-kó- or *dol-gho- in dan. schwed. norw. talg `tallow, suet', ags. *tealg, mengl. talgh, engl. tallow, nnl. talk, nhd. Talg (from Ndd.); ablaut. anord. tolgr (*tl̥-kó-) ds.

Note:

mir. delt m. `dew'; bret. delt `humid, wet, moist' display alb.-illyr -k > -th, -t subsequent phonetic mutations.

References: Petersson Heterokl. 198 f., different Kluge¹¹ under `tallow, suet'.

Page(s): 196

Root / lemma: del-5

English meaning: long

German meaning: `lang', verbal `in die Lönge ziehen'

Note: to put away more confidently only for Slav., but probably the basis for the widespread extension delēgh- and (d)longho- (see finally Persson Beitr. 889, 903 Anm. 1)

Material: Perhaps here anord. talma `hinder', mnd. talmen `loiter, be slow in talking and at work, stupid talk', norw. mdartl. tøla `hesitate, wait, hold on', tøle `rogue, fool' (Persson Beitr. 889);

Old Church Slavic pro-dьliti `μηκῦναι', russ. dlitь `protract, hesitate', dliná f. `length', čech. dle f. `length', dlíti `hesitate', etc (Berneker 252); perhaps vъ dalję `far, aloof' (Meillet MSL.14, 373; Berneker 177 besides other supplements).

delēgh-, dḹghó-:

zero grade Old Indian dīrghá- = av. darǝga-, darǝɣa-, Old pers. darga- `long', zero grade compounds Superl. drā́ghīyas-, drā́ghiṣṭha- `longer, for a long time', av. drājyō Adv. `further', drājištǝm Adv. `longest', npers. dirāz (actually comparative) `long', Old Indian drāghimán-, drāghmán- m. `length, duration', av. drājō n. `stretch, length';

gr. ἐνδελεχής `continuous, persistent, enduring' (`*drag out'), ἐνδελεχέω `continue', δολιχός `long' (to i s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 278, different Specht Dekl. 126), δόλιχος `the long racecourse';

about alb. glatë etc see under;

Note:

Clearly alb. (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë `long' derived from hitt. da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length': Old Church Slavic dlъ gota `length' (= Old Indian dīrghatā): proto slav.. *dlgostь, poln. dɫugość etc ds.

Alb. and balt. forms agree in dropping the initial d- > zero, which means that balt. cognates originated from proto illyr.:

Alb. (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë `long, tall, high': lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; alb. is the only IE lang. where (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë `long' means also `tall, high' hence the name Alba Longa capital of Etruscan settlers is an alb. concept of building fortresses on hilltops of future Rome.

lat. presumably indulgeō `to be forbearing, patient, indulgent; to give oneself up to, indulge in; grant, allow, concede' (: ἐνδελεχής, basic meaning then `be patient to somebody compared with, hold on patiently') from *en-dolgh-ei̯ō.

cymr. dal, dala, daly `hold, stop', bret. dalc'h `possession', derc'hel `hold, stop' (r diss. from l, compare participle dalc'het) presumably with ders. meaning-development as nhd. `after which last' to `long' (basic form*d_el(ǝ)gh-; Zupitza BB. 25, 90 f., Pedersen KG. I 52, 106);

maybe nasalized alb. ndal `hold, stop'.

got. tulgus `tight, firm, steadfast' (`*long, persistent, enduring'), as. tulgo Adv. `very', ags. tulge, compounds tylg `better, rather', Superl. tylgest `best';

balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long';

Old Church Slavic dlъgъ, serb. dȕg, ačech. dlúhý, russ. dóɫgij `long' (= Old Indian dīrghá-), in addition serb. dûž f. `length'; Old Church Slavic dlъgota `length' (= Old Indian dīrghatā); proto slav.. *dlgostь, poln. dɫugość etc ds.;

hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.

/d/longho-s:

a) mpers. drang, npers. dirang `long' (but alb. glatë, gjatë, gjat `long' at first from *dlaghḫt-);

b) lat. longus `long;'navis', a man-of-war; poet., spacious; of time, long, of long duration; esp. too long, tedious; of persons, prolix, tedious', got. laggs, ags. ahd. nhd. lang (ahd. langēn `become long, seem long, long, want', etc); but air. etc long `ship' seems to be borrowed from lat. (navis) longa; nevertheless, because of second meaning `vessel' and mir. coblach `fleet' (*kom-u̯o-log- or *-lug-) though Loth (RC. 43, 133 f.) holds that word for genuine Celtic; compare also abrit. FlN Λόγγος (Ptol.) and gall. VN ΛΟΓΓΟ-ΣΤΑΛΗΤΕΣ (Aude); anlaut. dl- remains preserved otherwise Celtic. In the group b) would display an already common westidg. simplification, might be connected with the d-loss of balt. ilgas . compare also Specht Dekl. 126.

Maybe Alba Longa (Rome) capital of illyr. - Etrus. : illyr. Albanoi TN

References: WP. I 812 f., WH. I 694 f., 820 f., Trautmann 55, Pedersen Hitt. 34 f.

Page(s): 196-197

Root / lemma: demel-

English meaning: worm

German meaning: `Wurmö'

Material: Epidaur. δεμελέας f. Akk. Pl., δεμβλεῖς βδέλλαι Hes.;

perhaps alb. dhemjë `caterpillar, inchworm' (could stand for *dhemli̯ë), dhëmíze, dhimízë `meat maggot'.

Note:

In alb. dhëmíze, dhimízë `meat maggot' -zë is alb. diminutive suffix.

References: WP. I 790.

Page(s): 201

Root / lemma: (demǝ-), domǝ-, d_omǝ-

English meaning: to tame

German meaning: `zöhmen, böndigen'

Material: Old Indian dāmyáti `is tamed; tamed' (*dm̥̄-i̯eti), dāṁtá- `tamed' (*dm̥̄-tós); Kaus. damáyati `tames, overmasters' (*domei̯ō), participle damita-; damitár- `tamer'; damitvā `taming', damāyáti `tames' (*domāḫi̯o = lat. domo); damá-ḥ `domesticating', dáma-ḥ `taming';

osset. domun `tame', npers. dam `domesticated animal'; after Pisani Crest. Indeur.² 113 here (as *dm̥̄-so-s) dāsá-ḥ `fiend, non-Aryan', eigentl. `slave', but because of the incredible stem formation;

gr. δάμνᾱμι, ion. -ημι, Aor. ἐ-δάμα(σ)σα (for *ε-δέμασα) `tame', various secondary reshaped, as δαμνάω etc, πανδαμάτωρ `the all-subduer, all-tamer', dor. δμᾱτός `tamed' (*dm̥̄-tós), hom. ἄδμητος and ἀδμής, -ῆτος `untamed, unrestrained, unwed, unmarried', ion. Perf. δέδμημαι, δμητήρ `tamer', δμῆσις `taming, domestication';

forms with root vowel o are missing in Gr.;

lat. domō (*domāḫi̯ō = damāyáti), domās (*domāḫsi = ahd. zamōs) `to domesticate, tame, break, subdue, master', Perf. domuī (from *domǝ-u̯ai), participle domitus (reshaped after domuī and domitor from *dmātos, idg. *dm̥̄-to-s), domitor `tamer' (= Old Indian damitár-); domitus, -ūs m. `taming' (compare Old Indian damitvā);

air. damnaim `bind (tight, firm), tame (horses)', Verbalnom. damnad and domnad (probably = gr.δάμνημι); phonetic mixture with damnaim from lat. damnō, also the unruled m has probably arisen from participle dammainti; air. dam- `acquiesce, endure, grant' (e.g. daimid `admitted to' probably = Old Indian dāmyáti, composes niḫdaim `not enduring, not suffering'; Perf. dāmair from lengthened grade *dōm-), with ad- `admit' (e.g. 3. PL ataimet), with fo- `endure' (e.g. 1. Sg. fo-daimim), cymr. addef, bret. añsav `admit', acymr. ni cein guodeimisauch Gl. `have not endured well', ncymr. goḫddef `suffer, endure, allow', corn. gothaf `bear, endure', bret. gouzañv, gouzav us. (but cymr. dofi `tame', acymr. dometic `domesticated', ar-domaul `docile', cymr. dōf, bret. doff `tame, domesticated' stems from lat. domāre, so that native forms with o were absent in Kelt.);

got. ga-tamjan, anord. temja, ags. temian, mnd. temmen, ahd. zemmen `tame' (Kaus. *doméi̯ō = Old Indian damáyati); ahd. zamōn ds. (= lat. domā-re), anord. tamr, ags. tam, ahd. zam `domesticated, tamed, subdued, mastered' (unclear, whether back-formation from verb, or if the pass. meaning has arisen from `domestication = the tamed', so that in historic connection with Old Indian dáma-ḥ `taming').

Because of Old Indian damya- `to tame' and `young bull, which still should be tamed' and because of gr. δαμάλης on the one hand `overmastering, taming' (῎Ερως, Anakreon), on the other hand `young (still to be tamed) bull', wherefore δαμάλη `young cow', δάμαλις `ds. `; also `young girl', δάμαλος `calf', is probably alb. dëntë, dhëntë, geg. dhë̂nt `small cattle, sheep and goats, sheep' (*demḫtā or *demḫtoḫs, respectively *domḫtā, -toḫs), dem `bovine animal, cattle, young bull' (= Old Indian damya-), as well as also gall. GN Damona f. and air. dam `ox' (*damos), dam allaid `deer' (`*wild ox'), as well as cymr. dafad, acorn. dauat, bret. dañvat `sheep (then = gr. ἀ-δάματος) to add (originally appellation of domesticated bovine animal); lat. damma or dāma is probably borrowed from Kelt. or from elsewhere; unclear is ags. dā f. `roe deer' (out of it acorn. da `a fallow-deer, chamois, antelope'), engl. doe, alem. tē ds., compare Holthausen Altengl. etym. Wb. 68; from afrz. daim `fallow-deer' derives bret. dem ds.; germ. additional forms s. by Falk-Torp under daadyr m. Lit.; corresponding to niederösterr. zamer, zamerl `young ox' (Much ZfdA.42, 167; proto germ. *a or *oö).

Hitt. da-ma-aš-zi `thronged', preterit 3. Pl. ta-ma-aš-šir, Pedersen Hitt. 95 f.

Maybe those cognates derived from Tumuzi the shepherd in Sumerian.

References: WP. 1 788 f., WH I 367 f., 861, Meillet BSL. 33, 110.

Page(s): 199-200

Root / lemma: dem-, demǝ-

English meaning: to build; house

German meaning: `bauen', originally probably `zusammenfögen'

Material: Gr. δέμω `build', from the heavy basis participle Perf. Pass. δεδμημένος, dor. (Pindar) νεόδμᾱτος `newly built',

δέμας n. `physique, shape' (μεσόδμη, att. inschr. -μνη `spanning crossbeams in the middle of the building', yet η [ᾱ] could also be suffix).

The meaning `settle, fit' in got. ga-timan, as. teman, ahd. zeman `suit, fit', wherefore lengthened grade got. ga-tēmiÞa Adv. `befitting', mnd. be-tāme `fitting', ahd. gi-zāmi `proper' and abstract zero grades ahd. zumft, mhd. zumft, zunft `propriety, rule, association, guild' (*dṃḫti-) = mir. dēt `disposition, temperament' (air. dētlae `bold, daring'), mcymr. dant `temperament, character' (mostly Plur. deint), basic form *dṃ-to-, Loth RC 46, 252 f. compare mcymr. cynnefin `trustful' (*kom-dam-īno-).

ro-stem aisl. timbr `timber', as. timbar, ags. timber `timber, edifice, building, building', ahd. zimbar `timber, building, dwelling, chamber', whereof got. timrjan `build', anord. timbra, ahd. zimberen and zimbaron `build, do carpentry, do woodwork'.

root nouns dē̆m-, dō̆m-, dm-, dṃ- `house'.

Old Indian pátir dán `householder', av. dǝ̄ng patoiš `master of (*lord of the house)' with Gen. *dem-s, as also gr. δεσ-πότης `master, mister' (see Risch IF. 59, 12, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 547 f.), Old Indian dámḫpatiḫḥ `lord, master' (new shifting together from *dán pati- [= av. dǝ̄ng pati-], less probably with Lok. ar. *dam as `master in the house');

av. Lok. dąm, dąmi `in the house', Lok. Pl. dāhvḫā, Nom. -dā̊ from proto ar. *-dās in uši-δā̊ name of a mountain range (`having one's house by the aurora'), wherefore probably av. ha-dǝmōi Lok. `in the same house';

arm. tun Nom. Akk. `house' (*dōm), Instr. tamb (*dṃḫbhi), whereupon Gen. Dat. tan;

gr. ἔν-δον Lok., originally `inside in house' (also reshaped to ἔνδο-θι, -θεν, ἔνδοι), perhaps also δῶ (*dō[m]) as Nom. Akk. Sg. n. or Lok.; δῶμα, δώματος originally Akk. Sg.mask. *dōm-ṃ with structure in Neutr. after στρῶμα under likewise; derivative Δμία, Μνία, Δαμία (`mistress of the house');

as 1. composition part in δάμ-αρ `wife' (*dǝm-r̥t `governing of the house'), δάπεδον `floor (originally of the house)' from *dṃḫpedom (ζάπεδον out of it after the concurrent of δα- and ζα- as intensive prefix; so perhaps also ion. ζάκορος `temple male servant, temple female servant' for *δά-κορος) = schwed. tomt, aisl. topt `place for edifice, building' in norw. Mdarten `loam' (germ. *tumḫfetiz, idg. *dṃḫped-), compare also lit. dimḫstis `courtyard, property; courtyard' (2. part *sto-s to *stā- `stand').

o-stem domo-s: Old Indian dáma-ḥ `house, dwelling', gr. δόμος `house' (δομή `τεῖχος etcö Hes), οἰκο-δόμος (*-δομός) `builder', lat. Lok. domī `to a house' (= Old Indian dámē `in a house, to a house'), dominus `master, mister' from *domo-no-s.

u-stem domu-s (Brugmann Grdr. II² 1, 180 presumes an adv. Lok. *domū as originator): lat. domus, -ūs f. `a house, dwelling-house, building, mansion, palace' (out of it is mir. dom-, dam-liacc `stone house', aur-dam `pronaos (the space in front of the body of a temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting side- walls)' undertaken with the thing together);

Old Church Slavic domъ m. `house', russ. dóma `at house' (*domō[u]); *domovь: aruss. domovь `after the house'; presumedly also through Old Indian dámū-nas- `housemate' and arm. tanu-tēr `householder';

Maybe alb. dhoma `room' : Old Indian dáma-ḥ `house'.

a stem *dmōu- in ion. δμώς, Gen. δμωός `prisoner of war, farm laborer', δμῳή `bondmaid', kret. μνῴᾱ f. `people in slavery, population in serfdom';

ar. *dmḫā̆na- in av. dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- n. `house', also Old Indian mā́na-ḥ `edifice, building, dwelling';

lit. nãmas, Pl. namaĩ `house, dwelling' is dissimilated from *damas, in compounds as namũ-darỹs `homemaker', s. WH. I 861.

Note:

It is a common trait of alb. and lit. to drop the initial da- as in Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d loss (see below): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; alb. glatë `long' Baltic and Albanian languages often drop the initial da- > zero. This is a common balt.-alb. phonetic mutation. Hence lit. nãmas derived from a nasalized form *ndãmas.

Air. damnae `material', cymr. defnydd, mbret. daffnez could have originally signified `timber'.

Toch. B tem-, A tam-, AB töm- `create, beget, be born' and B tsam-, AB tsöm-, A śam-, śöm-, perhaps after Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 21⁷ here;

in addition also B c(o)mel, A cmol (*cmelu) `birth', Van Windekens Lexique 51.

An old branching of the root is demā- `tame', originally probably `tie up in the house, domesticate'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dem-, demǝ- : `to build; house' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- : ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn- : `winter; snow'. But the ĝh > d phonetic mutation has been recorded in illyr. alb. alone. This makes proto illyr. the oldest IE branch.

References: WP. I 786 ff.; WH. I 367, 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 480, 524, 547 f., 625, Trautmann 44.

Page(s): 198-199

Root / lemma: denk̂-

English meaning: to bite

German meaning: `beißen'

Note:

Root / lemma: denk̂- : `to bite' derived from illyr. derivative of Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh- : `to bite; tooth' common illyr. ĝ- > d- phonetic mutation.

Material: Old Indian dáśati `bites' (*dn̥kéti), Perf. dadáṃśa (thereafter also a present dáṃśati), Kaus. daṃśáyate `makes bite', dáṃśa-ḥ `bite, gadfly, brake',

daṃśana-m `the bitting', daṃṣ̌ṭra-ḥ, dáṃstrā `sharp tooth, fang' = av. tiži-dąstra- `with sharp teeth, toothed' (for -dąštra- s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 653);

gr. δάκνω `bite' (*dn̥k̂ḫnṓ), Aor. ἔδακον (= Impf. Old Indian ádaśam), wherefore Fut. δήξομαι (aberion. δάξεται), Perf. δέδηγμαι, δεδηχώς (as well as δῆγμα `bite') with ablaut neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 770); δακετόν, τὸ δάκος `biting animal'; in addition probably ὀδάξ `with biting teeth', perhaps originally `tooth' or `bite' (Liddell-Scott, different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 620, 723), probably hybridization of *δάξ `biting' with ὀδούς, therefrom derived όδάξω (ἀδάξω with Assimil. of o in α), ἀδαχέω etc `scratch, itch', ἀδαγμός `the scratch';

alb. geg. danë (*donk̂ḫnā), tosk. darë `pliers';

ahd. zangar `biting, sharp', mnd. tanger `ds., vicious, strong, fresh'; anord. tǫng (Gen. tengr and tangar), ags. tang, tange, ahd. zanga `pliers' (*donk̂ā́), i.e. `the clenching of the teeth'; with further shifting to `to press (lips) together', probably as. bitengi `moving close to, oppressive', ags. getang ds., getenge `near to, close to, oppressive, thronging, pressing', ahd. gizengi `passing by, moving nearby', Adv. gizango, wherefore anord. tengja (*tangjan) `join', ags. tengan `assail, urge, press, push, aspire to move forward', getengan `make adhere, be obedient' (ags. intinga m. `weary, weak', sam-tinges `at once', getingan, st. V., `press in' after Fick III⁴ 152 neologismö);

besides in gramm. variation germ. *tanhu- `adjoining tightly, appendant, tough' in ags. tōh `tough'; mnd. tā `abiding, tough', ahd. zāhi, nhd. zöh; anord. tā n. `stamped place before the house' (finn. Lw. tanhua `corral, pen, fold');

perhaps originally different from the root *dē̆k- `tear', although *denk̂- perhaps as nasalized form to *dē̆k and `bite' could be understood as `tear with the teeth'.

References: WP. I 790 f.

Page(s): 201

Root / lemma: dens-1

English meaning: talent, force of mind; to learn

German meaning: `hohe Geisteskraft, weiser Ratschluß'; verbal: `lehren, lernen'

Material: densos n.: Old Indian dáṁsas- n. `powerful wonder, wise feat' = av. daŋhah- `dexterity, adroitness' (in addition Old Indian daṁsu- `powerful wonder', daṁ- `very powerful wonder' = av. dąhišta- `very wise, the wisest'); Old Indian purudā́ṁsas- `rich in miracles' (= gr. πολυδήνεα πολύβουλον `much-counselling' Hes), dáṁsana-m, daṁsánā `magic power, witchcraft'; in gr. after zero grade forms with*δα[σ]- = *dṇs- to *δάνσος unvocalized: hom. δήνεα N. Pl. `pieces of advice', Sg. δῆνος by Hesych, (dor.) ἀδανές (-ᾱ) ἀπρονόητον Hes. = (ion.) ἀδηνής ἄκακος, Adv. ἀδηνέως Chios.

dṇs-ró́-s `sensible, very wise': Old Indian dasrá- `miraculous' = av. daŋra- `skilful'; doubtful gr. δάειρα epithet of Persephone, perhaps `the knowing or the power of wonder'; δαΐφρων `having clever sense' to hold as *δα[σ]ί-φρων to Old Indian das-rá- as κῡδι-άνειρα to κῡδ-ρό-ς, if it not originally if it has not signified originally only `the sense directed on the fight' (compare δαι-κτάμενος `killed in the battle', ἐν δαί: `in the battle'; s. finally Bechtel Lexil. 92) and only, after this the meaning was forgotten, the ambiguous connection came through in δαῆναι, see under, to come into usage in sense of `wise'.

dṇs-mo-: Old Indian dasmá- `power of wonder (from Gods)' = av. dahma- `expert, inaugurated in religious questions'.

Maybe alb. dasma `wedding, ceremony (religious riteö)'

Verbal forms: partly reduplicated `handle knowledge, instruct, teach':

av. dīdaiŋhē `I am instructed' (in addition zero grade dąstvā f. `apprenticeship, doctrine, dogma');

perhaps gr. δέδαε Aor. `taught', Aor. Pass. δαῆναι, δαήμεναι `learn', participle Perf. δεδαώς `erudite, expert, skillful', δεδάασθαι π 316 `examine, question', ἀδαής (Soph.) `ignorant, wherein inexperienced'; in addition δαήμων (Hom.) `sensible, wise', ἀδαήμων `ignorant, wherein inexperienced', δαήμεναι ἔμπειροι γοναῖκες Hes. By Archilochos frg. 3, 4 is unclear δαίμων (ö) `skillful, experienced'.

Debrunner Mel. Boisacq 1, 251 ff. has shown that διδάσκω `instruct, teach' belongs to δέδαε and not to lat. discō `to learn, learn to know, acquire, become acquainted with' (see above under dek̂-). The fact that also δα- (as *dṇs-) is to be put to ours root, can be explained best of all by the fact that one accepts, from διδάσκω (*δι-δασ-σκω) has been abstracted an erroneous root *δα- (M. Scheller briefl.);

compare finally Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307 and see under dens-2.

References: WP. I 793.

Page(s): 201-202

Root / lemma: dens-2

English meaning: dense

German meaning: `dicht'

Material: Gr. δασύς `dense' : lat. dēnsus ds.; the direct derivation from *dn̥sús does not contradict the explanation of *δάω from *dn̥sō (see above under dens-1); indeed from W. Schulze (Kl. Schr. 116 f.) the stated examples of -σ- from idg. -n̥s- are absolutely not proving. On the other hand δαυλός `cover with dense vegetation' could go back to δα-υλός (: ὕλη), but δασκόν δασύ etc would barely be formed by abstraction to δά-σκιος `(*densely) shady' (*διά-σκιος). Meillet MSL. 22, 63 will define σ in δασύς as expressive gemination σσ (ö) common gr.-illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation. About phok. PN Δαυλίς s. WH. I 468.

About alb. dënt `make dense', etc see under dhen-3.

Note:

Alb. geg. dend (*den-) `make dense' common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation.

Lat. dēnseō, -ēre (Perf. dēnsī only by Charisius Gr.-Lat. I 262, 4) `to make thick, condense, press together', denominative of dēnsus `dense' (*densos or *dn̥sos, event. *dénsu̯os).

Hitt. dassuš (Dat. Sg. ta-aš-śu-u-i) `strong (*thick)'.

References: WP. I 793 f., WH. I 341 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307.

Page(s): 202-203

Home

Root / lemma: deph-

English meaning: to stamp, push

German meaning: `stampfen, stoßen, kreten'

Material: Arm. top`el (-em, -eci) `hit'; gr. δέφω `knead, drum; tumble', argiv. δεφιδασταί `fuller', with s-extension δέψω (Aor. participle δεψήσας) `knead; tan, convert hide into leather' (out of it lat. depsō `to knead'), δέψα `tanned skin'; διφθέρα `leather' (*διψτέρα); serb. dȅpîm, dȅpiti `bump, poke, hit', poln. deptać `tread'.

maybe alb. dëboj `drive away'

Note:

It seems that Root / lemma: deph- : `to stamp, push' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless'

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 351.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: derbh-

English meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub

German meaning: `winden, zusammendrehen'

Material: Old Indian dr̥bháti `joined, patched together, winded', participle sándr̥bdha- `group of shrubs planted together', dr̥bdhí- f. `convolution, concatenation, daisy chain', av. dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)', Old Indian darbhá- m. `hassock, clump of grass, grass', darbhaṇa- n. `netting';

Maybe truncated alb. dredha `convolution', dredh `curl' : Old Indian dr̥bdhí- f. `convolution', av. dǝrǝwδ a- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)'.

arm. toṙn `σχοινίον, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*dorbhḫn-);

gr. δάρπη `basket' is contaminated from *δάρφη and τάρπη ds. (Göntert IF. 45, 347);

ags. tearflian (*tarbalōn) `roll oneself', ahd. zerben, preterit zarpta refl. `turn, turn round'; e-grade mhd. zirben schw. V. `turn in circles, whirl', nhd. mdartl. schweiz. zirbeln ds., nhd. Zirbeldröse, Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel `pineal', see under deru-); zero grade ags. torfian `throw, lapidate' (compare drehen : engl. throw), as anord. tyrfa `cover with turf', anord. torf n. `turf', torfa f. `peat clod', ags. turf f. `turf, lawn', ahd. zurba, zurf f. `lawn' (nhd. Torf from Ndd.); ags. ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict';

maybe alb. diminutive (*turfel) turfulloj `snort, blow' : ags. ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict'.

wruss. dórob `basket, carton, box', russ. old u-dorobь f. `pot, pan', dial. ú-doroba `low pot, pan'(`*wickerwork pot coated with loam'), wruss. dorób'ić `crook, bend'; zero grade *dьrba in russ. derbá `Rodeland, Neubruch', derbovátь `clean from the moss, from the lawn; uproot the growing', derbítь `pluck, tear, rend', serb. drbácati `scrape, scratch', čech. drbám and drbu, drbati `scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade russ. derébitь `pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a bh-extension from der- `flay', slav. derǫ dьrati eingemischt). S. Berneker 211, 254 with Lit.

References: WP. I 808.

Page(s): 211-212

Root / lemma: der(ep)-

English meaning: to see, *mirror

German meaning: `sehen'ö

Material: Old Indian dárpana- m. `mirror'; gr. δρωπάζειν, δρώπτειν `see' (with lengthened grade 2. syllableöö).

Note:

The Root / lemma: der(ep)- : `to see, *mirror' could have derived from Root / lemma: derbh- : `to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub, polish'

References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f.

See also: compare also δράω `sehe' and derk̂-`see'.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: derǝ-, drā-

English meaning: to work

German meaning: `arbeiten'

Material: Gr. δράω (*δρᾱιω) `make, do', Konj. δρῶ, öol. 3. Pl. δρᾱίσι, Aor. att. ἔδρᾱσα, hom. δρηστήρ `worker, servant', δρᾶμα `action', δράνος ἔργον, πρᾶξις . . . δύναμις Hes., ἀδρανής `inactive, ineffective, weak';

Maybe alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) `hang loose';

hom. ὀλιγοδρᾰνέων `make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and ion. (see Bechtel Lexil. 104) δραίνω `do';

lit. dar(i)aũ, darýti, lett. darît `do, make'; in spite of Möhlenbach-Endzelin s. v. darît not to lit. derė́ti `be usable', lett. derêt `arrange, employ, engage' etc, because the meaning deviates too strongly.

References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 675⁷, 694.

Page(s): 212

Root / lemma: dergh-

English meaning: to grasp

German meaning: `fassen'

Material: Arm. trc̣ak `brushwood bundle' (probably from *turc̣-ak, *turc̣- from *dorghḫso-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265);

gr. δράσσομαι, att. δράττομαι `grasp', δράγδην `griping', δράγμα `handful, fascicle, sheaf', δραγμεύω `bind sheaves', δραχμή, ark. el. δραχμά, gortyn. δαρκνά̄ (i.e. δαρχvά̄; s. also Boisacq 109) `drachma' (`*handful of metal sticks, ὀβολοί'), δράξ, -κός f. `hand', Pl. δάρκες δέσμαι Hes.;

mir. dremm, nir. dream `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' (*dr̥gh-smo-), bret. dramm `bundle, fascicle, sheaf' (false back-formation to Pl. dremmen);

ahd. zarga `side edging a room, edge', anord. targa f. `shield', ags. targe f. (nord. Lw.) `small shield' (actually `shield brim'), elsöss. (see Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (kös-)zorg m. `vessel, paten on three low feet' (= gr. δραχ-);

References: WP. I 807 f.

Page(s): 212-213

Root / lemma: derk̂-

English meaning: to look

German meaning: `blicken'

Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indian and intrinsic in Ir. linked suppletively with a cursive present other root

Root / lemma: derk̂- : to look derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-3 und ĝherǝ-, ĝhrē- : to shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye

Material: Old Indian [present is páśyati] Perf. dadárśa `have seen', Aor. adarśat, adrākṣīt (ádrāk), participle dr̥ṣṭá-, kaus. darśáyati `make see'; av. darǝs- `behold', Perf. dādarǝsa, participle dǝrǝšta-; Old Indian dṛ́ś- f. `sight', ahardŕ̥ś- `looking day', upa-dŕ̥ś- f. `sight', dŕ̥ṣṭi- f. `sight', av. aibīdǝrǝšti- ds. (Gen. Sg. darštōiš), Old Indian darśatá- `visible, respectable', av. darǝsa- m. `sight, gaze, look';

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

gr. δέρκομαι `look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision' (with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indian dr̥šṭi-), δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indian darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below' (*-δρακ = Old Indian dr̥c̨-, or from *-δρακ-τ), δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα;

alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥kḫtā);

Note:

According to alb. phonetic laws alb. dritë `light' derived from (dr̥ikḫa) not (*dr̥kḫtā) because of the common alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations, -të common alb. suffix;

maybe alb. (*darc̨ata-), darkë `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech-), drekë `dinner meal, midday': air. an-dracht `loathsome, dark'.

after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here umbr. terkantur `seen, discerned, perceived' (d. h. `shall be seen, discerned, perceived');

air. [present ad-cīu] ad-con-darc `have seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.; present adrodarcar `can be seen'), derc `eye', air-dirc `illustrious', bret. derc'h `sight', abret. erderc `evidentis', zero grade ir. drech f. (*dr̥k̂ā) `face', cymr. drych m. (*dr̥ksos) `sight, mirror', cymr. drem, trem, bret. dremm `face' (*dr̥k̂-smā), air. an-dracht `loathsome, dark' (an- neg. + *drecht = alb. dritë);

got. ga-tarhjan `make distinct' (= Old Indian darśayati); germ. *torʒa- `sight' (== Old Indian dr̥ś-) in norw. PN Torget, Torghatten etc, idg. to- suffix in germ. *turhta- : ags. torht, as. toroht, ahd. zoraht, newer zorft `bright, distinct'.

References: WP. I 806 f.

See also: Perhaps with der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.

Page(s): 213

Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr-

English meaning: hand span, *hands

German meaning: `Spanne der Hand'

Material: Gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), ὀρθόδωρον `the distance from the wrist to the fingertip', hom. ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος `16 spans long', zero grade ark. Akk. δά̄ριν σπιθαμήν Hes. (lak. δάρειρ Hes. is false spelling for δάρις, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 506);

alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' from *dōrom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Phonetic mutations: alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' : gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' : lett. (*du̯or-)dùre, dûris `fist'; proto illyr. alb. du̯o- > do-, gr. du̯o- > do-, lett. du̯o- > dù-.

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span' derived through Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 : `hand, arm' through illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift kh > t, ĝh > d is a unique alb. phonetic mutation. Hence alb. dorë `hand' derived from truncated ĝhesor. The source of Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span' is of Illyrian origin and then it spread to other languages.

That means Homeric Iliad is a translation of Illyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many illyr. cognates of the Illyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that gr. δῶρον `hand span' is a suffixed illyr. dora `hand' consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages by Illyrians.

aisl. tarra `outspread', terra ds.

Only under a beginning du̯er- : dur- or du̯ōr-: du̯ǝr : dur- to justify major key-phonetical comparison with kelt. dur-no- in air. dorn `fist, hand', cymr. dwrn `hand', dyrnod (mcymr. dyrnawt) `slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid (mcymr. dyrneit) `handful', bret. dorn `hand', dournek `who has big hands'; however, these words also stand off in the coloring of meaning `pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that they do not demand an association with them.

On the other hand for kelt. *durno- one considers relationship with lett. dùre, dûris `fist'; this is to lett. duŕu, dũru, dur̃t `prick, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus : pungo); if so also kelt. dur-no-ö compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see under der-4.

Note:

From alb. geg. (*du̯ōr), dorë hand, (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' it seems that the oldest root was alb. Pl. (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]. Hence the original of proto illyr. - gr. idea was Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning two hands. That means both Root / lemma: der-1 (: dōr-, d_er-) or dōr- : dǝr- : `hand span, hands' and Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two, *two hands' derived from older Anatolian languages Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand' because of the common alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 794 f.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: (der-2), redupl. der-der-, dr̥d_or-, broken redupl. dor-d-, dr̥-d-

English meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)

German meaning: `murren, brummen, plaudern'; Schallwort

Material: Old Indian dardurá-ḥ `frog, flute'; air. deirdrethar `raged', PN Deirdriu f. (*der-der-i̯ō); bulg. dъrdóŕъ `babble; grumble', serb. drdljati `chatter', sloven. drdráti `clatter, burr';

Maybe alb. dërdëllit `chatter, prattle', derdh `pour out (*talk a lot)'

Also Dardanoi (*dardant) illyr. TN : gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes : lit. dardė́ti, lett. dardêt, dārdêt `creak' probably `talk indistinctly'; common illyr. alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation.

with fractured reduplication: gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes., ir. dord `bass', fo-dord `growl, bass', an-dord `clear voice' (`not-bass'), cymr. dwrdd `din, fuss, noise' (cymr. twrdd `din, fuss, noise' t- has taken over from twrf ds.), air. dordaid `bellow, roar' (from deer); lit. dardė́ti, lett. dardêt, dārdêt `creak'; toch. A tsārt- `wail, weep, cry' (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization śert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145).

References: WP. I 795, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

See also: The kelt., tochar. and baltoslav. words could also belong to dher-3.

Page(s): 203-204

Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-

English meaning: to run

German meaning: `laufen, treten, trippeln'

Material: drā-:

Old Indian drā́ti `runs, hurries', Intens. dáridrāti `wanders around, is poor', dári-dra- `wandering, beggarly';

gr. ἀπο-διδρά̄σκω `run away', Fut. δρά̄σομαι, Aor. ἔδρᾱν; δρᾱσμός, ion. δρησμός `escape', ἄδρᾱστος `striving not to escape', δρᾱπέτης `fugitive', δρᾱπετεύω `run away, splits, separates from' (compare to -π- Old Indian Kaus. drāpayati `brings to run', Aor. adidrapat [uncovered] `runs');

ahd. zittarōm (*diḫdrāḫmi) `tremble (*ready to flee)', aisl. titra `tremble, wink' (originally perhaps `walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly');

perhaps here slav. *dropy `bustard' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. čech. drop, older drop(i)a etc, out of it mhd. trap(pe), trapgans.

dreb-:

Lit. drebù, -ė́ti `tremble, quiver';

poln. (etc) drabina `ladder';

ags. treppan (*trapjan) `tread', mnd. ndl. trappen `stomp', ndd. trippen, nhd. (nd.)trappeln, trippeln, mhd. (nd.) treppe, trappe f., nhd. Treppe, ags. træppe f. `trap', nhd.Trappel, ostfries. trappe, trap `trap, splint, staircase, stairs';

through emphatic nasalization, as in nhd. patschen - pantschen, ficken - fiencken (see W. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:

got. ana-trimpan `approach, beset', mnd. trampen `stomp', mhd. (ndd.) trampeln `appear crude', engl. tramp, trample `tread', mhd. trumpfen `run, toddle'.

drem-:

Old Indian drámati `running', Intens. dandramyatē `runs to and fro';

gr. Aor. ἔδραμον, Perf. δέδρομα `run', δρόμος `run';

ags. trem, trym `Fußtapfe', an. tramr `fiend, demon' (see above), mhd. tremen `waver', dön. trimle `roll, fall, tumble', schwed. mdartl. trumla ds., mhd. trame `rung of a leader, stairs';

here probably nhd. FlN Dramme (Göttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), from *Dromi̯ā and *Dromisā (probably nordillyr.), in addition poln. (illyr.) Drama (Silesia), bulg. Dramatica (thrak.); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, 127;

Maybe alb. dromcë `piece, chip (of a blow)'

insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dȑmati `shake', dȑmnuti `upset, allow to shake', sloven. dŕmati `shake, jiggle', drámiti `jiggle from the sleep', drâmpati `ungentle jiggle';

maybe alb. dremit `sleep', dërrmonj `exhaust, tire, destroy'

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin' derived Root / lemma: (der-3), drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- : `to run'.

čech. drmlati `flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking', drmoliti `take short steps' (these in the good suitable meaning; `shake' from `stumble with the foot'ö), drmotiti `chat, prate' (probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).

Maybe alb. onomatopoeic (*der-der-) dër dër `stupid talk';

dreu- (partly with ū as zero grade, probably because of *dreu̯ā^x-), FlN (participle) dr(o)u(u̯)entī/i̯ā:

Old Indian drávati `runs, also melts', FlN Dravantī, drutá- `hurrying', av. drāvaya- `run' (being from daēvischen), draoman- n. `attack, onrush', aēšmōḫdrūt(a)- `calling from Aēsma, sends to attack' (very doubtful Old Indian dráviṇa-m, dráviṇas- n. `blessing, fortune', av. draonah- n. `bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermögensanteil' perhaps as `traveling fortune'ö);

illyr.-pannon. FlN Dravos (*drou̯oḫs), out of it serbokr. Dráva, compare apoln. Drawa (illyr. Lw.); idg. *drou̯ent- `hurrying' > illyr. *drau̯ent- (: above Old Indian Dravanti), out of it dial. *trau̯ent- in FlN Τράεντ- (Bruttium) > ital. Trionto; idg. *druu̯ent-, illyr. *druent- in poln. FlN Drwęca, nhd. Drewenz; ital. *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum);

maybe alb. (*druent-) Drinos river name `hurrying waterö' common alb. nt > n phonetic mutation.

gall. FlN (from dem Nordillyr.ö) Druentia (frz. la Drance, Drouance, Durance, schweiz.la Dranse); *Drutos, frz. le Drot; Drutā, frz. la Droude;

lit. sea name *Drùv-intas (wruss. Drywiaty); apreuß. stream, brook Drawe.

Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) got. trudan `tread', anord. troða, trað ds.; ags. tredan, ahd. tretan `tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of ablaut neologism), ahd. trata `tread, spoor, way, alley, drift, trailing', as. trada `tread, spoor', ags. trod n., trodu f. `spoor, way, alley' (engl. trade `trade' is nord. Lw.), ahd. trota, mhd. trotte f. `wine-press', Intens. ahd. trottōn `tread'; nhd. dial. trotteln `go slowly'.

Here also germ. root *truḫs- in ostfries. tröseln `lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or staggering', trösel `dizziness, giddiness', ndl. treuzelen `to be slow, dawdle, loiter', westföl. trūseln, truǝseln `roll slowly', mhd. trollen (*truzlōn) `move in short steps constantly', nhd. trollen, schwed. mdartl. trösale `fairy demon, ghost', norw. mdartl. trusal `idiot, fool', trusk `despondent and stupid person';

Maybe through metathesis alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis `make the head dizzy', tru `brain'

as well as (as *truzlá-) anord. troll n. `fiend, demon', mhd. trol, trolle m. `fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the Wandals called the Goths Τρούλους, Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way besides germ. tre-m- (see under) anord. tramr `fiend, demon'.

In Germ. furthermore with i-vocalism mnd. trīseln, westföl. triǝseln `roll, lurch', holl.trillen `tremble' (from which ital. trillare `quiver, trill hit') etc against association of Old Indian drávati with av. dvaraiti `goes' see under *dheu-, *dheu̯er- `flee'.

References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.

Page(s): 204-206

Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū-

English meaning: tree

German meaning: `Baum', probably originally and actually `Eiche'

Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition words for various wood tools as well as for `good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht (KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dṓru `das Harte', from which previously `tree' and `oak': dṓru n., Gen. dreu-s, dru-nó-s

Material: Old Indian dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ, Instr. drúṇā, Lok. dā́ruṇi; dravya- `from tree'), drú- n. m. `wood, wood tool', m. `tree, bough', av. dāuru `tree truck, bit of wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. draoš), Old Indian dāruṇá- `hard, rough, stern' (actually `hard as wood, lumpy'), dru- in compounds as dru-pāda- `klotzfößig', dru-ghnī `wood ax' (-wooden rod), su-drú-ḥ `good wood'; dhruvá- `tight, firm, remaining' (dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- `hold, stop, prop, sustain' = av. dr(u)vō, Old pers. duruva `fit, healthy, intact', compare Old Church Slavic sъ-dravъ); av. drvaēna- `wooden', Old Indian druváya-ḥ `wooden vessel, box made of wood, the drum', drū̆ṇa-m `bow, sword' (uncovered; with ū npers. durūna, balučī drīn `rainbow'), druṇī `bucket; pail', dróṇa-m `wooden trough, tub'; drumá-ḥ `tree' (compare under δρυμός);

Old Indian dárviḫḥ, darvī́ `(wooden) spoon';

arm. tram `tight, firm' (*drū̆rāmo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidén Arm. stem 66) targal `spoon' from *dr̥u̯- or *deru̯-.

Gr. δόρυ `tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. hom. δουρός, trag. δορός from *δορFός, δούρατος, att. δόρατος from *δορFn̥τος, whose n̥ is comparable with Old Indian drúṇaḥ);

kret. δορά (*δορFά) `balk, beam' (= lit. lett. darva);

sizil. ἀσχέδωρος `boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *ἀν-σχε-δορFος or -δωρFος `standing firm to the spear'), ark. dor. Δωρι-κλῆς, dor. böot. Δωρί-μαχος under likewise, Δωριεύς `Dorian' (of Δωρίς `timberland');

Note:

Who were Dorian tribesö Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.

δρῦς, δρυός `oak, tree' (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druu̯ós become after other tree name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), ἀκρό-δρυα `fruit tree', δρυ-τόμος `woodchopper', δρύινος `from the oak, from oak tree', Δρυάς `dryad, tree nymph', γεράνδρυον `old tree truck', ἄδρυα πλοῖα μονόξυλα. Κύπριοι Hes. (*sm̥-, Lit. by Boisacq s. v.), ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου Hes.

Hom. δρῠμά n. Pl. `wood, forest', nachhom. δρῡμός ds. (the latter with previous changed length after δρῦς); δένδρεον `tree' (Hom.; out of it att. δένδρον), from redupl. *δeν(= δερ)-δρεFον, Demin. δενδρύφιον; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583;

δροF- in arg. δροόν ἰσχυρόν. ᾽Αργεῖοι Hes., ἔνδροια καρδία δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον Hes., Δροῦθος (*ΔροF-υθος), δροίτη `wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *δροFίτᾱ, compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); δοῖτρον πύελον σκάφην Hes. (diss. from *δροFιτρον), next to which *dr̥u̯io- in δραιόν μάκτραν. πύελον Hes.

PN Δρύτων: lit. Drūktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa 16, 1633);

in vocalism still not explained certainly δρίος `shrubbery, bush, thicket'; maked. δάρυλλος f. `oak' Hes. (*d_eru-, compare air. daur); but δρίς δύναμις Hes., lies δFίς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 495⁵);

alb. dru f. `wood, tree, shaft, pole' (*druu̯ā, compare Old Church Slavic drъva n. pl. `wood'); drush-k (es-stem) `oak'; ablaut. *drū- in driḫzë `tree', dröni `wood bar';

Note:

Alb. definite form Nom. dru-ni = alb. Gen. dru-ni `of wood': Old Indian dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ `of wood'; but a pure Slavic loanword is alb. druvar `woodcutter, woodchopper'

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

thrak. καλαμίν-δαρ `sycamore', PN Δάρανδος, Τάραντος (*darḫant-) `Eichstött a district in Bavaria', Ζίνδρουμα, Δινδρύμη `Zeus's grove', VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι, Δρόσοι, Dru-geri (dru- `wood, forest');

Maybe VN ᾽Ο - δρύ - σ - αι : Etruria (Italy)

from Lat. perhaps dūrus `hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes, rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things, hard, awkward, difficult, adverse' (but about dūrāre `to make hard or hardy, to inure; intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain, continue' see under S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as `strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree' dissimilated from *drū-ro-s (*dreu-ro-sö);

Maybe alb. duroj `endure, last', durim `patience' .

but lat. larix `larch tree', Lw. is from an idg. Alpine language, idg. *d_erik-s, is conceivable because of heavy l;

Note:

Common lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation hence lat. larix (*d_erik-s) `larch tree'.

Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa)

air. derucc (gg), Gen. dercon `glans', cymr. derwen `oak' (Pl. derw), bret. deruenn ds., gall. place name Dervus (`oak forest'), abrit. Derventiō, place name, VN Dervāci under likewise; air. dērb `safe'; reduced grade air. daur, Gen. daro `oak' (d_eru-), also dair, Gen. darach ds. (*d_eri-), air. daurde and dairde `oaken'; derived gall. *d(a)rullia `oak' (Wartburg III 50); maked. δάρυλλος f. `oak'; zero grade *dru- in intensification particle (ö different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: `oak-': dru- in galat. δρυ-ναίμετον `holy oak grove'), e.g. gall. Dru-talos (`*with big forehead'), Druides, Druidae Pl., air. drūi `Druid' (`the high; noble', *druḫu̯id-), air. dron `tight, firm' (*drunos, compare Old Indian dru-ṇa-m, dāru-ṇá-, dró-ṇa-m), with guttural extension (compare under nhd. Trog) mir. drochta `(*wooden) barrel, vat, cask_; barrel, tub', drochat `bridge'; here also gallorom. drūtos `strong, exuberant (: lit. drūtas)', gr. PN Δρύτων, air. drūth `foolish, loony' (: aisl. trūðr `juggler, buffoon'ö), cymr. drud `foolish, loony, valiant' (cymr. u derives from roman. equivalent);

deru̯- in germ. Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervīs, anord. tjara (*deru̯ōn-), finn. Lw. terva, ags. teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. `tar, resin' (*deru̯i̯o-), mnd. tere `tar' (nhd. Teer); anord. tyrvi, tyri `pinewood', tyrr `pine' (doubtful mhd. zirwe, zirbel `pine cone', there perhaps rather to mhd. zirbel `whirl', because of the round spigot);

dreu̯- in got. triu n. `wood, tree', anord. trē, ags. trēow (engl. tree), as. trio `tree, balk, beam'; in öbtr. meaning `tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr. ἰσχῡρός `tight, firm': ἰσχυρίζομαι `show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in'), got. triggws (*treu̯u̯az) `loyal, faithful', ahd. gi-triuwi `loyal, faithful', an: tryggr `loyal, faithful, reliable, unworried', got. triggwa `alliance, covenant', ags. trēow `faith, belief, loyalty, verity', ahd. triuwa, nhd. Treue, compare with ders. meaning, but other ablaut anord. trū f. `religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge', ags. trŭwa m., mnd. trūwe f. ds., ahd. trūwa, aisl. trū f., besides trūr `loyal, faithful'; derived anord. trūa `trust, hold for true' = got. trauan, and ags. trŭwian, as. trūōn, ahd. trū(w)ēn `trust' (compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly anord. traustr `strong, tight, firm', traust n. `confidence, reliance, what one can count on', ahd. trōst `reliance, consolation' (*droust-), got. trausti `pact, covenant', changing through ablaut engl. trust `reliance' (mengl. trūst), mlat. trustis `loyalty' in afrönk. `law', mhd. getröste `troop, multitude, crowd';

maybe alb. trös, trys `press, crowd'

(st- formation is old because of npers. durušt `hard, strong', durust `fit, healthy, whole'; norw. trysja `clean the ground', ags. trūs `deadwood', engl. trouse, aisl. tros `dross', got. ufar-trusnjan `disperse, scatter'.

*drou- in ags. trīg, engl. tray `flat trough, platter', aschwed. trö `a certain measure vessel' (*trauja-, compare above δροίτη), anord. treyju-sǫðull (also trȳju-sǫðoll) `a kind of trough shaped saddle';

*drū- in aisl. trūðr `jester', ags. trūð `merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom. *drūto-s, etc)ö

*dru- in ags. trum `tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension, respectively forms -ko- (compare above mir. drochta, drochat), ahd. nhd. trog, ags. trog, troh (m.), anord. trog (n.) `trough' and ahd. truha `footlocker', norw. mdartl. trygje n. `a kind of pack saddle or packsaddle', trygja `a kind of creel', ahd. trucka `hutch', nd. trögge `trough' and with the original meaning `tree, wood' ahd. hart-trugil `dogwood';

maybe nasalized alb. trung (*trögge) `wood, tree'

bsl. *deru̯a- n. `tree' in Old Church Slavic drěvo (Gen. drěva, also drěvese), skr. dial. drêvo (drȉjevo), sloven. drẹvộ, ačech. dřěvo, russ. dérevo, klr. dérevo `tree'; in addition as originally collective lit. dervà, (Akk. der̃vą) f. `chip of pinewood; tar, resinous wood'; ablaut, lett. dar̃va `tar', Old Prussian in PN Derwayn; lengthened grade *dōru̯-i̯ā- in lett. dùore f. `wood vessel, beehive in tree';*su-doru̯a- `fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic sъdravъ, čech. zdráv (zdravý), russ. zdoróv (f. zdoróva) `fit, healthy', compare av. dr(u)vō, Old pers. duruva ds.

balt. *dreu̯i̯ā- f. `wood beehive', substantiv. adj. (Old Indian dravya- `belonging to the tree') : lit. drẽvė and drevė̃ `cavity in tree', lett. dreve ds.: in ablaut lit. dravìs f., lett. drava f. `wood beehive', in addition Old Prussian drawine f. `prey, bee's load' and lit. dravė̃ `hole in tree'; furthermore in ablaut ostlit. drėvė̃ and drovė̃ f. ds., lett. drava `cavity in beehive';

proto slav.. *druu̯a- Nom. Pl. `wood' in Old Church Slavic drъva, russ. drová, poln. drwa (Gen. drew); *druu̯ina- n. `wood' in klr. drovno, slovz. drẽvnø;

slav. *drъmъ in russ. drom `virgin forest, thicket', etc (= Old Indian drumáḫḥ, gr. δρυμός, adjekt. ags. trum);

lit. su-drus `abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indian su-drú-ḥ `good wood');

balt. drūta- `strong' (== gallorom. *drūto-s, gr. PN Δρύτων) in lit. drū́tas, driū́tas `strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwis m. `faith, belief', druwi f., druwīt `believe' (*druwēti: ahd. trūen), na-po-druwīsnan `reliance, hope'. Beside lit. drū́tas also drū́ktas; see under dher-2.

In ablaut here Old Church Slavic drevlje `fore, former, of place or time; higher in importance, at first or for the first time', ačech. dřéve, russ. drévle `ages before'; adverb of comparative or affirmative.

hitt. ta-ru `tree, wood', Dat. ta-ru-ú-i;

here also probably toch. AB or `wood' (false abstraction from *tod dor, K. Schneider IF. 57, 203).

Note:

The shift d- > zero is a balt.-illyr. phonetic mutation inherited by toch.

References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139.

Page(s): 214-217

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-

English meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)

German meaning: `schinden, die Haut abziehen, abspalten, spalten'

Note:

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū- : `tree'

Material: Old Indian dar- `break, make crack, split, burst', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar, dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti `bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Kaus. dā̆rayati, Intens. dardirat, dárdarti (compare av. darǝdar- `split'; čech. drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. δορός `hose', lett. nuõdaras `dross of bast', Church Slavic razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, got. gataúrÞs, russ. dertь), darmán- m. `smasher' (: gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman- `destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρις), dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping, splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. 1 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; npers. Inf. dirīδan, darīδan, jöd.-pers. darīnḫišn;

Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'.

Dardani illyr. TN

Note:

The name Dardani illyr. TN and [Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει ̃ ς, att. - ιη ̃ ς derive from the same root.

Dardanus

by Micha F. Lindemans

The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).

Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.

DARA

DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE

DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX

DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]

DARADUS

DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin. v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]

DARAE

DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]

DARANTASIA

DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA

DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE

DARADRAE

DARDANI

DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]

av. darǝdar- (see above) `split', Inf. dǝrǝnąm (: Old Indian dr̥ṇā́ti), Iter. dāraya-, participle dǝrǝtō (= Old Indian dr̥tá-);

arm. teṙem `skin, flay, make callous' (because of ṙ probably for root form *der-s-, Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful arm. tar `foreign land', tara- `besides, without, afar', taray Aor. `take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);

gr. δέρω `skin, flay', i̯o-present δείρω ds. (as lit. derù besides diriù), Aor. Pass. ἐδάρην, participle δρατός, δαρτός (= Old Indian dr̥tá-); δορός `hose' (= Old Indian dara-, lett. nuõ-daras); δάρσις `the skinning' (= Old Indian dŕ̥ti-), next to which with (has changed) lengthened grade att. δέρρις, -εως `skin, leathery dress, cover'; *δέρτρον, diss. δέτρον `the membrane which contains the bowels'; δέρας, -ατος n. `skin, fur' (heavy basisö), δέρος n., δέρμα n., δορά `fell, fur'; lengthened grade δῆρις, -ιος (poet.) `fight, struggle'(= Old Indian -dāri-); here probably also δαρ-δαίνω `bedraggle' instead of *δαρ-δαίρω (: Old Indian dár-dar-ti)ö

cymr. corn. bret. darn `piece, part' (= Old Indian dīrṇá-);

got. dis-taíran (= gr. δέρω) `break, pull apart', ga-taíran `tear, destroy', ags. teran `tear', ahd. zeran, fir-zeran `tear, destroy'; mhd. (ver)zern, nhd. (ver)zehren `consume', mengl., mnd. terren `quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, tarren `stir, tease, irritate, banter', ahd. zerren `pull'; got. intrans. dis-, ga-taúrnan `tear' (: Old Indian dr̥ṇā́ti), holl. tornen `unstitch, unpick, take apart', compare nominal ags. as. torn, ahd. zorn `anger, fight, violent displeasure' and in original meaning holl. torn `cleavage, separation' (= Old Indian dīrṇá-, cymr. darn; also Old Indian dīrṇá- is named besides `split' also `confused, put in desperation'); next to which zero grade anord. tjǫrn f. (*dernā), tjarn n. (*dernom) `small sea', originally probably `water hole' (compare Old Indian dara-, darī `hole in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-taúrnan (iterative) gatarnjan `mug, rob' (but ahd. uozurnen `despise' Denom. of *uo-zorn); got. gataúra m. `crack', gataúrÞs f. `destruction' (= Old Indian dr̥ti-, gr. δάρσις); anord. torð- in compounds, ags. tord n. `ordure' (*dr̥-tóm `separation', compare lett. dìrstu, dìrst `defecate', dir̃sa `buttocks', Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension mhd. zurch, zörch m. `animal excrements');

Maybe truncated alb. dhjes `defecate': lett. dìrstu, dìrst `defecate'.

besides of the heavy basis anord. trōð n. `batten, lath, support from poles' (*drō-to-m), mhd. truoder f. `slat, pole, from it manufactured rack'; ahd. trā̆da `fringe' (nhd. Troddel), mhd. trōdel (for *trādel) `tassel, wood fiber';

actually to der-(e)u- (see under) with nasal infix belong *dr̥ḫnu̯ḫō in mhd. trönne f. `running shoal, migration, swarm; surge', ahd. abeḫtrunnig, abḫtrunne `apostate', ant-trunno `fugitive', and *dren-u̯ō in trinnan `seclude oneself', mhd. trinnen, trann `be separated from, depart from, run away', nhd. entrinnen (*ent-trinnen), Kaus. germ. *tranni̯an in mhd. trennen `cut, clip', nhd. trennen, holl. (with transposition) tarnen, tornen `separate' (the latter, in any case, more directly to derive from *der- `split'; nn of germ. *trennan from -nu̯-); certainly here schwed. mdartl. trinna, trenta `split fence rack', further with the meaning `split trunk piece as a disc, wheel' ahd. trennila `ball', trennilōn `roll', mnd. trint, trent `circular', trent m. `curvature, roundness, circular line', ags. trinde f. (or trinda m.) `round clump', mhd. trindel, trendel `ball, circle, wheel' under likewise

With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare gr. δαρδαίνω and čech. drdati) and from `tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here germ. *trat-, *trut- in ags. teart `stern, sharp, bitter', mndl. torten, holl. tarten `stir, tease, irritate, challenge, defy', mnd. trot `contrariness', mhd. traz, truz, -tzes `obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness', nhd. Trotz, Trutz, trotzen, bair. tratzen `banter'; with the meaning-development `fray' - `thin, fine, tender' perhaps (ö)mnd. tertel, tertlīk `fine, dainty, mollycoddled', dön. tærtet `squeamish' (perhaps also norw. mdartl. tert, tart `small salmon', terta `small play ball'); ahd. nhd. zart (the last from *dorḫtō-, compare mpers. dart `afflicted', npers. derd `pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);

lit. diriù (: δείρω), žem. derù (: δέρω), dìrti `flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy basis compared with Old Indian dŕ̥ti-, gr. δάρσις, got. gataúrÞs), nudìrtas `flayed', lett. nuõdara `pole with cut branches, bread slice', Pl. -as `dross, esp. of bast' (: Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indian dara-, gr. δορός), lit. dernà `board, plank, balk'; with u-colored zero grade lit. duriù, dùrti `prick' (preterit dū́riau) = serb. ù-drim (ù-driti) `hit' (russ. uḫdyrítъ `hit' with iterative grade to *dъr-, compare lit. dū́riau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are lit. dur̃nas `frenzied, stupid', lett. dur̃ns borrowed from Slav.; compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 519.

Slav. *derō and *diriō in Old Church Slavic derǫ, dьrati `rend, flay' and *dьrǫ (serb. zȁdrēm, čech. dru); u-darjǫ, uḫdariti `hit' (*dōr-, compare *dēr- in gr. δῆρις), with iterative grade raz-dirati `tear', serb. ìz-dirati `exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass away, disappear' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira `crack'; s. Berneker 201, whereas also about the meaning-development of probably related family serb. díra `hole, crack', bulg. dír `a `track of a person or animal, or from wheels', dír `ъ `search, seek, feel, pursue'); about *dъr- in serb. ù-drim see above;

nouns: with ē-grade sloven. u-dę̂r `blow, knock', with ŏ-grade Old Church Slavic razdorъ `crack, cleavage' (= Old Indian dara-, gr. δορός, lett. nuõ-daras), serb. ù-dorac `attack, with zero grade (idg. *dr̥to-): serb Church Slavic raz-drьtь `lacerate', klr. dértyj `torn, flayed' (= Old Indian dr̥ta-); idg. *dr̥ti- : russ. dertь `residue of crushed grain, bran; cleared land' (= Old Indian dŕ̥ti- etc); russ. (etc) dërnъ `lawn, meadow' (: Old Indian dīrná- etc, meaning as in lit. dir̃ti `cut the lawn grass');

Maybe alb. (*dermó) dërrmoj `exhaust'.

russ. dermó `rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt' (*dross by splitting, peeling), dërkij `rash, hasty, fast', dranь f. `shingle, lath', drjanь = `dermó `, dráka `brawl', drač `nail puller, tool used to remove nails', o-dríny Pl. `chaff' etc.

With l- extended lit. nuḫdìrlioti `peel the skin', serb. dr̂ljām, dŕljati `harrow', dr̂ljīm, dŕljiti `divest' (Berneker 255);

toch. AB tsör- `separate, split', tsrorye `cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 19).

d(e)rī- (: *derēi-ö) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):

Gr. δρῑ-μύς `(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after ὀξύς reshaped from *δρῑ-μός or -σμός), lett. drīsme `crack, scratch', perhaps (if not derailment of ablaut to lit. dreskiù because of whose zero grade drisk-) from lett. drìksna (*drīskna) `scratch', draĩska `tearer', compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 488 f., 500;

remains far off δρῖλος `bloodsucker, leech, penis', eigentl. `the swollen', to δριάουσαν θάλλουσανHes. (M. Scheller briefl.).

With u- forms of the light (der-eu-) and heavy basis (derǝ-u-, dr̥̄-u-) `tear, (the land) break, burst, erupt': dorǝ-u̯ā: dr̥̄-u̯ā `species of grain', deru-, de-dru- etc `lacerate skin'.

Mpers. drūn, drūdan `reap';

about germ. forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;

here anord. trjōna f. (*dreuḫnḫōn-) `proboscis of the pig' (`bursting, burrowing'), trȳni n. ds., mhd. triel (*dreu-lo-) m. `snout, muzzle, mouth, lip',

maybe alb. geg. (*trȳni) turini, tosk. turiri `mouth of animals, snout'

norw. mdartl. mūle-trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko-) `horse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trøg and trygle of anord. trauða `lack, come short', trauðla Adv. `barely', trauðr `querulous' and - with g-extension - ags. trū̆cian `be absent, lack, come short' (nengl. dial. to truck `to fail', mnd. tröggelen `beg, cheat, deceive');

lett. drugt `diminish, collapse' (ir. droch, cymr. drwg `penurious, evil, bad' from k-extensionö, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 505).

Old Indian dū́rvā `millet grass' (dr̥̄-u̯ā);

compare gr. delph. δαράτα f., thess. δάρατος m. `bread' (*dr̥ǝ-), maked. δράμις ds.;

gall. (lat.) dravoca `ryegrass' (*drǝ-u̯-); bret. draok, dreok, cymr. drewg ds. are borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);

mndl. tanve, terwe, holl. tarwe `wheat', engl. tare `weed, ryegrass, vetch' (germ. *tarḫu̯ō, idg. *dorǝu̯ā);

lit. dìrva `farmland' (*dr̥̄-u̯ā, with intonation change the ā-stem), eigentl. `freed, cleared', dirvónas `virgin soil, land' (compare to meaning russ. mdartl. dor `new tillage, cultivated land', rózdertь `land made arable'), lett. druva `the tilled farmland, sown field' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), russ. (see Berneker 186) derévnja `village (without church); land property', mdartl. `piece of field', pášet derévnju `tills the field';

with the meaning `skin rash' (`splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'):

Old Indian dar-dru- m. `kind of skin rash', dar-dū́- m. (uncovered), daḫdrú- m., da-dru-ka- m. `leprosy';

lat. derbita f. `lichen' is Lw. from gall. *dervēta (compare also mir. deir, air. *der from *derā `lichen'), to cymr. tarwyden, tarwden (Pl. tarwed) (besides darwyden through influence of the prefix group tḫar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), mbret. dervoeden, nbret. deroueden `sick of lichen'(*deru̯-eit-);

germ. *te-tru- in ags. teter `skin rash', ahd. zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-s = Old Indian dadruka-), nhd. Zitterich `skin rash';

lit. dedervinė̃ `rash resembling lichen' (Trautmann 47, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- čech. o-dra, Pl. o-dry `prickly heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. oḫdra `measles', of the g-extension bulg. drъ́gnъ-se `rub myself, itch myself, become scabby');

dereg- :

Mndl. treken st. V. `pull, tear' and `shudder', ahd. trehhan `push, poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping', *trakjan in mnd. trecken `pull, tear (tr. intr.)', ags. træglian `to pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be connected to lett. dragât `pull, rend, upset, shake', draguls `shivering fit', drāga `a strong angry person, renders and demands a lot'; lett. drigelts, drigants, lit. drigãntas `stallion' are Lw. from poln. drygant; compare Būga Kalba ir s. 128, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 498.

deregh- (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lit.):

Ags. tiergan (germ. *targi̯an) `banter, stir, tease, irritate', mnd. tergen, targen `pull, stir, tease, irritate', holl. tergen, nhd. zergen `pull, tear, anger', schwed. mdartl. targa `tug with the teeth or sharp tools', norw. mdartl. terga `banter'; lit. dìrginu, dìrginti `flurry, irritate, stimulate, excite, pull (the trigger of a gun)'; russ. dërgatь `pluck, pull, tear, rend' (etc), sú-doroga `cramp'.

derek-:

Δρέκανον name of foreland in Kos (as Δρέπανον plural as name of forelands, Bugge BB. 18, 189), δόρκαι κονίδες, δερκύλλειν αἱμοποτεῖν (actually `tear the skin open' as analogous meaning δερμύλλειν) Hes.;

gr. δόρπος m., δόρπον n. `supper' (*dork- + u̯o-forms) = alb. darkë `supper, evening' (unclear the ablaut relation in drekë `lunch, middle of the day'; compare Persson Beitr. 859¹); perhaps to (nordillyr.ö) PN Δρακούινα (leg. Δαρκούιναö) in Wurttemberg, as `place to rest';

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. drekë `lunch, middle of the day' seems to have derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look, light'; gr. δέρκομαι `look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision', δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ - δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indian darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. `one looking up from below', δράκος n. `eye', δράκων, - οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα ; alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥kḫtā);

According to alb. phonetic laws alb. dritë `light' derived from (dr̥ikḫa) not (*dr̥kḫtā) because of common alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations;

maybe alb. (*darc̨ata-), darkë `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech), drekë `dinner meal, midday, light of the day': air. an-dracht `loathsome, dark' (see above).

sloven. dr̂kam, dr̂čem, dr̂kati `glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run' (probably from `clear off, run away, leave'), čech. drkati `bump, poke, jolt', bulg. dъ́rcam, drъ́cnъ `pull, riffle flax, hemp' (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).

deres-:

Arm. teṙem (see above under der-);

mir. dorr `anger', dorrach `rough, coarse' (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); presumably ags. teors, ahd. zers `penis', norw. ters `nail'; also anord. tjasna f. `kind of nail' from *tersnōn-ö, norw. trase `rag, clout', trasast `become ragged', tras `deadwood', trask `offal, deadwood';

Maybe alb. trastë `bag, (ragged clothö)', tras `pull (a boat on the coast) : rum. trage `pull'

sloven. drásati `disband, separate', čech. drásati `scratch, scrape, stripe', drasta, drásta `splinter, scrap, shred; garment', draslavý `rough, jolting', zero grade drsen `rough', drsnatý `jolting'(compare above mir. dorr).

dre-sk:

lit. su-dryskù, -driskaũ, -drìksti `tear', dreskiù, dreskiaũ, -drė̃ksti `rend', draskaũ, draskýti iter. `tear', lett. draskât ds., draska `rag', lit. drėkstìnė lentà `crafty slat, thinly split wood' (Leskien Abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., bulg. dráskam, dráštъ (*draščǫ) `scratch, scrape; fit tightly', perfective drásnъ (*drasknǫ); dráska `scratcher, crack'; čech. old z-dřies-kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding anlaut) z-dřiezhati `break, rupture', dřieska, dřiezha `splinter, chip, splinter', nowadays dřízha `chip, splinter'; poln. drzazga `splinter';

With formant -p-:

drep-, drop-:

Old Indian drāpíḫḥ m. `mantle, dress', drapsáḫḥ m. `banner (ö)' (= av. drafša- `banner, ensign, flag, banner'), lit. drãpanos f. Pl. `household linen, dress', lett. drãna (probably *drāpḫnā) `stuff, kerchief, cloth'; gallo-rom. drappus `kerchief, cloth' (PN Drappō, Drappus, Drappes, Drapōnus) is probably ven.-ill. Lw.; the a-vowel from idg. o or, as das -pp-, expressive;

gr. δρέπω `break off, cut off, pick', δρεπάνη, δρέπανον `sickle', also δράπανον (out of it alb. drapën `sickle' ds.), that is defined through assimilation of δρεπάνη to *δραπάνη; o-grade δρώπτω διακόπτω Hes. (= serb. drâpljēm), δρῶπαξ, -κος `Pechpflaster, um Haareauszuziehen', δρωπακίζω `pull the hair out'; anord. trǫf n. Pl. `fringes', trefr f. Pl. ds., trefja `rub, wear out', mhd. trabe f. `fringe';

*drōp- in russ. drjápa-ju, -tь (with unclear ja), dial. drápatь, drapátь `scratch, rend', serb. drâpām, drâpljēm, drápati `tear, wear out; scratch, scrape', poln. drapać `scratch, scrape, scrape, rub, flee'; dr̥p-, slav. *dьrp- in bulg. dъ́rpam, perfective drъ́pnъ `tear, pull, drag', serb. dr̂pām, dŕpati and dȑpīm, dȑpiti `rend'; bsl. dreb-, drob- `scrap, shred, dress' in lett. drė́be f. `stuff, dress, laundry', lit. dróbė f. `canvas, fabric', drãbanas m. `rag, scrap, shred', drabùžis, drobùžis m. `dress'; osorb. draby m. Pl. `dress stuff', čech.-möhr. zdraby m. Pl. `rag, scrap, shred' have probably through influence the root *drob- (see under dhrebh-) `carve, slit, dismember' -b- instead of -p-;

drip-:

Gall. (ven.-ill.) PN Drippia, Drippōnius (compare above Drappus etc);

Note: Alb. drapën `sickle' : (ven.-ill.) PN Drippōnius

bulg. drípa `rag, scrap, shred', sloven. drîpam (drîpljem), drípati `tear, have diarrhea', čech. dřípa `scrap, shred', dřípati `rend, tear';

drup-:

Gr. δρύπτω `scratch', ἀποδρύπτω, -δρύφω (with secondary φ instead of π, s. Persson Beitr. 859) `scrub, flay off the skin', δρυφή `scratching, peeling', δρυπίς `a kind of thorn'.

For variation of a : i : u in `popular words' compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia 162 ff.

References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.

Page(s): 206-211

Root / lemma: des-, dēs-

English meaning: to find

German meaning: `finden, nachspören'

Material: Gr. δήw `become find' (futur. gebrauchtes present), ἔδηεν εὖρεν Hes.;

alb. ndesh `find, encounter', ndieh (*of-sk̂ō) `feel, find'; perhaps also Old Church Slavic dešǫ, desiti `find', ablaut. russ.-Church Slavic dositi (udositi) `find, meet', whether not to dek̂-; whereas is Old Indian abhi-dāsati `is hostile, attacked' rather Denomin. of dāsá-ḥ `slave, fiend'.

About alb. ndesh s. also above S. 190.

References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780.

Page(s): 217

Root / lemma: deuk-

English meaning: to drag

German meaning: `ziehen'

Material: Gr. δαι-δύσσεσθαι ἕλκεσθαι Hes. (*δαι-δυκ-ι̯ω with intensive reduplication as παι-φάσσω). In addition perhaps also δεύκει φροντίζει Hes., wherefore hom. ἀδευκής `inconsiderate'; unclear is Πολυδεύκης `der vielsorgende' (but Δευκαλίων is dissimilated from *Λευκαλίων, Bechtel), and with zero grade ἐνδυκέως `keen, eager, painstaking'. The meaning `care, worry, be considerate of' arose from `pull, drag' perhaps about `bring up'; similarly stands for anord. tjōa (*teuhōn) `help' (see Falk-Torp 1315 f.).

Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows lat. dūcere as `to draw; to draw along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider'.

Alb. nduk `pluck, tear out the hair', dial. also `suck out'.

Mcymr. dygaf `bring' (*dukami); about air. to-ucc- (cc = gg) `bring' see under euk-.

Lat. dūcō (altlat. doucō), -ere, dūxī, dŭctum `to draw; to draw along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider' = got. tiuhan, ahd. ziohan, as. tiohan, ags. tēon `pull, drag' (anord. only in participle toginn).

verbal compounds: ab-dūcō = got. af-tiuhan, ad-dūcō = got. at-tiuhan, con-dūcō = got. ga-tiuhan, etc.

root nouns: lat. dux, ducis m. f. `a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander' (therefrom ēducāre `bring up, educate, rise'; linguistic-historical connection with formally equal anord. toga, ahd. zogōn `pull, drag' does not exist), trādux `(here guided) vine-layer'. Is as. etc heritogo, ahd. herizogo `military leader', nhd. Herzog replication of στρατηγόςö compare Feist 479.

ti-stem: lat. ductim `by drawing; in a stream', late ducti-ō `duct' (besides tu-stem ductus, -ūs `direction, leadership, duct, conduction') = nhd. Zucht (see under).

Specially rich development form in Germ., so: iterative-Kaus. anord. teygia `pull, drag, pull out' = ags. tíegan `pull, drag' (*taugian); ahd. zuckan, zucchen, mhd. zucken, zöcken `quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back' (with intensive consonant stretch; therefrom mhd. zuc, Gen. zuckes m. `twitch, jerk'); anord. tog n. `the pulling, rope, cable', mhd. zoc, Gen. zoges m. `pull', whereof anord. toga, -aða `pull, drag', ags. togian, engl. tow `pull, drag', ahd. zogōn, mhd. zogen `pull, drag (tr., intr.), rend, pull', compare above lat. (ē)-ducāre; ags. tyge m. i-stem `pull', ahd. zug, nhd. Zug (*tugi-); ahd. zugil, zuhil, mhd. zugil, nhd. Zögel, anord. tygill m. `band, strap, strip', ags. tygel `rope'; anord. taug f. `rope', ags. tēag f. `band, strap, manacle, paddock' (therefrom ags. tīegan `bind', engl. tie); with zero grade anord. tog n. `rope, hawser'; anord. taumr m. `rope, cable, rein', ags. tēam m. `pair of harnessed oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny' (therefrom tīeman `proliferate, be pregnant', engl. teem), ndl. toom `brood', afries. tām `progeny', as. tōm `a strap or thong of leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip', ahd. mhd. zoum m. `rope, cable, thong, rein', nhd. `bridle, rein' (germ. *tauma- from *tauʒḫmá-); ahd. giziugōn `bear witness, prove' (actually `zur Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden'), mhd. geziugen `prove from evidence', nhd. (be)zeugen, Zeuge, mnd. betǖgen `testify, prove', getǖch n. `attestation, evidence'; further with the meaning `bring out, bring up, generate' ahd. giziug (*teugiz) `stuff, device, equipment', nhd. Zeug, mnd. tǖch (-g-) n. `stuff, device' and `penis', mhd. ziugen, nhd. zeugen; got. ustaúhts `consummation', ahd. mhd. zuht f. `raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny', nhd. Zucht (= lat. ductus see above); therefrom nhd. zöchtig, zöchtigen, ags. tyht m. `upbringing, breed, breeding', afries. tucht, tocht `ability to procreate'.

Specially because of Zucht `progeny', bair. also `breeding pig' under likewise one draws ahd. zōha, mnd. tӧ̄le (*tōhila), nhd. schwöb. zauche `bitch', neuisl. tōa `vixen' to the root; yet compare mhd. zūpe `bitch', norw. dial. tobbe `mare, small female creature' and germ. *tīkō and *tiƀō `bitch'.

A simple root form *den- `pull, drag' perhaps in anord. tjōðr n. (*deu-trom) `tether, bandage rope' = mengl. teder-, teÞer ds., ahd. zeotar `shaft', nhd. bair. Zieter `front shaft' (also ags. tūdor, tuddor n. `progeny'ö); but Old Indian ḍōrakam `rope, strap' is dravid. Lw. (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).

References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861.

Page(s): 220-221

Root / lemma: deu-1

English meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into

German meaning: `einsinken, eindringen, hineinschlöpfen'

Material: Old Indian upā-du- `to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person of, enter, press into, cover oneself, wear';

The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: Old Indian doṣā́, new dōṣa-ḥ `evening, darkness', av. daošatara-, daošastara- `situated towards evening, to the west', npers. dōš `the former yesterday night';

gr. δείελος (more properly δειελός) `evening' (metr. lengthening for *δεελός from δευσελόςö originally Adj. `vespertine', as still in hom. δειελὸν ἦμαρ); gr. δύω (att. υ:, ep. ῠ), trans. `sink, dive, swathe' (only in compounds: καταδύω `sink'), intrans. (in simplex only in participle δύων; Aor. ἔδυν) `dive in, penetrate (e.g. αἰθέρα, ἐς πόντον), slip in, pull in (clothing, weapons; so also ἐνδύω, ἀποδύω, περιδύω), sets (from the sun and stars, dive, actually, in the sea)', also med. δύομαι and δύ̄νω (hom. δύσετο is old augment tense to the future, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 788); ἁλιβδύω, Kallimachos `sink in the sea' (β unclear, s. Boisacq s. v.; preposition *[a]p[o]ö); δύπτω `dip, dive, sink' (after βύπτω); ἄδῠτον `the place where one may not enter', δύσις `disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the sun and stars', πρὸς ἡλίουδύσιν `towards evening', δυσμαί Pl. `setting of the sun and stars'; unclear ἀμφίδυμος, δίδυμος `coupled' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 589; after Frisk Indog. 16 f. here also δυτη `shrine'.

References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.

Page(s): 217-218

Root / lemma: (deu-2 or dou-) : du-

English meaning: to worship; mighty

German meaning: etwa `(religiös) verehren, gewöhren, verehrungswördig, möchtig'

Material: Old Indian dúvas- n. `offering, worship instruction', duvasyáti `honors, reveres, recognizes, recompenses', duvasyú-, duvōyú- `venerating, respectful'; altlat. duenos, dann duonos, klass. bonus `good' (Adv. bene, Demin. bellus [*du̯enelos] `pretty, cute');

Note: common lat. du̯- > b- phonetic mutation.

probably = air. den `proficient, strong', Subst. `protection'; lat. beō, -āre `to bless, enrich, make happy', beātus `blessed, lucky' (*du̯ḫéi̯ō, participle *du̯ḫenos); in addition as. twīthōn `grant', mnd. twīden `please, grant', ags. langtwīdig `granted long ago', mhd. zwīden `grant', md. getwēdic `tame, domesticated, compliant' (*du̯ḫeiḫto-; Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 499);

after EM² 114 perhaps still here gr. δύ-να-μαι `has power'.

Perhaps also here germ. *taujan `make' (from `*be mighty') in got. taujan, tawida `make', urnord. tawids `I made', ahd. zouuitun `exercebant (cyclopes ferrum)', mhd. zouwen, zöuwen `finish, prepare', mnd. touwen `prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into leather', wherefore ags. getawa `an implement, utensils, tools, instruments' (therefrom again (ge)tawian `prepare', engl. taw `make ready, prepare, or dress (raw material) for use or further treatment; spec. make (hide) into leather without tannin') and (with original prefix stress in nouns) ags. geatwe f. Pl. `armament, armor, jewellery, weapons' = anord. gǫtvar f. Pl. ds., afries. touw, tow `tool, rope, hawser', nfries. touw `the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow', mnd. touwe `tool, loom', touwe, tou `rope, hawser' (out of it nhd. Tau), ahd. gizawa `household furniture, apparatus' (but also `succeed', see above), mhd. gezöuwe n. `appliance' (out of it with bair.-dial. vocalization mhd. zāwe), nhd. Gezöhe (see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).

In addition with ē (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through proto germ. abridgement from *tǣwjan) perhaps got. tēwa `order, row', gatēwjan `dispose', ahd. zāwa `coloring, paint, color, dyeing', langobard. zāwa `row, division of certain number, uniting', ags. æl-tǣwe `altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole, healthy, well' (about possible origin of germ. *tēwā from *tēʒ-wā́ see under *dek̂- `take'; then it would be natural to separate from taujan); with ō got. taui, Gen. tōjis `action', ubiltōjis `evildoer, wrongdoer', anord. tō n. `uncleaned wool or flax, linen thread material' = ags. tōw `the spinning, the weaving' in tōw-hūs `spinnery', tōw-cræft `skillfulness in spinning and weaving', engl. tow `the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow'; with l-suffix anord. tōl n. `tool', ags. tōl n. ds. (*tōwula-), verbal only anord. tø̄ja, tȳja `utilize, make usable', actually `align', denominative to *tōwja- after Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tøie therein belonging to got. tiuhan *tauhjan, *tiuhjan.

Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) got. taujan to air. doïd `exert, troubled'; the fact that this, however with doïd `catches fire' is identical and the meaning `make' has developed from `kindle the fire, inflame', seems unlikely.

About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.

References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.

Page(s): 218-219

Root / lemma: deu-3, deu̯ǝ-, du̯ā-, dū-

English meaning: to move forward, pass

German meaning: 1. `sich röumlich vorwörts bewegen, vordringen, sich entfernen', out of it spöter 2. `zeitliche Erstreckung'

Material: Old Indian dūḫráḫḥ `remote, distant, wide' (mostly locally, however, also chronologically), av. dūraē, Old pers. duraiy `afar, far there', av. dūrāt̃ `at a distance, far, far there, far away', compounds Sup. Old Indian dávīyas-, dávišṭha- `more distant, most distant'; ved. duvás- `moving forward, striving out', transitive av. duye `chase away', aviḫfrā-δavaite `carry away itself (from water)'; Old Indian dūtá-ḥ, av. dūta- `summoner, delegator'; perhaps here Old Indian doṣaḫḥ m. `lack, fault, error' (*deuḫsḫo-);

gr. dor. att. δέω, öol. hom. δεύω (not *δευσ-, but *δεF-) `lack, err, miss', Aor. ἐδέησα, ἐδεύησα; unpers. δεῖ, δεύει, participle τὸ δέον, att. τὸ δοῦν `the needful'; Medium δέομαι, hom. δεύομαι `lack' etc, hom. `stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be insufficient', att. `please, long for'; ἐπιδεής, hom. ἐπιδευής `destitute, lacking', δέημα `request'; in addition δεύτερος `follow in the distance, the second one', in addition Superl. hom. δεύτατος.

Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above Old Indian doṣaḫḥ) germ. *tiuzōn in ags. tēorian `cease, languish' (*stay behind), engl. tire `exhaust'.

compare further md. zūwen (strong. V.) `move in the front, move, proceed there', ahd. zawen `proceed, go ahead, succeed', mhd. zouwen `hurry, somewhat hasten, proceed, go ahead, succeed', zouwe f. `haste, hurry'.

2. Apers. duvaištam Adv. `for a long time', av. dbōištǝm Adj. `long, extended' (temporal); about Old Indian dvitā́, av. daibitā, Old pers. duvitā-paranam see under du̯ōu `two';

arm. tevem `last, endure, hold, hold off', tev `endurance, duration', i tev `long time through', tok `duration, endurance' (*teuoḫko-, *touoḫko-), ablaut. erkar `long' (temporal) from *du̯āḫro- (= gr. δηρόν), erkain `long' (spacial);

gr. δήν (el. dor. δά̄ν Hes.) `long, long ago' (*δFά̄ν), δοά̄ν (*δοFά̄ν) `long' (accusative of *δFᾱ, *δοFᾱ `duration'), δηρόν, dor. δᾱρόν `long lasting' (*δFᾱ-ρόν), δηθά `long', therefrom δηθύνειν `hesitate, stay long', δαόν πολυχρόνιον Hes. (*δFᾱ-ι̯ον); about δᾱρόν compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482, 7;

lat. dū-dum `some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a long time' (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) dūrāre `endure' because of air. cundrad `pact, covenant' (*con-dūrad); but cymr. cynnired `movement' remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BSL. 38, 115 f.); here also lat. dum, originally `short time, a short while', see above S. 181;

lengthened grade air. doë (*dōu̯i̯o-) `slow';

Old Church Slavic davĕ `erstwhile, former', davьnъ `ancient', russ. davnó `since long ago', etc;

hitt. tu-u-wa (duwa) `far, away', tu-u-wa-la (Nom. Pl.) `remote, distant' from *du̯ā̆-lo-, Benveniste BSL. 33, 143.

References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348, 595, 685.

Page(s): 219-220

Root / lemma: deup- (: kteup-ö)

English meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: `dumpfer Schall, etwa as von einem Schlag'; Schallwurzel

Material: Gr. hom. δοῦπος `dull noise, din; sound of the kicks'; δουπέω `to sound heavy or dead '; the in hom. ἐγδούπησαν, ἐρίγδουπος `loud-thundering' (μασίγδουπον ...μεγαλόηχον Hes.) revealed treading original anlaut γδ- is maybe parallel with κτύπος `blow, knock' besides τύπος or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its age; after Schwyzer would be (γ)δουπέω intensive to zero grade κτυπ-; serb. dȕpīm, dȕpiti `hit with noise', sloven. dûpam (dupljem) dúpati `punch on something hollow, rustle thuddingly', dupotáti, bulg. dúp `ъ `give the spurs to a horse', lett. dupêtiês `dull sound' (bsl. d- from gd-ö or older as gr. γδ-ö);

Maybe onomatopoeic alb. dum (*dump) `thudding sound' [common alb. p > mp > m phonetic mutation]

after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here toch. A töp- `allow to sound, announce' (*tup-) in Infin. tpössi, participle Pass, cacpunder

References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 718³.

Page(s): 221-222

Root / lemma: de-, do-

English meaning: a demonstrative stem

German meaning: Demonstrativstamm, partly ich-deiktisch; Grundlage verschiedener Partikeln

Material: Av. vaēsmǝn-da `up there to the house';

gr. -δε in ὅ-δε, ἥ-δε, τό-δε `that here, this' (I - deixis), ἐνθά-δε, ἐνθέν-δε, τεῖ-δε, hinter Akk. the direction, e.g. δόμον-δε, οἶκον δε, οἶκόνδε, ᾽Αθήναζε (*Αθᾱνᾰνσ-δε), as av.vaēsmǝn-da (arkad. θύρδα ἔξω Hes., reshuffling of -δε after double forms as πρόσθε : πρόσθα), also in δε-ῦρο (δεῦρο emulated Pl.) `here', lat. quanḫde, quamḫde `as like' = osk. pan, umbr. pane `as', also osk. pún, umbr. pon(n)e `as well as' (*quomḫde), lat. inḫde `thence, from there' (*imḫde), un-de `whence, from where'; gr. δέ `but'; gr. δή `just, now, just, certainly', ἤ-δη `already', ἐπει-δή `since, whereas, because'; δαί after interrogative words `(what) thenö';

idg. *de put also in air. article inḫd (*sindḫos, idg. *sēm-de);

ital. -*dām in lat. quī-dam, quon-dam, umbr. neḫrsa `as long as' (probably solidified Akk. f.*ne-dām `not at the same time'; besides m. or n. in:);

lat. dum (*dom) `still', as Konj. `while, during the time that; so long as, provided that; until', originally demonstratives `then', compare etiamḫdum, interdum, nōndum, agedum (: gr. ἄγε δή), manedum, quidum `as soö' under likewise, then in relative-conjunctional meaning, as also in dummodo, dumnē, dumtaxat; osk. ísídum `the same as' however, is to be disassembled in ís-íd-um, as also in. lat. īdem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem is not to be recognized with dum from *dom the changing by ablaut -dem; īd-em from *idḫem = Old Indian idḫám `just this', compare osk. ís-íd-um, as quid-em from *quid-om = osk. píd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation iḫdem would be sensed as -dem an identity particle and would grow further);

but the primary meaning of dum is `a short while', wherefore u perhaps is old (compare dūdum) and dum belongs to root deu̯ǝ- (EM² 288 f.).

idg. *dō originally `here, over here' in lat. dō-ni-cum (archaically), dōnec (*dō-ne-que), for Lukrez also donique `so long as, till that, to, finally', but also `then' (dō- equal meaning with ad-, ar- in umbr. ar-ni-po `as far as' from *ad-ne-qʷom) and in quandō `when' = umbr. panupei `whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other'; air.do, du, acymr. di (= ði), corn. ðe `to' from *dū (in gall. du-ci `and'), Thurneysen Grammar 506; ags. tō, as. tõ (te, ti), ahd. zuo (za, ze, zi; the abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35, 471 not to understand as previously proto idg. ablaut variants), nhd. to (got. du `to' with Dat. and preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan `begin', seems proclitic development from *tō(ö), is marked from Brugmann II², 812 as unresolved); alit. do preposition and prefix `to'; Old Church Slavic da `so, and, but; that' (meaning-development `*in addition' - `still, and', from which then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Toch. 5.

Besides idg. *dŏ in Old Church Slavic do `until, to'.

Lit. da-, perfektivierendes verbal prefix, and lett. da `until - to', also verbal prefix e.g.in daḫiet `hinzugehen', derive from dem Slavischen.

en-do: alat. endo, indu `in', lat. only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind-ōles, other formations in hom. τὰ ἔν-δ-ῑνα (right ἔνδῐνα) `intestines, entrails', mir. inne `ds. `(*en-d-io-); against it wird air. ind- preposition and prefix `in' von Thurneysen Grammar 521 as after in- umgeförbte Entsprechung von gall. ande contemplates and further von Pedersen KG. I 450 with got. and `until', Old Indian ádhi connected; and gr. ἔνδο-θι `indoors, in, within', ἔνδο-θεν `from inside' are reshaped as lesb. dor. ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θι, -θεν, -ι from ἔν-δον, s. *dem- `to build'; hitt. an-da `in' to *en-do(or *n̥ḫdoö), Pedersen Hitt. 166. Whereas it is the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns air. in(d), abret. in, mcymr. yn probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.

dē (as dō probably an Instr. extension) in lat. dē `prep. with abl. in space, down from, away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a standard', falisk. de (besides osk. dat `dē' (for *dād, with t after post, pert etc; osk.-umbr. *dād is probably replacement for *dē after ehtrād etc, respectively after the ablative transformed in Instr. -ē(d), ō(d):ād); as preverb in da[da]d `give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render', dadíkatted `dedicate, consecrate, set apart', umbr. daetom `a fault, crime'; in addition compounds lat. dēterior `lower, inferior, poorer, worse', Sup. dēterrimus, dēmum (altlat. also dēmus) `of time, at length, at last; in enumerations, finally, in short;'id demum', that and that alone' (`*to lowest' - `lastly, finally'), dēnique `at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally; in short, in fine';

air. dī (besides de from idg. dĕ, wherewith perhaps gall. βρατου-δε `from a judicial sentence' is to be equated), acymr. di, ncymr. y, i, corn. the, bret. di `from - down, from - away', also as privative particle (e.g. acymr. di-auc `slow, tardy, slack, dilatory, lingering, sluggish, inactive, lazy', as lat. dēbilis; intensifying air. dī-mōr `very large' as lat. dēmagis `furthermore, very much')

The meaning `from - down, from - away' these with gr. δή, δέ formally the same particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also Germanö (Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: ahd. zādal `poverty, need' from *dē-tlom, of *dē `from - away', as wādal `poor, needy' : lat. vē `enclitic, or, or perhaps'ö).

The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: Old Indian tadā́ `then', av. taδa `then', lit. tadà `then'; Old Indian kadā́ `whenö', av. kadā, jav. kaδa `whenö', lit. kadà `when'; Old Indian yadā́ `when, as', av. yadā, jav. yaδa `when', Old Church Slavic jeda `when' (vgl also Old Indian yadi `if', Old pers. yadiy, av. yeδi, yeiδi `as soon as' and av. yaδāt `whence'); Old Indian idā́ `now, yet'; also the slav. formations as russ. kudá `whereto, where';

Maybe alb. ku-do (*kudá)`everywhere, anywhere', nasal nga-do (kądě) `everywhere'

Old Church Slavic kądu, kądě `whence', nikъda-že `never', poln. dokąd `whereto, where', Old Church Slavic tądě `from there', sądu `from here' under likewise, but it could contain also idg. dh.

A cognate stem *di perhaps in enklit. iran. Akk. av. Old pers. dim `her, she', av. dit `es', diš Pl. m. f., dī Pl. n., and Old Prussian Akk. Sg. din, dien `ihn, sie' (etc); compare but Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.

References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 624 f.

Page(s): 181-183

Root / lemma: dēg-

English meaning: to grabö

German meaning: `packen'ö

Material: Got. tēkan `touch';

Maybe alb. takonj `touch'

Additional cognates: [PN taka = WFris. take, EFris. tāken, MDu. tāken grasp, seize, catch, rel. by ablaut to Goth. tēkan]

with ablaut anord. taka, (engl. take) `take'; toch. B tek-, tak- `touch', B teteka `as soon as'.

Maybe alb. takonj `touch' : got. tēkan `touch';

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also lat. tangō `to touch'), Pedersen Toch. 207¹.

Page(s): 183

Root / lemma: dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī-

English meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden'

Note:

Root / lemma: dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī- : `to bind' derived from du̯ai, du̯ei-, stems of Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' meaning `bind in two'

Material: Old Indian dyḫáti (with ā-, ni-, sam-) `binds' (dy- zero grade of *dēi-, from 3. Pl. dyánti, compare av. nī-dyā-tąm 3. Sg. Med. in pass. meaning `it has made soil holdback', -ā-extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 761), Old Indian participle ditá- `bound' (= gr. δετός), dā́man- n. `band, strap' (= gr. -δημα), ni-dātār- `binder';

gr. (hom. att.) δέω (*δέjω) `bind', δετός `bound', δετή `shavings tied together as a torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf' (δε- for idg. *dǝ- as θετός : τίθημι), ἀμαλλοδετήρ `sheaf binder', δέσις `the fastening, binding', δεσμός `band, strap', κρήδε-μνον `head fascia', δέμνια Pl. `bedstead'; hom. present δίδημι `bind' is to δήσω after τίθημι: θήσω `neologism'; ὑπό-δημα (compare Old Indian dā́man-) `sandal', διάδημα `a band or fillet, turban, diadem';

alb. duai `fascicle, sheaf' (about *dōn- from idg. *dēḫn-), del `(*band, strap), sinew, tendon, vein' (idg.*dō-lo-).

References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 340 f., 676, 688.

Page(s): 183

Root / lemma: dǝĝh-mó-s

English meaning: slant

German meaning: `schief'ö

Material: Old Indian jihmáḫḥ `slantwise, slant, skew' (urar. *źiźhmá- assimil. from *diźhmá-), gr. δόχμιος, δοχμός `slant, skew' (assimil. from *δαχμός).

References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769.

See also: Other possibilities see under gei- `turn, bend'.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dhabh-2

English meaning: proper, *fitting, dainty

German meaning: `passend fögen, passend'

Material: Arm. darbin `smith' (*dhabhr-ino-);

lat. faber, fabrī `craftsman, artist', Adj. `ingenious, skilful', Adv. fabrē `skilful', affabrē `skillfully', contrast infabrē, fabrica `dexterity, workshop' (pälign. faber is lat. Lw.); perhaps here lat. (Plaut.) effāfilātus `exposed', Denom. from *fāfilla, `*acquiescence' (f dial.ö);

Note:

common lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation;

alb. tosk. thembërë `heel, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe)' [common alb. f- >th- phonetic mutation.

got. ga-daban `occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable', Perf. gadōb `to be clearly seen, to be conspicuous', Adj. gadōf is `it is suitable, proper, fitting' = ags. gedēfe `fitting, mild' (*ga-dōbja), gedafen `proper', gedafnian `be fitting, suitable' = anord. dafna `proficient, proper, become strong, prosper, thrive', ags. gedæfte `fitting, mild', gedæftan `sort, order, arrange';

Old Church Slavic dobrъ `good, beautiful, beauteous, fair' (= arm. darbin, lat. faber), dobjь, dobljь `the best, assayed, examined, tested, strong', doba (older r/n-stem) `fitting, applying, opportunity', podoba `ornament, adornment, decorousness, decency', uḫdobьnъ `light', u-dobь Adv. `light'; lit. dabà `quality, nature, habit, character', dabìnti `adorn', dabnùs `dainty' etc.

Maybe alb. i dobët (*uḫdobь n ъ) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, *fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see below]

References: WP. I 824 f., Trautmann 42 f., WH. I 436 f., 863.

Page(s): 233-234

Root / lemma: dhanu- or dhonu-

English meaning: a kind of tree

German meaning: `eine Baumbezeichnung' (ö)

Material: Old Indian dhánvan- n., dhánu- m., dhánuṣ- n. `bow', dhanvana- m. `a certain fruit tree' : ahd. tanna `fir, oak' (*danwō), mhd. tanne, and. dennia `fir'.

References: WP. I 825.

Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: dhau-

English meaning: to press

German meaning: `wörgen, dröcken, pressen'

Material: Av. dvaidī 1. Du. Prös. Med. `we press', davąs-činā (could stand for duvąs-) `although pressing oneself further'; phryg. δάος . . . ὑπο Φρυγῶν λύκος Hes. (therefrom the people's name Δᾶοι, Dā-ci), lyd. Καν-δαύλης (`κυν-άγχης `Indian Hemp, dogbane (plant poisonous to dogs)'), compare Καν-δάων, name of thrak. god of war, illyr. PN Can-davia; dhauno-s `wolf' as `shrike' in lat. GN Faunus (to gr. θαῦνον θηρίον Hes.) = illyr. Daunus (therefrom VN Δαύνιοι, inhabitant of apul. region of Daunia; compare thrak. Δαύνιον τεῖχος); gr. Zεὺς Θαύλιος i.e. `shrike' (thessal.; s. also Fick KZ. 44, 339), with ablaut gr. θώς, θω(F)ός `jackal' (i.e. `shrike');

Maybe alb. dac `cat' : phryg. δάος

got. af-dauiÞs `rended, mangled, afflicted';

Old Church Slavic davljǫ, daviti `embroider, choke, strangle', russ. davítь `pressure, press, choke, crush', dávka `crush'.

References: WP. I 823, WH. I 468.

See also: Über dhāu- `be astonished, marvel' see below dhei̯ǝ-.

Page(s): 235

Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)-

English meaning: to astonish, be speechless, *hit

German meaning: `staunen, betreten, sprachlos sein'

Note: presumably as `beaten, be concerned' from a basic meaning `hit'

Probably common origin of Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : to astonish, be speechless, *hit; Root / lemma: dhebh-, dhebh-eu- : `to harm', Root / lemma: (dhembh-), dhm̥bh- : `to dig', Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ- : `to smoke; to blow'.

Material: Gr. τάφος n. `astonishment, surprise', Perf. ep. ion. τέθηπα, participle Aor. ταφών `astonish', θώπτω, θώπεύω (`gaze in wonder =) flatter' (see Boisacq s. v. θώψ), nasalized θάμβος n. `astonishment, amazement, fright', θαμβέω `marvel, astonish, frighten'; to β compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333, 833;

got. afdōbn `become silent!'.

Under prerequisite a basic meaning `hit' can the following germ. family be added: anord. dafla `splash in the water', norw. dial. dabba `stamp, tread down, trample, make a blunder';

Maybe alb. geg. zhdëp `beat, strike'

anord. an(d)dø̄fa `hold on a boat against wind and stream', mengl. dabben, nengl. dab `hit lightly', ostfries. dafen `hit, knock, bump, poke', mhd. beteben `stun, wander about, press', ndd. bedebbert `reprimand, flog, embarrassed', nhd. tappen, Tapp `flick', mhd. tāpe `paw' (germ. ē, but not to use for statement of idg. vocalism), mndl. dabben `tap, splash' under likewise. However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these words with mhd. tappe `clumsy, awkward; clumsy person' etc correlates in a germ. root dabb-, dēb(b)-, daƀ-, dap- `thick, lumpy', from which `clumsy, stupid, doltish', under comparison with lett. depis swearword, perhaps `fool', depe `toad' (`*the awkward'), depsis `small, fat boy' [maybe alb. djep `cradle (for a baby)']

and germ. words, as schwed. mdartl. dabb `tough lump of mucus', dave `puddle, pool, slop' (: an. dafla `splash'ö) etc (lett.dep- is perhaps a a change form to *dheb- in Old Church Slavic debelъ `thick' etc, compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 455); it is to be counted on merger of different word cognates in Germ. (see also under dāi-, dāp- `divide');

after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places engl. dab `tap' to lit. dóbiu, dóbti `beat to death', lett. dābiu, dābt `hit'.

maybe alb. dëboj (*dobët) `chase away', i dobët (*uḫdobь n ъ) `emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'.

Note:

Alb. proves that Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, *fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see above]

References: WP. I 824.

Page(s): 233

Root / lemma: dhā̆l-

English meaning: to blossom, be green

German meaning: `blöhen, grönen'

Material: Arm. dalar `green, fresh';

gr. θάλλω `blossom, be green, flourish', Perf. τέθηλα, dor. τέθᾱλα, whereof present θηλέω, dor. θᾱλέω ds., θάλος n. `young scion, shoot', ἐριθηλής `sprouting lusciously', εὐθᾰλής, dor. εὐθᾱλής `sprouting or blossoming lusciously', θαλλός `young scion, shoot, young twig, branch', θαλία `bloom, blossom, blossoming prosperity, esp. Pl. festive joy, feast'.

Alb. dal (*dalnō), Aor. doɫa (*dāl-) `arise, sprout, rise, extend', participledalë (*dalno-) etc (about djalë `kid, child, youngling' see under del-3).

There Alb. only arranges original ā̆-vocalism and hence also in gr. die grade ᾱ is not perceived as neologism of ablaut in ᾰ, which could be developed in itself from l̥ are to be covered at best by a parallel root *dhel- :

perhaps arm. deɫ `physic, medicine' (whether from `*herb');

cymr. dail `leaves' (analogical Sg. dalen), acorn. delen `leaf' etc (i-umlaut of o), mir. duille (*dolīni̯ā) collective, f. `leaves', gall. πομπέδουλα `five leaves' (Dioskor.) : leg. *pimpe-dola.

maybe alb. (*dalīni̯ā) dëlinjë `juniper'

Essentially is unsatisfactory apposition from germ. *dilja in ags. dile, as. dilli, ahd. tilli, dilli `dill, strongly smelling plant umbel', changing through ablaut ags. dyle, older dön. dylle, nhd. mdartl. tölle ds., with other meaning anord. dylla `Sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle'; at least very doubtful of ahd. tola `a cluster, esp. of grapes', toldo m. `treetop or crown of a plant, umbel', nhd. Dolde `umbel'.

Maybe alb. dyllë `wax'

A cognate being far off the meaning of the family is the form ags. deall `illustrious', see dhel- `gleam, shine'.

References: WP. I 825 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302, 703, 714, 720, WH. I 524.

Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: dhebh-, dhebh-eu-

English meaning: to harm

German meaning: `beschödigen, verkörzen, betrögen'

Note: the nasalized forms (*dhembh-) are as proportional neologisms to interpret the root after containing n-.

Material: Old Indian dabhnōti `damages, disables, cheats, Pass. gets damaged' (*dhebh-n-éu-ti), Perf. dadā́bha and (changed) dadámbha, participle Perf. Pass. dabdhá- and (from the root form on -u:) á-dbhu-ta- Adj. `wonderful', actually `*the inaccessible deception, untouchable'; dambháyati `makes confused, frustrated' (dambhá-ḥ `deceit'), Desid. dipsati (= av. diwž-, see under), dabhrá- `a little, slightly, poorly';

av. dab- `cheat, defraud sb of sth': davąiϑyā̊ G. Sg. f. `the cheating', davayeinti N. Sg-. f. `the dishonest', dǝbǝnaotā 2. Pl. present (ar. *dbhanau̯-mi, idg. *dbh-en-eu-mi), Inf. diwžaidyāi (without more desiderative meaning, but = Old Indian dipsa-ti), participle Perf. Pass. dapta- (innovation); dǝ̄bā-vayat̃ `he shall beguile, infatuate' (root form *dbheu-), ā-dǝbaoman- n. `infatuation'; osset. dawi̥n `steal'; hitt. te-ip-nu- `esteem slightly', Pedersen Hitt. 144.

In addition very probably gr. ἀτέμβω `damage, rob, cut (θυμόν), bewilder, deceive', Pass. `I am robbed', with ἀ- probably from *ἁ-, *sm̥- and with to the same consonant relationship as between πύνδαξ : Old Indian budh-ná-ḥ.

References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 147, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333.

Page(s): 240

Root / lemma: dheb-

English meaning: fat, heavy

German meaning: `dick, fest, gedrungen'

Material: Ahd. tapfar `burdensome, filled; heavy, weighty', mhd. tapfer `tight, firm, thickset, full, weighty, signifying', late `valiant (tight, firm in the battle)', ahd. tapfare `mole', tapfarī f. `moles', mnd. dapper `heavy, weighty, vast, grand', ndl. dapper `valiant; much, a lot of', norw. daper `pregnant', anord. dapr `heavy, elegiac, dismal, sad'.

Perhaps an. dammr, nhd. Damm, mhd. tam ds., got. faúrdammjan `dam up, hinder', as dhobmó- hereö

Old Church Slavic debelъ `thick', russ. mdartl. debëlyj `corpulent, strong, tight, firm', abl. dobólyj `strong' (etc, s. Berneker 182); Old Prussian debīkan `big, large'; perhaps also lett. dabl'š under dàbls `luscious', dabl `i audzis `lusciously sprouted', dabl'îgs `luscious' (Berneker aaO.; after Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are lett. words probably to be connected with Old Church Slavic dobrъ);

toch. A tsopats `big, large', tāppo `courage', tpör `high', B tappre, töpr- ds., Pedersen Toch. 243, Toch. Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148. doubtfully.

References: WP. I 850, WH. I 437.

Page(s): 239

Root / lemma: dhegʷh-

English meaning: to burn, *day

German meaning: `brennen'

Material: Old Indian dáhati, av. dažaiti `burns' (= lit. degù, Old Church Slavic žegǫ, alb. djek), participle Old Indian dagdhá-ḥ (= lit. dègtas), Kaus. dāháyati; dāha-ḥ `blaze, heat', nidāghá-ḥ `heat, summer', npers. dāɣ `burn brand' (in addition spötgr. δάγαλος, -ις `red-brown horse'ö); av. daxša- m. `blaze';

gr. θέπτανος ἁπτόμενος Hes. (`kindled'; == lit. dègtinas `who or what is to be burned'), τέφρᾱ `ash' (*dhegʷhrā);

alb. djek `incinerate, burn', Kaus. dhez, n-dez `ignite' (basic form *dhogʷhéi̯ō = lat. foveō);

Note:

Common lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:

lat. foveō, -ēre `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage', fōculum `a sacrificial hearth, fire-pan, brazier' (*fou̯e-clom), fōmentum `a poultice, fomentation. Transf., alleviation' (*fou̯ementom), fōmes, -itis `touchwood, tinder' (*fou̯emet-, Bedeut. as lett. daglis), favilla `glowing ashes, esp. of the dead; a spark' (probably from *dhogʷh-lo-lā); favōnius `zephyrus, the warm west wind' (from *fovōnios): febris `fever' (*dhegʷhro-; after Leumann Gnom. 9, 226 ff. die i-inflection after sitis).

Mir. daig (Gen. dega) `fire, pain' (from *degi-); about mbret. deuiff, nbret. devi, cymr. deifio `burn' see under *dāu- `burn'; cymr. de `burning'; go-ddaith `blaze' (from *-dekto-); but air. ded-ól `break of dawn' after Marstrander Dict. Ir. Lang. I 213 actually `parting drink, the last drink'; nir. dogha `burdock' (: lit. dagys see under);

about got. dags `day' etc see under *ā̆ĝher- S. 7;

Note: from Root / lemma: dhegʷh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-, ā̆ĝhen-, ā̆ĝhes- (or ōĝher etc): `day' the same as Root / lemma: ak̂ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

lit. degù, dègti `burn' (trans. and intrans.), dègtas `burnt', dègtinas `what is to be burned', degtìnė f. `brandy, alcohol', ablauteud dagỹs, dãgis `thistle' (lett. dadzis); dãgas `the burning; summer heat; harvest', dagà `harvest', Old Prussian dagis `summer'; lit. dãglas `to brand', dẽglas `torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled'; lett. daglas f. Pl. `scorch', daglis `tinder'; lit. nuodė́gulis `firebrand', dẽgis `burner; burning'; ablaut. atúo-dogiai (ö) m. Pl. `summer wheat, summer crops';

sloven. dę́gniti `burn, warm', čech. old dehna `devil', ablaut. dahněti `burn'; russ. dëgotь `tar' (from `*wood rich in resin'), as lit. degùtas `birch tar'; with Assimil. (ö) von *degǫ to *gegǫ: Old Church Slavic žegǫ, žešti `burn', ablaut. russ. iz-gága `pyrosis, heartburn' (see Meillet MSL. 14, 334 f., different Brugmann II² 3, 120).

Maybe alb. zheg `summer heat'

Toch. В teki `disease, malady' (= ir. daig); A tsök-, В tsak- `burn', ts after ablaut. tsāk- (*dhēgʷh-) `gleam, glow'; AB cok `light' (from `pinewood torch') : bsl. *degut- `tar' (see above).

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 466 f., 469, 471 f., 864, Trautmann 49, Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 23.

Page(s): 240-241

Root / lemma: dheiĝh-

English meaning: to knead clay; to build

German meaning: `Lehm kneten and damit mauern or bestreichen (Mauer, Wall; Töpferei; dann also von anderweitigem Bilden); also vom Teigkneten (Böckerei)'

Note: s. to Sachlichen Meringer IF. 17, 147.

Material: Old Indian dḗhmi `coat, cement' (3. Sg. dḗgdhi instead of *dēḍhi), also participle digdhá-, dēha- m. n. `body, structure', dēhī́ f. `embankment, dam, curve, bay', av. pairi-daēzayeiti `walled all around' (= Old Indian Kaus. dēhayati) uzdišta 3. Sg. Med. `has erected (a dam)', participle uz-dišta-, uz-daēza- m. `pile, embankment', pairi-daēza- m. `enclosure, park' (out of it gr. παράδεισος `a royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise'), Old pers. didā `fortress' (from *dizā-, root nom. in -ā), npers. diz, dēz ds.;

arm. dizanem (Aor. 3. Sg. edēz) `pile up', dizanim `be piled up', dēz `heap';

Maybe nasalized alb. (*dheiĝh-) deng `heap' [common lat. -h- > -g- phonetic mutation].

thrak. -δίζος, -δίζα `castle' (: Old pers. didā or *dhiĝh-i̯ā); also δέξιον, PN Δείξας, Burto-dexion, Burtu-dizos; Δίγγιον (: lat. fingō); pannon. VN An-dizetes `castle inhabitant';

Note:

Illyr. pannon. VN An-dizetes `castle inhabitant' displays satem characteristics [common alb. -ĝh- > -d-, -z-].

gr. τεῖχος n., τοῖχος m. (formal = Old Indian dēha-) `wall'; θιγγάνω, Aor. θιγεῖν `touched' (meaning as lat. fingere also `shaped, fashioned, formed, molded; arranged', voiced-nonaspirated g previously original from the nasalized present form);

Note:

Common lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:

lat. fingō, -ere, finxi, fictum `to shape, fashion, form, mold; also to arrange, put in order; to represent, imagine, conceive; to feign, fabricate, devise, make up; touch strokingly', figulus `a worker in clay, potter' (:germ. *ðiʒulaz), fīlum (*figslom) `shape', effigiēs `(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal', figūra `form, shape, figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature, species', fictiō `forming, feigning; assumption', fictilis `shaped; hence earthen, made of clay; n. as subst., esp. pl. earthenware, earthen vessels' (to lat. g instead of h s.Leumann Lat. Gr. 133; after latter derives from forms as fictus also k from altfalisk. fifiked `touched, handled', osk. fifikus perhaps `you will have devised'); probably umbr. fikla, ficlam `a gruel used at sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods', lat. fītilla `a gruel used at sacrifices' (with dial. t from ct); osk. feíhúss `walls' (*dheiĝho-);

about lat. fīlum (identical with fīlum `filament' ö) compare WH. I 497, on the other hand EM² 360;

air. digen `tight, firm' (`*kneaded tightly, compact'); air. *kom-uks-ding- `to build, erect' in 1. Sg. cunutgim, 3. Sg. conutuinc etc and perhaps also dingid, for-ding `put down, oppressed', see under 1. dhengh- `press, cover' etc;

got. Þamma digandin `the kneading', kasa digana `clay vessel', gadigis (meaning for gadikis, `anything moulded, an image, figure, shape, construction', es-stem, similarly τεῖχος `a wall'); daigs m. `dough' (*dhoiĝhos), anord. deig (n.), ags. dāg, ahd. teig ds.; anord. digr `thick, corpulent' (meaning as ir. digen), got. digrei `density, thickness, bulk, mass', mhd. tiger, tigere Adv. `fully, entirely', norw. mdartl. digna `become thick', diga `thick, soft mass' besides mnd. norw. dīger; ahd. tegal, anord. digull `glaze pot, crucible, skillet' seems to be a genuine germ. word (*ðiʒ .. laz), however, this has sponged in the meaning of lat. tēgula (from τήγανον `a frying-pan, saucepan');

Maybe alb. tjegula `roof-tile' : lat. tēgula `tile, roof-tile' [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].

lit. díežti, dýžti `flay, flog' (`*knead, smear one down'), lett. diezêt `convince, offer' (`*to humbug sb'); aruss. děža, klr. diža etc `kneading trough, form, mould' (*dhoiĝh-i̯-ā; Berneker 198, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 487).

Maybe alb. (*dhoiĝh) dhoga `plank'

An adapted form (*ĝheidh-) is probably lit. žiedžiù, žiẽsti `form, mould', alit. puod-židys `a worker in clay, potter', Old Church Slavic ziždǫ, zьdati `to build', zьdъ, zidъ `wall' (Būga Kalba ir s. 184 f);

toch. A tseke ṣi peke ṣi `figure, shape or painting' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 257 f., idg. *dhoiĝhos).

A parallel root *dheig- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in mhd. tīchen `make, create etc'; ags. diht(i)an `to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get written down', ahd. tihton `invent and create; versify' derive from late lat. dictāre `to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get written down'.

References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.

Page(s): 244-245

Root / lemma: dhei̯ǝ- : dhi̯ā- : dhī-

English meaning: to see, show

German meaning: `sehen, schauen'

Material: Old Indian ádīdhēt `he looked', Pl. dīdhimaḥ, Med. dī́dhyē, ádīdhīta, Konj. dīdhayat (perhaps converted to present Perf., compare Perf. dīdhaya); dhyā-ti, dhyā́-ya-ti (i̯o-present) `looks in spirit, d. i. thinks, reflects', participle dhyā-ta- and dhī-tā́-, dhyā́ `the thinking, meditating', dhyā-tar- `thinker', dhyā-na- n. `meditation, contemplation', dhyāman- n. (Gr.) `thought, notion'; dhī́-ḥ, Akk. dhíy-am `thought, notion, imagining, discernment, understanding, religious meditation, devotion', dhī-tí- `awareness, thought, notion, devotion', dhī́ra- `seeing, smart, wise, skilful', avadhīrayati `disdains (despicit), rejects, despises', prakr. herai `sieves'; s- formation Old Indian dhiyasāná- `attentive, observant, heedful'; presumably also dhiṣáṇa- if `sensible, wise, smart', dhiṣaṇyant- if `observant, pious', dhiṣā́ Instr. Adv. if `with devotion, zeal, or lust', yet compare on the other hand that belong to lat. fēstus, fānum, idg. dhēs- `religious', dhíṣṇya- `devout, religious';

av. dā(y)- `see', e.g. ā-diδā'ti `contemplates', daiδyantō Nom. Pl. participle `the seeing' (etc, s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 724); participle paitiḫdīta- `beholds', -dīti- f. `the beholding', dāϑa- `sensible, smart' (lengthened grade as -diδā'ti), -dā(y)-, -dī- f. as 2. composition part `vision, look; discernment, intention'; -dāman- `intention'; daēman- n. `eye, eyeball; look', dōiϑra- n. `eye', daēnā `religion' and `internal being, spiritual I'; npers. dīdan `see', dīm `face, cheek';

gr. σῆμα, dor. σᾱμα `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc' (*dhi̯āḫmn̥ = Old Indian dhyāman-; Lit. by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 322; after E. Leumann [Abh. Kunde d. Morgenl. 20, 1, S. 96] rather to Sakisch śśāma `mark, token, sign'), σημαίνω `mache durch ein Zeichen kenntlich etc';

alb. díturë, dítme `wisdom, learning', dinak `cunning'.

Also alb. di `I know, discern'

It goes back to a synonymous *dhāu-:

Gr. θαῦμα `what excites admiration, astonishment; veneration, astonishment' (*dhǝu-mn̥) θαυμάζω `be surprised, astonish, venerate, admire', next to which with gradation θῶ(υ)μα; compare böot. Θώμων, dor.Θωμάντας (Lit. by Boisacq under θαῦμα; about θῆβος θαῦμα Hes. probably θῆFος, s. Boisacq under θάμβος m. Lit.); att. θέᾱ `looking, sight; show' from *θᾱFᾱ, compare syrak. θάα, ion.θηέομαι, dor. θᾱέομαι `consider' (att. θεάομαι reshaped after θέᾱ), etc, s. Boisacq under θέᾱ and θεωρός (to latter still Ehrlich KZ. 40, 354 Anm. 1). Except gr. equivalents are absent.

References: WP. I 831 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 523.

Page(s): 243

Root / lemma: dhelbh-

English meaning: to bury

German meaning: `graben, aushöhlen; herausschlagen; stick, Stange (originally as Werkzeug to ditch, trench, channel); Röhrenknochen (gehöhltö or as Grabwerkzeug benanntö)'

Note: Only german. and baltoslav.

Material: Ahd. bi-telban, -telpan (participle bitolban) `bury', as. bi-delƀan ds., mndd. ndl. delven, ags. delfan `dig, bury', flöm. delv `gorge, ravine, gulch, ditch, trench, channel'; in addition schweiz. tölpen `hit, thrash', tirol. dalfer `slap in the face, box on the ear, blow, knock', ndd. dölben `hit';

bsl. *dilbō `dig, hollow out': in lit. délba and dálba f. `crowbar', lett. dil̃ba f., dilbis m. `hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone', delbs `upper arm, elbow', dalbs m., dalba f. `fishing rod, hayfork'; perhaps lit. nu-dil̃binti `lower the eyes down';

slav. *dьlbǫ, *delti in skr. dúbēm, dúpsti `hollow out', dùbok `deep, etc (ablaut. *delti in skr. dial. dlisti `chisel, cut', compare dlijèto `chisel'); čech. dlubu, dlubati `hollow out, poke', ablaut. *dolb- in čech. dlabati `chisel, cut', dlab `seam' (= lett. dal̃bs), aruss. nadolobъ m., nadolba f. `town enclosure'; *dolb-to- `chisel, sharp iron' in Old Prussian dalptan `press copy, impact break', slav. *dolto `chisel' in bulg. dlató, russ.-Church Slavic dlato, russ. doɫotó ds.

maybe truncated alb. (*dolto) daltë `chisel'

References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 434.

Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: dhelgh-, dhelg- (ö)

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'öö

Material: Ags. dolg n., ahd. tolc, tolg, dolg n. `wound' (`*blow, knock'), anord. dolg n. `enmity', dolgr `fiend', dylgja `enmity', wherefore probably ndd. dalgen, daljen `hit' (borrows norw. mdartl. dalga ds.), nhd. (hess.-nassauisch, ostpreuß.) dalgen, talken `thrash, hit', mhd. talgen `knead'. After Havers KZ. 43, 231, IF. 28, 190 ff. was also for gr. θέλγω `enchant, beguile etc', θέλκτωρ, θελκτήρ, θελκτήριος `charming, tempting', θέλξις `enthrallment' (idg. *dhelg- besides *dhelgh-ö) the basic meaning `enchantment through a blow' probably, as well as also Τελχῖνες, Θελγῖνες demons were damaging through blows the health of the people and at the same time the smiths.

Everything quite uncertainly. Rather toch. A talke n., В telki `sacrifice, oblation' could still belong to it.

References: WP. I 866.

Page(s): 247

Root / lemma: dhelg-

English meaning: to stick; needle

German meaning: `stechen, Nadel'

Material: Air. delg n. (es-stem) `thorn, cloth needle', corn. delc (i.e. delch) `a necklace, collar [for horses and other animals]', mcymr. dala, dal `bite, prick, sting';

anord. dalkr `needle to fasten the mantle about the right shoulder; spinal column of fish; dagger, knife', ags. dalc m. `clasp, hairpin' (nhd. Dolch, older Tolch, ndd. dolk, after Mikkola BB. 25, 74 the origin of čech. poln. tulich, sloven. tolih, is namely borrowed at first from lat. dolō `a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail sword-cane', but perhaps reshaped after germ. words as ags. dalc);

lit. dilgùs `pricking, burning', dìlgė, dilgėlė̃ f. `nettle', dìlgstu, dìlgti `get burned by nettle'; dal̃gis `scythe' here, not to S. 196!

Note:

Hence from Root / lemma: dhelg- : `to stick; needle' derived an alledged Baltic Root/ lemmna *helĝʷa

from which Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla `needle' [f ā], then Both Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike'.

The illyr.-balt. d- > zero phonetic mutation caused the birth of old laryngeal ḫ in IE languages.

Note:

common lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:

Here perhaps lat. falx `a sickle, bill-hook, pruning-hook; a sickle-shaped implement of war', after Niedermann Essais 17 ff. regressive derivative from falcula, that derives from ligur. (ö) *ðalkla (*dhalḫtla), also as sizil. Ζάγκλη, Δανκλε̄ `Messina' (: δρέπανον).

maybe illyr. TN Docleatae

However, one derive just as well from *dhalgḫtlā ; if in that ital. dialekt would have become idg. l̥ to al, the a-vowel can be also explained.

Spötlat. daculum `sickle' could be in addition the ligur. equivalent. Against it Terracini Arch. Glott. Ital. 20, 5 f., 30 f.

References: WP. I 865 f.

Page(s): 247

Root / lemma: dhel-1, dholo-

English meaning: curve; hollow

German meaning: `Wölbung' and `Höhlung' (from `Biegung')

Note:

From Root / lemma: ĝhel-1 (and ghel-ö), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ- : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: dhel-1, dholo- : `curve; hollow', Root / lemma: dhel-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: dhel-3 : `to tremble' [common alb.-illyr. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation].

Material: Gr. θόλος f. `dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium)'; sizil. θολία, lak. (Hes.) σαλία `round summer hat', θάλαμος m. `situated in the interior of house room, bedroom, pantry', θαλάμη `cave, den (of animals)', ὀφ-θαλμός `eye' (*ὀπσ-θαλμός `*eye socket');

cymr. dol f. `valley', bret. Dol in PN;

anord. dalr `bow'; got. dals m. or dal n. `valley, pit, pothole', as. dal, ags. dæl, ahd. tal n. `valley', anord. dalr m. `valley'; got. dalaÞ `downwards', dalaÞa `under', dalaÞrō `from below' (here as *DaliÞernōz `valley inhabitant' the Daliterni of Avienus, German Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist. Forschungen, Wien 1925), afries. tō dele `down', as. tō dale, mnd. dale, nnd. dal `down, low', mhd. ze tal ds.; ags. dell, mhd. telle f. `gorge, ravine, gulch' (*daljō); changing through ablaut anord.dø̄ll m. `valley inhabitant' (*dōlja-), norw. dial. døl `small valley, long gully resembling dent' (*dōljō) = ahd. tuolla, mhd. töele `small valley, dent', mnl. doel `ditch, trench, channel'; anord. dǣla `gully' (*dēljō), dǣld `small valley' (*dēliðō); ndd. dole `small pit, pothole', mhd. tol(e) f. `drainage ditch' (ahd. dola `gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe' probably actually ndd.), ahd. tulli, mhd. tölle, ndd. dölle `short duct, tube, pipe' (also ndd. dal stands for `duct, tube, pipe');

Old Church Slavic (etc) dolъ `hole, pit, pothole, valley', dolu `downwards', dolě `under'.

References: WP. I 864 f., Loth RC. 42, 86.

Page(s): 245-246

Root / lemma: dhel-2

English meaning: light, shining

German meaning: `leuchten, hell'

Note:

Material: Perhaps arm. deɫin, Gen. deɫnoy `yellow, sallow, paled, pallid' (*dheleno-);

mir. dellrad `radiance'; ags. deall `stout, proud, bold, illustrious', anord. GN Heimdallr; Marḫdǫll `epithet of the light goddess Freyja', Dellingr `father of the day', mhd. ge-telle `pretty, good'(ö).

Maybe alb. (*dell) diell sun' [common alb. e > ie phonetic mutation].

References: WP. I 865.

Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: dhel-3

English meaning: to tremble

German meaning: `zittern, trippeln'ö

Note:

Material: Arm. doɫam `tremble'; norw. and schwed. dial. dilla `swing, swerve', norw. dial. dalla, dulla `walk on tiptoe; trip', nd. dallen `amble', norw. dilte `trot, walk on tiptoe; trip', dalte ds.

Doubtful; s. Falk-Тогp under dilte addendum.

References: WP. I 865.

Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: (dhembh-), dhm̥bh-

English meaning: to dig

German meaning: `graben'

Note: only gr. and armen.

Material: Arm. damban `grave, Gruft; Grabmal', dambaran ds.;

gr. θάπτω (*dhm̥bh-i̯ō), Aor. Pass. ἐτάφην `bury, entomb', ἄθαπτος `unburied', τάφος m. `funeral, obsequies; grave, burial mound', ταφή `funeral, grave', τάφρος (*dhm̥bh-ro-s) f. `ditch, trench, channel'; but Old Prussian dambo f. `ground' is amended in daubo (see 268).

Maybe alb. dhemb `pain, saddness'

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: (dhembh-), dhm̥bh- : `to dig' derived from Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the ritual of burial was born much later.

References: WP. I 852.

Page(s): 248-249

Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ-

English meaning: to smoke; to blow

German meaning: `stieben, rauchen (Rauch, Dunst, Nebel; nebelgrau, rauchfarben = döster, dunkel), wehen, blasen (hauchen = riechen)'

Material: Old Indian dhámati `blows' (dhami-ṣyati, -tá- and dhmātá-, Pass. dhamyatē and dhmāyátē), av. dāδmainya- `puffing up, swelling, of frogs', npers. damīdan `blow', dam `breath, breath', osset. dumun, dịmịn `smoke; blow';

Maybe alb. tosk. tym n. `smoke': also alb. geg. dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].

Note:

Clearly from Root / lemma: dhem-, dhemǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' derived Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, etc. `.

gr. θέμερος, σεμνός, θεμερῶπις `somber, dark-looking' (: ahd. timber `dim');

mir. dem `black, dark';

norw. daam (*dhēmo-) `dark', daame m. `cloud haze', daam m. `taste, smell, odor' = anord. dāmr `taste';

with Gutt.-extension: dhengu̯o-, dhengu̯i- `misty' in anord. dǫkk f. `dent in the landscape' = lett. danga (*dhongu̯ā) `faecal puddle, slop, swampy land, sea mud', further anord. døkkr, afries. diunk `dark' (germ. *denkva-); zero grade as. dunkar, ahd. tunkal, nhd. dunkel (originally and with the meaning `misty - humid, wet' norw. and schwed. mdartl. dunken `humid, wet, dank, muggy', engl. dank, mdartl. dunk `humid, wet'); in addition cymr. dew m. (*dhengu̯os) `fog, smoke, sultriness' etc, deweint `darkness' (mistakenly Loth RC 42, 85; 43, 398 f), hitt. da-an-ku-i-iš (dankuiš) `dark, black' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 142);

anord. dȳ `slime, mud, ordure, morass' from *dhm̥kio-, compare with gramm. variation dön. dyng `damp, humid, wet', schwed. mdartl. dungen `humid, wet';

with germ. -p-: mhd. dimpfen, dampf `steam, smoke', ahd. mhd. dampf m. `vapor, smoke', mnd. engl. damp `vapor, damp fog', ndd. dumpig `dull, humid, wet, musty', nhd. dumpfig, dumpf (also = confused, scattered, sprayed); kaus. ahd. dempfen, tempfen, mhd. dempfen `stew through steam, stew';

with germ. -b-: schwed. dial. dimba st. V. `steam, smoke, spray', dimba `vapor', norw. damb n. `dust', anord. dumba `dust, cloud of dust' (besides with -mm- anord. dimmr `dark', afries. ags. dimm ds., norw. mdartl. dimma, dumma `lack of clarity in the air, fog cover', schwed. dimma `thin fog'), ahd. timber, mhd. timber, timmer `dark, dim, black';

to what extent of background the s-forms schwed. mdartl. stimma, stimba `steam', norw mdartl. stamma, stamba `stink' idg. have been newly created or only after concurrence of ahd. toum : ags. stēam, dt. toben : stieben (see under dheu-, dheu-bh- `scatter, sprinkle'), is doubtful;

lit. dumiù, dùmti `blow', apdùmti `blow with sand or snow (of wind)', dùmplės `bellows', dùmpiu, dùmpti `blow' (probably with p-extension), Old Prussian dumsle `bladder';

Old Church Slavic dъmǫ, dǫti `blow' (to bsl. vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m. Lit., Meillet Slave comm.² 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63).

References: WP. I 851 f.

Page(s): 247-248

Root / lemma: dhengh-1

English meaning: to press; to cover

German meaning: `dröcken, krömmeln, bedecken, worauf liegen'

Material: Air. dingid, for-ding `oppressed' (see also dheiĝh-); compare Pedersen KG. II 506;

lit. dengiù, deñgti `cover', dangà `cover', dangùs `sky, heaven', in addition diñgti `disappear' (from `*be covered'), slav. *dǫga `bow' (: lit. dangà) in russ. dugá `bow', old `rainbow', bulg. dъgá, serb. dúga, poln. dial. dęga ds., probably to:

aisl. dyngia `dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork', ags. dynge, ahd. tunga `fertilization', as. dung, ahd. tung, mhd. tunc `the subterranean chamber where the women weaved' (originally winter houses covered with fertilizer for the protection against the cold), ags. dung `jail', ahd. tungen `depress, fertilize', ags. engl. dung `manure', nhd. Dung, Dönger.

Maybe alb. dengu `heap'

References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.

Page(s): 250

Root / lemma: dhengh-2

English meaning: to get, gripe

German meaning: `erreichen, fest zugreifen, fest, kröftig, schnell'

Material: Old Indian daghnṓti (Aor. dhak, daghyāḥ etc) `reaches up to, achieves', -daghná- `reaching up to something' (*dhn̥gh-);

gr. ταχύς `quick, fast', Kompar. θάσσων (*dhn̥gh-);

air. daingen `tight, firm, strong' = cymr. dengyn ds. (*dangino- or *dengino-);

slav. dęgъ: dǫgъ `strength, power, luck' in russ.-Church Slavic djagъ `strap, leather belt', russ. djága `leather belt', djáglyj `strong, fit, healthy', djágnutь `grow, become strong'; ablaut. abulg. ne-dǫgъ `disease, malady' (but russ. dúžij `strong' belongs rather to dheugh-, under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an intermingling with slav. tęg- `pull, drag, draw' (Bröckner KZ. 42, 342 f).

References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f.

Page(s): 250

Root / lemma: dhen-1

English meaning: to run, *flow

German meaning: `laufen, rennen; fließen'

Material: Old Indian dhanáyati `runs, set in movement', npers. danīdan `hurry, run', Old Indian dhánvati `runs, flows', Old pers. danuvatiy `flows', Old Indian dhánutar- `running, flowing';

messap. river name ardannoa (*ar-dhonu̯-ā) `situated in the water' (ö), apul. PN Ardaneae = Herdonia (Krahe Gl. 17, 102);

lat. probably fōns, -tis `a spring, fountain; fresh or spring water. Transf. spring, origin, source'; perhaps hybridization of to-stem *fontos and ti-stem *fentis (*dhn̥-tí-);

Note: common lat. initial d- > f- shift.

toch. АВ tsön `flow', В tseńe `current, gush', tsnam `flow'.

References: WP. I 852, Couvreur BSL. 41, 165.

Page(s): 249

Root / lemma: dhen-2

English meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)

German meaning: `Flöche der Hand, of Erdbodenes, flaches Brett'

Note:

From Root / lemma: dhen-1 : `to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: dhen-2 : `surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning `arid flat area'.

Material:

Old Indian dhánuṣ- n., dhánvan- m. n. `dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert', dhánu-, dhanū́- f. `sandbank, seashore, island';

maybe alb. (*dhent) det `(*seashore, flat surface of the sea) sea' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation]

gr. θέναρ n. `palm, sole, also from the surface of the sea or from deepening in the altar to the admission of the offering', ὀπισθέναρ `opisthenar, back of the hand' (*ὀπισθοθέναρ), ahd. tenar m., tenra f. (*denarā̆-), mhd. tener m. `flat hand', Curtius⁵ 255 (samt Old Indian dhánuṣ-, see below).

In addition vlat. danea `area' (Reichenauer Gl.), ahd. tenni n., mhd. tenne m. f. n., nhd. Tenne `barn floor, threshing floor, flattened loam ground or wooden floor as a threshing place, hallway, ground, place, surface generally', ndl. denne `area, a pavement of tiles, brick, stone; floored, boarded; n. as subst. a floor, story; a row or layer of vines'; as `smoothly trodden place good as threshing floor' can be also understood meeklenb. denn `trodden down place in the grain layer', mnd. denne `lowland, depression' (and `valley forest' see below), mndl. denne `den of wild animals' (and `valley forest', see below), dan `waste, from shrubbery surrounded place, place generally, land, scenery' (and `valley forest', s.under), ags. denn `cave, wild den', nengl. den `cave, pit, pothole', ofries. dann(e) `bed, garden bed, garden plot'.

About lit. dẽnis m. `deck board of a small boat', lett. denis ds. (germ. Lw.ö) s. Trautmann 51, Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 455.

References: WP. I 853.

Page(s): 249

Root / lemma: dhen-3

English meaning: to hit, push

German meaning: `schlagen, stoßen'

Note:

From Root / lemma: dhen-1 : `to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: dhen-2 : `surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning `arid flat area', then from Root / lemma: dhen-2 : `surface of hand' derived Root / lemma: dhen-3 : `to hit, push'.

Material: Only in extensions (almost exclusively germ.):

d-extension: anord. detta st. V. `fall down heavily and hard, hit' (*dintan, compare norw. dial. datta [*dantōn] `knock': denta `give small punches'), nfries. dintje `shake lightly', norw. deise `fall tumbling, glide' (from:) ndd. dei(n)sen (*dantisōn) `reel back, flee'; ostfries. duns `fall' (s from -dt- or -ds-), anord. dyntr, ags. dynt m. (= anord. dyttr), engl. dint `blow, knock, shove';

alb. g-dhent `hew wood, plane, beat', geg. dhend, dhênn `cut out, cut'.

maybe (*g-dhent) gdhë `piece of wood', alb. tosk. dënd `hit, beat'.

Gutt-extension: anord. danga (*dangōn) `thrash': aschwed. diunga st. V. `hit', mengl. dingen `hit, bump, poke', nengl. ding (skand. Lw.), mhd. tingelen `knock, hammer', norw. dingle (and dangle) `dangle'; Kaus. anord. dengja, ags. dengan, mhd. tengen (tengelen) `hit, knock, hammer (nhd. dengeln)'; ahd. tangal m. `hammer'.

Labial-extension: schwed. dimpa (damp) `fall fast and heavily', ndd. dumpen `hit, bump, poke', engl. dial. dump `hit heavily'.

References: WP. I 853 f.

Page(s): 249-250

Root / lemma: dherāgh-

English meaning: to pull; to drag

German meaning: `ziehen, am Boden schleifen'

Note: equal meaning with trā̆gh- (see d.).

Material: Anord. draga, got. under ags. dragan, engl. draw `pull, drag', anord. drag n. `base of a pulled object', norw. drag `draught, wash of the waves, watercourse, towing rope', dial. drog f. (*dragō) `short sledge, road track of an animal, valley', anord. dregill `band, strap', drōg f. `stripe', aschwed. drøgh `sled', ags. dræge f. `seine', mnd. dragge, nnd. also dregge `boat anchor', engl. dredge ds.; changing through ablaut norw. dorg f. (*durgō, idg. *dhr̥̄ghā) `fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat'; with the meaning `bear, carry' (from `drag', s. Berneker 212), ahd. tragan `bear, carry', sih (gi)tragon `bear oneself, conduct oneself, behave'.

Maybe alb. geg. (dherāgh-) tërhek `pull, drag' [common alb. -g- > -h- shift]

Probably here sl. *dārgā in: serb.-Church Slavic draga `valley', russ. doróga `way, alley, journey', dial. `fishing rod';

maybe alb. (*do-róga) rruga `way, alley, journey' [common alb. de- > zero grade] similar formation to hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long' : alb. (*da-lu-ga-e-eš) glatë `long'; also alb. (*doróga) dërgonj `send in a trip'.

The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutation. Compare Root / lemma: del-5 : `long': balt. with unexplained d-loss (see under): lit. ìlgas, f. ilgà, lett. il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : hitt. Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.

serb. drȁga `valley', poln. droga `way, alley, road, journey', russ. doróžitь `hollow out', čech. drážiti `make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out'; perhaps also čech. z-dráhati se `refuse, decline', poln. wz-dragać się `to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder' (as `protract, draw') and Old Church Slavic podragъ `hemline, edge of a dress' under likewise (different under dergh- `catch').

Lat. trahō `to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to breathe; to draw out, hence to leng- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw, attract; to take in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret', traha `sledge, drag', trāgum `seine', trāgula `ds., small drag, a species of javelin' could go back through Spirante dissimilation (*ðragō to *dragō) in dhrā̆gh-, but also idg. t- have (: air. traig `foot' etc, s. trā̆gh-).

References: WP. I 862, Trautmann 45.

Page(s): 257

Root / lemma: dherbh- (dherǝbh-ö)

English meaning: to work

German meaning: `arbeiten'

Material: Arm. derbuk `rough, stiff, rude';

ags. deorfan st. V. `work; perish, die', gedeorf n. `work, hardship', afries. for-derva, mnd. vor-derven, mhd. verderben `die, perish', also Kaus. `spoil';

lit. dìrbu, dìrbti `work', dárbas `work', darbùs `laborious'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dherbh- (dherǝbh-ö) : `to work' derived from Root / lemma: dherebh- : `to harden'.

References: WP. I 863, II 631, Kluge¹¹ 101, 649.

Page(s): 257

Root / lemma: dherebh-

English meaning: to harden

German meaning: `gerinnen, gerinnen machen, ballen, dickflössig'

Material: Old Indian drapsá-ḥ m. `drip'öö;

gr. τρέφεσθαι, τετροφέναι `curdle, coagulate, harden, be firm', τρέφω, dor. τράφω `make curdle, coagulate, harden (γάλα; τυρόν), nourish (*make thick, fat, obese), bring up' (θρέψω, ἔθρεψα) τροφός `nourishing', f. `wet nurse', θρέμμα `the nourished, foster child, child, breeding livestock', τρόφις `fat, obese, strong, big, large', τροφαλίς, -ίδος `fresh cheese, coagulated milk', ταρφύς `dense', τάρφεα Pl. n. `thicket', τραφερή (γῆ) `firm land';

maybe truncated alb. (*τρόφις) trashë `fat, obese, strong, big, large, coagulated'.

nasalized and with idg. b (idg. Articulation variation in nasal surroundings) θρόμβος `coagulated mass (from milk, blood etc)', θρομβόομαι `coagulate', θρομβεῖον `clots';

as. derƀi (*ðarƀia) `strong, mad, wicked, evil', afries. mnd. derve `strong, just, rightful' (different from ahd. derb `unleavened' = anord. Þjarfr), ablaut. anord. djarfr `gamy, bold' (the older meaning still in norw. dial. dirna from *dirfna `put on weight, recover, regain one's strength'); anord. dirfa `encourage'; nasalized probably anord. dramb `lavishness' (*be thick), nisl. drambr `knots in the wood'; anord. drumbr `clot, chunk', mnd. drummel `sturdy person'.

Note:

Probably from (as. thervi, ahd. derbi `unleavened', nhd. bair. derb `arid, dry, thin') Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)terǝ- : (s)trē- : `stiff, immovable; solid, etc. `derived the extended root Root / lemma: dherebh- : `to harden' [common st- > t- PIE phonetic mutation]

References: WP. I 876.

Page(s): 257-258

Root / lemma: dheregh-

English meaning: thornö

German meaning: in Namen beerentragender strauchiger Pflanzen, especially also von solchen Dornströuchern, from which partly `Dorn'ö

Note: with formants -(e)s- and -no-. Dubious equation.

Material: Old Indian drākṣā `grape'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

gallorom. *dragenos `thorn', air. draigen m. `blackthorn', cymr. draen m., nbret. dréan `briar' (kelt. *drageno- from *dhr_egh-);

perhaps also ahd. tirn-pauma `of the cornel-tree', tyrn, dirnbaum `a cornel cherry-tree', nhd. dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein `Cornelian cherry (dogwood)', schweiz. tierli, whether it is not borrowed from Slav. in very old time;

lit. drìgnės Pl., lett. driǵenes `black henbane' (compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 498), whether it is not borrowed from Slav.;

russ. déren, derén `Cornelian cherry (dogwood)', skr. drȉjen, čech. dřín ds., poln. (old) drzon `barberry', kaschub. dřòn `prickle', polab. dren `thorn'.

Germ.-sl. basic form could be *dherghno- and would stand admittedly in its meaning `sprout, twig, branch', Pl. `young shrubbery, bush' considerably differently colored gr. τρέχνος (Hes., anthol.), τέρχνος (Maximus), kypr. τὰ τέρχνιjα very close.

References: WP. I 862 f., Pedersen KG. I 97, M.-L. 2762.

Page(s): 258

Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-)

English meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband

German meaning: `drehen, winden, wenden' (also `spinnen, nöhen')

Material: Npers. darz, darza `suture', darzmān, darznān `filament', darzan `needle', pehl. darzīk `tailor';

arm. daṙnam (*darjnam), Aor. darjay `turn over, revolve, turn; return', daṙn `bitter, sharp' (compare οἶνος τρέπεται under likewise), darj `turn, reversal, return', Kaus. darjuc̣anem `turn round, turn away, whirl round, return';

alb. dreth (stem *dredh-), Aor. drodha `turn round, turn together, twine, spin', alb.-skutar. nnrizë `diaper' (n-dred-zë); after Pedersen Hitt. 123, 125, Toch. Sprachg. 20 here hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi `I pocket, let in', toch. A törnā-, törk-, preterit A cörk, В carka `let, allow, disband, release' (ö).

Maybe secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify'

also nazalised alb. ndrizë `band, bandage', ndrydh `twist'.

maybe an older form alb. (*dhereĝh-) derdh `pour, release, discharge, disband, pocket, deposit (liquid, turn overö), ejaculate semen' [common alb. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation] : toch. A törnā-, törk-, preterit A cörk, В carka `let, allow, disband, release' (ö).

Note:

The oldest IE form is actually hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi `I pocket, plug in, let in' : alb. (*dhereĝh-) derdh `pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen'. It seems that the old meaning of Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband' derived from the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband' derived from the extended Root / lemma: dher-1, dherǝ- : `a kind of deposit or dreg, *ordure, defecate', Root / lemma: (dher-4:) dhor- : dh_er- : `to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm' becoming an euphemistic root. The intermediary bridge root between the two was: *dhere-gh-: Gr. θρά ̄ σσω, att. θρά ̄ ττω (Perf. hom. τέτρηχα intr.) `bewilder, perturb', ταραχή `perplexity' found in secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify, twist'.

References: WP. I 863, Lidén Arm. stem 101 ff., Meillet Esquisse² 111, Kuiper Nasalprös. 151.

Page(s): 258

Root / lemma: dher-1, dherǝ-

English meaning: a kind of deposit or dreg

German meaning: in kons. extensions `tröber Bodensatz einer Flössigkeit, also allgemeiner von Schmutz, Widerlichkeit, von quatschigem weather, von tröben Farbentönen etc; verbal: Bodensatz and Schlamm aufröhren, tröben'

Note: Originally with dher-5 `ordure, defecate'ö

Material: a. dhere-gh-:

Gr. θρά̄σσω, att. θρά̄ττω (Perf. hom. τέτρηχα intr.) `bewilder, perturb', ταραχή `perplexity', ταράσσω, att. -ττω `bewilder' (*dh_erǝgh-i̯ō : lit. dìrgti see under); τρᾱχύς, ion.τρηχύς `rough, uneven' (probably originally from dirt crusts; -ρᾱ- here from sog. r̥̄, i.e.*dh_erǝghú-s); τάρχη τάραξις Hes. (vowel gradation as σπαργή: lit. sprógti);

Note: common lat d- > f- shift:

lat. fracēs f. `(broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil', fracēre `be rancid' from *dhrǝgh-; c is covered probably from faēcēs, floccēs, there *dherk- otherwise is testified only in Baltic;

in the meaning `lees, dregs, yeast': alb. drā f., geg. drâ-ni `residuum of oil, from abundant butter; tartar' (basic form *draë from *dragā, *dhrǝghā);

anord. dregg f., Pl. dreggiar `yeast' (out of it engl. dregs);

alit. dragės (*dhrǝghi̯ās) Pl., Old Prussian dragios Pl. `yeast', lett. (Endzelin KZ. 44, 65) dradži `residuum from boiled fat'; slav. *droska from *dhrǝgh-skā in mbulg. droštija Pl.n. `yeast', klr. dríšči ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska (sloven. trǫ̂ska `residuum, yeast') and mostly *drozga (Old Church Slavic droždьję Pl. f. `τρυγία, yeast' etc; s. Berneker 228);

here also gallorom. *drasica `dry malt' (M.-L. 2767), this anyhow from older *drascā (= slav. *droskā) or *drazgā (== slav. *drozgā) transfigured sein wird;

with st-formants: ahd. (*trast, Pl.:) trestir `what is left of squeezed fruit, dregs, pomace', ags. dærst(e), dræst f. `dregs, yeast' (germ. *ðraχsta-, Sverdrup IF. 35, 154), drōs ds.;

with sn-formants: ags. drōsne f., drōsna m. `yeast, smut', ahd. druosana, truosana `yeast, residuum';

here probably lit. dérgia (dérgti) `it is bad weather', dárgana, dárga `weather, bad weather' (glottal stop, compare die gr. root forms and lit. drė́gnas, drėgnùs `humid, wet'); in addition aruss. padoroga probably `thunder-storm', sloven. sǫ́-draga, -drag, -drga `hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel'; lit. dargùs `nasty, dirty, filthy'; alit. dérgesis `filthy person', alit. dergėti `hate', lett. der̂dzêtiês `quarrel, squabble' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 456 m. Lit.), Old Prussian dergē `to hate'; lit. dérgti `become dirty, get dirty', dar̃gti `revile', dárga f. `rainy weather, defilement, contamination, vituperation';

b. dherg- in: mir. derg `red'; mhd. terken `befoul', ahd. tarchannen, terchinen `(darken) conceal, hide', mnd. dork `keel of water depth', ags. deorc `swart', engl. dark; ags. Þeorcung `dawn, twilight' probably with ð after ðēostor `dark', geðuxod `dark'.

Maybe alb. darkë `evening, evening meal, supper', drekë (*derk-) `dinner, midday'.

c. dherk- in: lit. der̃kti `nasty make, befoul', darkýti `vilify, inveigh, deform', darkùs `nasty', Old Prussian erdērkts `poisoned', lett. dā̀rks, dā̀rci (*darkis) `pinto' Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien Abl. 361); or to mhd. zurch `ordure', zörchen `defecate'ö Zupitza Gutt. 170 under accentuation of intonation difference of der̃̃kti compared with dérgesis etc;

here probably toch. AB törkör `cloud' (Frisk Indog. 24);

WP. I 854 ff.

d. dherǝbh- : dhrābh- : dhrǝbh-.

Doubtful av. δriwi- (*dhrǝbhi-) `stain, birthmark';

mir. drab `grape marc, yeast' (*dhrǝbho-), drabar-ṡluāg `base, vulgar people';

aisl. draf, engl. draff `berm, yeast', mnd. draf, ahd. trebir Pl. `grape marc', anord. drafli m. `fresh cheese', drafna `to disband', norw. drevja `soft mass'; geminated nl. drabbe `berm, residuum', ndd. drabbe `slime, mud'; schwed. drōv n. `residuum' (*dhrābho-), ags. drōf, ahd. truobi `cloudy', got. drōbjan, ahd. truoben `tarnish, bewilder', ags. drēfan `agitate, tarnish' (identical meaning-Verh. as between gr. ταράσσω and anord. dreggiar).

A nasalized form with balt. u as zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a limited nasal mö) seems lit. *drumb- in lit. drum̃stas (could stand for *drumpstas) `residuum', drumstùs `cloudy', drumsčiù, drum̃sti `tarnish' (Schleifton caused by a heavy group mpst ö).

References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 715.

Page(s): 251-252

Root / lemma: dher-2, dherǝ-

English meaning: to hold, support

German meaning: `halten, festhalten, stötzen'

Material: Old Indian dhar- `hold, stop, bear, carry, prop, support, receive, hold upright' (present mostly dhāráyati; Perf. dadhā́ra, dadhrḗ; dhr̥tá-; dhártum) Pass. `are held back, be steady, behave sedately', av. dar- `hold, seize, restrain; whereof adhere, observe (a law); hold fast in the memory; perceive with the senses, grasp; sojourn, while, stay' (dārayeiti etc, participle darǝta-), аp. dārayāmiy `hold', npers. Inf. dāštan, osset. Inf. darun, daryn;

Old Indian dháraṇa- `bearing, carrying, preserving', dharúṇa- `holding, supporting; n. foundation, prop', dhā́raṇa- `holding; n. the clamps, the restraining'= av. dārana- n. `means for withholding', Old Indian dhartár- and dháritar- m. `holder', dharitrī `girder, bearer', dhartrá- n. `support, prop' = av. darǝϑra- n. `the grasp, understanding', Old Indian dhárma- (= lat. firmus) m. `firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong', dharmán- m. `holder', dhárman- n. `support, prop, law, custom', dhárīmani Lok. `after the statute, according to custom', dhā́raka- `holding; m. container', dhr̥ti- f. `the holding on, determination', dr̥-dhr-á- `tenacious', sá-dhrī (or sadhrīm) Adv. `holding out on a purpose, holding on to a purpose', sadhríy-аñc- `be directed by a purpose, be united, together'; didhīršā `the intention to support to support', av. didarǝšatā `he composes himself for, he gets ready for';

about Old Indian dhī́ra- `tight, firm' s. Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 25;

arm. perhaps dadar (redupl.) `abode, residence, rest' (`*adherence, abide by, stay', compare av. meaning `while, stay, behave quietly'), dadarem `abate (from the wind)', compare under ags. darian `the side, flank; of persons', ndl. bedaren `become quiet (from the wind, weather)';

gr. with the meaning `prop themselves up, force open' (from the heavy root form) θρᾶνος m. `bench, footstool', hom. (ion.) θρῆνυς, -υος `footstool, thwart', ion. θρῆνυξ, böot. θρᾶνυξ, -υκος `stool' (place an early proto gr. *θρᾱνο-, which would contain -ρᾱ- from -r̄-, i.e. -_erǝ-), ion. Inf. Aor. θρήσασθαι `sit down' (proto gr. θρᾱ-); due to the thematic root form *dherĕ-: θρό-νος m. `seat'; kypr. lak. θόρ-ναξ ὑποπόδιον Hes.; with the meaning `grasp through the senses, observe' and `hold on custom, a religious custom', ἀ-θερές ἀνόητον, ἀνόσιον Hes. (compare under lit. derė́ti `be usable'), ἐνθρεῖν φυλάσσειν Hes. (from the thematic root form *dhere-; against it from *dh_erǝ-:) θρήσκω νοῶ Hes. (ion.), θράσκειν (ᾱ) ἀναμιμνήσκειν Hes., ion. θρησκηΐη, Koine θρησκεία `worship', θρῆσκος `religious, godly, pious', θρησκεύω `observe the official law of god'.

Is ἀθρέω `observe keenly' up to zero grade n̥ the preposition *en (or α- = *sm̥-ö) to compare afterwards with ἐνθρεῖνö (Lit. by Boisacq s. v.) Probably here ἁθρόος, ἀθρόος `concentrated, crowded together, gathered' (compare to meaning Old Indian sadhryañc-; Lit. by Boisacq s. v., in addition Brugmann IF. 38, 135 f.).

Mit. Old Indian dhāraka- `container' is compared with θώρᾱξ, -ᾱκος `breastplate; trunk; vagina'.

Lat. frē-tus `relying on, confiding in', umbr. frite `leaning, supported, relying, depending, trusting, daring, confident; trust, confidence, reliance, assurance', lat. frēnum `bit, bridle, rein' and `rein', if originally `holder' (stand to gr. θρᾶνος as plē-nus to Old Indian pūrḫn̥á-); with a meaning `tenacious, tight, firm: fast' perhaps ferē `closely, almost, nearly', fermē (*ferĭmēd, Sup.) `quite approximately, nearly', as well as firmus `firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong' (with dial. i).

Acymr. emdrit `orderly', cymr. dryd `economical' (*dhr̥to-).

Ags. darian `hidden, concealed, secret, unknown' (`*restrain, hold themselves together,' or `keep shut so one does not see somehow'), ndl. bedaren `become quiet (from the wind, weather)', in addition as. derni `hide, conceal', ags. dierne `hide, conceal, clandestine', ahd. tarni `lying hid, hidden, concealed, secret, unknown', tarnen, mhd. tarnen `cover up, conceal', nhd. Tarnḫkappe.

Lit. deriù, derė́ti `employ, engage (*belay), buy', derù, derė́ti `be usable', Kaus. darãu, darýti `make, do', dorà f. `the useful', lett. deru, derêt `employ, engage, hire out, arrange', Kaus. darît `make, create, originate';

perhaps with formants -go-: lett. dā̀rgs `dear, expensive, precious', Old Church Slavic dragъ ds., russ. dórog, skr. drâg ds.;

hitt. tarḫah̯-zi (tarḫzi) `can, be able, defeated' (*dhr̥̄-ö) belongs rather to ter-4.

guttural extensions:

dheregh- `hold, stop, hold down; tight, firm':

Av. dražaite, Inf. drājaŋhe `hold, stop, contain oneself, guide, lead', upadaržuvainti `they hold out, persist = accomplish, finish', wherefore Old Indian -dhr̥k (only Nom.) in compounds `bearing, carrying'; this form (*dhr̥ghḫs) testifies for anlaut dh- the ar. and hence probably also slav. family;

Old Church Slavic drъžǫ, drъžati `hold, stop, contain' (etc, s. Berneker 258); russ. drogá `wooden bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole', Dem. dróžki Pl. `light, short carriage', hence nhd. Droschke.

As nasalized forms in addition av. drǝnjaiti `solidifies, strengthens, hardens', ā-drǝnjayeiti `determines', Desiderativ dīdraɣžaite `looks for protecting himself'; participle draxta-; also av. drǝnjayeiti, dādrājoiš, participle draxta- `learnt by heart, murmured memorized prayers' (compare Church Slavic tvrъditi `moor': russ. tverditь `learn by heart'); mir. dringid `he climbs', drēimm `climb' (`*holding on climbing'); kymr. dringo `rise, climb'; anord. drangr `high cliff', drengr (*drangja-) `thick stick, column' (and öbertr. `young man, husband'), Old Church Slavic drǫgъ `shaft, pole, turnpike'; different Specht Dekl. 139.

dhereĝh- `hold down, tight, firm':

Old Indian dŕ̥hyati, dr̥ṁhati (dr̥ṁháti) `makes tight, firm', participle dr̥ḍhá- `tight, firm', drahyát- `proficient', av. darǝzayeiti `binds tight, fetters', Desid. dīdǝrǝžaiti, darǝza- m. `the fastening, binding, snatch, griffin', dǝrǝz- f. `band, manacle', dǝrǝzra- `tight, firm', probably also npers. darz `suture' and similar to iran. words for `sew filament';

thrak. GN Darzales;

probably lit. dir̃žas `strap', diržmas `strong', Old Prussian dīrstlan `strong, stately', diržḫtù, dir̃žti `become tenacious, hard';

lit. dar̃žas `garden', lett. dā̀rz `garden, courtyard, enclosure, fenced area' could be reconverted from *žar̃das (compare lit. žar̃dis `Roßgarten', žárdas `hurdle') (different Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 448 f.), but to dir̃žas (above) and ahd. zarge, mhd. zarge f. `border, side, verge of a space, edge';

slav. *dьrzъ `bold, foolhardy' in Old Church Slavic drъzъ, sloven. dr̂z, čech. drzý, russ. dérzkij ds. and Old Church Slavic drьznǫ, drьznǫti `have the audacity, venture', russ. derznútь etc.

dhereugh-:

awnord. driūgr `withstanding, strong, full', driūgum `very', aschw. drȳgher `respectable, strong, big, large', nordfries. dreegh `tight, firm, persistent' (but to dhreugh-1 belong ags. drȳge `dry', drēahnian `dry up, strain, filter', - with h instead of gö -, anord. draugr `withered tree trunk', ahd. truchan `dry');

maybe nasalized alb. trung `tree trunk'

here as `withstand' and `hold together - assemble' got. driugan `do military service' (ags. drēogan `withstand, commit'), ags. gedrēag `troop, multitude, crowd', ahd. truht- f. `cohort, troop, multitude, crowd', as.druht-, ags. dryht, anord. drōtt f. `cortege', got. draúhti-witōÞ `(*laws of war =) military service', gadraúhts `warrior', anord. drōttinn `prince, lord, master, mister', ags. dryhten, ahd. truhtīn `master, mister' (suffix as in lat. dominus), ahd. trust (*druhsti-) `warrior's troop';

lit. draũgas `travelling companion', Old Church Slavic drugъ `fellow, other etc', družina `συστρατιῶται';

Old Prussian drūktai Adv. `tight, firm', podrūktinai `I confirm', lit. žem. drúktas, driúktas `thick, bulky, strong';

air. drong `troop, multitude, crowd', abret. drogn `meeting together, union, assembly', drog `a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side' are, as late lat. drungus `troop' borrowed from Germ. (see under trenq-1).

References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.

Page(s): 252-255

Root / lemma: dher-3, dhereu-, dhrē̆n-

English meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel `murmur, brummen, dröhnen'

Material: Gr. θόρυβος `woozy noise', θορυβέω `make a noise, bewilder', τονθορύζω `grumble, murmle', τονθρύς φωνή Hes.; θρῦλος m. `murmur, din, fuss, noise', θρῡλέω `murmle, babble'; θρέομαι (*-F-) `cry loudly', τερθρεία `empty gossip, subtleness', τερθρεύομαι `make empty gossip' (see Boisacq s. v.), θρόος, θροῦς `loud cry', θροέω `shout, let become loud';

as. drōm, ags. drēam m. `making a glad noise, jubilation' (different Kluge KZ. 26, 70: as `*troop, multitude, crowd', *ðrauɣma-, to got. draúhts); ags. dora m. `bumblebee' (*ðuran-), engl. dorr- `cockchafer';

redupl. lett. duñduris `big, giant gadfly, brake, wasp', deñderis (ö) `weeping knave, boy' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 455).

Also for kelt. and balt.-slav. words, are mentioned under der- `murmur', idg. anlaut dh- comes in question.

dhren-:

Old Indian dhráṇati `sounds' (Dhātup.);

gr. θρῆνος m. `funeral song, lament, dirge', θρηνέω `lamentation', θρώναξ κηφήν (drone) Hes., τεν-θρήνη `hornet', ἀν-θρήνη (*ἀνθο-θρήνη) `forest bee'; as. dreno, ahd. treno `drone', lengthened grade as. drān ds., also ags. drān drǣn f. `drone'; zero grade got. drunjus `clangor', norw. dryn n. `low shout', drynja `low roar, bellow', nd. drönen `make noise, talk slowly and monotonously' (out of it nhd. dröhnen).

An anlaut doublet maybe lies in lit. trãnas, Old Church Slavic *trǫtъ, *trǫdъ `drone' before; compare Trautmann 326.

s-extension in mir. drēsacht `creaky or squeaking noise', gall.-lat. drēnsō, -āre `cry (of swan)', ndd. drunsen `low roar, bellow', ndl. drenzeln `whimper', hess. drensen `groan', nhd. dial. trensen `elongated roar, bellow' (from cows).

A Gutt.-extension probably in arm. dṙnč̣im `blow the horn, toot' (*dhrēnk-) and air. drēcht `song, tale' (*dhrenktā), proto slav.. *drǫkъ (*dhr̥nk-) in sloven. drok `pestle' etc;

perhaps toch. A tröṅk-, В treṅk- `speak'.

References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Mél. Pedersen 95 ff.

Page(s): 255-256

Root / lemma: (dher-4:) dhor- : dh_er-

English meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm

German meaning: `springen, bespringen'

Material: Old Indian dhā́rā `stream, ray, drip, sperm';

gr. (ion.) θορός, θορή `manly sperm', θορίσκεσθαι `absorb sperm', poetically θρῴσκω, att. θρῴσκω, Fut. θοροῦμαι, Aor. ἔθορον `spring', θρωσμός `protrusion, hill' (θρω- from*dh_erǝ-, because of о of the secondary forms is developed to *dh_ore-, dh_orǝ-, θρω-);

from a base dhereu-: θόρνυμαι, θορνύομαι `spring, jump' (oρ probably Aeolian instead of αρ from ṛ) compare θαρνεύει ὀχεύει. σπείρει. φυτεύει Hes., θάρνυσθαι ὀχεύειν Hes.; θοῦρος `stormy, boisterous' probably from *θορFος (Bechtel Lexil. 167);

mir. dar- `spring, jump', Impf. no-daired, preterit ro-dart, Verbalnom. dāir, Gen. dāra, myth. PN Dāire (*dhāri̯o-s), der `girl', cymr. -derig `rutting, in heat'.

References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696, 708.

Page(s): 256

Root / lemma: dher-5, dhrei-d-

English meaning: to defecate

German meaning: `Unrat, cacāre'

Note: (whether related to dher-1 `muddy residuum' and dher-4ö)

Material: Lat. foria Pl. `diarrhea' (by Varro of pigs), foriō, -īre `defecate';

gr. δαρδαίνει μολύνει (*dhr̥ḫd-) Hes., after Fick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from θαρ-θ- with fractured reduplication or from θαρ-δ- with the same formant -d- as the i-extension dhr-ei-d-; very dubious;

lit. der-k-iù der̃kti `soil with feculence, defecate'.

maybe truncated alb. (*der̃kti) dhjet, dhjes `defecate' : alb. derth (*der-k-) `release semen, pour' [common alb. -k- > -th-, -g- > -dh- phonetic mutation]

dhr-ei-d-:

anord. drīta (dreit), ags. drītan, mndl. ndd. drīten, ahd. trīzan `defecate', o-grade anord. dreita `make defecate', zero grade mengl. nengl. dirt (from *drit), aisl. drit, flöm. drits, trets `filth, faeces', westföl. driǝt `scared shitless, the defecated';

russ. dial. dristátь `have diarrhea', bulg. drískam, dríštъ `have diarrhea', serb. drískati, dríćkati, čech. dřístati ds. (slav. *drisk-, *drist- from *dhreid-sk-, -(s)t-, Berneker 224).

References: WP. I 861 f., WH. I 527 f.

Page(s): 256

Root / lemma: dhers-

English meaning: to dare

German meaning: `wagen, köhn sein', ölter `angreifen, losgehen'

Note: (also with -i-, -u- extended)

Material: Old Indian dhr̥ṣ-ṇṓ-ti, dhárṣ-ati `is audacious, courageous, ventures', dhr̥ṣú- (Gramm.), dhr̥ṣ́at `hearty' (= av. darǝšat̃), dhr̥ṣṇú- `bold, valiant, gamy, audacious, cheeky', dhr̥ṣṭá- `insolent, cheeky', dhr̥ṣita- `bold, gamy', dādhr̥ṣi- `intrepid, bold', with object dharṣayati `ventures in, makes a mistake, overcomes', dharṣaṇa- n. `attack, maltreatment', dharṣaka- `attacking, assaulting'; av. daršam Adv. `violent, very', darši-, daršyu-, daršita- `bold', Old pers. adaršnauš `he ventured', dādarsi- EN;

gr. lesb. θέρσος n. `courage, boldness' (hom. Θερσίτης `bold, cheeky'), with from Adj. displaced zero grade ion. altatt. θάρσος (att. θάρρος) ds., att. θράσος n. `courage, boldness; audacity, brashness', θαρσέω, θαρρέω `be gamy', θαρσύς (rhod. Θαρσύβιος, ther. Θhαρύμαqhος), θρασύς `bold, gamy; foolhardy, cheeky' (= Old Indian dhr̥ṣú-), lesb. Adv. θροσέως, θάρσῡνος `courageous, confident, trusting' (*θαρσο-σῡνος);

lat. infestus `aggressive, hostile, dangerous', infestāre `to attack, disquiet' and manifestus `palpable, clear, visible, evident; caught out, detected' (*dhers-to-);

got. ga-dars (: Old Indian Perf. dadhárṣa `has had the audacity'), Inf. gadaúrsan, `I venture', as. gidurran, ags. dear, durran, ahd. (gi)tar, (gi)turran `venture, risk', ahd. giturst, ags. gedyrst f. `boldness, audacity' (= Old Indian dr̥ṣṭí-ḥ `boldness');

Maybe alb. (*(gi)tar) guxoj `dare' : ahd. (gi)tar, (gi)turran `venture, risk'.

lit. nasalized lit. dręsù `dare, venture' (*dhrensō), drįstù, drį̃sti (dhrn̥s-) `venture, risk', drąsà (*dhrons-) `forwardness', drąsùs = lett. drùošs `gamy, brave' (*dhrons-; alit. still drįsùs and dransniaus); without nasalization Old Prussian dīrstlan `stately' and dyrsos `proficient' (*dirsu-);

here perhaps toch. A tsör `rough', tsraṣi `strong', В tsirauñe `strength'.

References: WP. I 864, WH. I 698 f., Trautmann 60, Van Windekens Lexique 147.

Page(s): 259

Root / lemma: dheubh-, dhubh-

English meaning: spike, wedge

German meaning: `Pflock, Keil; schlagen'ö

Note: uncertain, because almost only germ.

Material: Gr. τύφοι σφῆνες Hes.

diminutive mhd. töbel, mnd. dövel `clot, chunk, peg, plug, spigot, nail' (nhd. Döbel, Döbel with md. anlaut), ahd. tubila, -i `spigot', engl. dowel-pin `peg, plug, pin'; mnd. dövicke, ndl. deuvik `spigot'; schwed. norw. dubb `peg, plug', tirol. tuppe `big piece of wood', mnd. dob(b)el, mhd. top(p)el `dice, cube'. Besides germ. words the meaning `hit': ostfries. dufen, duven `bump, poke', ndl. dof `shove, stroke', aisl. dubba, ags. dubbian `knight, make a man a knight', ostfries. dubben `bump, poke'; there it also gives germ. *ðaƀ- `hit' (see below dhā̆bh- `marvel'), could be a new variant of *ðuƀ- (perhaps come about under the help of words for `peg, plug, spigot').

References: WP. I 848.

Page(s): 268

Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p-

English meaning: deep, *black, bottom, dark waters

German meaning: `tief, hohl'

Note:

The shift gʷ- > -b-, kʷ- > -p- is a common gr. phonetic mutation hence all other IE tongues borrowed Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, dark' from respectively proto illyr. gr. dheu-gʷ-, dheu-kʷ-. But proto illyr. gr. dheu-gʷ-, dheu-kʷ- is an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā) it seems that Baltic languages derived the concept of `deep' from illyr. `black, dark', hence from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. `derived Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, *dark'.

Material: forms in -b:

gr. βυθός, ion. βυσσός m. `depth (of the sea)', probably reconverted from *dhub-;

maybe alb. (*byssa-h), bytha `buttocks, backside hole' : gr. βυθός, ion. βυσσός m. `depth (of the sea)' [common alb. -s- > -th- phonetic mutation] the same formation as poln. dupa `buttocks, backside hole', skr. dȕpe, Gen. -eta `buttocks'.

after Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā);

Also alb. PN Dibra

illyr. δύβρις θάλασσα (Kretschmer Gl. 22, 216), also in alb. tosk. FlN Tubra, Drove etc (Pokorny Urillyrier 99);

air. domain, fu-dumain, cymr. dwfn, corn. down, bret. doun (i.e. dun) `deep (*dhubni-), gall. dubno-, dumno- `world' (Dubnoḫrīx eig. `world king'), air. domun ds., acymr. annwf(y)n, ncymr. annwn `God's kingdom and the underworld' (*an-duƀno- eig. `underworld, outside world' as aisl. ūt-garðr); s. also under S. 268 slav. *dъbno;

maybe alb. (*diep) djep `(*deep) cradle, hollowed wood' : poln. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. `tree hole'.

got. diups, aisl. diūpr, ags. dēop, as. diop, ahd. tiof `deep'; got. daupjan, ags. dīepan, as. dōpian, ahd. toufen `baptize' (eig. `dive'), aisl. deypa `dive'; with -pp-: norw. duppa `dive' and j-formation, ags. dyppan `dive; baptize', ndd. döppen, ahd. tupfen `bathe, wash'; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa `swing' (from barge); with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated norw. dubba `bend down', dobbe `marshy land' (compare Wissmann Nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized norw. dump m. `dent in the earth', dön. dial. dump `cavity, lowland, depression', engl. dump `deep hole full with water', ahd. tum(p)filo `whirlpool', mhd. tömpfel, nhd. (from Ndd.) Tömpel `deep place in the flowing or standing water; puddle', engl. dimple `cheek dimple', ndl. domp(el)en `dive, sink';

lit. dubùs `deep, hollow', in addition FlN Dùbė, Dubingà and Dubýsa (= cymr. FlN Dyfi from *Dubīsā, Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), dùgnas `bottom' (probably because of lett. dibens from *dùbnas = slav. *dъbno, gall. dubno-; s. die Lit. by Berneker 245 f.); also the FlN wruss. Dubna (= lett. Dybnòja) `the deep river' and die аpr. PN Dum(p)nis, Dubna show still bn; dumbù, dùbti `become hollow, sink in', daubà, dauburỹs `gorge, ravine, gulch', dúobti `hollow out', duobė̃ `cave' (lett. duôbs, duôbjš `deep, hollow', dùobe `pit, pothole, grave' with uo from ōuö), dubuõ, -eñs `basin', duburỹs, dūburỹs, dubur̃kis `pit full of water, hole, pool', nas. dumburỹs `deep hole full with water', dum̃blas `slime, mud, morass' (yet see above S. 261); lett. dubęns (besides dibęns) `ground, bottom' (compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt `become hollow, sink in', dubl `i Pl. m. `ordure, morass'; Old Prussian padaubis `valley' and daubo f. `ground' (compare above S. 249);

abg. dъbrь (and out of it dъbrъ) `φάραγξ, gorge, ravine, gulch' (: lett. dubra `puddle, slop'); Church Slavic dъno (*dъbno) `ground, bottom'; about den FlN pomerell. Dbra s. S. 264.

forms in -p:

ahd. tobal, mhd. tobel `narrow valley', nhd. Tobel; aschwed. dūva probably st. V. `dive', aisl. dūfa `press downwards', dȳfa, deyfa `dive', ags. dīefan, dūfan ds., engl. dive, mnd. bedūven `flooded, be coated', bedoven `sunk down';

slav. *dupa f. in sloven. dúpa `burrow', čech. doupa `hole', abg. dupina `cave', mbg. russ.-Church Slavic dupl'ь `hollow, light', russ. dupɫó n. `cavity in tree truck', skr. dȕpe, Gen. -eta `buttocks', dúplja `tree hollow', old dupan `cave' etc; ablaut. poln. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. `tree hole' etc

Note:

From slav. languages Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, *dark, bottom' passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *tū́p`e (˜ *ti̯ūp`i, *č-)

Meaning: bottom

Turkic protoform: *dǖp

Mongolian protoform: *dow-

Note: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The relationship to TM *dō-'to sit down (of birds)', suggested in ТМС 1, 211, is unclear; if it exists, we may be dealing here with an archaic case of *-p`-suffixation.

from here as *dheuḫg-: germ. *dū̆-k-, *du-kk- `tauchen = dive, sich ducken = crouch'ö

References: WP. I 847 f., WH. I 565, 867, Trautmann 45 f.

Page(s): 267-268

Root / lemma: dheugh-

English meaning: to touch, press, milk

German meaning: `beröhren (sich gut treffen), dröcken, ausdröcken, melken, reichlich spenden'

Material: Indo-iran. *dhaugh- `milk' in Old Indian duháti, athematic dógdhi `milked', the desirable cow Kāma-duh(ā) `the plentifully bestowing' (= gr. Τύχη), pers. dōɣ, dōxtön etc, Old pers. han-dugā `proclamation' (compare lat. pro-mulgāre);

gr. τυγχάνω (τεύξομαι, ἔτυχον, ἐτύχησα, τετύχηκα) `meet, find, meet by chance; achieve a purpose or an aim; intr. to find oneself, and be close', τύχη `success, luck, destiny, lot', goddess Tύχη (probably originally a the desirable cowö); τεύχω (τεύξω, Aor. ἔτευξα, hom. τετυκεῖν, Med. τετύκοντο, τετυκέσθαι - with sek. k -, Perf. τετευχώς, τέτυκται, τετεύχαται) `make suitable, make, produce, arrange, produce', τιτύσκομαι `to make, make ready, prepare', τεῦχος n. `all made, ware, pottery, stuff, esp. armament, military equipment, weapons; ship instrument; pot, vessel';

ir. dūan `a poem, ode, song' (*dhughnā), dūal `fitting' (*dhughlo-);

aisl. Inf. duga, present dugi, preterit dugða `be useful, be suitable for, succeed', preterit present got. daug, ags. dēag, as. dōg, ahd. toug `it is good for, is useful', Kaus. mnd. dӧ̄gen `withstand', as. ā-dōgian `ds., sort, order, arrange', ags. gedīegan `bear, endure, come through'; ahd. tuht `skillfulness, power', mhd. töhtec, nhd. töchtig = ags. dyhtig `stalwart' (about got. dauhts `feast' s. Feist 116);

lit. daũg `much, a lot of', dáuginti `increase, intensify'; russ. dúžij etc `strong'.

References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BSL. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff.

Page(s): 271

Root / lemma: dheu-1

English meaning: to run, *stream, flow

German meaning: `laufen, rinnen'

Material: Old Indian dhávatē `runs, streams', lengthened grade dhā́vati ds., dhāutíḫḥ f. `wellspring, stream, brook'; mpers. dawīdan `run, hurry', pām. dav- `run, rush';

Maybe alb. (*dhou̯eti) dēti `sea' : nasalized gr.-illyr. (*dh(o)u̯enti) δυάν κρήνην Hes. : mir. dōe `sea' common alb. attribute nouns suffixed in -t formant. [see alb. numbers].

gr θέω, ep. also θείω, Fut θεύσομαι `run'; lak. σῆ τρέχε Hes.; θοός `quick, fast', βοη-θόος `auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend', in addition βοηθέω (instead of *βοηθοέω) `help', θοάζω `move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast';

gr.-illyr. δυάν κρήνην Hes.;

anord. dǫgg, Gen. dǫggwar (*dawwō), ags. dēaw, as. dau, ahd. tou, nhd. Тau (*dawwa-);

doubtful mir. dōe `sea' (*dheu̯iā) as `the violently moving';

Maybe illyr. TN Tau-lanti (wetland, swamp): nhd. Т au (*dawwa-)

here probably *dhu-ro- in thrak. FlN ᾽Α-θύρας (*n̥ḫdhuḫr-) and in numerous ven.-illyr. FlN, so illyr. Duria (Hungarian), nhd. Tyra, Thur, older Dura (Alsace, Switzerland), oberital. Dora, Doria, frz. Dore, Doire, Doron, iber. Durius, Turia etc (Pokorny Urill. 2, 10, 79, 105, 113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.);

Note:

Finally the ancient Dorian tribe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of Illyrian origin. Their name meant `river people' since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river boats. Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was similar to the Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later.

maybe illyr. (*Durra-hion) Dyrrhachium -i, n. a port in Illyria.

after Rozwadowski (Rev. Slav. 6, 58 ff.) here the FlN Döna, west-slav. Dvina (*dhu̯einā), borrowed as finn. vöinö `wide river', estn. vöin(a) `straits', syrj. `dyn `estuary'.

References: WP. I 834.

Page(s): 259-260

Root / lemma: dheu-2, dhu̯-ēi-

English meaning: to vanish, faint, die

German meaning: `hinschwinden, bewußtlos werden, sterben'

Material: Got. diwans (*dhéu̯-ono-) `perishable, mortal', ablaut. ahd. touwen, as. dōian `die', anord. deyja, dō (*dōw), dāinn `die'; got. dauÞs `dead', also afḫdauiÞs `afflicted', ahd. tōt, ags. dēad, anord. dauðr `dead', got. dauÞus `death', ahd. tōd, ags. dēaÞ, anord. dauðḫr, -ar and dauðe `death';

air. duine (*dhu-n-i̯o-), Pl. dōini (*dheu̯enḫi̯o-), cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den `person' (`mortal, human being', Brugmann ZfceltPh. 3, 595 ff.); s. also under ĝhðem-;

perhaps lat. fūnus (fōnusö) n. `a funeral, burial. Transf., the corpse; death; destruction, ruin; a cause of ruin', whether from *dheu̯(e)-nos `in death'; formally, nevertheless, exactly = air. n. s-stem dūn `fortress', probably originally `hill castle' (see under dheu-4 S. 263);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift.

after Marstrander Prés. à nasale inf. 15¹ here air. -deda `dwindles away' from *dheḫdhu̯ḫāḫt; compare also above under dhē-3;

in Germ. also the meaning `insensible, become unconscious', awnord. dā (*dawa) `unconsciousness, faint, swoon', preterit dō also `became numbed' (of limbs), aschwed. dāna `faint, pass out', norw. daana `become stiff, become lame (from limbs), faint, pass out' (Ableit. from participle dāinn), isl. doði `insensibility', doðna `become unfeeling, became numbed', got. usdauÞs `not indolent, diligent, active, quick, unwearied, indefatigable, energetic, eager', ahd. tawalōn `to dwindle, to die', ndl. dauwel `sluggish woman'; further anord. dā also `delight of the soul' (`*anesthetization'), dā (*dawēn) `admire, venerate'; anord. dān f. `death'.

extension dhu̯-ēi-: dhu̯-ī- in:

arm. di, Gen. dioy `dead body, corpse', air. dīth (*dhu̯ītu-) `end, death'; ags. dwīnan (st. V.) `abate, dwindle', besides dem nōn-Verb anord. duīna and duena ds.; ags. dwǣscan `annul, annihilate' (*dwaiskjan), lit. dvìsti `die' (Būga by Endzelin KZ. 52, 123).

maybe alb. tosk. (dvìsti) vdes, geg. dekë `die' [commom alb. -s- > -k- shift].

Clearly from Root / lemma: dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s- : `to dissipate, blow, etc. *breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root / lemma: dheu-2, dhu̯-ēi- : `to vanish, faint, die'.

As lit. dvìsti `die' : lit. dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti `breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' (see below);

References: WP. I 835, WH. I 451, 568.

Page(s): 260-261

Root / lemma: dheu-3

English meaning: shining, to shine

German meaning: `blank, glönzen'

Material: Old Indian dhavalá- `gleaming white', dhā́vati `makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills', av. fraδavata `rubbed off (cleaning)';

gr. θοός . . . λαμπρός, θοῶσαι . . . λαμπρῦναι Hes., ὀδόντες λευκὰ θέοντες Ps.-Hsd., θαλέιον καθαρόν. καὶ θωλέον Hes. (Kontr. from *θοFαλέος).

References: WP. I 835, Schulze KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.

Page(s): 261

Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-)

English meaning: to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.

German meaning: `stieben, wirbeln, especially von Staub, Rauch, Dampf; wehen, blow, Hauch, Atem; hence dampfen, ausdönsten, riechen, stinken; störmen, in heftiger, wallender Bewegung sein, also seelisch; in heftige, wirbelnde Bewegung versetzen, schötteln'

Material: With m-formant:

Old Indian dhūmáḫḥ m. `smoke, vapor', dhūmāyati `smokes, steams' = lat. fūmāre `smoke, steam, reek, fume', formal also = ahd. tūmōn `turn in circles';

gr. θῡμός `breath, life, soul, heart, spirit, courage, mind, temper, will, anger, wrath' (θῡμιάω still purely sensually `smoke, fumigate'; θῡμάλ-ωψ `charcoal pile', θυμικός `ardent', θῡμαίνω `rage against' etc);

lat. fūmus `smoke, steam, vapor' (fūmāre see above);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift.

lit. dū́mai Pl. `smoke', lett. dũmi Pl., Old Prussian dumis ds.;

Old Church Slavic dymъ `smoke';

maybe alb. tosk. tym `fume' [common alb. d- > t- shift.] : also alb. geg. dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].

Note:

with ŭ: mir. dumacha Pl. `fog' (nir. dumhach from *dhumuko- `misty, dark'); gr. θύμος, -ον `thyme' (strong-smelling plant as also θύμβρα, θύμβρον `Satureja thymbra L. `s. Boisacq m. Lit.; after Niedermann Gl. 19, 14 to russ. dubrávka, dubróvka `Potentilla Tormentilla', that after Berneker 215 to Old Church Slavic dǫmbъ `oak' [see under S. 264] belongs).

maybe truncated alb. (*dhumusk-) dushk `oak' : lett. dumûksnis `swamp, marsh' : Old Church Slavic dǫmbъ `oak' not from alb. drushk `oak', dru- `tree, wood' because alb. dr- > d- shift is not common.

Lat. fimus `crap, muck, manure' (as *dhu̯-i-mos due to growing from suffio, -īre);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift.

with idg. ou: ahd. toum `vapor, haze, mist, Duft', as. dōmian `steam'.

In addition coloring adjective the meaning `smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal': Old Indian dhūmrá- `smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind)', dhūmala- `smoke-color, puce';

lit. dum̃blas `slime, mud, moor on the bottom of pond', lett. dubl'i `slime, mud, ordure' (presumably = Old Indian dhūmra-; compare but under S. 268 and Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 509), lett. dũmal'š `swart, brown', dũmaîns `smoke-color', dumjš, fem. dumja `dark brown, paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid', dumûksnis `swamp, marsh', dumbra zeme `black moorland', dum̃bris, dum̃brs `spring, fountain, moor, morass' (compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names after the color Schulze Kl. Schr. 114);

compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: lett. dûńi, dùńas Pl. `slime, mud';

with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with -k-: lett. dûksne, dùkste `swamp, marsh, pool, morass' :dũkans `a red-brown hue, swart';

with -g-: lett. duga `the glutinous mucus which swims on the water', dugains ûdens `impure water', dugains uguns `dark, clouded flame', dungans `a red-brown hue' (if latter not from *dumgans, compare bal̃gans `whitish', salgans `sugary');

with -t- toch. В tute `yellow'ö

With l-formant :

Old Indian dhūli-, dhūlī f. `dust, dusty surface of the earth, pollen', dhūlikā `fog', alb. dëlënjë `juniper' (as `wood smoking chips', from *dhūlīni̯o-);

Maybe alb. dyllë `wax, bee wax' : lit. dū́lis m., lett. dũlãjs, dũlẽjs `smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees' (see below).

Note:

The common alb. a > ë shift suggests that alb, cognate for `juniper' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆l- : `to blossom, be green' : alb. (*dalīni̯ā) dëlinjë `juniper' and not from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ-: `to reel, dissipate, blow, etc. `.

lat. fūlīgo `soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows'

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift

mir. dūil `wish, desire' (*mind boiling, as θῡμός `the soul'), lit. dū́lis m. `smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees', dùlkė `mote, speck'; lett. dũlãjs, dũlẽjs `more smoking than burning torch to take the honey from the bees'; lit. dul̃svas `smoke-color, mouse grey'; changing through ablaut russ. dúlo `barrel (of a gun, a cannon'), dúlьce `mouth piece of a wind instrument' (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously slav. derivatives von duti `blow').

Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation:

Note:

maybe alb. dhunoj `violate, rape', dhunë `violence';

Old Indian dhūnṓti (dhunōti, dhuváti) `shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates', Fut. dhaviṣyati, Perf. dudhāva, Pass. dhūyáte, participle dhutá-ḥ, dhūtá-ḥ `shaken, agitated', mpers. dīt `smoke'; Old Indian dhunāti `moves to and fro, shakes', participle dhūnāna-, dhūni- f. `the shaking', dhūnayati `moves to and fro, shakes', dhavítram n. `flabellum, whisk', dhavitavyà- `fan, ventilate'; av. dvaidī `we both beset'ö (*du-vaidī); Kuiper Nasalprös. 53 places here Old Indian dhvajati (Dhp. 7, 44), av. dvažaiti `flutters' (in addition Old Indian dhvajá-ḥ `banner, ensign, flag') from *dhu̯ḫeg- (ö);

arm. de-dev-im `sway, swing' (compare that likewise redupl. intensive dhvajá-ḥ Old Indian dō-dhavīti);

gr. θύ̄ω (ἔθῡσα), lesb. θυίω `storm along, roar, rave, smoke' (*dhu-i̯ō, υ: from θύ̄σω, ἔδῡσα, as also ū in Old Indian Pass. dhūyáte and anord. dȳja `shake' neologism is; in the meaning `rage' maybe from *dhusi̯ō, s. dheu̯es-), θυάω, θυάζω ds., θύελλα `storm' (see S. 269 unterdheu̯es-), ep. θύ̄νω `roam, therefore blow, rage' (*θυνFω), θυνέω ds. (*θυνέFω), θῦνος πόλεμος, ὁρμή, δρόμος Hes. with the meaning `smoke (smoke offering), smell': θύ̄ω (θύ̄σω), τέθῠκα `sacrifice', θυσία `sacrifice, oblation', θῦμα `sacrificial animal', θύος n. `incense (hence lat. tūs `incense, frankincense'), oblation, sacrifice, oblation' (therefrom θυεία `mortar' [alb. thuk `mortar', thyenj `break, grind']ö s. Boisacq m. Lit.), θυόεις, θυήεις `laden with incense, odorous, fragrant', θύον `a tree whose wood was burned because of its fragrance', θυία, θύα `an African tree with scented wood', θυηλή `oblation' (: ion. θυαλήματα : att. θῡλήματα, *θῠFα- : *θυ:-, s. Bechtel Lex. 168 f., Boisacq s. v.), θῠμέλη `sacrificial altar, altar'.

On the base of the meaning `(together) whirl' θί̄ς, θῑνός `heap, sandpile, esp. dune, sandbank, heaps generally', from *θF-ῑν, shaped as ακτί̄ν-, γλωχί̄ν-, δελφί̄ν-, ὠδί̄ν-, compare gr. θίλα `heap' (Hes.), to meaning under nhd. Döne; barely with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 570² to Old Indian dhíṣṇya- `litter put on earth';

alb. geg. dêj, tosk. dënj `fuddle', Med. `dwindle away, melt' (*deuni̯ō, compare got. dauns `fume, haze, mist'), dêjet `flows, melts';

Maybe alb. dêje `vein (where the blood flows)', duf `air blow, anger, impatience, rage' : ags. dofian `rage' : lat. suffio -ire `to fumigate' (see below), also duplicated alb. (*duh-duh) dudë `gum'.

lat. suf-fiō, -fīre `to fumigate, perfume; to warm' (suffīmentum `incense'; about fĭmus see above) from *-dhu̯ḫii̯ō, as fio `of persons and things, to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen' from *bhu̯-ii̯ō, foeteo, -ēre `evil smell, stink' due to a participle *dhu̯-oi-to-s (as pūteō from *pūtos);

Note:

common lat. d- > f- shift. Clearly lat. suffio -ire `to fumigate' derived from an illyr. alb. duf `blow'.

here (as *piled up) gall., urir. Δοῦνον, latin. dūnum, air. n. s-stem dūn (: lat. fūnus, s. S. 260) `castle' (*hill), acymr. din (ncymr. dinas) ds.; air. dú(a)ë, arch. dóë `bulwark, rampart, wall' (*dhōu̯i̯o-); air. dumae m. `hill', gall. GN Dumiatis; also air. dé f. Gen. dīad `smoke', mir. dethach ds. (*dhu̯ii̯at-);

ags. dūn m. f. `height, mountain', engl. down `sand-hill, dune', mnl. dūne, mnd. dǖne, out of it nhd. Döne; compare to meaning klr. vý-dma `dune' to slav. dъmǫ `blow'; whereas is germ. *tū-na- `fence, a preserved place' (aisl. ags. tūn ds., `town, city', nhd. Zaun) probably kelt. Lw.;

anord. dȳja `shake' see above;

got. dauns f. `sweet scent, smoke' (*dhou-ni), anord. daunn m. `fetidness' (vgl alb. dej; about ahd. nhd. dunst see under the root form *dheu̯es-); anord. dūnn m. `down feather (*fan)' (out of it mnd. dūne, whereof again nhd. Daune `soft loose fluffy feathers, as on young birds'; compare mndl. donst `down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash)' = dt. Dunst; s. Falk-Тогp under dun); as. dununga `delusion' (ŭ or ūö); aisl. dūni `fire';

lit. dujà f. `mote, speck', dujė `down feather (*fan)'; dvỹlas `black, black-headed', ablaut. dùlas `grayish';

slav. *dujǫ, *duti (e.g. russ. dúju, dutь) `blow', changing through ablaut *dyjǫ in sloven. díjem, díti `blow, smell, breathe quietly'; Old Church Slavic dunǫ dunǫti (*dhoun-) `blow' (changing through ablaut with Old Indian dhū̆-nóti, -nāti, gr. θύ̄νω);

toch. A twe, В tweye `dust'.

compare still perhaps identical proto root *dheu- `run, flow'.

Root extensions:

I. bh-extension: dheubh- `fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the reflection'.

Gr. τύφω (θῦψαι, τῠφῆναι) `smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; Pass. smoke, give off vapor, gleam', m. τῦφος `smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly, silly pride';

Maybe poln. duma `pride', dumny `proud'.

τετῡφῶσθαι `be brainless, conceited, haughty', τῡφῶς, -ῶ or -ῶνος `whirlwind, thunderstorm', τῡφεδών, -όνος `disastrous fire', τῡφεδανός, τῡφογέρων `feeble-minded age'; τυφλός `blind, dark, stupid', τυφλόω `blind', τυφλώψ `blind', τυφλώσσω `become blind'.

Air. dub (*dhubhu-) `black', acymr. dub (*dheubh-), ncymr. du, acorn. duw, mcorn. du, bret. dū́ `black', gall. Dubis `Le Doubs (eastern France)', i.e. `black, dark water'; probably also mir. dobur `water', cymr. dwfr, corn. dour (i.e. dowr), bret. dour (i.e. dur) ds., gall. Uerno-dubrum river name (`alder water') are named after the same observation;

however, maybe there are kelt. words with idg. b which must be assumed that belong to dheub- `deep' (under S. 268), because `deep' and `black' could be slightly identical.

So can the pomerell. FlN Dbra (*dъbra) be identical just as well with lett. dubra, Church Slavicdъbrь.

Note:

After Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā) it seems that Baltic languages derived the concept of `deep' from illyr. `black', hence from Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-): `to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. `derived Root / lemma: dheu-b-, dheu-p- : `deep, *dark'.

Got. daufs (-b-) `deaf, obdurate', anord. daufr `deaf, idle', ags. dēaf `deaf', ahd. toup (-b-) `deaf, obtuse, foolish', anord. deyfa, mhd. touben `deafen, stun, make feeble', changing through ablaut nd. duff `muggy (air), dim (color), muted (sound)';

Maybe alb. duf `air blow, anger, impatience, rage' : ags. dofian `rage'.

ndl. dof, mhd. top `senseless, brainless, crazy',

Maybe alb. topis `stun';

ō-Verb: ahd. tobon, as. dovōn `be mad', ags. dofian `rage', ē-Verb: ahd. tobēn, nhd. toben, as well as (as participle a st. V.) anord. dofinn `dull, limp, half-dead', wherefore dofna `limp, become stale'; anord. dupt n. `dust', norw. duft, dyft f. ds., mhd. tuft, duft `haze, mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost', ahd. tuft `frost', nhd. Duft `fine smell, odor' (or zur root form dheup-, see under); got. (hraiwa-) dūbō, anord. dūfa, ags. dūfe, ahd. tūba `dove, pigeon' (after the dark color). Nasalized got. dumbs, anord. dumbr, ags. dumb `dumb', ahd. tumb `silent, stupid, incomprehensibe', as. dumb `oafish'. However, a *dhuḫmḫbhos `dark' seems to be supported also by Slav. (see below).

Maybe expressive alb. tosk. dudum `dumb'

Perhaps (Berneker 215) Old Church Slavic dǫbъ `oak, then tree generally' as `tree with dark heartwood' as lat. rōbur. Against it can be by lett. dumbra zeme `black moorland' etc b Einschublaut between m and r, see above, also by lit. dum̃blas `slime, mud' (mhd. tömpfel, nhd. Tömpel, Prellwitz KZ. 42, 387, rather to nhd. tief, mnd. dumpelen `submerge', s.Schulze SBpr.Ak. 1910, 791 = Kl. Schr. 114).

Besides dhūp- in: Old Indian dhūpa- m. `smoke, incense', ahd. tūvar, tūbar `phrenetical' (also in Duftö see above).

2. dh-extension: dheuḫdh- `whirl, shake, confuse through another'.

Old Indian dṓdhat- `stupefying, vehement, raving', dúdhi-, dudhra- `boisterous', probably also dúdhita- (epithet von tamas `darkness') perhaps `confused, thick';

gr. θύσσεται τινάσσεται Hes. (*θυθι̯εται), θύσανος `tassel', hom. θυσσανόεις `festooned with tassels or fringes' from *θυθι̯α (*dhudhi̯a = lett. duža `bundle'), τευθίς, τεῦθος, τευθός `squid' (`misting, muddling the water');

germ. *dud-, geminated *dutt- and *dudd-: dön. dude, older dudde `ryegrass, darnel' (but about isl. doðna `become insensitive' see above S. 260), nd. dudendop, -hop `drowsy person', afries. dud `anesthetization', norw. dudra `tremble', ags. dydrian `deceive'; with -dd-: engl. dial. dudder `bewilder', dodder `tremble, wobble, sway', engl. dodder `any plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various choking or climbing weeds'; with -tt-: mndl. dotten, dutten `be crazy', mnd. vordutten `bewilder', mhd. vertutzen, betötzen `become deaf, but get collectedness', isl. dotta `fall asleep due to tiredness, nod because of exhaustion';

maybe alb. vërtit `bewilder, turn'

similarly, on the basis of *dhu̯edh-: ostfries. dwatje `stupid girl', dwatsk `oafish, eccentric', Jötisch dvot `suffering from Coenurus cerebralis'; schwed. dodra, mhd. toter m. `yellow plant, dodder', mengl. doder, nengl. dodder `any plant of the genus Cuscuta, comprising leafless threadlike twining plants with parasitic suckers; it attaches itself to some other plant as to flax etc. and decaying at the root, is nourished by the plant that supports it', ndl. (vlas)-doddre ds. After Falk-Torp under dodder if the word was transferred as a name for certain plants with yellow thredlike stems: as. dodro, ahd. totoro, ags. dydring `egg - yellow' (-ing prove the derivative of plant name); rather has been for it `clump' = `thick mass' in contrast to melting egg white the mediative meaning (Persson) or compare norw. dudra `tremble' the elastic shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare aisl. doðr-kvisa `a bird'.

3. k-extension: dhu̯ēk-, dhū̆k- and dheuk-:

Old Indian dhukṣatē, dhukṣayati with sam- `blown up the fire, kindled, animated', dhūka- m. (unleashed) `wind'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

lit. dvė̃kti, dvėkúoti, dvėkterėti `breathe, pant, gasp', dvõkti `stink', dvãkas `breath, breeze, breath', dùksas `sigh', dūkstù, dū̃kti `become raving, rage', dū̃kis `fury', lett. dùcu, dùkt `roar, rage', ducu, ducêt it. `roar', dūku (*dunku), duku, dukt `become mat'; color names as lett. dũkans `swart' (see above) hit presumably the bridge to:

ahd. tugot `variegated', tougan `dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous', n. `mystery, miracle', as. dōgalnussi `mystery, hiding place, nook', ags. dēagol, dīegle `clandestine', ahd. tougal `dark, concealed, secret'; also ags. dēag f. `paint, color, red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue', dēagian `dye', engl. dye.

4. l-extension: dh(e)u̯el- (compare in addition above the l-nouns as Old Indian dhūli-) `whirl up, cloud (water, the mind); murky, dark, spiritually weak'.

Gr. θολός `slime, mud, smut, esp. from murky water, the dark juice of the cuttlefish' (= got. dwals), Adj. `cloudy', θολόω `cloudy', θολερός `muddy, cloudy, eclipse; verwirrt, beguile';

Δύαλος, name of Dionysos by the Paeones (Hes.) `the raving', illyr. Δευάδαι οἱ Σάτ[υρ]οιὑπ' `Iλλυριῶν (Hes.);

maybe alb. dal `go out, move out, wander aimlessly', nasalized ndal `stop, hinder, delay' : anord. dvelja `hinder, delay', as. bidwellian `hinder', anord. dvǫl f. `delay', ags. dwala m. `aberration'.

air. dall `blind', clūas-dall `deaf' (`unable to hear, blind'), cymr. corn. bret. dall `blind' (about *du̯allos < *du̯l̥los from *dhu̯l̥no-s);

got. dwals `oafish', anord. dvala f. `coma, doze, stupor'; changing through ablaut as. ags. dol `clownish, crazy', ahd. tol, tulisc `crazy, nonsensical', nhd. toll, engl. dull `stupid, tasteless, weak (also from colors)', anord. dul f. `concealment, illusion, arrogance', dylja `negate, conceal' and on the other hand anord. dø̄lskr (*dwōliska-) `crazy'; as. fardwelan st. V. `miss, fail', afries. dwilith `errs'; ags. participle gedwolen `wrong, mistaken', ahd. gitweɫan `be dazed, tarry', anord. dulinn `conceited, arrogant'; Kaus. anord. dvelja `hinder, delay', as. bidwellian `hinder', ags. dwelian `misguide', ahd. *twaljan, twallen, mhd. twel(l)en `hinder, delay'; anord. dvǫl f. `delay', ags. dwala m. `aberration', ahd. gitwolo `infatuation, heresy'; got. dwalmōn `crazy, be phrenetical', ags. dwolma, as. dwalm `anesthetization', ahd. twalm `anesthetization, narcotic smoke, smoke', anord. dylminn `thoughtless, frivolous', dön. dulme `drowse'.

5. n-extension : dhu̯en(ǝ)- `scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog, cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death'.

Old Indian ádhvanīt `he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled' (of anger, actually `evaporated, sprayed'), Kaus. dhvā̆nayati `darkens', participle dhvāntá- `dark', n. `darkness';

av. dvan- with pre verb `fly' (apa-dvąsaiti `macht sich auf zum Davonfliegen', upa-dvąsaiti `goes flying there', Kaus. us-dvąnayat̃ `he allows to fly upwards'); dvąnman- n. `cloud', aipi-dvąnara- `cloudy, misty', dunman- `fog, cloud';

gr. θάνατος `death', θνητός `perishable' (*dhu̯_enǝtos and *dhu̯n̥̄tós), dor. θνά̄σκω `die', reshaped after the present in -ίσκω att. ἀποθνῄσκω (-θανοῦμαι, -θανεῖν), lesb. θναίσκω ds. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 709, 770);

lett. dvans, dvanums `haze, mist, vapor', dviñga `haze, mist, coal steam' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 546).

6. r-extension: dheu̯er- (dhu̯er-, dheur-) `whirl, attack, hurry; vortex = dizziness, folly'.

Old Indian (unleashed) dhōraṇa- n. `trot', dhōrati `trots' (= sl. dur-, see under); perhaps dhurā́ Adv. `violent, forcible'; dhāṭī `raid, night raid', if mind. development from *dhvārtī `Heranstörmen';

perhaps gr. ἀ-θύ̄ρω (*ἀ- = n̥ `in' + *θυρι̯ω) `play, I amuse', ἄθυρμα `play, toys; jewellery, ornament things' (if `play' from `spring');

lit. padùrmai Adv. `with impetuosity, stormy', Old Prussian dūrai Nom. Pl. `shy'; russ. durь `folly, fatuity, stubborness', durě́tь, `lose the mind', durítь `make pranks', durák `fool', dúra `fool, clown', durnój `evil, bad, ugly', dial. `unreasonable, furious', durníca `henbane, ryegrass, darnel', klr. dur, dura `anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery', serb. dûrīm, dúriti se `flare up, foam' etc;

toch. A taur, В tor `dust'ö

References: WP. I 835 ff.; WH. I 499 f., 561 f., 57 If., 865; Trautmann 62 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 696, 703.

Page(s): 261-267

Root / lemma: dheu̯es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-, dhū̆s-

English meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die

German meaning: `stieben, stöuben, wirbeln (nebeln, regnen, Dunst, Staub; aufs seelische Gebiet angewendet: gestoben, verwirrt sein, betöubt, dösig, clownish), störmen (vom Wind and aufgeregtem Wesen), blow, wehen, hauchen, pant, gasp (Hauch, Atem, Geist, ghost, animal; smell, smell, odor)'

Note: extension of dheu̯-4; also expressions for `dark colors' seem to be supposed to be added as `fog-gray, dust-color'.

Material: Old Indian dhvaṁsati `sprays, sprinkles, disintegrates, goes to pieces', participle dhvastá-, Кaus. dhvaṁsáyati, dhvasáyati `powdered, destroyed', dhvasmán- m. `obscuration', dhvasirá- `powdered, sprayed', dhvasrá- `powdered, indistinguishable', dhvásti- f. `the spraying' (= ahd. tunist, dun(i)st `wind, storm, breath, smoke', ags. afries. dūst `dust'), dhūsara- `dust-colored'; to formation (*dhu̯-és-mi, Konj. dhéuḫsḫō besides *dhuḫnḫésḫmi, Konj. *dhu̯-én-s-ō) compare Kuiper Nasalprös. 41;

gr. θύ̄ω (θυίω) `blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice' as *dhŭ-i̯ō (υ: from θύ̄σω, ἔθῡσα) to einf. root *dheu̯- (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning `rage' from *dhŭs-i̯ō, as θυῖα f. `female bacchant', θυιάς `a mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante' ds. (θυάζω `be grasped by bacchanalian dizziness') probably from *dhŭsḫi̯a because of θυστάδες Βάκχαι Hes. and θύσθλα the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches', θυστήριος epithet of Bacchus;

Note: common lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:

lat. furō -ere `to rage, rave, be mad' could be *dhusō, so that Furiae = gr. θυῖαι; compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to δύσμαιναι Βάκχαι; ἐχθύσση ἐκπνέυσῃ Hes.; but θύελλα `a furious storm, hurricane' probably feminine of *θυελος `storming, raging', probably from *θυFελος; θῡμός `anger, soul' is = θῡμός `air, a current of air, breeze, breath, wind' and not because of lett. dusmas `anger' lead back to a various basic form *θυσμός; compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 521;

Ablaut form *dhu̯es- in hom. θέειον and θέιον (with metr. lengthening to θήιον), att. θεῖον `sulphur steam, sulphur' (*θFεσ-(ε)ιονö).

Perhaps here θεός `god' because of lit. dvasià `ghost', mhd. getwās `ghost' and forms as gr. θέσ-φατος `spoken from god', θεσπέσιος, θέσπις `divine' as *θFεσός from *dhu̯esos after Hirt Indog. Gr. I 195, Pisani REtIE. 1, 220 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 450, 458, WH. I 102; Lit. by Feist 122;

alb. dash `Aries, ram, sheep (*animal), after Jokl (L.-k. Unters. 240) from *dhu̯osi̯-;

lat. perhaps furō, see above; fimbria f. `fringe, border, edge' maybe from *dhu̯ensriā; with the ablaut form dhu̯ē̆s- : februō, -āre `clean, expiate religiously' from februum `religious purification' (sabin. after Varro), as also Februārius `the cleansing month', on the basis of *dhu̯es-ro- `fumigating'; fērālis `relating to the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal; mournful; n. pl. as subst. the festival of the dead, in February' probably also here;

Note:

Common lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation.

whether bēstia, bēllua `an animal without reason, a brute, beast, large animal; as a term of reproach, monster' belong here as *dhu̯estiā, *dhu̯ēslou̯ā, it is extremely dubious because of anlauts in spite of WH. I 102;

Note:

Common lat. dw- > b- phonetic mutation.

gallorom. dūsius `impure, foul daemon, incubus', out of it lad. eng. dischöl, nhd. westföl. dūs, bask. tusuri `devil'; compare Pedersen Ét. celt. 1, 171; air. dāsacht `fury', dāistir immum `I become raving' (*dhu̯ōsḫt-, ablaut. with ags. dwǣs etc); air. dōë `idle', perhaps as *dhousio- to nhd. dösig;

ags. dwǣs `stupid, crazy', mnd. dwās ds., mhd. twās, dwās m. `idiot, fool, villain', getwās n. `ghost; foolishness' (compare to the former meaning mhd. tuster n. `ghost'; to lengthened grade air. dāsaid); ablaut. ags. dysig `clownish', engl. dizzy `giddy', mnd. dūsich `benumbed, giddy', nd. dösig, dösig, ahd. tusic `sluggish', mnd. dūsen, dosen `pass away thoughtlessly', engl. doze `doze', nhd. (ndd.) Dusel (in the meaning `light drunkenness' compare nhd. mdartl. dusen `carouse' and mhd. tūsen `rant, make a noise, whizz');

in addition: norw. dūsa `doze', anord. dūsa `behave quietly', dūs `calm', dūra `sleep', mhd. törmen `be dizzy, reel, lurch' etc;

with germ. au: mhd. dōsen `behave quietly, slumber, drowse', tōre `insane, fool', nhd.Tor, töricht, mnd. dōre m. `fool, crazy person';

Maybe alb. geg. torrë `fool'

with the meaning `spray, get dusty, scatter': mhd. tæsen, dæsen `scatter', verdæsen `destroy' (from *dausjan), norw. mdartl. døysa `lump, pile up', probably originally from `dust heaps and waste heaps', under which medium meaning can be added also anord. dys f. `from pouting stones of burial mounds', norw. mdartl. dussa `messy heap';

with the meaning `scatter, sprinkle, dust rain under likewise': norw. duskregn `dust rain', duska, dysja `rain finely, trickle', engl. dusk `cloudy, dim', nhd. bair. dusel `dust rain'; westgerm. *dunstu- `transpiration' (see above S. 263) in ahd. tun(i)st `wind, storm', mhd. tunst `fume, mist', ags. afries. dūst n. `dust' (anord. dust n. `dust' is mnd. Lw.), dön. dyst `flour powder', mnd. nnd. dust m. `dust, chaff, husk';

with the meaning `breathe - animal': got. dius n. `wild animal' (*dheus-), anord. dȳr n. `Vierfößler, wild animal', ahd. tior `animal', ags. dēor `wild animal', Adj. `violent, wild, valiant';

lit. dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti `breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die';

maybe alb. (*dves) vdes `breathe out the spirit, perish, die';

As lit. dvìsti `die' : lit. dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti `breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' (see above);

Note:

Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Pater from the ritual of burning the dead. Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in heaven. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after the father god.

lett. dvẽsele f. `breath, soul, life', ablaut. (*dhu̯os-), lit. dvasas m., dvasià f., Gen. dvãsios `ghost', `breath', lett. dvaša `air, breath, smell' (: russ. dvochatь, idg. *dhu̯os-); zero grade (*dhū̆s-), lit. dùsas `sigh' and `haze, mist' (= klr. doch), dūstù, dùsti `run out of breath', lett. dust `pant, gasp', dusmas `anger', lit. dūsiù, dūsė́ti `take a deep breath, sigh, gasp heavily', dū́sauti ds.; lit. daũsos f. Pl. (*dhous-) `the upper air, paradise', dausìnti `ventilate, air';

russ. dvóchatь, dvochátь `pant, gasp' (see above); Old Church Slavic (vъs)dъchnǫti `take a deep breath, heave a sigh', klr. doch `breath, breeze' (*dъchъ), Old Church Slavic dychajǫ, dyšǫ, dychati `breathe, exhale, blow', duchъ (: lit. daũsos) `respiration, breath, spirit', duša `breath, soul' (*dhousi̯ā), dušǫ, duchati `breathe, blow, from wind' etc

maybe alb. (*dychati) dihas `breathe heavily'.

words for sombre colors (`dust-colored, fog-gray') :

Old Indian dhūsara- `dust-colored' (see above); lat. fuscus `dark-colored; of the voice, indistinct' (*dhusḫqo-), furvus `dark-colored, black' (*dhusḫu̯o-);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift.

ags. dox (*dosc) `dark', engl. dusk `cloudy, dim; twilight' (= lat. fuscus; compare also norw. dusmen `misty'), with formants -no- ags. dunn (kelt. Lw.ö), as. dun `chestnut-colored', anord. dunna `the common domestic duck', as. dosan, ags. dosen `chestnut-colored', ahd. dosan, tusin `pale yellow' (westgerm. Lw is lat. dosinus `ash-colored'); mir. donn `dark', cymr. dwnn `subfuscus, dark-colored, blackish', gall. PN Donnos etc (*dhu̯osnos).

Note:

References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.

Page(s): 268-271

Root / lemma: dhēigʷ- : dhōigʷ- : dhīgʷ-

English meaning: to stick, plant

German meaning: `stechen, stecken, festsetzen'

Material: Lat. fīgō, -ere `to fix, fasten, make fast, attach, affix; esp. with oculos, to fix the gaze; to thrust home a weapon, etc. so as to fix fast; to transfix' (urlat. ī, compare fīgier S. C. Bacch.), alat. fīvō, umbr. fiktu `you shall fix, fasten, drive, thrust in, attach, affix, post, erect, set up', afiktu `he/she shall fasten, implant, drive in, affix'; probably in addition as `pinned' also fīnis `boundary, limit, border; summit, end; object, aim; in pl. enclosed area, territory' (= lit. dỹgsnis `prick, sting'), compare fīniō, -īre also `to bound, limit, enclose, restrain; to define, determine, appoint; to put an end to, conclude, finish; esp. to finish speaking, or to die; pass., to end, cease';

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift.

ags. dīc `drainage ditch, canal', ndd. dīk, aisl. dīk(i)n, mhd. tīch, from which nhd. Deich, Teich (actually) `the digging'.

lit. dýgstu, dýgti, lett. dîgt `germinate' (actually `jut. stick out, protrude', lit. dygùs `spiky, prickly'), in addition dygiù, dygė́ti `feel piercing pain', dyglỹs `thorn', dỹgė `gooseberry', Old Prussian digno `the hilt of a sword' (as nhd. Heft `the handle of a cutting or piercing instrument, as a knife, spear, etc.; the hilt of a sword, dagger', d. h. `wherein the blade is fixed, to fix'); zero grade lit. díegiu, díegti, lett. diêgt `prick', lit.díegas `germ, sprout', Old Prussian deicktas `site, place', originally `point, dot, prick, sting'; with ōi: lit. dáigas `germ, sprout, seedling', dáiktas `point, dot; thing', daigìnti `make germinate';

References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.

Page(s): 243-244

Root / lemma: dhē(i)- (besides dh-ei-ö)

English meaning: to suck

German meaning: `saugen, söugen'

Note: (: dhǝi-, dhī̆- and dhē-, dhǝ-) s. esp. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 363.

Material: Old Indian dhāya-ḥ `nourishing, nursing', dhā́yas- n. `the sucking', dhāyú- `thirsty', dhā́tavē `to suck', Fut. dhāsyati, Aor. ádhāt `he sucked', su-dhā́ `juice, sap, nectar', dhātrī `wet nurse, mother', dhēnú- f. `producing milk' = av. daēnu- `female of four-footed animals', Old Indian dhḗnā `milker', ablaut. dhītá- `sucked', Perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-má (i = ǝ), da-dh-úḥ; redupl. noun da-dh-an-, Nom. dá-dh-i, Gen. dadhnás `sour milk' (: Old Prussian dadan, alb. djathë);

from stem dhǝi-: dháyati `sucks' (*dhǝ́i̯eti : Kaus. *dhoi-éi̯e-ti in slav. dojiti, got. daddjan) and dhinṓti `nourishes';

arm. diem `suck' (i == idg. ē or rather ī, so that = anord. dīa), stn-di `(sucking breast =) suckling', dal from dail `beestings' (dhǝi-li-), dayeak `wet nurse' (from *dayi- = idg. dhǝ-ti-);

gr. θήσατο `he sucked', θῆσθαι `milk', θήνιον `milk', τιθήνη `wet nurse' (short form τίτθη underlikewise, whereat different Falk-Torp under taate), γαλαθηνός `sucking milk', τι-θασός `tame, domesticated, well-bred';

alb. djathë `cheese' originally `curd made from sour milk' (: Old Indian dádhi), gr.-alb. dithë `cheese';

Note:

Spectacularly alb. djathë (*das), gr.-alb. dithë `cheese' derived from a solidified illyr. root *dh-ei-s `curd made from sour milk' because of common alb. -s > -th phonetic mutation.

lat. fēmina `wife, woman' (`*the nursing one'); about fēlīx, fecundus see under;

air. dīnu `lamb', dīth `he/she has sucked' (ī = idg. ē or ī), denaid `he sucks' (*di-na-ti), bret. denaff `suck', cymr. dynu `suck';

got. daddjan = aschwed. dæggja `suckle' (proto germ. *ðajjan, compare Old Indian dháyati, Old Church Slavic dojǫ; das germ. *ðajj- has originated normally from *dhoi-eie-), aschwed. dīa, dön. norw. die `suck', mhd. dīen, tīen `suckle; breast feed a baby' (compare o. arm. diem), zero grade ahd. tāen, present tāju (= lett. dêju `suck'), westföl. döierrn `nourish a calf with milk';

lett. dêju, dêt `suck', at-diene, at-dienîte `a cow that calves in the second year', lit.dienì f. `pregnant' (= Old Indian dhēnú-), dienà ds. (= Old Indian dhēnā `cow'), Old Prussian dadan `milk' (= Old Indian dadhan-); Old Church Slavic dojǫ `suckle' (Old Indian dháyati), doilica `wet nurse', with ě (= idg. ē or ǝi) dětь f. `children, kids. `, děva, děvica `girl, virgin' (replaced by `*woman' = `the nursing one, the one who suckles', s. Berneker 197).

With l-formant: Old Indian dhārú- `sucking' = gr. θῆλυς `nourishing (ἐέρδη), lactating, female' (fem. θήλεια and θῆλυς), θηλώ, θηλαμών `wet nurse', θηλάζω `suckle, suck', θηλή `brisket', alb. dele `sheep' (*dhǝilḫn-), delmë ds., dhallë `sour milk', illyr. dalm- `sheep' in PN Δάλμιον, Δελμίνιον, VN Dalmatae, Delmatae, messap. PN Gen. m. dalmaihi, fem. PN dalmaϑoa; lat. fēlō, -āre `suckle', fīlius `son' (`*suckling', from *fēlios) = umbr. feliuf, filiu `give milk, give suck';

Note:

Common lat d- > f- phonetic shift

mir. del `teat' (*dhĭ-lo-), delech `milker', dön. dæl `mammary glands or udder of the sow', schwed. mdartl. del m. `teat', ahd. tila f. `female breast', ags. delu f. `nipple, teat', anord. dilkr `lamb, baby, youngling'; lett. dêls `son', dēle `bloodsucker, leech', lit. dėlė̃ ds., pirmdėlė̃ `the first born', pirmdėlỹs `who has just been born'; lett. dīle `sucking calf', dīlît `suckle'.

Identical alb. djalë `son' : lett. dêls `son'.

from gr. θῶσθαι (*θωι̯εσθαι) `to feast', θοίνη `feast' (from *θωι-νᾱö) with gradation suit here, is doubtful; if θῶξαι and (dor.) θᾶξαι `μεθύσαι' as *θοι̯ακ-σαι points to a light root*dhŏi- (also then θοίνη; also θῶσθαι could be θοι̯α-σθαι)ö

Lat. fēlīx `fertile, lucky' to fēlāre goes back to a fem. Subst. *fēlī-c- `the nursing one = fertile', after Specht (KZ. 62, 237) from *fēlu̯īḫkḫs, Femin. to Old Indian dhārú-, gr. θῆλυς; lat. fēcundus `fertile', fētus, -ūs `(1) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that has brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the soil, bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants, fruit, produce, shoot', fēta `filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young', also `what is born', effēta `past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition', fēnus, -oris `yield, interest on money, usury', perhaps also fēnum `hay' (as `yield') define themselves through a special application from dhēi- `suckle' for `be fertile';

in addition but not *dhōnā- `corn, grain' : Old Indian dhānā́ḥ f. Pl. `grain, seeds', dhānyá- n. `corn, grain', np. dāna `corn, grain', av. dānō-karša- `an ant kind', i.e. `towing grain (= an ant)', toch. В tāno `corn, grain' and lit. dúona, lett. duõna f. `bread' (originally `corn', alit. `provision for retired farmers, retirement, settlement on retirement'); dor.-illyr. (kret.) δηαί. . . αἱ κριθαί EM., δητταί αἱἐπτισμέναι κριθαί (*dhē-k-i̯ā-) Hes.; different Jokl by WH. I 475;

References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.

See also: s. also above dhē-1, dhē-dhē-.

Page(s): 242

Root / lemma: dhē-1, redupl. dhē-dh(ē)-

English meaning: child word for `grandparents'

German meaning: Lallwort der Kindersprache for öltere Familienglieder

Material: Gr. θεῖος `uncle', θεία `aunt' (*θη-ος, θη-ᾱ), τήθη `grandmother' (from *θη-θη), ital. (venet.) deda `aunt' (ö), gr. τηθίς `aunt' (in addition GN Θέτις); illyr. deda `wet nurse' (Krahe IF. 55, 121 f.), also probably originally zur root dhē(i)- `suckle'; lit. dė̃de, dė̃dis `uncle' (but diẽdas `graybeard, old man, elder' from wr. dźěd ds.), Old Church Slavic dědъ `grandfather'; similarly nhd. deite, teite, schweiz. döddi `father, elder', russ. djádja `uncle'.

Note:

Turk. dayi `uncle' derived from russ. djádja `uncle' while alb. daja n. f. `uncle' could have existed before turk. dayi `uncle', however, alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other cognates: also turk. hala `paternal aunt' : alb. halla `paternal aunt', turk. teyze `maternal aunt' : alb. teze `maternal aunt'.

References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 193.

Page(s): 235

Root / lemma: dhē-2

English meaning: to put, place

German meaning: `setzen, stellen, legen'

Material: Old Indian dádhāti, av. daδāiti `he places', Old pers. Impf. Sg. adadā `he has installed', Old Indian Aor.á-dhā-m `I placed', Med. 3. Sg. á-dhita (= gr. ἔθετο) ; to-participle Old Indian hitáḫḥ (-dhitáḫḥ in ved. compounds) `set, settled' (= lat. con-ditus, ab-ditus, crēditus, probably also gr. θετός `sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position; taken as one's child, adopted'), with full grade av. Old pers. dāta- (= lit. dė́tas `sedate, calm, settled', Old Prussian sen-ditans Akk. Pl. f. `folded', also gr. θητόν βωμόν Hes., eig. `set raised platform, placed stand'); Inf. Old Indian dhā́-tum (= lit. dė́tų Supin., Old Church Slavic dětь `to place' : lat. [late] conditus, -ūs m. `pickled, preserved; of corpses, embalmed; in gen., seasoned, savory', Supin. -um, -ū, compare also Old Indian dhā́tu-ḥ), m. `component, set', av. vīδātu- n. `grounds, rationale, steady acquiescence'); i̯o-present Old Indian dhāyatē `places for oneself' (= lett. dêju, dêt `place, lay eggs', dẽju dẽt `solder together', Old Church Slavic dějǫ `lay, place', ačech. děju `make'); Perf. Old Indian dadhā́u, dadhimá, av. 3. Sg. daδa (: gr. τέθεμαι, lat. -didī, osk. prú-ffed, ahd. teta etc).

Arm. ed Aor. `he placed' (= Old Indian á-dhāt; 1. Sg. edi, 2. Sg. edir), present dnem `I place'(*dinem, idg. *dhēḫno-, compare russ. dĕ́nu `sit, put, lay, place', skr. djènēm `do, put, lay');

Maybe nasalized alb. geg. me ndenj`to sit, while, stay', ndej `hang lose, place'

phryg. εδαες `has placed' (*e-dhǝ-es-tö rather = hitt. da-a-iš);

gr. τίθημι `put' (Aor. ἔθηκα - see under -, ἔθεμεν, ἔθετο, Fut. θήσω, participle θετός);

messap. hi-pa-of `has placed' (*ĝhi-po-dhēs-t, J. B. Hofmann KZ. 63, 267);

lat. abdere `put away, remove, set aside, stow away', con-dere `to put together, make by joining, found, establish, build, settle' (in addition Cōnsus [*kom-d-to-] an ancient deity, god of secret plans), perdere `to make away with, destroy, ruin, squander, dissipate, throw away, waste, lose', crēdere `believe, trust' (see below *kered- `heart'); about the interference of dare with respective forms s. WH. I 362; Perf. condidī etc, osk. prú-ffed `has placed' (*-fefed).

Note:

Common italic.-lat. d- > f- shift.

With einer k-extension lat. faciō, -ere, fecī (: ἔθηκα), factum `to make, form, do, perform; of feelings and circumstances, to cause, bring about', osk. fakiiad, umbr. fac̣ia `he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, produces, composes', fakurent Fut. II [subjunctive] `they will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed', praen. (passionate inscription) FheFhaked `he/she has made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed', osk. fefacit Konj. Perf. `let he/she have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed', fefacust Fut. II `he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed';

with *fēk- umbr. feitu, fetu [Imperative]`he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed':

facilis `(feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable', umbr. fac̣efele ds.; faciēs `shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf., character, nature; seeming, pretence', facinus, ponti-fex, arti-fex beneḫficus under likewise; to meaning of interficiō `to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill' (`*allow to disappear') compare Old Indian antarḫhitaḫḥ `vanished'.

The same k-extension besides in gr. ἔθηκα also in θήκη `receptacle', Old Indian dhā-ká-ḥ `container' and phryg. αδ-δακετ `afflicts, causes death', Med. αδ-δακετορ; ven. vhaχsϑo `he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, erects, produces, composes' (*fakḫsḫto, the f probably from Ital.); hitt. dak-ki-eš-zi (dakkeszi) `makes, places down' (: lat. facessō), dak-šu-ul (daksul) `friendly' (: alat. facul); perhaps toch. A tākā `I was, became', B takāwā ds. (different Pedersen Toch. 194);

gall. dede `he/she has placed'; compare lat. con-, ab-, crē-didī, ahd. teta `I made, did'; air. -tarti `gives, yields' (*to-ro-ad-dīt from *dhēḫt), Perf. do-rat (*to-ro-ad-dat from *dhǝ-t), Thurneysen Gr. 35;

ahd. tōm, tuom, as. tōn, ags. dōm `do', Inf. ahd. tuon, as. ags. dōn (*dhōḫm) `do', preterit ahd. teta `I made, did' (2. Sg. tāti, Pl. tātuḫm; reshaped after the type of got. sētum), as. deda (2. Sg. dedōs, 3. Pl. dādun, dedun), ags. dyde < dudi (see above to Old Indian dadhā́u); particle Perf. Pass. ahd. giḫtān, ags. dōn `done' from *dhē-no- = Old Church Slavic o-děnъ `wrapped, dressed';

in the ending of reduced Pröter. (got. salbō-dēdun etc) one tries to seek mostly the root dhē-, whereas in got. kunÞa `granted', must contain the idg. -t-, to accept an other formation. compare Hirt, Idg. Gr. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55 ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f., Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2. Abh., 6 f.

lit. dė́ti `lay, place, put', present 2. Pl. old deste (*dhe-dh-te), Sg. demì, desie-s, dest(i) (compare Būga Kalba ir s. 158, 213), neologism dedù; lett. dêt (see above);

Old Church Slavic děti `lay, place' (also `say'), present deždǫ (*dedi̯ō) and dějǫ (see above); dějǫ, dějati `lay, place, do'; -va-iterative Old Church Slavic o-děvati `(to put), dress', russ. děvátь `set down, do, place';

in addition probably lit. dėviù, dėvė́ti `wear a dress'; a formant u̯ also in gr. *θοFακος and (assim.) *θαFακος, compare θοάζω `sit, put', ion. θῶκος (hom. θόωκος written for θό[F]ακος) `seat', θάβακον θᾶκον ἤ θρόνον Hes., att. also θᾶκος ds., hom. θαάσσω `sit', att. poet. θά̄σσω ds. (see to gr. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335); compare also thrak. -dava `settling, settlement' from *dhēu̯ā or *dhǝu̯ā; probably reshuffling after the concurrent *dō-: *dou- `bestow, give';

Note:

The suffix -dava `settling, settlement' frequently scattered over the thrak. territory and city names is absent in illyr. toponyms, hence illyr.-alb. and trak. were two different people.

hitt. daḫaḫi (dāi) `setzt, legt', 1. Sg. te-eḫ-ḫi (tehhi), 3. Pl. tiḫanḫzi (Pedersen Hitt. 91, 112 f., 166), preterit 3. Sg. da-a-iš; perhaps also dak-ki-eš-zi (see above);

toch. A tā-, tös-, tas-, B tes- `lay, place' (*dhēḫs- Pedersen Toch. 186 f.);

lyk. ta- `lay, place' (Pedersen. Lyk. and Hitt. 30 f.).

Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. Old Indian vayō-dhā́-ḥ `imparting vitality', saṁ-dhā́ f. `pact, agreement, promise' (: lit. arklìḫdė `stable'), saṁ-dh-á-m `association' (: lit. sam-das), ratna-dh-á-ḥ `imparting treasure', niḫdhḫíḫḥ m. `container, treasure, tribute', sam-dh-í-ḥ m. `association, covenant, fusion', av. gao-δi- `milk container'; lit. samdas `rent, rental', iñdas `vessel', nuodaĩ `poison', (old) núodžia `debt, blame, offense', pãdis `the hen lays an egg';

Old Prussian umnode `bakehouse', lit. pelùdė, lett. pelude `chaff container', Old Church Slavic obь-do n. `θησαυρός', sǫ-dъ `κρίσις, κρῖμα'; compare Berneker 193 ff., Trautmann 47 f.; if so also aisl. oddr, ags. ord, ahd. ort `cusp, peak' as *ud-dho-s `pointed up'ö

nominal formation:

Old Indian dhā́tar- m. `instigator, founder', dhātár- `creator, god' (compare also Old Church Slavic dětelь `perpetrator'), gr. θετήρ, lat. con-ditor `a founder; hence, in gen., contriver, composer, author';

compare *dhǝ-tlo- in air. dāl, acymr. datl, ncymr. dadl, abret. dadl `congregation, meeting', nbret. dael `contest, quarrel' (compare to meaning phryg. δουμος);

*dhǝ-ti- in Old Indian -dhiti-ḥ f. `stead', dēvá-hiti-ḥ `God's statute', gr. θέσις f. `statute, order', lat. con-diti-ō f. `an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition, terms, demand'; *dhē-ti-s in av. ni-δāiti- f. `laying down, putting away, hiding', got. gadēds `deed, position, place', aisl. dāð `skillfulness, deed, act', ags. dǣd, ahd. tāt `deed, act', lit. dė́tis `load, burden', Pl. dė́tys `lay of the chicken, the goose', Old Church Slavic blago-dětъ `Grace, blessing, gratitude'; *dhǝ-t- in thrak. PN Δάτος, alb. dhatë (*dhǝ-tā) `site'; *dhō-t- in av. dami-dā-t `the created creature', lat. sacer-dōs `a priest, priestess' (*sacro-dhōt-s).

Old Indian dhāna-m `container', el. συνθῆναι (ö) `pact, covenant', ahd. participle gitān, ags. dōn `done', Old Church Slavic o-děnъ `(completed), vested'; Old Indian dhánaḫm `sacrifice, offering, price in competition etc', nidhánam `layover, stay, inhabitation etc', gōdhana-m `cattle possession', av. gao-δana- n. `milk container'.

Old Indian dhā́man- n. `statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc', av. dāman-, dąman- n. `site, creature', gr. ἀνά-θημα `anything devoted to evil, an accursed thing', ἐπί-θημα `something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave', θημών m. `heap'; εὐθήμων `probably keeping tidy, keeping in order'; thrak. plant name κοα-δάμα ποταμογείτων (Dioskor.) from *kʷa-dhēmn̥ `water settlement', PN Uscu-dama; secondary (after θέσις) gr. θέμα n. `that which is placed or laid down: money deposited, deposit; also, of grain; treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common burial-place, common land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case proposed for discussion, theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary determination, primary (non-derivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of reduction of an irregular syllogism', compare also Inf. θέμεναι; av. dāmi- f. `creation', Adj. (also fem.) `constituting, originating, creator, god'; gr. θέμις `that which is laid down or established by custom', Gen. originally θέμιστος `*allowed by the laws of God and men, righteous' as Goddess's name, then `right, law, custom', θέμεθλα Pl. `the foundation of a building; the innermost, core', θεμέλιοι λίθοι `the foundation-stones', hom. θεμείλια (ει metr. lengthening) `the foundations, lowest part, bottom, ground';

Alb. themel `the foundation of a building; the innermost, core' : hom. θεμείλια (ει metr. lengthening) `foundation, ground' [probably a loanword]; themën `heel, bottom of the foot'.

zero grade: θαμά `*massed; frequent, often', θαμινός `frequent, often, massed', hom. θαμέες, femin. θαμειαί Pl. `the piled up, tightly packed, crowded, close-set, thick' (from *θαμύς), θάμνος `thicket, shrubbery, bush, shrub'; in a *dhǝ-mo- `settlement, branch, dwelling' (compare θαιμός οἰκία, σπόρος, φυτεία Hes. [*dhǝmi̯o-], also Old Indian dhāman- `dwelling') or `heap, troop, multitude, crowd (the servant)' correlates one perhaps rightly also with lat. famulus `a servant, a male slave, attendant', familia `a household (of slaves), establishment', osk. famel `a servant, a male slave, attendant', famelo `a household (of slaves), establishment', umbr. fameřias `a household (of slaves), establishment';

Note:

Common lat. d- > f- shift

ō-grade gr. θωμός `heap, barn, haystack'; phryg. δουμος `an assembly, meeting, congress, a living together', lat. ab-dōmen `lower abdomen' as `intimate, hidden, secret part', compare ahd. intuoma `the chief internal organs of the body, significant organs' (would be lat. *indōmen), mnd. ingedōme, bayr. ingetum ds., got. dōms m. `judgement, fame' (dōmjan `adjudicate'; from dem Germ. russ. dúma `thought, notion, care; council meeting' etc, s. Berneker 237), ags. dōm `opinion, sense, mind, judgement, court', ahd. tuom `judgement, feat, deed, act, custom, state, status', lit. domė̃, domesỹs `attention, directing of the thought and will on something', also lit. dėmė̃ `spot upon which attention is directed' etc, dėmė́tis = domė́tis `wonder, care, concern, follow, go, take interest'.

Aisl. dǣll `easy to do, easy, without difficulty' (*dhē-li-s); compare urnord. dalidun `they did' (preterit of germ. *dēlian), lit. pa-dėlỹs `nest-egg (the hen lays an egg)', priedėlė̃, príedėlis `inclosure', abg. dĕlo n. `work', wherefore (see Berneker 195 f., Trautmann 48) Old Church Slavic dělja, děljьma m. Gen. `because of', lit. dė̃l, del̃, dė̃liai, lett. dẽl `with Gen. `because of, for the sake of'.

Maybe from Slavic ne `not' + Old Church Slavic: dělo `work, matter' = Bulgarian неделя (nedel'a), Serbian nedelja, Czech neděle, Polish niedziela `Sunday, holiday = no work' : Lithuanian: dėlioti `put down, away' : Albanian djelë `Sunday, holiday'.

An occasional formation compare still gr. τεθμός (Pind.), θεθμός (lak. etc), θεσμός (att.) `statute' after Thurneysen (KZ. 51, 57) to air. dedm, cymr. deddf (*dheḫdhḫmā) ds. (different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492¹²); θωή, att. θωά: `punishment'. Very doubtful a s-extension would be attributed to aisl. des (*dasjō) `hay stick, hay rick' (Lw. from dem Air.ö), air. dais (*dasti-) `heap, hay rick', wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52, 310) compares rather osset. dasun `pile up, lump'.

References: WP. I 826 ff., WH. I 266, 362 f., 439 ff., 863, Trautmann 47 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hitt. 141 ff., 192.

Page(s): 235-239

Root / lemma: dhē-3, dhǝ-

English meaning: to disappear

German meaning: `hinschwinden'ö

Material: Lat. famēs f. `hunger', ad fatim, affatim `ad lassitudinem, zur Genöge', fatīgō `hetze ab, ermöde', fatīscō, -or `gehe auseinander; ermatte';

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift

air. ded- (present ruḫdeda, Fut. Plur. dedait, preterit con-ro-deda) `vanish, pass away, die away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay'; ags. demm `damage' (*dhǝ-mi-s);

with -s anord. dāsi `idle' (germ. *dā̆s-), mhd. dǣsic `still, uncommunicative, stupid', changing through ablaut norw. dial. dase `flabby person', dön. dase `be decayed'; anord. dǣsa(sk) `swelter, decay', dasask `go bad, get worse'; mengl. dasen `stun' (engl. daze), dasewen `be dark'.

In all parts some dubious connections. About air. deḫd(a). compare Pedersen KG. II 504 f.(from Perf. *dhe-dou̯e from to got. diwans `perishable'ö s. dheu- `disappear', where also about air. dīth, arm. di). The germ. family finally reminds partly under *dheu̯es- `whisk' discussed from ndd. dösig and have been directed partly after this not only in the s-extension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an old relationship from anord. dȫesask etc. and ir. -deda .

References: WP. I 829, WH. I 451.

Page(s): 239

Root / lemma: dhēs-, dhǝs-

English meaning: a root used in religious terms

German meaning: in religiösen Begriffen

Material: Arm. di-k` `gods' (PL *dhēses);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift

lat. fēriae (alat. fēsiae) `days of rest, holidays, festivals', fēstus `of holidays, festive, festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days', osk. fíísnam Akk. `an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff', umbr. fesnaf-e `in a shrine, sanctuary, temple'; zero grade lat. fānum (*fas-no-m) `a shrine, sanctuary, temple' and Old Indian dhiṣṇya- `devout, godly, pious, holy' (insecure dhiṣaṇyant- under likewise, see under dhei̯ǝ- `see'); about gr. θεός `god' see under dheu̯es-, about lat. fās, fāstus above S. 105 f.

References: WP. I 867, WH. I 453, 3 f.; EM² 333, 347 f.

Page(s): 259

Root / lemma: dhlas- or dhelB- (: dhl̥s-)

English meaning: to squeeze, press

German meaning: `quetschen, dröcken'ö

Material: Old Indian dhr̥ṣád- `millstone';

gr. θλάω `squeeze, crush' (idg. *dhlas-ō or *dhl̥sō), ἐθλάσθην, θλαστός;

čech. dlasmati `press' (*dhlāsḫmo- or *dholsḫmo-);

φλάω `θλάω' is hybridization of θλάω with φλί̄βω, as on the other hand φλί̄βω through hybridization with θλάω is also transfigured to θλί̄βω.

References: WP. I 877, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.

Page(s): 271

Root / lemma: dhl̥gh-

English meaning: debt

German meaning: `Schuld, Verpflichtung'

Material: Air. dligim `be entitled to, earn', mcymr. dlÿu, with epenthet. vowel dylyu `withheld, kept back', corn. dylly ds., mbret. dellit ds., air. dliged n. `obligation, law, right' (*dhl̥ghito-m), cymr. dled, dyled, me. d(y)lyet f. `obligation', besides dlit `earnings' (*dhl̥ghītā); got. dulgs `debt' (in money); Old Church Slavic dlъgъ `debt', russ. dolg, skr. dûg (Gen. dûga), poln. dɫug, čech. dluh ds.

Got. dulgs and the slav. words have probably common origin.

References: WP. I 868, Trautmann 55.

Page(s): 271-272

Root / lemma: dhō[u]- : dhū-

English meaning: rope

German meaning: `Strick'öö

Material: Gr. θῶμι(γ)ξ, -ιγγος f. `rope, cord, band, strap, string of the bow' (places ahead *θω-μο- or -μᾱ);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift

lat. fūnis `a rope, sheet, line, cord'; ablaut ō[u]-: ū-, if lat. ū not at most dial. development from ō; after J. Duchesne-Guillemin (BSL. 41, 178) ostensibly here toch. AB tsu-, В tsaw `to unite' (öö).

References: WP. I 868, WH. 567 f. compare also Petersson Heterokl. 169 f.

Page(s): 272

Root / lemma: dhō-

English meaning: to sharpen

German meaning: `schörfen'

Material: Old Indian dhā́rā `cutting edge, sharpness, blade', av. dārā f. ds., tižidāra- `with sharp edge', gr. θοός `sharp, sharp', ἐθόωσα `I sharpened, sharpen' (*θο-Fός u̯o-participle, as e.g. *δα-Fός `sliced' in δαΐζω; for *dhǝ- to o compare δοτός: δω-).

from here due to *dhǝ-ro- `pointed' (: Old Indian dhā-rā) also ags. daroð m. `spit, pike, spear, lance', ahd. tart m. `spit, pike', anord. darrað-r m., darr n. `spit, pike'ö And at most in addition as `wound with a pike' further die germ. family of as. ags. derian `injure, hurt', ahd. terren besides tarōn, -ēn `harm, injure', ags. daru f. `damage, pity, injury', ahd. tara f. `injury'ö

References: WP. I 867 f.

Page(s): 272

Root / lemma: dhrebh-

English meaning: to crush, grind

German meaning: `zerbrechen, zermalmen'

Material: Got. gadraban `cut out, λατομεῖν'; anord. draf n., ags. dræf n. `offal', anord. drafna `separate in small parts', blōÞ-drefjar m. `bloodstain';

Old Church Slavic drobljǫ, drobiti `crush, break, rupture, grind', russ. drobь f. `break, piece, fragment', russ.-Church Slavic drobьnъ, bulg. dróben `small, little', next to which with ablaut e : bulg. drében ds., dreb `secession of wool, by rippling the flax; liver', russ. drébezg `shards, debris'; Fick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further Lit.).

With got. hlaiw, Þatei was gadraban us staina compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288 τράφος τάφος Hes., so that the application of our root to `quarrying out of stones' would be old.

A similar to root dhreb- in:

Anord. drepa `prick, bump, poke, slay', ags. drepan `slay, meet', mnd. drepen `meet, fight', ahd. treffan `meet, touch', anord. drep n. `blow, knock', ags. gedrep ds., mhd. tref m. n. `prank, blow, club, meeting', ags. drepe m. (*drapi-) `manslaughter', anord. drāp n. ds.; presumably as kvǣði drepit stefjum: anord. drāpa f. `one from several distinguished parts of existing poem by sog. stef; usually a praise song'.

References: WP. I 875 f.

Page(s): 272-273

Root / lemma: dhregh-1

English meaning: to run

German meaning: `laufen'

Material: Arm. durgn, Gen. drgan `potter's wheel' (after Meillet BSL. 36, 122 from *dhr̥gh-);

gr. τρέχω (dor. τράχω), Fut. ἀποθρέξομαι, θρέξω `run', τροχός (: air. droch) `wheel', τρόχος `run', τρόχις `runner, summoner', τροχίλος `sandpiper'; barely τράχηλος `nape, neck'öö PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;

air. droch `wheel' (*drogoḫn);

It shows in palatal whereas lett. drāžu, drāzu, drāzt `quick, fast run', lit. padróžti ds., but to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal besides dherāgh- `pull, drag'. Yet are likewise lit. (pa)dróžti as also lett. drāzt `run quickly, fast' identical with lit. dróžti, lett. drāzt `carve' (see dhreĝ-). The primary meaning is `carve'. All numerous other interpretations are to be explained by casual use.

References: WP. I 874 f.

Page(s): 273

Root / lemma: dhregh-2

English meaning: to pain, to suffer

German meaning: `quölen, reizen'

Material: Old Indian drā́ghatē (Dhatup.) `afflicts, plagues, strives itself';

osset. öw-dörzin `stir, tease, irritate' (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);

ags. dracu f. `plague, agony', dreccan `stir, tease, irritate, plague' (ö with expressive kö);

Old Church Slavic raz-dražǫ, -dražiti `enrage, irritate', serb. drâžīm, drážiti `stir, tease, irritate';

Maybe alb. trazonj `stir, tease, irritate'.

ein ni-abstract noun *dražnь `irritation' lies russ. draznítь `stir, tease, irritate, banter' the basic, z instead of ž after the synonymous forms -znь.

Also a root *dhrāgh- or *dhrēgh-: *dhrōgh-: *dhrǝgh- wöre möglich.

References: WP. 1 875.

Page(s): 273-274

Root / lemma: dhreĝ-

English meaning: to pull

German meaning: `ziehen; dahinziehen, gleiten, streifen'

Note: synonymous with trā̆gh- (see there)

Material: Old Indian dhrájati `glides, slides there', prá-dhrajati `hurries', dhrájas- n., dhrajati- f. `the pranks, pull', dhrā́j- perhaps `attraction', dhrā́ji-, dhrājí- f. `pull, urge, desire';

anord. drāk f. `stripe' (: Old Indian drāj-); nasalized in addition perhaps got. drigkan, aisl. drekka, ags. drincan, ahd. trinkan `drink' (`make a good gulp, draw from drinking-vessel');

Maybe alb. dreka, drekë `dinner', darkë (*drakë) `supper'

lit. drežóti `smooth down', drýžas, druožė̃ `streaky', also (ö) lit. drė́ž-iu, -ti `rend', nudrė́žti `pull down, destroy' (Juškević 346); in addition probably dróžti `carve, hit, gehen' etc, lett. drāzt ds.; see under dregh-1;

Lett. dragât `pull' against it presumably to mndl. trecken `pull, drag', s. der-4 (dergh-, dreg-) `flay' and Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 488 m. Lit.

References: WP. I 874.

Page(s): 273

Root / lemma: dhreibh-

English meaning: to drive, to push

German meaning: `treiben, stoßen' etc

Material: Got. dreiban `drive, push, bump, poke', anord. drīfa `come pulling, pull, drag, stream' etc, ags. drīfan `drive, push, hunt, chase, overthrow', as. drīƀan `be moved, dispelled', ahd. trīban `beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel, expel' (zero grade schw. Verb tribōn `set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge', uolatribōn `thrust through, pierce through, transfix'); anord. drift f. `drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, snowdrift', drif n. `what floats through the air, snowfall', ags. drif n. `drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the driven', drāf f. `drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, drift, herd', mhd. trift ds., nhd. Trift `pasture, herd';

lit. drimbù, drìbti `laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox, squab, dub, lug', sniẽgas drim̃ba `the snow falls thickly' (= anord. Þā drīfr snǣr); from drib-, to which could belong likewise the i- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the e- series: drebiù, drė̃bti `pour, make stains with viscous liquid'.

References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41.

Page(s): 274

Root / lemma: dhreugh-1

English meaning: to tremble, shake

German meaning: `zittern, (sich) schötteln, einschrumpfen'

Material: Ags. drȳge `dry' etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh-;

lit. drugỹs `fever; butterfly', lett. drudzis `cold fever; fever', drudzinât `neigh after fodder' (`*to shake'), perhaps Old Prussian drogis `reed' (if for drugis, s. Trautmann Old Prussian 323 m. Lit., Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 502); perhaps lett. drugt `collapse, diminish', Berneker 231 between; s. also under S. 279;

poln. drżę, drżec `tremble', old also `have a fever', drgać, perf. drgnąć `tremble, quiver; flounder, twitch', russ. drožú, -átь, perf. drógnutь `tremble, quiver' (etc, s. Berneker 231). Dissyllabic root form *dhereugh- or *dhereug- one supposes in gr. τοιθορύσσειν σείειν Hes., τοιθορύκτρια ἡ τοὺς σεισμοὺς ποιοῦσα Hes. and τανθαρύζω, τανθαλύζω ds. Hes.

Maybe alb. geg. (*dhereugh-) dredh `tremble, twist', dridhem `tremble, quiver, have a fever' [common alb. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation].

References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231.

Page(s): 275

Root / lemma: dhreugh-2

English meaning: to deceive, harm

German meaning: `trögen, listig schödigen'

Material: Old Indian drúhyati `seeks to harm, harms' (Fut. dhrōkṣyáti, participle drugdhá-); common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

Old pers. Imperf. adurujīya (= Old Indian adruhyat) `lied', av. družaiti `lies, cheats', Old Indian drṓgha-, drōha- m. `insult, damage, betrayal', av. draoga- `fallacious', m. `lie, falsity, deception', Old pers. drauga- `fallacious', Old Indian drúh- `injuring', f. `damage, fiend, ghost', m. `fiend, demon', av. druǰ- f. `lie, falsity, deception; impersonating the lie, falsity';

mir. aur-ddrach (after the sounds from *druag = Old Indian drōgha-) `ghost';

as. bidriogan, ahd. triogan `deceive', anord. draugr m. `ghost'; zero grade as. gidrog n. `delusion', mndl. gedroch ds., ahd. gitrog n. `deceit, devilish phantasmagoria'; anord. draumr, ahd. troum, as. drōm, engl. dream `dream' (germ. *ðrau(ɣ)ma- `delusion').

Idg. dhreugh- is very probably related with dhu̯er- `bring to trap through deception', while to zero grade *dhru-gh- from *dhu̯r̥-gh- adjusted itself to a new zero grade idg. *dhreugh-, *dhrough-. With the extending gh would be identical with nhd. Zwerg, if this word not goe back to a miscellaneous idg. dhu̯ergh- `dwarfish, crippled' (see there).

References: WP. I 874.

Page(s): 276

Root / lemma: dhreu-

English meaning: to crumble, grind

German meaning: with kons. extensions `zerbrechen, zerbröckeln'

Note: with it are probably linked from intransitive `crumble' explicable words for `tumble, fall down, trickle down'

Material: 1. dhreus-, dhrēu-s-:

Gr. θραύω (τέθραυσμαι, ἐθραύσθην) `rupture, crunch', θραυστός, θραυλός (*θραυσ-λός), θραῦρος (Hes.) `frail, breakable', θραῦμα, θραῦσμα `piece, fragment, wound', θρᾱνύσσω (Lyk.), συντεθρά̄νωται (Eur.) `shatter' (point at *θραυ[σ]-ανός, s. Boisacq s. v. m. Lit.); θρῡλίχθη (Hom.), θρῡλίξας (Lyk.) `break, rupture, shatter', θρῡλεῖ ταράσσει ὀχλεῖ Hes.(*θρῦλος from *θρῡσ-λο-; gr. -αυ- and -υ:- are to be interpreted as zero grade and lengthened grade of dhrēus-, next to which dhreus-; s. Bechtel KZ. 46, 164);

cymr. dryll `piece, fragment' (*dhrus-li̯o-), gallorom. Pl. drullia `dross' (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 163);

got. drauhsnōs f. Pl. `gobbet, crumbs'; probably as rearrangement from *dhrūs-kna with nearest connectable balt. druska; interference to nhd. trocken, ags. drēahnian - s. dher-2, dhreugh- `hold, stop' - respective words would permit to look at most at both traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides got. drausnōs ds.;

got. driusan `fall, tumble, fall down', as. driosan, ags. drēosan `fall', norw dial. drysia `trickle down'; Kaus. got. gadrausjan `prostrate', ahd. trōren `drip, trickle, make drip, moult'; in addition as `collapse, bend' with lautsymbolisch gedehnter zero grade: ags. drūsian `be sluggish (from age)', engl. drowse `be sleepy'; ahd. trūrēn `be knocked down, mourn; lower the eyes', mhd. trūrec `sad'; ags. changing through ablaut drēorig `grieving'; anord. dreyri m. (*drauzan-) `the blood dripping from the wound', as. drōr m. `blood' (ags. changing through ablaut drēor m. ds.), mhd. trōr m. `dew, rain, blood';

lett. druska `crumb', lit. druskà `salt' (*crumb), Old Prussian druskins `earwax' (consigns dmskins); in addition bsl. *druzga `small piece' in lit. drùzgas ds., sloven. drûzgati `crush', etc

Labial extensions:

dhreubh-: gr. θρύπτω (ἐτρύφην) `grind, crumb, spall, crumble; enfeeble, soften, make fragile', θρύμμα and τρύφος n. `piece, fragment', τρυφή `softness, luxuriance', τρυφερός `mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle' (see also Boisacq s. v. θρύπτω);

lett. drubaža `Trumm', drubazas `splinter of wood'.

dhreup-: as. drūƀōn, drūvōn `be grieving'; lett. drupu, drupt `zerfallen, in Trömmer gehen', draûpît `crumb, spall, crumble'; compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 505.

dhreub-: anord. driūpa, as. driopan, ags. drēopan, ahd. triofan `drip, drop', o-grade schw. Verb, ags. drēapian `drip, trickle down', e-grade drēopian ds., anord. drūpa (*-ēn) `öberhangen, droop down, bend down', anord. dropi m. `drip', ags. dropa, as. dropo ds.; Intens. ags. dryppan, droppian, ahd. tropfōn `drip', tropfo `drip'; aisl. dreypa, ags. dríepan `drip, trickle';

air. drucht `drip' (*dhruptu-s).

References: WP. I 872 f., WH. I 553 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 21, 104, 136, 140 f., 182, Trautmann 61 f., Kluge¹¹ s. v. Trauer.

Page(s): 274-275

Root / lemma: dhrigh- (or dhreikh-)

English meaning: hair, bristle

German meaning: `Haar, Borste'

Note:

Root / lemma: dhrigh- (or dhreikh-) : `hair, bristle' derived from Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband'.

Material: Gr. θρίξ, τριχός f. `hair, bristle', therefrom θρίσσα, att. θρίττα f. `a fish with fine fishbone', τριχίας, τριχίς ds.;

mir. gairb-driuch (*drigu- or *driku-) `bristle' (garb `rough');

from gr. θρίσσα derives probably ital.-lombard. trissa `burbot'; out of it probably likewise schweiz. Trische (11. Jh. trisca);

whether bsl. *draika- `stretched long' as *dhroiko- here belongs, also lit. driẽkti `distend, take off (a thread)', drỹkti `hang down in long threads', slovak. driek m. `stem', driečny `stocky', abg. drьkolь `shaft, pole', etc, could our root be placed as *dhreikh- .

Maybe alb. (*dhreikh) derth, derdh `hang down, pour', (*dhreikh) dreth, dredh `twist, curl (hair)', dredhë `lock, curled hair' common alb. -k > -th phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGlPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 8², Trautmann 58 f., Berneker 223, 232.

Page(s): 276

Root / lemma: dhrono-

English meaning: multicoloured

German meaning: `bunt'ö

Material: For gr. θρόνα Pl. `flower decorations in garments (by alexandrin. poets for φάρμακα, charm, spell, sorcery, necessitated medicinal herbs), colored garments, colored animals' infer Hoffmann BB. 15, 86, Lidén Stud. 67 f. a basic meaning `varicolored'.

Under these basic meaning compares Lidén aaO. alb. drē-ri, geg. drę-ni- m. `deer' (Animals like the deer and roe are named often as `dappled, varicolored'), therefore an illyr. basic form *drani- (idg. dhroni-) through the probable illyr. Hesych explanation αρανις ἔλαφος (Λ- recommended for Δ-) is advisable.

Stokes Mél. Kern [RC 24, 217] supposed for θρόνα `embroidery' because of mir. druine ds.

References: WP. I 876 f., WH. I 374.

Page(s): 276-277

Root / lemma: dhug(h)ǝter-

English meaning: daughter, *thin girl

German meaning: `Tochter'

Note: guttural as with eg(h)om `I', see there.

Root / lemma: dhug(h)ǝter- : `daughter' derived from dh-suffixed root: dheuḫdh- `shake, confuse' of Root / lemma: dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (: dhu̯ē-), dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s-) : `to reel, dissipate, blow, etc. `earlier Root / lemma: deuk- : `to drag, pull, attract'.

Material:

Maybe from *dhu̯edh-: ostfries. dwatje `stupid girl', dwatsk `simple, unusual', jötisch dvot `suffering of dizziness'

Note:

meaning lat. alb. geg. (*vargha) varza, tosk vajë `girl, virgin' : lat. virga `thin branch, rod' (from *u̯iz-gā), virgō `girl, virgin';

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < rhotacism s/r of Root / lemma: u̯eis-2 : `to turn, bend'.

Old Indian duhitár- (duhitā́), av. dugǝdar-, duɣδar- (from *dughter-), npers. duxtar, duxt, arm. (with s from k after u) dustr, Gen. dster, (dowstr)

gr. θυγάτηρ (shift of stress as in μήτηρ, but still θυγατέρα as μητέρα), osk. futír, Dat. fu(u)treí (Vetter Gl. 29, 242);

Maybe Lycian cbatru, kbatra `daughter' : toch. A ckācar, В tkācer `daughter'.

got. daúhtar, anord. dōttir (run. Nom. Pl. dohtriR), ahd. tohter, lit. duktė̃, -er̃s, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavic dъšti, -ere, toch. A ckācar, В tkācer `daughter'.

Note:

Old Church Slavic: dъ šti `daughter' [f r], dъ štere [Gens]

Russian: doč' `daughter' [f r], dóčeri [Gens]

Old Czech: dci `daughter' [f r], dceře [Gens]

Serbo-Croatian: kćī `daughter' [f r], kćè ̀ri [Gens]; šćī `daughter' [f r], šćéra [Gens]

Slovene: hčí `daughter' [f r], hčére [Gens]; hčī `daughter' [f r], hčēre [Gens]

Nte:

Alb. tosk. (*doč) gocë `daughter', geg. cucë `daughter'.

References: WP. I 868, WH. I 557.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: dhu̯en-, dhun-

English meaning: to hum

German meaning: `dröhnen, tönen'

Material: Old Indian dhvánati `sounds, soughs', dhvaní- m. `sound, echo, thunder, word', dhvaná- m. `sound, a certain wind', dhvanita- n. `sound, tone, echo, thunder', dhúni- `soughing, roaring, thundering', dhunáyati `soughs';

anord. dynr m. `resonance', ags. dyne n. ds., engl. din, ahd. tuni ds.; anord. dynia (preterit dunda) `din, drone, rant, roister', ags. dynnan, as. dunnian mhd. tönen `din, drone'; germ. extensions therefrom seem anord. dynkr `din, fuss, noise, blow, knock', mengl. dunchen, engl. dunch `strike with a short rapid blow, jog with the elbow' and ndd. dunsen `din, drone, stomp', schwed. dial. dunsa `crack, creak, hit'.

Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for germ. words just as for lit. dundė́ti `violent knock, hit, din, drone' in question.

References: WP. I 869.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: dhu̯er-, dhu̯erǝ-

English meaning: to ruin by deceiving

German meaning: `durch Töuschung, Hinterlist to Fall bringen, schödigen'

Note: (: dhu̯r̥- : dhru-)

Material: Old Indian dhvárati `damages', participle dhrutá-, -dhrut (and -dhvr̥t), dhrúti- f. `deception, seduction', *dhvará- `deceiving' in dhvarás- f. (Nom. -ā́ḥ) `a kind of female daemon'; dhū́rvati `brings down through deception, damages' (zero grade of a heavy basis dhu̯erǝ-), dhū́rta-ḥ `deceitful', m. `cheater', dhūrtí- f. `deceitful injury, damage';

lat. fraus, -dis f. `deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment', frausus sum (Plaut), umbr. frosetom `cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed', lat. frūstra (newer frūstrā) `in deception, in error, in vain', therefrom frūstror, -āri `deceive, cheat' belong probably as d-extension our root here (see above under dhreugh-); unclear is only a (popular sayingö EM 382; incredible WH. I 543);

Note: common lat. d- > f- shift

here probably hitt. du-wa-ar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un (dwarnaḫḫunö) `I broke'.

References: WP. I 869 f., 874, WH. I 543 f.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: dhu̯ergh- : drugh-

English meaning: low (in stature), crippled

German meaning: `zwerghaft, verkröppelt'ö

Material: Bartholomae IF. 12, 131 Anm. connects av. drva- (i.e. druɣva-), which is reckoned under other names of physical ailments and perhaps stands for `dwarfish, crippled', with anord. dvergr, ags. dweorg, engl. dwarf, mnd. dwerch, nnd. dwarf, ahd. twerc, mhd. twerc, -ges, nhd. Zwerg, wherefore zero grade *durgī in anord. dyrgja `dwarf, midget', ndd. dorf; after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition lett. drugt `sink down' (see above dhreugh-1).

Otherwise for germ. the interpretation would derive as `creature of deception' with regard to to Old Indian dhvarás- `a kind of female daemon', root dhu̯er- `bring down through deception';

it could have derived from dhu̯er- then with the same -gh, which agrees also with the root form dhreu-gh- (dhu̯er-gh- : dhu̯r̥gh- : dhrugh-, dhreugh-); also latter deriving from appellation for puckish creature of deception.

References: WP. I 871 f.

Page(s): 279

Root / lemma: dhu̯ē̆r-, dhu̯ō̆r-, dhur-, dhu̯r̥-

English meaning: door

German meaning: `Tör'

Note: besides this conservative stem, the proto form of plural and dual of such a measure (see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already proto forms -o- and -ā-extensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as 2. composition parts.

Material: Old Indian Nom. Pl. dvā́raḥ, Akk. Pl. duráḥ, dúraḥ, Nom. Du. dvā́rā(u) `door' (loss of Aspiration originally in den bh-case through influence of dvāu `two'), durōṇá- n. `dwelling, homeland' (-no-derivative of Lok. Du. ar. *dhurău); o -stem dvāram n. (new) `door' in compounds śatádura- n. `secretive place with 100 doors'; av. Akk. Sg. dvarǝm, Lok. dvarǝ `gate, courtyard', Old pers. duvarayā `at the gate';

arm. Pl. dur-k`, Akk. zḫdurs (*-n̥s) `door', i durs `out of doors, forth, out, outside', Sg. duṙn, Gen. dran `door, gate, courtyard' (n-Dekl. derive from Akk. Sg. in -m ), drḫand `doorpost, doorsill' (*dhur + *anǝtā, see there);

gr. presumably from conservative stem still θύρδα ἔξω ᾽Αρκάδες Hes.; θύραζε `out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out' (i.e. θύρασ-δε, either Old Indian duraḥ, arm. durs or from ā-stem θύρᾱ, so that from -ᾱνς about -ᾰνς), as 1. composition part perhaps θυραυλέω `habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) der Töre, lagere im Freien' from θύρ-αυλος (but it could have derived also from θύρα), very archaic θαιρός `the revolvable doorpost' (also `Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens' from *dhu̯r̥-i̯o-);

o-stem in πρόθυρον `room before the door, vestibule of the house' (: Old Indian śatá-dura- n.);

ā-stem θύρᾱ `door' (hom. mostly Pl.), att. θύρᾱσι `outside', hom. θύρη-θι, -φι; compare still θύριον `Törchen' (: Old Indian dúr(i)ya- `zur door or zum Haus gehörig'), θυρίς, -ίδος `window' (eig. `Törchen') θύρετρον `door', θυρεός `Törstein; großer long shield', θυρών `Vorhalle, vestibule in Haus' (: got. daúrōns f. Pl. `zweiflögliges gate', yet barely in historic connection with it);

alb. (dhu̯er-) derë f. `door', Pl. döer (conservative stem *dhu̯ōr-);

Note: conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)

Phonetic mutations: Alb. alb. (dhu̯era) derë f. `door' : gr. (dhu̯era) θύρα ̄ `door' : Proto-Slavic form: [dv ь rь See also: dvorъ - Page in Trubačev: V 171-172] Old Church Slavic: dvь r ь `door' [f i] : Russian: dver' `door' [f i]

Therefore proto illyr. gave alb. dhu̯e- > de-, gr. dhu̯e- > du-, slav. dhu̯e- > dve-.

lat. Plur. forēs f. `folding-doors' (older conservative stem *dhu̯or- reshaped to i-stem); the Sg. foris, -is is secondary; ā-stem in forās `out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out', forīs `an open space, public place, court, market-place' (the vowel after forēs); in addition forum n. `an open space, public place, court, market-place'; umbr. furo, furu, `an open space, public place, court, market-place'; about lat. forus see above S. 134;

cymr. abret. corn. dor f. `door' (*dhurā or *dhu̯orā; latter vowel gradation certainly in air. dorus n. `door', in-dorus `before' from kelt. *du̯orestu-; with it phonetically not compatible cymr. drws `door', from Thurneysen IA. 33, 25 places to mir. drut, druit `shut', nir. druidim `I close' from *druzd-); o-stem gall. doro `door', Duro-, -durum in PN, air. dor m. ds.; acorn. darat, mcorn. daras `door', bret. Pl. dorojou, dial. doredou (Loth RC 20, 355) from *dhu̯orato-; compare gall. *doraton `grille, lattice door' in gallorom. *doratia (or *duratiaö), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is gall. dvorico (Holder I 1390), GNö;

ahd. turi, anfrönk. duri `door', anord. dyrr `doorway', fem. Pl. (Nom. Pl. *dhurḫes); ags. duru ds. (extended after Akk. Pl. *dhurḫn̥s, germ. *durunz, also ahd. Dat. Pl. turḫun, -on); o-stem got. daúr n., ahd. tor, as. dor, dur, ags. dor n. `gate' (*dhurom); got. daurōns see above (: θυρών); aisl. for-dyri n. `vestibule';

lit. durìs Akk. Pl. dùrų Gen. Pl., dial. and old dùres Nom. Pl. (then i-inflection: Nom. Pl.dùrys), lett. duris, dùrvis, Old Prussian dauris f. Pl. `door' (au error); however, lacks lit. dvãras `grange' because of dvérti `unbolt, unlock' (also dùrys `door' from `*aperture'ö) it is not certainly poln. Lw.;

Old Church Slavic dvьri `door' (*Akk. Pl. in -n̥s; root stem dhu̯r̥- from the reduced case with consonant-ending e.g. Lok. *dvьrchъ); o-stem Old Church Slavic dvorъ `courtyard';

toch. В twere `doors'.

References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 625¹.

Page(s): 278-279

Root / lemma: digh-

English meaning: goat

German meaning: `Ziege'

Note:

Material: Gr.-thrak. δίζα αἴξ. Λάκωνες (*dighi̯a), compare thrak. PN Διζα-τελμις (as ᾽Εβρου-τελμις to ἔβρος τράγος Hes.); ahd. ziga `goat', with hypocoristic consonant increase ags. ticcen, ahd. zickī, zickīn `young goat, kid' (but about nhd. Zecke see above under deiĝh-); here perhaps norw. dial. tikka `sheep' (event. hybridization of schwed. dial. takka `sheep' with nord. equivalent of Zicklein), tiksa `sheep, bitch', tikla `young sheep or cow', as well as anord. tīk f. `bitch' = mnd. tīke ds.

Arm. tik `hose from animal skin' it is put here by Lidén (Arm. Stud. 10 f., Don. nat. Sydow 53¹) as originally `goatskin', must go back to *dig- (taboo distortionö).

References: WP. I 814, WH. I 632, 868. After Risch (briefl.) perhaps originally Lockruf.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dī̆p-ro-, dī̆p-_erā

English meaning: cattle

German meaning: `Opfertier, Vieh'

Material: Arm. tvar `ram, herd of cattle' (*tivar < *dī̆p_erā); got. tibr `oblation' (meliorated from aibr), ahd. zebar `sacrificial animal', ags. tīfer, tīber ds., spötmhd. ungezī̆bere, unzī̆ver, nhd. Ungeziefer eig. `impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice'. Afrz. (a)toivre `draft animal' derives from Germ.

Maybe alb. (*dī̆b_erā) dorbëria `heard of cows'.

References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dl̥kú- (ö)

English meaning: sweet

German meaning: `söß'

Material: Gr. γλυκύς, γλυκερός `sweet', γλυκκόν γλυκύ, γλύκκα ἡ γλυκύτης Hes. (-κκ- from -ku̯-), γλεῦκος (late) `must, stum' (ablaut neologism); γλ from δλ because of folg. κ; -λυ- from -λα- after folg. υ; about late δεῦκος `must, stum', δευκής `sweet' s. WH. I 380;

lat. dulcis `sweet, mellifluous, gentle' (from *dl̥ku̯i-s).

References: WP. I 816, WH. I 380.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā

English meaning: tongue

German meaning: `Zunge'

Note: often reshaped through anlaut change and rearrangements

Material: Old Indian jihvā́ f., av. hizvā ds. (vorar. *ĝiĝhu̯ā from *daĝhu̯ā with i from lih- `lick' or from jih- `turn down'; iran. *sizvā probably through sound dissimilation);

Maybe Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' derived from Root / lemma: dhereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-) : `to wind, turn'.

besides ū-stem in Old Indian juhū́ f. `tongue, spoon' (with u after juhṓti `pour into the fire', different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), av. hizū m. ds.; with -ōn- for -ā Old pers. hizbāna-, mpers. huzvān ds., nordar. biśān m. `tongue, discourse' (*viźhvān after E. Leumann Nordar. Spr. 127 f.);

arm. lezu, Gen. lezvi places in ending -ghu̯ā away from *dn̥ghu̯ā, the first syllable probably influenced by leiĝh- `lick';

Note: common lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation; also common Italic-Latin d- > f- shift.

alat. dingua, lat. lingua (with l- from lingere); osk. fangvam (Vetter Serta Hoffilleriana 153;

Maybe alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ā) gluha `tongue, language' not from lat. lingua for alb. has preserved -h- in contrast to lat. Hence alb. d- . l- mutation is genuine. Alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ā) gluha `tongue' is similar to formation alb. (*dlaghḫt-) glatë, gjatë, gjat `long'.

air. teng (ā-stem) and tengae, Gen. tengad with t- after tongid `swears'; but air. ligur `tongue' to lat. ligurriō; unclear is mcymr. tafawt, cymr. tafod, acorn. tauot, mbret. teaut, bret. teod, wherefore corn. tava, mbret. taffhaff, bret. tan̄va `taste' (kelt. *tamāto-ö);

got. tuggō f., an. as. tunga, ags. tunge, ahd. zunga, with -ōn- instead of -ā; as ablaut neologism perhaps here anord. tangi `clutch piece of the blade', mnd. tange `sand shift between two marshes';

bsl. inžū- m. in Old Prussian insuwis; lit. liežùvis (after liẽžti `lick'); Old Church Slavic języ-kъ, skr. jèzik, poln. język, russ. jazýk; to contraction of anlaut. d- s. J. Schmidt, Krit. 77;

Note:

Common illyr.-balt. d- > zero phonetic mutation.

toch. A köntu, Gen. köntwis, B köntwo, Obl. köntwa sa (*kantwa, reconverted from *tankwa, idg. *dn̥ĝhu̯ā).

References: WP. I 1792, WH. I 806 f., Trautmann 104, Specht Dekl. 83, Havers Sprachtabu 123 f.

Page(s): 223

Root / lemma: dous-

English meaning: arm

German meaning: `Arm'

Note:

Root / lemma: dous- : `arm' derived from an archaic root *ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique Old pers., balt., celt., illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation.

Material: Old Indian dóṣ- n. (m.), Gen. doṣṇáḥ `forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with animals', av. daoš- m. `upper arm, shoulder', npers. dōš `shoulder'; air. doë (*dous-n̥t-s), Gen. doat `arm'; lett. pa-duse (zero grade) `Achselhöhle; Busen des Kleides'; sloven. pâzduha, pâzdiha besides pâzuha, pâziha `armpit', and with the same d-loss (ein Erklörungsversuch by Berneker 233 f.) abg. etc pazucha `κόλπος'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dous- : `arm' derived from an archaic root *ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique Old pers., balt., celt., illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation.

Two other roots, respectively Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root ĝheus + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indian hásta-ḥ m. `hand', av. zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.;

The key link between Root / lemma: dous- (*ĝheus-): `arm' derived from an archaic root *ĝheus `hand, arm' and Root / lemma: ĝhesor-1, ĝhesr- (*ĝheus-): `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-2 (*ĝheus-): `hand, arm' are balt. : lett. pa-duse (zero grade) `armpit' : lit. pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. `place under the arm, armpit'.

Note: common balt.-illyr. ĝh- > z phonetic mutation : Old pers., av., illyr.- alb. - celt. ĝh- > z, d phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 782, Trautmann 64.

Page(s): 226

Root / lemma: dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu- : du-

English meaning: to give

German meaning: `geben'

Grammatical information: (perfective) Aoristwurzel with secondary present di-dō-mi.

Material: Old Indian dá-dā-ti (Aor. á-dā-m, Opt. dēyām, Fut. dāsyáti, Aor. Med. ádita = gr. ἔδοτο, Inf. dámanē : gr. δόμεναι, compare lat. daminī `hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', whether originally infinitive) `gives' (pāli. dinna to a present *diḫdāḫti), av. dadāiti ds., Old pers. Imp. dadātuv `he should give'; root nouns Old Indian dā́[s] ástu `be a giver'; Infin. dā́tum (: lat. Supin. datum); participle ditáḫḥ (uncovered), secondary dattá-ḥ, zero grade in āḫtḫtáḫḥ, prá-t-ta-ḥ `devoted', ablaut. in tvā́-dāta-ḥ `you gave from', av. dāta-; to Fut. Old Indian dāsyāmi (: lit. dúosiu) s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 788¹¹;

arm. taḫm `dō', taḫmk``we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender' (*dǝ-i̯e-mi), Aor. etu (= á-dā-m, idg. *eḫdōḫm);

gr. δί-δω-μι `give', Aor. ἔδωκα, Opt. δοίην (*doii̯ēm). Fut. δώσω, Aor. Med. ἐδοτο, participle δοτός, Infin. hom. δόμεναι and hom. thess. etc δόμεν (locative without suffix);

ven. zoto `he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished' = gr. ἔδοτο; zonasto `he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered' maybe from *dōnā-s-to from a denom. *dōnāi̯ō (*dōno-m : lat. dōnum); mess. pi-do (*dōḫt : Old Indian a-dāt);

alb. (*dhu̯o -sm̥) da-shë Aor. `I gave' (*dǝ-sm̥); : alb. subjunctive dhashtë `let him give'

lat. dō, dās, dat, dămus (*dǝ-mós), dătis, dănt (secondary fur *dent from *(di)-dṇ-ti), alat. danunt; dedī, dătum, dăre `give, grant, bestow', refl. `betake oneself' (dās with ā after stā- for *dō = lit. duõ, dúo-k [Specht KZ. 55, 182], gr. hom. δί-δω-θι);

vest. di-de-t `delivers, gives up, renders, furnishes, pays, surrenders', pöl. diḫda `he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', umbr. dirsa, dersa, teřa `he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender' (*didāt), teřtu, dirstu, titu `he/ she shall deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender' (*di-de-tōd), teřte `he/she has been given' (*di-da-ter), a-teřa-fust `he/she will have handed round' (*am-de-da-fos-t); osk. da[da]d `he/ she should give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render' (*dād(-di)-dād), dadid `he/she will have delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered' (*dād(-de)-dīd), di-de-st `he/she will hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', dedet, umbr. dede `he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered' (= lat. dĕ-d-ĭt, old dedet), umbr. teřust, dirsust `he/she will have handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered' (*dedust), etc; fal. porded `he/she has stretched out, spreaded out, put forth, reached out, extended' (*por(-de)-ded);

redupl. present ital. *diḫdō(ö) in lat. reddō (reddidī, redditum, reddere) `give back' from *reḫd(i)-dō (ö) is ostensibly themat. rearrangement from *diḫdōḫmi; other compounds are dē-dō, dī-dō, ēḫdō, prō-dō, trā-dō and *ven-dō;

participle lat. dătus `bestowed' = falisk. datu `given, delivered, given up, surrendered', vest. data `been delivered, given up, surrendered', pöl. datas `been delivered, given up, surrendered' (: gr. δοτός); Supin. datum (: Old Indian Infin. dā́tum);

here perhaps in spite of WH. I 193 lat. ce-dō `go from, give place, remove, withdraw, go away, depart, retire!' Pl. cette from *ce-dǝte (: gr. δότε);

lit. dúomi (nowadays secondary dúodu, lett. duôdu, based on neologism to alit. Ipv. duodi from *dōḫdhi-, ostlit. dúomu), 2. Sg. dúosi, 3. Sg. dúost(i) `gives', Old Prussian dāst ds., after Kořínek Listy filol. 65, 445 and Szemerényi Et. Slav. Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E. Fraenkel Balt. Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication (angebl. *dō-dǝ-mi, bsl. *dōdmi, 3. Sg. *dō-dǝ-ti, bsl. *dōdti > *dōsti), but on an unreduplicated athemat. inflection (*dōmi, Pl. *dǝmós); lit. dúosti, abg. dastъ are imitations from lit. ė́sti `eats' etc, which lie besides lit. *ė́(d)mi, abg. jamь (from *ēdḫm-), where d would be perceived as suffix of the root; to Fut. lit. dúosiu see above S. 223.

The same would be assumed from Old Church Slavic damь `I will give', 3. Pl. dadętь (after jadętь etc); Old Church Slavic dažda `gift' is an analogical form after *ědja `food, eating', where d was perceived again a formant.

Infin. lit. dúoti, lett. duôt, Old Prussian dāt (*dōḫti-) = Old Church Slavic dati, serb. dȁti, russ. datь.

For preterit lit. daviaũ, lett. devu `gave' see under.

participle *dō-na- in Old Church Slavic prě-danъ, serb. dân, čech. dán, klr. dányj `bestowed'; *dōḫta- ds. in Old Prussian dāts, lit. dúotas, lett. duôts; einzelsprachl. innovations are serb. dial. dât, čech. dátý; in addition lit. duotina `nubile, marriageable', russ.-Church Slavic podatьnъ, russ. podátnyj `generous'; Supin. *dōtun `to give' in Old Prussian daton (Infin.); lit. dúotų, Old Church Slavic otъdatъ, sloven. dat; compare slav. *datъḫkъ in sloven. dodâtɛk, poln. dodatek, russ. dodátok `bonus, addition';

hitt. dā- `take', 1. Sg. da-aḫ-ḫi (daḫḫi), 3. Sg. daḫaḫi (dāi), would be placed here by Pedersen (Muršilis 68) and Kretschmer (Glotta 19, 207) (`give' - `for give to oneself'- `take'); against it Couvreur Ḫ 206 ff.

nominal formation: Old Indian dā́tar-, dātár- `giver', gr. δώτωρ, δωτήρ ds., zero grade δοτήρ, δότειρα, lat. dător, datrīx. - Old Indian dātrá-, av. dāϑra- n. `gift'.

*dō-tel- in Old Church Slavic dateljь (*dōḫtelḫi̯u-) `giver', čech. udatel `bighead', russ. dátelь `giver'.

Old Indian *dāti- `bestowal, gift' in dā́ti-vāra- `allotting willingly, generous', havya-dāti- `procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice', av. dāiti- `grant, gift, impartment', gr. δῶτις Hes. (and conservative stem *dōḫt- in δώς) `gift', Δωσί-θεος, -φρων, lat. dōs, -tis `dowry';

lit. Inf. dúoti: slav. *datь `gift' (e.g. in Old Church Slavic blagodatь `χάρις', russ. pódatь `tax'), Inf. dati; zero grade Old Indian dítiḫḥ, gr. δόσις `gift', lat. dati-ō, -tiōnis (old *-tīnes) `the bestowing' (suffix as in gr. δωτί̄νη `gift'); with zero gradation in enclitic Old Indian bhága-tti- `luck bringer'.

Old Indian dā́na- n. `gift' (substantiviertes -no-participle) = lat. dōnum, osk. etc dunum ds. (duunated `he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered'); cymr. dawn ds., air. dān m. `gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature, temperament (faculty, talent)', compare slav. *danъ-kъ in serb. dának `tribute, tax' etc and den -ni-stem Old Church Slavic danь `tribute, tax, toll', lit. duõnis `gift'; zero grade alb. dhënë `bestowed', f. `gift, tribute, tax', geg. dhânë; (*dhu̯on -)

Also alb. (*dhu̯onti) dhunti `gift, faculty, talent'.

gr. δῶρον `gift' (-ro- in pass. value, compare e.g. clāḫruḫs), Old Church Slavic darъ `gift' (m. as *danъkъ), arm. tur ds.;

Maybe alb. (*dh u̯o nata) dhurata `gift, faculty, talent' rhotacism n/r; darsmë, dasmë `wedding' : lat. dōs, -tis `dowry';

Old Indian dāyá- `giving', dāyá- m. `gift', apreuß. dāian Akk. `gift', serb. prȍ-daja `sale' (etc, Berneker 176).

Maybe nasalized alb. ndanj, shpërndanj (*shprë-ndanj)`allot, give, separate' : lit. priẽdas `bonus, addition, wage increase'.

As 2. composition part Old Indian -dā- e.g. in aśvadā́- `horse giving, horse offering', slav. with structure in o-Dekl., e.g. russ. dial. pó-dy Pl. `tributes, taxes', serb. prî-d `Draufgabe beim Tausch'; lit. priẽdas `bonus, addition, wage increase'.

dō̆-u- lies before in Old Indian dāvánē `to give' (also Perf. dadáu `have bestowed'), av. dāvōi `to give', kypr. δυFάνοι `he may give', Inf. δοFεναι (about ark. participle ἀπυ-δόας s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 745 f.), contracted hom.-att. δοῦναι;

lat. duim, duīs etc `I, you should hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', Fut. II -duō, contain an Aorist-stem *du- from *dou̯-; duim is from Optat. *-dou̯īm originated in compounds (prō-duint from *prōḫdou̯int, etc), then also by compounds from *dhē- : perḫduim, etc For ital. optative *dou̯īm probably trod only secondary in Umbr. and Fal. a present *dou̯iō in fal. doviad `may grant' (it seems to be reduced in compounds hence lat. duam etc *doviām), umbr. pur-dovitu, pur-tuvitu, -tuetu `stretch out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend', purtuvies `stretch out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend', umbr. purditom (*-d(o)u̯itom) `stretched out, spread out, put forth, reached out, extended', purtiius (*d(o)u̯īus) `you will have stretched out, spread out, put forth, reached out, extended', purtifile `*stretched out, spread out', from synkopiertem *por-d[o]u̯ī́- with alteration from du̯ to d; in purdovitu Imper. it was hindered syncope through Indik. *pór-dovīt;

lit. daviaũ `I gave', dovanà f. `gift', lett. dâvana f. `gift', iterative dãvât, dāvinât `offer, give', Old Church Slavic -davati `allot' (the pattern forms for the Iterative in -vati).

About as. twīthōn `grant' etc see under deu-2 `friendly grant'.

References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686⁸, 722, 741, 794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff.

Page(s): 223-226

Root / lemma: dreĝh-

English meaning: unwilling, displeased

German meaning: `unwillig, verdrossen'

Note: or perhaps originally `be slack, tough'ö

Material: Got. trigo `mourning, grief, repulsion', anord. tregi m. `mourning, grief, hindrance', tregr `unwilling, averse', treginn `grieving', ags. trega m. `mourning, grief, affliction'; as. trego m. `pain', tregan (only Inf.) with Dat. `be afflicted', mndl. tregen `lose the courage', anord. trega = ags. tregian `afflict, sadden'; compare with a probably old concrete meaning `zöhe, zöhe haftend' norw. mdartl. treg also `persistent, firm', trege `tough fibre, filament, sinew, hard skin', schwed. trögen `fatigueless'; lengthened grade ahd. trāgi `idle, slow, querulous', as. trāg `evil, bad', ags. trāg f. `affliction, wickedness', as. ahd. trāgī f. `sluggishness, displeasure';

lit. dryž-tù, drižaũ, drìžti `faint, languid, slack become' (Būga Kalba ir. s. 219), drìžinti `slack make'; to lit. ri compare Hirt Idg. Gr. II 83. [common illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d- shift]

Maybe alb. treth `castrate, clip' [common alb. -g > -th shift] (see below)

Note:

Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, *displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreĝh- : `unwilling, displeased' [common illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, illyr. alb. -g > -th phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.

Page(s): 226-227

Root / lemma: drē- : drǝ-, extended dr-ē̆m-

English meaning: to sleep

German meaning: `schlafen'

Material: Old Indian drā́ti, drā́ya-ti, -tē `asleep', ni-drā́ `sleep'; in addition zero grade ni-drita-ḥ `sleeping, dozed off';

arm. tartam `slow, sleepy' (*derḫd-, Pedersen KZ. 39, 416);

gr. hom. Aor. ἔδραθον (*e-dr̥-dh-om), new ἔδαρθον `slept', secondary καταδαρθάνω `dozed off';

lat. dormiō `sleep, drowse' (*dr̥mḫīi̯ō);

slav. *drēmi̯ō `drowse' in Church Slavic dremlju drěmati `drowse', serb. drȉjemljêm drijèmati `have sleep desire', etc

maybe alb. dremit `drowse'.

About the formal Verhöltnisse s. EM. 284, to -em- extension also Pedersen Groupement 22.

References: WP. I 821, WH. I 372, Trautmann 60.

Page(s): 226

Root / lemma: dumb- (-bhö)

English meaning: penis, tail

German meaning: `penis, Schwanz', perhaps actually `Stab'

Material: Av. duma- m. `tail', npers. dum, dumb (*dum(h)ma-), ahd. zumpfo `penis', mhd. zumpf(e), zumpfelīn (Sötterlin IF. 4, 93); in addition perhaps av. dumna- n. `hand (ö)' (*dumbna-), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with numerous parallels for the meaning-development `shaft, pole, staff - penis, tail' and `staff - arm, hand'. Probably to mnd. timpe `cusp, peak, acme, apex', ags. ātimplian `provide with nails', nasal. form from germ. *tippa `tip, tail' in engl. tip `cusp, peak', mhd. zipf(el); germ. *tuppa- `pigtail' in anord. toppr ds., ags. topp m. `acme, apex', mhd. zopf `plait, tress', with bb: mnd. tobbe, tubbe `spigot', compare lett. duba `assigned sheaf'; germ. *tappan `spigot' in ags. tæppa m. (engl. tap), mnd. tappe m., ahd. zapho, mhd. zapfe m. apparently `popular saying' with intensive consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a : i : u; compare above S. 221 drop-: drip-: drup-.

References: WP. I 816, Fick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f.

See also: see also above S. 177.

Page(s): 227

Root / lemma: dus-

English meaning: bad, foul

German meaning: `öbel, miß-' as 1. composition part

Material: Old Indian duṣ-, dur-, av. duš-, duž- `dis-, wrong, evil', arm. t- `un-', gr. δυσ- `dis-, de-, evil', lat. in difficilis `difficult, hard', air. do-, du- ds. (construction after the example from so-, su-), got. tuz- (in tuz-wērjan `doubt'), anord. ags. tor-, ahd. zur- `un-', slav. in abg. dъždь (*duzḫdjus `bad weather' =) `rain', russ. doždь, poln. deszcz, ačech. déšč, Gen. dščě and analogical deště. connection with deus- `lack' is very probable.

Note:

Only ind. from duṣ- has evolved dúṣyati `goes bad, goes off', duṣṭa- `spoiled, evil, bad', dūṣáyati `spoiled, disabled'.

References: WP. I 816, E. Fraenkel Mél. Pedersen 453.

Page(s): 227

Root / lemma: du̯ei-

English meaning: to fear

German meaning: `förchten'

Material: Av. dvaēϑā `menace';

arm. erknč̣im `I fear', erkiuɫ `fear' (anlaut as in erku `two' : *du̯ōu Meillet MSL. 8, 235);

gr. hom. δείδω `dread' (*δέ-δFοι̯-α), Plur. δείδιμεν (i.e. δέδFιμεν), att. δέδιμεν (thereafter the new Sg. hom. δείδια, i.e. δέδFια, att. δέδια), Aor. hom. ἔδδεισεν (i.e. ἔδFεισεν), hom. δίε `dreaded'; reshaped from *δεδFοια Perf. hom. δείδοικα, att. δέδοικα, kret. δεδFοικώς Hes. (Hs. δεδροικώς), in addition δεδείκελος Hes. `timorous'; to δεδίσκομαι (after hom.) `terrify' (*δε-δFί-σκο-μαι) would be shaped secondary δειδίξομαι, whereof previously att. δεδίττομαι, hom. δειδίσσομαι; hom. δειδήμων `timorous' (*δεδFει̯ήμων); δέος n. `fear' (*δFει̯ος), θεουδής `godfearing' (*θεο-δFεής), δεῖμα n., δειμός m. `fear', δεινός `terrible', δειλός, `timorous, fearful; unlucky, lamentable' (*δFει̯ελός); διερός `to fear, dread' (*δFι-ερος);

lat. dīrus `ill - omened, ominous, boding, portentous, fearful, awful, dread' (from Servius to Aen. III 235 also as sabin. and umbr. stated word, so that di- instead of bi- from *du̯i- as a dialectal sound development), with formants -ro- `before what one is afraid', as clā-rus `audible, distinguishable'.

s-extension in Old Indian dvḗṣṭi `hated, is hostile', dviṣṭá- `detested', dvḗṣa-ḥ m., dvḗṣas- n. `hate', av. dvaēš-, t̃baēš- `be hostile to, mortify', participle t̃bišta-, dvaēšaḥ-, t̃baēšaḥ- `hostility', mpers. bēš `affliction, mischief', probably to du̯is- S. 232.

References: WP. I 816 f., WH. I 353 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 710⁶, 769, 774. After Benveniste (briefl.) belongs the root as `be in doubt' to consecutive du̯ō(u) `two'.

Page(s): 227-228

Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) (*du̯ei-)

English meaning: two

German meaning: `zwei'

Grammatical information: m. (grammatical double form duu̯ōu), du̯ai f. n., besides du̯ei-, du̯oi-, du̯i-

Note: compare the summary by Brugmann II² 2, 6-82 passim.

Material: 1. Old Indian m. dváu, dvā́ (ved. also duváu, duvā́) = av. dva m., Old Indian f. n. dvḗ (ved. also duvḗ) = av. baē f. and n. `two';

Instr. Dat. Abl. Old Indian d(u)vā́bhyām (has changed with ā), av. dvaēibya (with old i-diphthong, as lit. dviẽm etc), Gen. Sg. Old Indian d(u)váyoḥ; by compression of Old Indian d(u)vā-: d(u)vāḫdaśa `12' (== gr. δώδεκα);

arm. erku `two' (= Old Indian dvā́);

gr. hom. δύ(F)ω (*δFω in δώ-δεκα), Gen. Dat. ion. att. δυοῖν, next to which uninflected hom. att. dor. etc δύ(F)ο (to form s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f.; to rudiment idg. *du̯ō s. Meillet BSL. 21, 273, due to arm. erko-tasan 12, lat. duŏ-dēnī, Old Indian dva-ká- `the two together', but it could be directed after compositions with o-stems in the first part, as well as from got. anord. as. ags. afries. wi-t `we two', anord. it, as. ags. git `you two');

alb. dö m., döj f. `two' (*duu̯ō, respectively *duu̯ai);

lat. duo (from *duō), f. duae (neologism), umbr. (only with plur. inflection) dur Nom. m. `two' (*duōs, *duūr), desen-duf Akk. m. (12), duir `two', tuva Akk. n.;

air. dāu, dō Nom. Akk. m. (= Old Indian dvāu), before Subst. dā (proclitic form), fem. dī (= Old Indian dvḗ), neutr. dā n- `two', acymr. bret. masc. dou, fem. cymr. dwy (etc); gall. VN Vo-cor-ii, Vo-contii (compare Tri-corii) with *u̯- besides du̯-; compare Thurneysen Gr. 182;

got. m. twai, f. twōs, n. twa, anord. tueir m., tuǣr f., tuau n., ags. tū m., twā f. (= Old Indian dvḗ); ahd. zwēne m., zwā, zwō f., zwei n. etc (ahd. zweio `to two' Lok. Du. = lit. dvíejau, dvíejaus);

lit. dù m. (from *dvúo = Old Indian dvā́), dvì f. (= Old Indian dvē); lett. divi m. f. (from *duwi f. n.), Old Prussian dwai m. f.; Old Church Slavic dъva m., dъvě f. n.;

toch. A m. wu, f. we, B m. f. wi (neologism); compare above gall. vo-; hitt. taḫaḫan (tān) `secondly, second', taḫaḫiḫuḫgaḫaš (tāyugaš) `two years old' (: lit. dveigỹs `two years old animal'ö).

About the first part from εἴκοσι, vīgintī etc (old dissimilation from *du̯ī̆-, *du̯eiḫdk̂mtī öö) s. u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī `twenty'.

Note:

The following dw-, vd- > b- is originally a lat.-italic phonetic mutation.

In compound idg. du̯i- and from it under unclear condition developed di- : Old Indian dvi- (e.g. dvi-pád- `bipedal'), av. bi- (e.g. bi-māhya- `lasting two months'), arm. erki (erkeam `biennial'), gr. δι- (e.g. δίπους; da δίφρος `curule chair, seat' was not δί-, rather δFί-φρος, if not perhaps dissimilatory loss of F is not against the following φ, also for other δι- formation to consider from idg. *du̯i-), alat. dui-, lat. bi- (e.g. duiḫdens, bidens; about forms as diennium s. WH. I under biennium, Sommer Hdb.³ 223; umbr. diḫfue `cleft, parted, split' probably sound pattern from du̯i-), anord. tve- (also tvī-, see below), ags. twi-, ahd. zwi- (e.g. ags. twiḫfēte `bipedal', ahd. zwi-houbit `bicipital'), lit. dvi- (e.g. dvì-gubas `twofold', Old Prussian dwi-gubbus).

Ital. du- in lat. duḫbius, -plus, -plex, -pondius, -centī, umbr. tuplak Akk. Sg. n. `twofold', du-pursus `bipedibus' is innovation after being perceived as du- stem from duo; also is to define du- in umbr. duti `again, a second time, once more, anew', pāli dutiyam `for the second time'; about lett. du-celes `zweiröderiger Wagen' compare Trautmann 125, Möhlenhach-Endzelin I 509, Endzelin Lett. Gr. 358.

Zero grades du̯ei- in compounds is to be admitted for Kelt. (e.g. air. dē-riad `a span of horses, pair, two horses harnessed to an open car', díabul `twofold', cymr. dwy-flwydd `two years old'; air. dïas `duality of persons' probably from *du̯ei̯o-stho-) and for Germ. (e.g. anord. tuī-faldr `twofold' besides tuēfaldr; got. tweifla-, probably n., ahd. zwīfal n. besides gr. δι-πλός, lat. duplus).

du̯oi- in ags. getwǣfan, twǣman `separate, cut, clip' < *twaifjan, *twaimjan; perhaps also for the Ar. (av. baēǝrǝzufraϑah- `two fingers wide', dvaēpa- n. `island'ö or rather from du̯ai̯i-, as probably Old Indian dvēdhā `twofold, (*divided) in two parts', compare dvīpá- `island' above S. 51); perhaps phryg. GN Δοίας, Gen. -αντος (*du̯oi-n̥t) `twin'.

Slav. dvo-, dvu-, dvě- in compounds s. Berneker 247.

2. ordinals: Old Indian dvitīya-, av. bitya-, dabitya-, Old pers. duvitiya- `second'; under duti `again, a second time, once more, anew' (probably replacement for *diti from *du̯iti̯om after du-, see above); arm. erkir, erkrord `second'; alb. i-döte; all new neologisms.

3. Multiplikativadverb: du̯is `twice': Old Indian dvíḥ (ved. also duvíḥ), av. biš, gr. δίς, alat. du̯is, lat. bis, mhd. zwir `twice' (but nir. fo-dī = Old Indian n. dvē, Pedersen KG. I 301, II 127), germ. myth. PN Tuisto `hermaphrodite';

Maybe alb. dösh `in two'

through u̯-forms extended av. bižvat̃, anord. tysuar, tuisuar, ahd. zwiro, zwiror (zwiron, zwiront), with voiced ö z- reduction ags. twiwa, twiga, twia, tuwa, twie, afries. twia, twera, as. twio (to these forms lastly Loewe KZ. 47, 98 - 108, reminded in the forms in Old Indian kr̥tvas `male');

therefrom with formants -ko- ahd. zwisk, as. twisk `twofold' (see below), probably also arm. erkic̣s `twice';

with l-forms ags. twislian `bisect', twisla `confluence of two streams', nhd. Zwiesel `bifurcation' (perhaps restricted to *du̯is in the meaning `divided', see below);

with t-forms Old Indian dvitā́ `twofold, double' (therefrom dvāitá-m `Dualitöt'), ap. duvitāparnam `in two Linien', gthav. daibitā `again(ö)'.

4. multiplicative: gr. διπλός, διπλόος, lat. duplus, umbr. dupla `double, twice as large, twice as much', air. dīabul (*du̯ei-plo-; see also above got. tweifls), wherefore perhaps av. bifra- n. `comparison, affinity' (: root pel- `fold', compare with t-extension:)

gr. διπλάσιος (*pl̥t-io-), ion. διπλήσιος `waved with both hands', ahd. zwifalt ds.

Gr. δίπλαξ, lat. duplex, umbr. tuplak n. `duplex' (: root plāk- `flat, spread'); from Adv. z.B. duví-dhā, dvē-dhā (probably *dvai̯i-dhā, that to be read in the oldest texts 3-syllable) `twofold, in two parts', wherewith the ending from air. dēde `duality of things' seems to be connected, as well as the from and. twēdi `halb', ags. twǣde `two thirds', ahd. zwitaran `hybrid, mongrel, half breed', nhd. Zwitter.

Gr. δίχα `twofold, divided in two parts' (after hom. διχῇ, διχοῦ), next to which (through hybridization with *δι-θά to Old Indian dvídhā) hom. διχθά `δίχα', therefrom ion. διξός `twofold' (*διχθι̯ός or *δικσός), and δισσός, att. διττός ds. (*διχι̯ός, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 598, 840); about hitt. dak-ša-an `Halbteil' s. Pedersen Hitt. 141.

Here also alb. degë `twig, branch, bough, brushwood' (*du̯oiḫghā);

ahd. zwīg `twig, branch' (*du̯eiḫgho-), ags. twig `twig, branch' (*du̯iḫgho-); as. tōg(o), mnd. toch, ahd. zuog(o) `twig, branch' are reshaped after cardinal forms with twō-;

lit. dveigỹs m. `zweijöhriges animal', serb. dvìzāk `zweijöhriger Aries, ram', old dviz `biennial' (: hitt. dāyugas, see above).

5. collective: Old Indian dvayá- `double' (dvayáḫm `twofold creature, falsity', nachved. `pair'), Dat. f. dvayyái = hom. ἐν δοιῆι; dvandvám `pair' (from ved. duvā́-duvā́ `every two');

gr. hom. δοιώ, δοιοί `double, two' (with preservation of -ι̯- through influence of *δFοῖ[F]ιν), ἐν δοιῇ `in doubt' (ir. dīas from *duei̯o-stho-ö);

got. Gen. Pl. twaddjē (compare with other ending Old Indian Gen. Dual dváyos, lit. Gen. dviejų̃), anord. tueggia, ahd. zweiio, ags. m. twǣgen, f. twā, n. tū `two' (see above Sievers-Brunner 264), Nom. Akk. Pl. ahd. zwei (*du̯ei̯ā), next to which from idg. *du̯ei̯o- ahd. mhd. zwī, g. zwīes m.n. `twig, branch' (the n-stem anord. tȳja `doubt' presumably balanced from Nom. *tvīja, Gen. tȳju);

bsl. du̯ei̯a- and duu̯ai̯a- in lit. dvejì, f. dvẽjos `two' (the substantival n. Sg. in dvẽja tíek `twice as much');

Old Church Slavic d(ъ)voji Adj. `twofold, two', d(ъ)voje n. Subst. `two things' (therefrom derivatives as russ. dvojnój `double', dvójni `twins', dvójka `pair', dvojník `zweidröhtiger Faden', dvoítь `in zwei Teile teilen, zwei Föden zu einem zusammendrehen', etc, s. Berneker 247).

With -no- (partly due to from du̯is):

arm. krkin `double' from *(r)ki-rki-no-, idg. *du̯i-du̯is-no- (ö) (L. Mariès REtIE. 1, 445);

lat. bīnī `every two' (distributive) and `two' (collective) from *du̯is-no- (= germ. *twizḫna-);

germ. *twi-na- in ahd. zwinal, zwenel `born together, twin-born, twin-', zwiniling m., mhd. zwinilīn n. `twin', *twaiḫna- in as. twēne `two', ahd. zwēne ds. (it has substituted with ē instead of ei after *zwē = got. twai), ahd. zwein-zug, as. twēn-tig, ags. twēn-tig `20' (`Doppelzehn');

Maybe alb. 20, një-zet `one - ten', 40, dy-zet `double - ten'

germ. *twiz-na- in anord. tvennr, tvinnr `twofold', Pl. tvenner `zwei zusammengehörige' (tvinna `redouble'), ahd. zwirnēn, -ōn `zweifach zusammendrehen', mhd. zwirn, mnd. twern `doppelt zusammengedrehter Faden' probably = ags. twīn, holl. twijn `linen thread, linen' (ags. getwinne `every two', getwinnas `twins' is led back then to *twiḫnja-). Besides due to *twīha-, idg. *du̯ei-ko-, got. tweihnai `two', ags. Dat. twēonum, betwēonum, engl. between `between';

lit. m. Pl. dvynaĩ, russ. dvójni `twins'.

With -ko-:

Old Indian dviká- `aus zweien bestehend, zweifach' (dvaká- `in pairs, by pairs' connected after ēkaká-);

ahd. zwe(h)o, as. twe(h)o, ags. twēo m. `doubt', ags. be-twih, -tweoh `between', mid unctwīh `between us both' (compare above got. tweih-nai);

from du̯is- from: ahd. zwisk, as. twisk `twofold', Pl. `both' Dat. Pl. ahd. (undar, en) zwiskēn, nhd. zwischen; in addition ags. getwisa m., as. gitwiso, mhd. zwiselinc `twin'.

With du̯is- `twice' identical is du̯is- `divided, asunder' in got. twisstandan `to divide' and den derivatives anord. tvistra `separate', mnd. afries. twist, mhd. zwist `discord (split)' and mengl. twist = anord. kvistr `twig, branch' (as also bair. zwist), further anord. kvīsl f. `split branch or tools, arm of a river' (these with idg. ei); further anord. tvis-var `twice', tvistr `dichotomous, sad' (= Old Indian dviṣ̌ṭha- `ambiguous', gr. *διστος in διστάζω `doubt', idg. *du̯i(s)-sto- : root stā-, at most du̯is-to- with formant -to-), ags. twisla `arm of a river', twislian `bisect', ahd. zwisila, nhd. Zwiesel `divided object, twig, branch', mhd. zwisel `double'; here very probably ar. dviṣ- `hate' (see under *du̯ei- `fear, dread').

Maybe alb. më dysh `apart, in two', dyshi `two'

6. Idg. additional form dis- in lat. dis-, as. afries. te-, ti-, ags. te-, ahd. zi-, ze- (new zir- through amalgamation from zi- and ir-) `dis-', got. dis- `apart' (probably borrowed from Lat., barely preceding from *tis- = lat. dis-), alb. tsh- e.g. in tshk'ep `unpick', gr. διά (i.e. after μετά etc filled in *δι[σ]ά), e.g. δια-σχίζω `through' : lat. discindo `to tear asunder, cut apart, cleave, divide, rend, tear' (`*split in the middle'), as prefix also `through and through, thoroughly, all through' = `very' (öol. ζα-).

References: WP. I 817 ff., WH. I 104 ff., 354 f., 381 ff., 860, 861, Feist 484 ff., Trautmann 64, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indian Gr. Ill, 342 f.

Page(s): 228-232

Root / lemma: (ebhiö) : obhi : bhi

English meaning: around, from to, etc.

German meaning: `auf - to, auf etwas hin and es öberwöltigend'

Material: Old Indian abhi- prefix `from - to', abhí preposition with Akk. `to', gthav. aibī, jav. aiwi, avi, aoi, Old pers. abiy as prefix `to, around -', as preposition m. Akk. `to - toward', with Lok. `about, in regard to' (in Ar. abhi lies also partly *m̥bhi `before', see above S. 34);

lat. ob `towards, to' appears only in the function, but not the sounds according to the partial successors from idg. obhi (see under epi);

got. bi, ahd. etc bi, bī `from - to (got.), with regard to, about' with Akk.; `an, by' with Dat. (Lok.), also with Instr., prefix `be-', s. also under ambhi, above S. 34, which contains in final sound identical element;

Old Church Slavic obь, оbъ as preverb `around-, about-, to-' in оbь-stojati or оbъ-stojati `encircle', in compounds, as obьdo n. `treasure, tribute', in derivatives, as obьštь, russ.-Church Slavic оbьčъ `common' (*obhiḫti̯o-); intensified form obi- in russ -Church Slavic obichoditi `to walk around, perambulate'; the form o, ob contains previous *op- (lit. ap), see under epi.

References: WP. I 124, Trautmann 1, Meillet Slave comm.² 155 f.

Page(s): 287

Root / lemma: edh-2

English meaning: fence, paling

German meaning: `Zaunstecken, Zaun from Pföhlen'

Material: Doubtful gr. ὄστριμον `stall, hurdle' (*odh-tro-)öö

Ags. eodor m. `hedge, fence, dwelling; prince, lord' (ablaut. mnd. ader `fence post'), ahd. etar, nhd. Etter `fence, edge' (if in addition bair. ester, schweiz. ester `penstock'ö), aisl. jǫður-r, jaðarḫr `edge, upper fence pole', perhaps ags. edisk m. `fenced pasture', bair. iss(e) `enclosed meadow' (*edhḫsi̯āö); abg. odrъ `bed', odrina `stall', russ. odr `scaffolding board', čech. odr `picket, pole', skr. odar, odrina `encircling grapevine'.

References: WP. I 121.

Page(s): 290

Root / lemma: edh- (*heĝʷ-)

English meaning: sharp

Note:

From an older root heĝʷ-el derived: Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike', finally Root / lemma: edh- (*heĝʷ-): `sharp' [common illyr.-balt. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation .

German meaning: `spitz'

Material: Lat. ebulus, -ī f. and -um n. `dwarf-elder (danewort, a fetid European species of elder, also dane's weed, dane's blood [said to grow on spots where battles were fought against the Danes]';

Note: common lat. ĝʷ- > b- phonetic mutation, hence lat. ebulus < *heĝʷ-el where -el, -ul are diminutive formants .

ablaut. (with k-suffix) gall. and gallorom. odocos `dwarf elder';

ahd. attuh, attah, as. aduk `dwarf elder' (borrowed from Kelt.);

bsl. *edlā- and *edli- f. `fir' in

Old Prussian addle (*edle), lit. ẽglė (out of it dial. ãglė), lett. egle ds. (secondary ē-stem; -g- from -d-);

Note: common illyr.-balt. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation hence -g- from -d-is wrong etymology .

moreover probably Iterat. lit. adýti `prick', lett. adît `knit', compare lit. ãdata `sewing-needle';

Church Slavic etc jela (*edlā), russ. jelь, ačech. jedl etc (*edli-).

References: WH. I 14, 388 f., Trautmann 66.

See also: from zum Folgenden (edh-2)ö

Page(s): 289-290

Root / lemma: ed- (*heĝh-)

English meaning: to eat, *tooth

Note:

From an older root (*heĝh-) derived Root / lemma: ed- (*heĝh-): `to eat, *tooth' and Root / lemma: ĝembh-, ĝm̥bh- : `to bite; tooth'

German meaning: `essen'

Note: originally athematic, but mostly thematic change

Note:

Common illyr.-balt. ĝh- > d-, z-, Old Prussian - illyr. ĝh- > zz-, ss-, s- phonetic mutation

Material: Old Indian athematic present 1. Sg. ádḫmi, 3. Sg. átḫti `you eat', Perf. ādimá (: lat. ēdimus, got. etum); themat. in Medium adaḫsva;

av. 3. Sg. Konj. aδāiti;

arm. utem `eat', themat. (*ōd-);

gr. hom. Infin. ἔδμεναι, Fut. (older Konj.) ἔδ-ο-μαι, Imper. originally *ἔσθι (: Old Indian addhí), thereafter secondary ἐσθίω (ἔσθω) `eat'; secondary themat. ἔδω (after participle ἐδοντ- and the thereafter resulted in 3. Pl. ἔδοντι), Perf. hom. ἐδ-ηδ-ώς, ἐδήδοται (after πέπο-ται), att. ἐδήδοκα;

lat. edō, ēs, ēst etc `eat' (length of ē either old or after the sog. Lachmann's rule to define; if old in participle ēsus and passive ēs(s)umö); Perf. ēdī; osk. Infin. edum, about umbr. ezariaf see under S. 288;

air. Konj. ci-ni estar `although he does not eat' (*ed-s-tro), Fut. īss- (*iḫedḫs-), Perf. dofūaid (*de-u(p)o-od-e), participle esse `eaten' (*edḫti̯o-); cymr. ys `you eat' (*ed-ti);

got. themat. itan (Perf. 1. Pl. ētum, ahd. āzum etc: alat. ēdimus), anord. eta, as. ags. etan, engl. eat, afries. īta, ahd. ezzan `eat' (= Old Indian ádanam `act of eating', gr. ἐδανόν `dish, food'); with prefix fra- (*pro-): got. fra-itan `consume', ags. fretan `gnaw', ahd. frezzan `devour'; kaus. got. fra-atjan; anord. etia `allow to consume', ags. ettan `allow to graze', ahd. azzen, ezzen `give to eat, allow to graze', nhd. ötzen, actually `a spicy dish that can be eaten';

Maybe alb. geg. etun `thirsty', etje `thirst'

bsl. *ēdḫmi in:

lit. ė́du, ė́džiau, ė́sti (alt. ė́[d]mi, 3. Sg. ė́st) `eat, devour', Supin. ė́stų; lett. ę̂mu (older *ę̂mi) and êdu, êst ds., Supin. êstu; Old Prussian īst, īstwei `eat'; Old Church Slavic jamь (*ěmь), 3. Sg. jastъ (*ěstъ) idg. *ēdḫti), 3. Pl. jadętъ (idg. *ēdn̥ti), Infin. jasti (old ěsti), Supin. jastъ, ačech. jěst;

lit. participle ė́dęs, Old Prussian īduns, Old Church Slavic jadъ `having eaten';

hitt. et- `eat', Imper. eḫit (et), 1. Sg. present eḫitḫmi (etmi), 3. Pl. a-da-an-zi (adanzi); the first a through assimilationö, s. Friedrich IF. 41, 371; different Pedersen Hitt. 128;

in compounds: gr. ἄ̄ρι-στον (*-dḫtom) `breakfast'; with lengthening in compound δειπνηστός `mealtime', δορπηστός `time for supper, evening meal, evening' (compare also hom. ὠμησής `Rohes essend': Old Indian āmād- ds.); gr. ἐδεστός, -τέος is arranged from *ἐστός, *ἐστέος after ἔδομαι (as ἐδεσθῆναι from *ἐσθῆναι).

nominal formation:

1. Lengthened grade:

ēdi̯o-, ēdi̯ā: in Old Indian ādyá- `edible' (ādyūna- `voracious' is derived from *ādyu-ḥ `eating food,');

anord. ǣtr `eatable' (compare also got. afētja m. `excessive eater');

lit. ė́džios f. Pl. `Raufe', ėdžià `devourer' (originally `food fed to livestock'), ė̃dis m. `dish, food', mės-ė̃dis `carnivore, family of meat-eating animals'; Old Prussian īdis m. `food, eating'; russ. jěžá `food, eating, dish, food' (under likewise; s. Berneker 271 f.);

about lat. inĕdia `fast' s. WH. 393.

ēdo-, ēdā: in anord. āt n. `ravenousness, dish, food' (also āta f. `ravenousness, nourishment, food'), ags. ǣt n., as. āt n., ahd. āz n. `dish, food' (compare also got. uzēta m. `crib, manger'), lit. ė́da f. `the eating' (= anord. āta), lett. êdas f. Pl. `food fed to livestock', Old Prussian īdai f. Nom. Sg. `the eating', Old Church Slavic оbědъ `repast, meal' (perhaps also jadъ `poison', s. Berneker 271 f.), russ. jědá f. `breakfast, dish, food'.

ēdi-: in Old Church Slavic jadь `dish, food', medv-ědь `the bear' (honey eater, compare Old Indian madhv-ád- ds.).

ēd-to-: in lit. ė́stas `eaten', Old Prussian Subst. Dat. Sg. īstai `food, eating', mbg. jasto `serving of food', etc.

ēdes-: in lit. ė̇̃desis `dish, food', ėskà f. `appetite', old `food fed to livestock, carrion' = lat. ēsca (*ēdḫsḫkā) `dish, food, food fed to livestock, carrion', lett. ēška `wolverine'; ahd. as. ās `flesh of a dead body, bait, carrion', ags. ǣs `carrion' (*ēd-s-om); Old Church Slavic jasli Pl. m. `crib, manger, manger' (*ēdḫsḫli-); if umbr. ezariaf stands for `food', it can be maybe explained from *ēdes-āsio-; different about lit. ėskà EM² 295.

Maybe alb. eshkë `dried mushrooms for kindling the fire'

With ō: gr. ὠδίς f., Pl. ὠδῖνες `throes of childbirth', ὠδίνω `be in labor pains' (Frisk Etyma Armen.13); ἐδ-ωδ-ή `dish, food' (compare ἐδηδώς); in addition lit. úodas, lett. uôds m. `mosquito' (Schulze KZ. 43, 41 =Kl. Schr. 627; from Zubatý AfslPh. 16, 407, Brugmann Grundr. I² 337 placed to wruss. wadzen `a gad-fly, horse-fly, breese').

2. Full grade, e.g.:

Old Indian ádman- n. `dish, food' (: ἔδμεναι); -advan- `eating';

arm. erkn `birth pain, labor pains' (*edu̯ōn), erk `plague' (*edu̯o-ö);

hom. εἶδαρ, -ατος n. `nourishment, food' (i.e. ἔδFαρ, compare ἔδαρ βρῶμα Hes.), ἐδητύς, ἔδεσμα `dish, food';

lat. prandium `a late breakfast, luncheon' (*pramḫediomö), edulus `trencherman' (see also WH. I under acrēdula, ficedula and monēdula), edūlis `eatable' (possibly because of from Fick III⁴ 24, Falk-Тоrp under jætte as *etuna- `voracious eater' or `cannibal' our root form added to anord. jǫtunn `giant', ags. eoten `giant', older ndd. eteninne `witch' an older u- stem edu- is addedö);

3. ŏ-grade: ὀδύνη (öol. but ἔδυνα) `pain' (compare lat. cūrae edācēs), ὀδύρομαι `lament, bewail, mourn for, felt pain' etc. (influenced from μύρομαι `flow, run, trickle, cry, weep').

edont-, dont-, dn̥t- `tooth', probably previous participle present

Old Indian dán m., Akk. dántam (*dont-), Gen. datáḥ (= lat. dentis) `tooth' (secondary dánta-ḥ m.); av. dantan- m. ds., dātā f. ds.;

arm. atamn, Gen. -man `tooth' (*_edn̥t-mn̥);

gr. (ion. att.) ὀδών, -όντος `tooth' (att. ὀδούς neologism after (δι)δούς), öol. ἔδοντες (ὀδόντ- assimilated from *ἐδόντ-ö), νωδός `edentulate, toothless' for *νωδων after στράβων : στραβός under likewise;

lat. dens, -tis m. (*dn̥tḫs); osk. dunte[s] is ablaut `teeth';

air. dēt n., cymr. bret. dant, corn. dans `tooth' (*dn̥t-);

ahd. zand, ags. tōð (Dat. Sg., Nom. Pl. tēð, conservative stem), anord. tǫnn (Nom. Pl. teðr, tennr, conservative stem); zero grade (from the weak case), got. tunÞus (from dem Akk. tunÞu = lat. dentem) `tooth' (derivative ags. tūsc `fang' from *tunÞ-ska-);

lit. dantìs, Gen. Pl. dantų̃ (dial. also dančių̃) `tooth';

slav. probably in poln. dzięgna `stomatitis, inflammation of the mouth, mouth decay, inflammation of the gums' (*dęt-gna, s. Berneker 190).

forms with e-grade don't stand firm accordingly; anord. tindr `cusp, peak, crag', mhd. zint, -des `prong, spike, tine', ags. tind m. ds., ahd. zinna (*tindjā) `pinnacle', ahd. zinko (*tint-kō) `tine' belong to air. dind `hill, lifting', phryg. Δίνδυμος mountain name, illyr. VN Δίνδαροι.

References: WP. I 118 ff., WH. I 340 f.

Page(s): 287-289

Root / lemma: egnis : ognis

English meaning: fire

German meaning: `Feuer'

Note:

Root / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): coal < Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye'

Grammatical information: m.

Material: Old Indian agní-ḥ m. `fire' (= hitt. Agnis, Hrozný ZA. 38, 185, after Laroche, Recherches sur les noms of dieux hittites 119, taken over from Hurrians);

lat. ignis, -is m. `fire, flame, light, blaze, glow' (*egnis);

lit. ugnìs f. (alit. also m., Specht KZ. 59, 278²), lett. uguns m. f. ds.; u derives from aschwed. ughn `oven';

Old Church Slavic ognь m. `fire' (*ognis; i-stem, secondary i̯o-stem), čech. oheň (ohně), russ. ogónь (ognjá); about čech. výheň f. `flue, chimney, smithy', skr. vȉganj m. `blacksmith', with quite unclear anlaut, s. Meillet Slave comm.² 85, lastly J. Holub Stručný slovnik etym. jazyka českoslov. 341.

Maybe alb. vigan `giant' : skr. vȉganj m. `blacksmith' [a translation of Cyclops who were giant blacksmiths; they got their name for covering one eye as a spare if one got damaged from sparks of melted metal, that is why Root / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from an extension of Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye']; common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels.

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 676, Trautmann 334 f.

Page(s): 293

Root / lemma: eg-

English meaning: a lack of smth.

German meaning: `Mangel'

Material: Lat. egeō, -ēre `want, be in need; with genit. or abl. to be in want of, to be without, not to have; also to desire, wish for, want', egestās `poverty, indigence, need; with genit., want of', egēnus (*egesnos) `needy, destitute; with genit. or abl., in need of'. Hereupon also osk. egmo f. `a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance; possessions, property, wealth; interest, advantage, benefit; cause, ground, reason; a matter of business; a law suit, action' (to meaning development compare gr. χρή : χρῆμα);

anord. ekla `lack', ekla `barely', ahd. ekorōdo `bare, only', ekrōdi, eccherode `thin, weak'.

References: WP. I 114 f., WH. I 394 f.

Page(s): 290

Root / lemma: eĝhero- (*heĝhero-)

English meaning: lake, inner sea

German meaning: `Landsee'ö

Note:

From Root / lemma: eĝhero- : `lake, inner sea' derived Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- : `water current': Illyr. pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-illyr.-balt. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- ; Old Prussian -illyr. -ĝh- > ss-, s- phonetic mutation].

Material: Maybe illyr. TN Oseriates (Osseriates) [common italic -illyr. -ĝh- > ss-, s- phonetic mutation].

Der comparison from bsl. *ežera- n. `sea shore' in Old Prussian assaran n. `sea', lit. ẽžeras m. (out of it dial. also ãžeras), lett. ezers m., Old Church Slavic (j)ezero, russ. ózero ds., with:

balt. *eži̯ā f. `border line' in Old Prussian asy, lit. ežė̃, lett. eža; slav. *е̌žъ m. in serb.-Church Slavic jazь `canal', ačech. jěz `water weir', aruss. ězъ, russ. jaz `fish weir', is doubtful, also the with pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες in the flat sea surface (because of. of σ it must be thrak.), and with:

gr. ᾽Αχέρων, -οντος, river of the underworld (therefrom ᾽Αχερουσία λίμνη and ἀχερωΐς `abele, white poplar'), whose α (instead of ε or ο) could indeed derive from ἄχος `a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm';

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - χ - phonetic mutation

bsl. forms could go back particularly perhaps also to *ažera-, in which case one could place idg. *aĝhero-.

References: WP. I 184¹, Trautmann 73, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 98, Jokl Eberts Real-lex. 6, 39.

Page(s): 291-292

Root / lemma: eĝhi- (*eĝhi-no-s)

English meaning: hedgehog (*serpent eater)

German meaning: `Igel'

Note: probably short form to eĝhi-no-s `of the serpent, serpent eater' (see above S. 44).

Note:

Root / lemma: eĝhi- (*eĝhi-no-s): `hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- (*egʷhi-, ogʷhi- and eĝhi-) : `snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)'

Material: Arm. ozni `hedgehog';

phryg. εζις `hedgehog';

gr. ἐχῖνος `hedgehog';

Maybe gr. χήρ χηρός `hedgehog' (= lat. ēr, ēris ds., ērīcius, ērināceus, hērināceus ds.)

ahd. igil, mhd. igel, mnd. egel, ags. igil, igl, īl `hedgehog', anord. igull `sea urchin' (with ī ahd. also īgil, by Luther Eigel, anord. also īgull);

lit. ežỹs, lett. ezis `hedgehog';

Church Slavic ježь (*eĝhi̯os) ds. (in addition russ. ježevíka, ožína `blackberry', ožíka `bulrush' etc., s. Berneker 267).

Here probably following balt.-slav. appellation of perch (prickly fish):

Old Prussian assegis m. `perch', lit. ežgỹs, ežegỹs, egžlỹs, alit. ẽkšlis, jẽkšlis `chub';

lengthened grade slav. *ězgъ, out of it *ěždžь, čеch. ježdík `perch', poln. jażdż, jaszcz (also jazgarz) `chub'; basic form perhaps *ē̆ĝh(e)-g(h)i̯os `hedgehog-like'.

Maybe alb. (*eĝh) esh `hedgehog', according to the shift [common Old Prussian - illyr. ĝh- > z-, ss- phonetic mutation].

maybe lat. (*essecus) ericius -i, m. `hedgehog; milit., chevaux de frise' : alb. iriq `hedgehog' [common lat. -s- > -r- rhotacism].

References: WP. I 115, Trautmann 73, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 491².

Page(s): 292

Root / lemma: eĝhs (eĝhz)

English meaning: of, out, from

German meaning: `from'

Note: Aspirata erwiesen through gr. ἔσχατος.

Material: Maybe nasalized zero grade alb. (*ĝha) nga `of, out, from'

Gr. ἐξ (dial. ἐς, before consonant ἐκ, ἐγ) `from', prefix and preposition m. ablative, (genitive) and (ark.-kypr., pamph.) dative; ion. att. ἐκτός `out of' (after ἐντός with τ for θ, compare:) lokr. ἐχθός (from ἐκσ + τος Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326) epidaur. to ἔχθω, ἔχθοι reshaped, ἔσχατος `of the extreme, last' (based on *ἐσχο- from *eĝzgho-, older *eĝhs-ko-), less certainly ἐχθρός `fiend, detested', originally `Landflöchtiger' or `foreigner, stranger' from *eĝhstros, wherefore were created after αἰσχ-ρός : -ίων, -ιστος, -ος further ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος, ἔχθος, also ἔχθεσθαι, ἀπεχθάνομαι, ἀπεχθαίρω etc.;

lat. ex (out of it ē before b, d-, g-, l-, m- etc., ec before f) `from', prefix and preposition m. Abl., osk.-umbr. (about *eχs) ē-, e.g. osk. ehpeilatas set `*are pillaged, are assigned', umbr. ehe-turstahmu `drive out, drive away, expel, exile, banish'; lat. exterus `outward, foreign, strange; compar. exterior -ius, genit. -oris, outer; superl. extremus -a -um, outermost; n. as subst. outer edge, extreme; in time, last; n. as subst., an end;'ex- tremum', acc., for the last time;'ad extremum', to the end or at the end; in degree or quality, extreme; esp. lowest, worst;'extremum bonorum, malorum', the highest good, evil; superl. extimus -a -um, out- ermost' (exterior, extrēmus, externus, extrā, extimus), because of in *ek-t- indicating osk. ehtrad `outside; except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside of, without; except for', umbr. ap ehtre `*ab extrim', air. echtar, cymr. eithyr `outside; except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside of, without; except for', acymr. heitham, ncymr. eithaf (: extimus) its x previously was restored from ex;

air. ess-, preceding ass-, a, cymr. eh-, gall. ex- (e.g. in Exobnus `fearless' : air. essamain, mcymr. ehofyn), before consonant ec-, prefix and (ir.) preposition m. Dat.(-Abl.);

Old Prussian esse, assa, assæ (with an unclear extension), esḫteinu `from now on';

with hard i: lit. iž, ìš, lett. iz, is, Old Prussian is, Old Church Slavic iz, izъ, is `from', prefix and preposition m. Abl.(-Gen.), probably also partly real Gen.; after Meillet Slave comm.² 155, 505 zero grade bsl. *iž (ö); s. also Endzelin Lett. Gr. 33, about lett. īz 507.

WH. I 423 places also arm. preverb y- (e.g. y-aṙnem `uplifts me': lat. ex-orior `to come out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear') and the preposition with Abl. i `from' here (doubtful); also dubious is Meillets (MSL. 18, 409) explanation the toch. A-Postposition -ṣ `not at all' from *-kṣ. common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

Maybe alb. negative particle s' `not at all' : toch. A-Postposition -ṣ `not at all'

About verbal compounds in several languages, as e.g. gr. ἐκ-φέρω, lat. efḫferō `to carry out, take out, bring forth, take away, remove', air. asḫbiur `say, express, *take out' (*ek̂s-bherō), gr. ἔξ-ειμι, lat. ex-eō `to go out, go forth, go away, depart, withdraw, retire', lit. iš-eĩti, Old Church Slavic iz-iti ds. etc., s. WH. I 423 f.

Maybe nasalized alb. nxjerr `bring out, take out' : lat. ex-orior `to come out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear'

References: WP. I 116 f., WH. I 423 ff., Trautmann 105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.

Page(s): 292-293

Root / lemma: eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō

English meaning: I

German meaning: `ich'

Note: -ĝh- besides -ĝ- is ensured only for Old Indian, thus probably secondarily after Dat. máhyam.

Note:

From Root / lemma: ehem, eheu, eho (*eĝh-): `interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise' derived Root / lemma: eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō : `I'

Material: Old Indian ahám, av. azǝm, Old pers. adam (*eĝ(h)om);

Note:

The shift ĝ(h) > d, t is recorded in alb. and Old pers. alone see below.

arm. es (from *ec, idg. eĝ before conservative anlaut);

gr. ἔγω, ἐγών, boot. ἰω, ἰών; lat. egō̆ as gr. ἐγώ has changed from *egom, perhaps while *ἐγὸν φέρω stretched after ἐγὼ φέρω, egō̆ ferō, and *ἐγών are directed after *ἔδων `gave' etc. (about lat. egomet `I myself' s. WH. I 396)ö fal. eko, ego; probably also osk. íív `Iö'; s. finally Kretschrner Gl. 21, 100, Sommer IF. 38, 171 ff.;

venet. eχo `I' (compare meχo `me');

got. ik, ahd. ih (ihh-ā `I myself' with the particle -ā), as. ic, urnord. ek, ik, anord. ek and enclitic urnord. -ika (*eĝom), wgerm. also *īk (lengthening after *tū) in ags. īc, nhd. frönk. aich, anord. also ēk (proto germ. *ékaⁿ, from which proclitic ek, ik, enclitic *ka);

lit. àš, old eš, lett. es, Old Prussian es, as (*eĝ);

Old Church Slavic azъ (quite seldom jazъ) from *ēghomö, nsloven. russ. poln. ja (to explanation of anlaut vowels s. lastly WH. I 862, Meillet Slave comm.² 452);

Note:

Maybe: Old Church Slavic jazъ derived from Swedish jag `I'

toch. ñuk `I' after Petersen Lang. 11, 204ö;

hitt. ú-uk (uk) with u after am-mu-uk `me, I', secondary `I', that against u has related from the 2. Sg. tu-uk `you (dat.) you'.

Maybe reduced nasalized alb. (*unk) unë `I' : alb. Arbëresh uthë `I' [common alb. -k > -th phonetic mutation]

Note:

The common shift ĝh > d also kh > t is found only among Persian tongues and Albanian dialects. With regard to Root / lemma: eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō : `I' the shift ĝ(h) > d in Old pers. [av. azǝm, Old pers. adam (*eĝ(h)om)] corresponds to alb. ĝh > th [eukham- > utha `I'] of alb. Arbëresh which is the oldest cognate. It was then nasalized in alb. Arbëresh utha `I' > alb. tosk. (*unta) unë `I' [common alb. phonetic mutation t > nt > n].

Also important is the fact that hitt. language uses the endings before the word like lat. while alb. uses the ending after the word like Indian and Persian tongues. But clearly illyr. marks the intermediate period between satem and centum languages. Alb. Arbëresh [eukham- > utha `I'] is the only cognate similar to hitt. ú-uk (uk) `I' with u after am-mu-uk `me', and toch. toch. ñuk `I'.

In archaic alb. the ending of the word actually stood before the word like in hitt.

Idg. eĝ(h)om is presumably after J. Schmidt (KZ. 36, 405) neuter; which actually stands for `(my) hereness' and it has evolved from the Pron.-stem e- which is considered worth under *ghe, *gho enclitic particles.

References: WP. I 115 f., WH. I 395 f., 862; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 209, 602, 604², Trautmann 72, Pedersen Hitt. 73 f.

Page(s): 291

Root / lemma: ehem, eheu, eho (*eĝh-)

English meaning: interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise

German meaning: Ausrufe

Note: mostly independent neologisms

Material: Ved. áha, Old Indian ahahā̆, ahē, ahō, hamhō etc.;

lat. ehem, hem (an exclamation of joyful surprise), eheu, heu (: Old Indian ahō) `ach, oh!', eho `hey there!';

nhd. hem, hum, hm (: lat. hem); compare nhd. aha, oho!;

for Old Indian ah-, lat. eh- one could place idg. *eĝh- .

References: WP. I 115, WH. I 396 and above S. 281 ē, ō.

Page(s): 293

Root / lemma: eibh- (: oibh-), i̯ebh-

English meaning: to copulate

German meaning: `futuere'

Note: probably a taboo with rearrangement of anlaut

Material: Old Indian yábhati `copulated';

gr. οἴφω, οἰφέω `copulate'; οἰφόλης `obscene';

dor.-illyr. mythical PN Οἴβαλος `of or belonging to one's birth';

perhaps germ. *aiƀō `family, a district, canton, province, region' in langob. -aib (Antḫaib, Burgund-aib), ahd. -eiba (Weter-eiba, Wingartḫeiba);

slav. *i̯ebō `copulate' in russ. jebú, jetí, skr. jèbêm, jèbati (with newly formed infinitive), etc.

References: WP. I 198, Specht KZ. 59, 121², Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722¹ (sieht in gr. ὀ- ein preverb e, o, above S. 280).

Page(s): 298

Root / lemma: eig-, oig-

English meaning: to complain, entreat

German meaning: `laut jammern, klöglich bitten'

Material: Gr. οἶκτος `pity, compassion, the lamenting', οἰκτρός `pitiable, in piteous plight, lamentable, wretched', οἰκτί̄ρω (öol. οἰκτίρρω) `have mercy on, bemoan';

in addition verb *eigi̯ō in mir. éigid `screams', éigem f. `cry', to-formation in lachtaid `groans, shouts';

got. aihtrōn `ask, cadge' (denominative of gr. οἰκτρός corresponding noun agent or rather of neuter *oiktrom).

References: WP. I 105 f.

Page(s): 298

Root / lemma: ei-3

English meaning: multicoloured; reddish

German meaning: Farbadjektiv `rötlich, bunt'

Note: extended (e)i-u̯o-, (e)i-u̯ā `yew' etc.

Material: Arm. aigi `grapevine' (*oiu̯ii̯ā);

gr. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα `service-tree, rowan tree' (*oiu̯ā) = lat. ūva `a grape, berry of the vine';

gall. ivo-, urir. iu̯a-, air. ēo m., cymr. ywen m., acorn. hiuin, bret. ivin m. `yew';

ahd. īwa, mhd. īwe, mnl. ijf, nhd. Eibe f., ags. īw m., aisl. ȳr `yew' (*eiu̯o-), named after the red-brown wood;

besides *ei-ko- in ahd. īgo, as. Pl. īchas, schweiz. īche, īge, ags. īh, ēoh `yew';

lit. ievà, jievà f., lett. (with irregular intonation) iẽva `alder buckthorn, alder dogwood' (*eiu̯ā), Old Prussian iuwis `yew' (*iu̯a-), named after the red-brown wood;

russ.-Church Slavic iva, skr. ȉva (= lett. iẽva), russ. íva `Weide', ačech. jíva `yew, sallow';

Old Indian ḗta- `glimmering, varicolored', m. `steed, bird, antelope' etc., urind. PN (14. Jh.) Aita-ggama `riding on a ram' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93), f. ḗnī, in addition (with ṇ for n after hariṇī, Femin. to harita `yellowish', compare also hariṇá- `gazelle'): ēṇa- m. `kind of antelope' (Schulze Kl. Schr. 123).

References: WP. I 105 f., 165, Trautmann 68, Kluge¹² s. v. Eibe, Specht Dekl. 63, 205.

Page(s): 297-298

Root / lemma: ei-4 : oi-

English meaning: pole; thill

German meaning: `Stange', dann `Deichsel'

Note: extended through s- or l-, n-, r-stem; oi̯-es- : īs- : ois- `shaft'

Material: Old Indian īṣā́ `shaft';

gr. οἰήιον `rudder, helm', att. οἴᾱξ, -κος ds.; gr. *οἰ[σ]ᾱ corresponds:

balt. *aisā as wellspring from finn. wotj. (etc.) aisa `shaft, pole of the helm, thill';

ei̯-el- in lit. íelekstis f. `Deichselstange', lett. ielukši, ablaut. il̃kss, ilkmis ds.; lit. ailė `shaft, pole', žem. áilis `a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club', lett. ailis `shaft, pole';

ei̯-en- in lit. íena f. `thill pole';

oi̯-er- in aisl. ags. ār `helm pole', that according to the Lw. finn. airō and lett. aĩr-is, aĩre, lit. vaĩras `rudder' based on proto germ. *airō;

oi̯-es- also in sloven. skr. čech. oje `shaft' (Gen. sloven. ojese).

References: WP. I 167, Lidén Studien 60 ff., Specht Dekl. 101.

Page(s): 298

Root / lemma: eis-1 (*ḫeu̯is)

English meaning: to move rapidly, *iron

German meaning: `(sich) heftig, ungestöm, schnell bewegen; antreiben = anregen, erquicken; also of Entsenden, Schleudern von Geschossen, Pfeilen'

Material: Old Indian iṣṇā́ti, íṣyati `sets in motion, swings, shoots up (squirts out), comes floating; it hurries, presses forward', ḗṣati `glides' (ēṣá- `hurrying', ḗṣa- `the rush'), ī́ṣatē `hurries away' (Adv. īṣát `approaching'), iṣaṇat `he came floating', iṣaṇyáti `comes floating, stimulates, animates', iṣayáti `is fresh, astir, strong; refreshed, animated', íṣ- f. `refreshment, invigoration' (also in íṣ-kr̥ti- `healing'), iṣirá- (: ἱαρός, Isara) `strong, active';

Maybe alb. alb. (*euse) ethe f. `fever' see Root / lemma: eus- : `to burn'

av. aēš- `set in hasty motion' (present stem iša-, išya-, aēšaya-, Old pers. aišaya-), av. aēšma- m. `anger';

gr. dor. ἱαρός (: Old Indian iširá-), att. ἱερός (r̥ : er, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482), lesb. ion. ἶρος (*isros) `strong, lively'; further gr. ἶνάω, ἰνέω (if read with ι:, so that is deducible from *ἰσν-άω, -έω) `send away, empty, drain; pour out', Med. `empty oneself' (compare Old Indian iṣṇā́ti); οἴω, οἴομαι (οἴσσατο, ἀνωιστός, ἀν-ωιστί, ωἴσθην, ὀισθείς) `meine, komme mit meinen Gedanken worauf, verfalle worauf', by Hom. with ι: either through metr. lengthening from *ὀ-ῐ[σ]-ω or from*ὀ-ι[σ]ι̯ο:, after hom. oἶμαι (from οἴομαι);

with ablaut. oi:

οἶμα `stormy attack, rush', οἰμάω `tear off', beides from bird of prey, as ved. ēṣati also from shooting out the bird of prey on his nest (gr. basic form *οἶσμα, compare av. aēšma-); here also still οἶστρος `the gadfly, breese, an insect which infests cattle; a sting, anything that drives mad; the smart of pain, agony; mad desire, insane passion; madness, frenzy'

Maybe lat. asilus `a gad-fly, horse-fly'

next-related to lit. aistrà `intense ferventness, passion', aistrùs `ardent' (not better above S. 12); in similar meaning ἰστυάζει ὀργίζεται;

if gr. ἰάομαι `heal', ἰατρός `physician, medicine man, magician' here belong, is dubious; att. forms without Asper speak rather against intervocalic -s- and ī against anlaut. ei-; it is not surprising by a cultural word would be of foreign origin; Theander (Eranos 21, 31 ff.) derives from the sacred name ἰά from, which would also define the swaying quantity of ἰ (die Heilgötter `Iᾱσώ, `Iησώ f., `Iά̄σων, ᾽Iήσων m. etc., perhaps also the root name `Iά(F)ονες, compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 80, as ἰά-Rufer);

ἰαίνω `warm' has and requires ĭ furthermore in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681, 694, 700 it doesn't belong to it; see above S. 11 and W. Schulze Qunder ep. 381 ff.; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 203 should explain ἰάομαι the sound-symbolic lengthened zero grade the root eis-, it did not need to be separated of the quantity difference because of ἰαίνω;

lat. īra, Plaut. eira (*eisā) `anger';

perhaps here gall. Isarno- PN, isarno-dori `a door made of iron', air. īörn, mir. īarann n., cymr. haiarn (required ĭ-), acorn. hoern, bret. houarn `iron' as `strong metal' in contrast to soft bronze;

maybe old laryngeal ḫ- in alb. (*ḫeur) hekur `iron' : Spanish hierro : engl. iron [(Du. ijzen, G Eisen), PN ísarn, Goth. eisarn, f. Gmc, prob. f. Celt. and rel. to L aes, ais bronze, OE ar ore n.1, Skt ayas.]

germ. *īsarnan n., got. eisarn, ahd. as. anord. īsarn `iron' is because of ī- maybe borrowed from ven.-illyr. *eisarnon before germ. alteration from ei to ī; compare ven. FlN'Iσάρας, later Īsarcus, nhd. Eisack (Tirol);

in addition the urir. PN I(s)aros, air. Īör, balkanillyr. iser, messap. isareti (Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.);

further perhaps kelt.-ligur.-ven.-illyr.-balt. FlN word Is- in kelt. FlN Isarā, nhd. Isar, Iser, frz. Isère; *Isiā, frz. Oise; *Isurā, engl. Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161);

nhd. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller could also go back to proto germ. *Is-l- and be compared with lett. FlN Isline, Islīcis, wruss. Isɫa (it could not be genuine slav. because of -sɫ-) etc.; the name the Iller: *Illurā could be compared with VN the Illyrii;

the full grade *Eis- besides in Īsarcus still in many balt. FlN: *Eisiā, lit. Iesià, *Eislā, lit. Ieslā, lit. Eisra, etc. (Būga RSl. 6, 9 f., Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 47); whereas Būga introduces back wruss. Istra, lett. Sea name Istra, lit. FlN Isra, Old Prussian FlN Instrutis `Inster' and thrak. ῎Iστρος from *Instr-; yet one could explain ῎Iστρος from *Is-ro-s;

from *ois- go back wruss. Jesa (urlit. *aisā́), lit. Aĩsė; It is unclear, if defies anlauts Αἴσαρος (Bruttium), ven. Aesontius > Isonzo, umbr. Aesis, Aesinus may be placed here;

anord. eisa (*ois-) `storm along', norw. FlN Eisand, wherefore ags. ofost, as. oƀast `haste, hurry, eagerness' from *oƀ-aist-;

here also Old Indian íṣu-, av. išu- m. `arrow'; gr. ἰός ds. from *isu̯-os, compare to meaning οἰστός;

etrusk. aesar `god', ital. *aiso-, *aisi- ds. are to be kept away and barely equate with gr. ἱερός.

References: WP. I 106 f., WH. I 717 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 282, 482⁵, 491, 679⁷, 681, 694, 700, 823.

Page(s): 299-301

Root / lemma: ei-s-2, ei-n- (*ḫeu̯is)

English meaning: ice

German meaning: `Eis, Frost'

Material: Av. isu- `icy', aēxa- n. `coldness', pāmir. īš `coldness', osset. yex, ix `ice', afghan. asai `frost' (if from inchoative formation *isḫsk̂-ö; different Specht Dekl. 18, 201, 234);

anord. íss, Pl. íssar m. `ice', ags. îs n., as. ahd. mhd. îs n. `ice';

bsl. *ini̯a- m. and *īnii̯a- m. `hoarfrost' in Church Slavic inej, inij `snow flurry', russ. ínej m. and ačech. jínie n. `hoarfrost', lit. ýnis m. (also fem. i-stem).

References: WP. I 108, Trautmann 104.

Page(s): 301

Root / lemma: ei-

English meaning: to go

German meaning: `gehen'

Note: extended ei-dh-, ei-gh-, i-tā- and i̯-ā-, i̯-ē- : i̯ō- : i̯ǝ-

Material: Old Indian ḗmi, ḗti, imáḥ, yánti `go', av. aēiti, yeinti, Old pers. aitiy `goes', themat. Med. Old Indian áya-tē etc. (apparent lengthened grade of Old Indian ā́iti, av. āiti `goes to, comes to, comes up to, approaches, draws near' is *ā-aiti, with prefix ā);

gr. hom. εἶμι `will go', εἶ (*eisi), εἰ̃σι (dor. εἶτι), Pl. ἴμεν, ἴτε, ἴᾱσι (neologism for *ἴε̄σι instead of hε̃σι, *hεντι, idg. *i̯-enti, Old Indian yánti); Impf. att. ἦια (neologism for *ἦα = Old Indian ā́yam); Konj. ἴω (instead of *ἔω, idg. *ei̯ō, Old Indian 3. Sg. áyat); Opt. εἴη (instead of *ἴη, idg. *ii̯ēt, Old Indian iyā́t), Imper. ἔξ-ει (lat. ī, lit. eĩ-k), ἴθι (Old Indian ihí, hitt. iḫiḫt);

Maybe alb. ik-i : lit. eĩ-k `go'

lat. eō `go' (*eiḫō for athemat. *eiḫmi), īs, it, Pl. īmus, ītis (neologism as lit. eiḫmè), eunt (*ei̯-onti for previous *i̯ḫenti), Imper. ī (*ei), particle present iēns instead of *i̯ēns = Old Indian yán, Gen. yat-áḥ (*i̯ḫn̥tḫes, compare gr. ᾽Επίασσα), alit. ent- (instead of *jent-); Perf. ĭī (*ii̯ḫai: Old Indian iy-āy-a), secondary īvī;

pöl. eite = `you go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass', umbr. etu = `to go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass' (amprḫehtu, apretu `ambit, circuitous route', enḫetu = in-ītō), etuḫtu `he/she shall go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass', eest, est `he/she will go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass' (*eiḫseti), ier `be going away' (demonstrates a Perf. *ied), etc.; osk. eítuns (set) `they will be gone' (*eiḫtōnḫes);

cymr. wyf `I am', actually `I go' 2. Sg. wyt (different about wyt Stern ZfceltPh. 3, 394 Anm.);

got. iddja `I walked' probably = lat. ĭī, Old Indian iy-ā́y-a; s. die Lit. by Feist 288; ags. ēode `walked' is unexplained;

Old Prussian ēit `goes', ēisei `you go', perēimai `we come', Inf. perēit;

alit. eĩmi, eĩsi, eĩti, Pl. eimè, eitè, and eimì, eisì, eĩt(i), Pl. eĩme, eĩte; Dual eivà, eità, preterit ėjaũ, Inf. eĩti; Supin. eĩtų (= Old Indian étum Inf.); lett. eĩmu (older *eĩmi), iêmu (secondary eju, *ietu, lit. dial. eitù etc.); Inf. iêt, iẽt; Supin. iêtu;

Old Church Slavic Inf. iti (== lit. eĩti), present idǫ, Aor. idъ, neologism to Imper. *iḫdhi > *idь > idi, as also lit. eidu `I go' to Imper. *eidi;

toch. A ymös `we go', В yam `he goes', usually no-present yanem `they go', etc.;

hitt. Ipv. i-it (it) `go!' (= gr. ἴ-θι), medial e-ḫu `come!'; pa-a-i-mi (paimi, with preverb *pe-) `I go away', 3. Pl. pa-an-zi (*-i̯ḫenti, Old Indian yánti), etc.; s. Pedersen Hitt. 129 f.;

unclear is the idg. basic form of a voiced stop i-ja-at-ta-ri (ijattari) `goes, marches'; compare Couvreur H̯ 101;

-i̯ḫo- `going' as 2. composition part in gr. πεζός among others, s. W. Schulze LEN. 435³.

t-formations: Old Indian ití- f. `gait, alteration', ityā́ `gait', dur-itá- (av. dužḫita-) `hardly accessible', prātar-ítvan- `fröh ausgehend oder auskommend', itvará- `going', vītá- (*viḫita-) see under; ḗta- `hurrying'; Infin. étum;

Maybe alb. tosk. vete `I go', geg. me vajt `to go'

gr. ἁμαξ-ιτός `mobile for carriage', ἰταμός, ἴτης `(brave =) pert, foolhardy', εἰσ-ιτήρια `Antrittsopfer'; o-grade οἶτος `fate of people, destiny'ö (compare `course of the world', s. different above S. 11);

lat. exitium, initium (: fem. Old Indian ityā́); itiō `going out or away; hence destruction, ruin; also a cause of destruction' (: Old Indian ití-); iter, itineris n. `way, alley' (compare toch. A ytār f., В ytārye f. `way, alley', hitt. i-tar, Gen. innas `the going', air. ethar m. `scow, ferry-boat'), originally r/n-stem; com-es, -itis `companion'; itus, -ūs m. `gait', next to which zero grades *eiḫtuḫs probably as base from osk. eituam, eítiuvam `property, riches, wealth, *incomings' (compare to meaning `entrance, incomings, returning, return, εἴσοδος' or `moving property');

air. Pass. ethae `gone away, departure', ethaid `goes', ad-etha (*-it-āt) `seizes'; perhaps air. ōeth `oath', acymr. an-utonou, mcymr. an-udon `perjury' = got. aiÞs, anord. eiðr, ags. āÞ, as. ēth, ahd. eid `oath' (formal = gr. οἶτος, meaning perhaps evolved from `oath way, stepping forward to taking of an oath', compare schwed. ed-gångö, s. but above S. 11.);

asachs. frēthi `apostate, fleeting', ahd. freidi `fleeting, bold, foolhardy' (from *fra-iÞya-, *pro-iti̯os `the the gone away, the departed', compare Old Indian prēti- f. `leave, escape, departure', in addition prētya `after the death, on the other side');

Maybe alb. geg. me pritë (*pre-ita) `to host'

probably anord. vīðr `capacious, wide, vast, spacious', ags. as. wīd, ahd. wit, nhd. weit from *u̯i-itos `gone apart' (compare Old Indian vītá- `gone, dwindled, missing, without', vīta-bhaya- `fearless', vīti- f. `go away, pass over, depart, seclude oneself' and lat. vītāre, see under).

iterative i-tā- in gr. ἰτητέον, ἰτητικός el. ἐπ-αν-ιτᾱκώρ, lat. itō, -āre, air. ethaid `goes', umbr. (with secondary lengthened grade probably after eitu, eite) etatu, etato `have gone, will go'; unclear gr. φοιτάω `go here and there' (ἰτάω with prefix *φοι, to got. ahd. bi-öö), lat. vītāre `to shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade' = `(by Plaut. m. dative) go from the way, go from sb'; doubtful, if here lat. ūtor (alat. oetor, oitile) `to use, make use of, employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with', pöl. oisa aetate `get used to an enjoying life', osk. úíttiuf `usufruct', with prefix o-, originally `approach, wherewith deal with' (úíttiuf still distinct with corresponding lat. itiō; still it remains to be clarified, if the present from *o-itārī would be transferred in the way of the root verb);

if οἴσω `will carry' as `go up to something' or `go with something' as based on ūtor from *o- + *it-ö After Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 752⁹ rather from *oiḫs-; compare under οἴχομαι.

dh-formations: gr. ἴθμα n. `gait', εἰσίθμη `entrance'; doubtful ἰσθμός, att. inschr. ΏIσθμός `narrow access, tongue of land, promontory, isthmus; neck' (basic form *idh-dhmosö at least the way of the penetration from σ would not be clear in older *ἴθμος); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492¹²;

anord. eið `isthmus';

lit. Instr. eĩdine `in amble, easy pace' (of horses), Old Church Slavic idǫ `go' (see above).

m-formation:

Old Indian ḗma- m. `gait' (but gr. οἶμος, οἷμος `gait' to ἐείσατο, s. u̯ei- `ἱεμαι'); lit. eismė̃ `gait, Steige' with lit. -sm-suffix.

u̯-formation:

Old Indian ḗva- m. `run, departure, way, consuetude, custom'; Old Indian dur-ḗva- `of bad kind, mad, wicked, evil'; ahd. ēwa (*oiu̯ā) f `law, norm, covenant, matrimony', as. ēu, ēo m., ags. ǣw, ǣ f. `law, sacred custom, matrimony' (for resemblance with ēua `eternity, perpetualness' pleads Weigand-Hirt s. v.); compare also got. ƕaiwa `as, like' (if from *qʷōiu̯os from *qʷo-oiu̯os; so also gr. ποῖος under likewiseö, see under qʷo);

e-grade lit. péreiva, péreivis `landloper', after Specht KZ. 65, 48 from Adj. *ejùs, to ved. upāyú- `approaching'.

l-formation probably in intensive as. īlian, ahd. īllan `hurry, rush' (from *ijilian; *ei̯eli̯ō, formation as lat. sepeliō); at most, yet very doubtful, norw. dial. eil f. `gully resembling a dent', schwed. dial. ela ds., lit. eilė̃ `row, furrow', lett. ailis `area, row'.

gh-extension in:

arm. ēj `descent', ijanem (Aor. ēǰ) `climb down, go down', ijavank` Pl. `inn', ijavor `guest';

Maybe alb. geg. hyj `enter' [alb. preserves the old laryngeal ḫ-]

gr. εἴχεται οἴχεται Hes., οἴχομαι `go away, be away', οἰχνέω `go, come', perhaps also ἴχνος, ἴχνιον `footprint' (as `tread, step');

air. ōegi, Gen. -ed `guest';

lit. eigà f. `gait'.

i̯ā- in:

Old Indian yā́ti `goes, travels', av. yāiti ds., Old Indian yā́naḫḥ m. `pathway', n. `gait, vehicle', av. yāh- n. `crisis, (turning point), verdict' (s-stem);

gr. `Επ-ίασσα `pressed, squeezed, being upon' (with -nt-suffix), epithet of Demeter (: Old Indian yatī́ `the going');

lat. Jānus `altital. God of the doors and the beginning of the year; he had a small temple in the Forum, with two doors opposite to each other, which in time of war stood open and in time of peace were shut', jānua `doors';

air. ā `pivot, axle, cart' (idg. *i̯ā), āth `ford' (*i̯āḫtuḫs; brit. supplementary assumes Pedersen KG. I 322 f.);

lit. jóju, jóti, lett. jâju, jât `ride', lit. jódyti `ride continually';

Old Church Slavic jadǫ, jachati (s-extension *i̯āḫs-) `drive, be carried, conveyed', particle Pass. prě-javъ, jazda `the going, riding', jato `herd, flock' (see to slav. forms Berneker 441 f., v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 205, Bröckner KZ. 45, 52, Persson Beitr. 348 f.); in addition slav. FlN Jana (Nowgorod), Janka (Vilna), Jana (Bulgaria), nhd. Jahna (Saxony); s. Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 64.

Perhaps also here lett. Jānis (thrown together with christl. Johannes) as a ruler of the sky gate; compare above E. Fraenkel Balt. Sprachwiss. 134;

toch. A yā `he walked', В yatsi `go', with p- extension yopsa `he entered', etc. (Pedersen Toch. 231); compare Old Indian yāpáyati `allows to reach to'.

i̯ē- in i̯ēro-: i̯ōro-: i̯ǝro- `year, summer':

Old Indian paryāríṇī- (pari-yāríṇī-) `calving after one year only' (ö);

av. yārǝ n. `year';

gr. ὥρα `season, daytime, hour, right time', ὧρος `time, year';

perhaps lat. hōrnus `of this spring, this year's', if being based on *hōi̯ōrō `in these years', compare ahd. hiuru `this year' from *hiu jāru;

proto kelt. *i̯arā (*i̯ǝrā), cymr. bret. iar `hen', gall. PN Iarilla, mir. eirḫīn `chicken' (air. *airḫīn); incorrect O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 148 f.;

got. jēr, anord. ār, ags. geār, as. ahd. jār n. `year';

russ.-Church Slavic jara `spring', russ. jarь `summer harvest' (etc., s. Berneker 446, therefrom derivatives for one-year-old animal, e.g. russ. járec `one-year-old beaver', járka `sheep lamb', bulg. járka `young chicken');

against it certainly here mhd. jān `row, way', nhd. Jahn `way, row of mowed grain', schwed. mundartl. ån ds.

References: WP. I 102 ff., WH. I 406 ff., 658 f., 668 f., 723, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674.

Page(s): 293-297

Root / lemma: ek̂u̯o-s (*hek̂u̯o-)

English meaning: horse

German meaning: `Pferd'

Note:

Horses were often considered the most precioys sacrifice for the sea god. That is why from Root / lemma: akʷā- (correct ǝkʷā): ēkʷ- : `water, river' derived Root / lemma: ek̂u̯o-s : `horse'.

Material:

Old Indian áśva-ḥ, av. aspa- Old pers. asa- `horse'; about osset. yöfs see under;

gr. ἵππος ds. m. f. (originally without Asper: ῎Αλκ-ιππος etc.);

thrak. PN Βετέσπιος, Οὐτάσπιος, Autesbis, Esbenus, lyk. Κακασβος; about lyk. esbeḫdi `cavalry' (phryg. Lw.ö) s. Pedersen Lyk. and Hitt. 51, 67 (*ek̂u̯ii̯o-mö);

lat. equus `a horse, steed, charger' (compare osk. names Epius, Epidius, Epetīnus, yet s. Schulze EN 220⁴, 355);

air. ech, gall. epo- (in Eporēdia, Epona `The Celtic horse goddess whose authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey', etc.), cymr. corn. ebol `foals' (*epālo-);

ags. eoh m., anord. iōr `horse', as. in ehu-skalk `groom, stableman', got. in aíƕa-tundi `briar' (`*horse tooth');

toch. A yuk, Gen. yukes, В yakwe `horse' with prothet. y (as in osset. jöfs, neuind. dial. yāsp ds.); out of it borrowed törk. etc. jök `horse's load', from which russ. juk `Saumlast' etc.

About lat. asinus `an ass', hinnus `mule', gr. ὄνος etc. s. WH. I 72 f., 647, 849.

fem. Old Indian áśvā, av. aspā-, lat. equa, altlit. ašvà, ešva `mare' (the formation held by Meillet BSL. 29, LXIV rightly for single-linguistic, Lommel Idg. Fem. 30 f. for previously proto form);

Old Indian áśv(i)ya-, av. aspya-, gr. ἵππιος `of a horse, of horses'; lat. equīnus `of a horse, of horses', Old Prussian aswinan n. `kumys, mare milk', lit. ašvíenis m. `stallion', compare also FlN Ašvinė, Ašvà; gr. ἱππότ-ης `equestrian, horseman' : lat. eques, -itis m. ds `a horseman, rider'. (letzteres from *eqʷot-).

The gr. word could exist because of tarent. epid. ἴκκος illyr. Lw.; compare pannon. PN Ecco, Eppo, maked. PN ᾽Επό-κιλλος, the builder of the Trojan horse ᾽Επειός, VN ᾽Επειοῖ in illyr. Elis, etc. (Krahe Festgabe Bulle 203 ff.); neither the Asper nor ι can be explained by gr., yet the various treatments from k̂u̯- in gr. were not surprising, because also the labiovelars are treated dialectically differently there (Risch briefl.).

Maybe lat. caballa `mare', caballus `a nag, pack-horse, hack, jade'

Ru. kobýla `mare', then Cz. komoň `horse' finally:

Old Church Slavic: kon'ь `horse' [m jo]

Russian: kon' `horse' [m jo]

Czech: ku̥ň `horse' [m jo], koně [Gens]

Slovak: kôň `horse' [m jo], koňa [Gens]

Polish: koń `horse' [m jo]

Serbo-Croatian: kò ̀nj `horse' [m jo]

Slovene: kònj `horse' [m jo]

Indo-European reconstruction: kab-n-io-öö {1} (kom-n-io-öö) {2}

Maybe alb. patkonj Pl. `horseshoes', alb. geg. potkoi `horseshoe' : rum. potcoavă `horseshoe' < russ. подкова (podkova) `horseshoe' [slav. *pod `under' + ital. cavallo `horse' folk etymology]

Spanish caballo, French cheval, ital. cavallo, Alb. kalë, rum. cal `horse'.

References: WP. I 113, WH. I 412 f., 862, Trautmann 72, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 68, 301, 351, 499.

Page(s): 301-302

Root / lemma: elg-

English meaning: miserable, poor

German meaning: `armselig, dörftig'

Material: Arm. aɫkaɫk `miserable, poor, small, evil, bad'; ahd. ilki `hunger'; lit. el̃gtis `beg', el̃geta `beggar' (Lidén Arm. stem 99 f.); kinship with *elk- `hungry; evil, bad' is but quite doubtful; see there.

References: WP. I 160.

Page(s): 310

Root / lemma: elkos-

English meaning: boil n.

German meaning: `Geschwör'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian árśas- n. `hemorrhoid';

gr. ἕλκος n. `wound, esp. pustulating wound, ulcer' (Spir. asper after ἕλκω), ἕλκανα τραύματα Hes., ἑλκαίνω `I am wounded';

lat. ulcus, -eris `ulcer' (*elkos); to lat. ulcus probably also ulciscor, ultus sum `to avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense' as `collect bitterness, rancor against somebody'.

The latter would be placed against it from Pedersen KG. I 126 incredible to air. olc, elc `bad, evil, wicked, ugly, unlucky', s. *elk- `hungry; evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 160.

Page(s): 310

Root / lemma: elk-, elǝk-

German meaning: `hungrig, schlecht' (ö)

See also: see above S. 307 (el-7, elǝ-)

Page(s): 310

Root / lemma: el-1, ol-, _el-

English meaning: red, brown (in names of trees and animals)

German meaning: Farbwurzel with der meaning `rot, braun', bildet Tier- and Baumnamen

Note: mostly i-, u- and n- (also m-) stem, rare from the bare root, which seems extended then with g or k̂. In names of swan and other sea birds the meaning is `white, gleaming', as in al-bho- `white' refined names (above S. 30 f), thus both roots are probably identical originally.

Material: A. Adjektiva:

Old Indian aruṇá-ḥ `reddish, golden', aruṣáḫḥ `fire-color', av. auruša- `white';

germ. *elwa- `brown, yellow' in ahd. elo (elawēr), mhd. el (elwer);

compare also gall. VN Helvii, Helvetii, perhaps also schweiz. FlN Ilfis (*Elvisi̯ā). B. el- in tree names for `alder', `elm' and `juniper':

1. `alder'

Lat. alnus `alder' (from *alsnos or *alenos; the anlaut al goes back to older _el-);

maked. (illyr.ö) ἄλιζα (*_elisā) `abele, white poplar';

after Bertoldi (ZfceltPh. 17, 184 ff.) places proto gall. *alisā `alder' in many PN and FlN; besides die later dominant meaning `service tree' in *alisia, frz. alise, nhd. Else; illyr.-ligur. origin is proved through frequent occurence in Corsica (FlN Aliso, Alistro etc., alzo `alder'); compare gall. PN Alisia, FlN Alisontia, frz. Aussonce, Auzance, nhd. Elsenz, etc.;

for Got. is according to span. aliso `alder' ein *alisa `alder' must be assumed; ahd. elira and with metathesis erila, nhd. Eller, Erle, mndd. elre (*alizō), else (*alisō), ndl. els ds., altn. elri n., elrir m.; alr, ǫlr (*aluz-) ds., ags. alor ds.; idg. e root is guaranteed through aisl. jǫlstr (*elustrā) `alder' and ilstri `willow, Salix pentandra' (*elisḫtrḫi̯o-; mhd. dial. hilster, halster ds. with secondary h, as schwed. (h)ilster); an adj. formation is ahd. erlīn `of alder'; perhaps to compare also ags. ellen, ellern, engl. elder `elder';

It is to be compared further lit. al̃ksnis, elksnis, lett. àlksnis, ostlett. èlksnis, ostlit. alìksnis, Old Prussian alskande (Hs. abskande) `alder', yet one will have to assume various basic forms *alsni̯a, *elsni̯a (with ablaut) and *alisni̯a (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 6, yet compare v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 192). The suffix from Old Prussian alskande reminds after Trautmann an slav.*jagnędь `black poplar';

also the Slavic shows old e/o-ablaut; go back to slav. *jelьcha (*elisā): abg. jelьcha `alder', bulg. (j)elhá ds.; on slav. *olьcha (*olisā): poln. olcha, russ. ólьcha `alder' (dial. also ëlcha, elócha, volьcha);

Maybe alb. (*vel) ver `alder' : russ. dial. also ëlcha, elócha, volь cha `alder' [common alb. prothetic v- : slav. j- before bare initial vowels].

slav. *jelьša, respectively *olьša lies before in skr. dial. jȅlśa (compare jèlāšje `alder bush' from *jelьšьje), sloven. ję́ɫša, dial. ǫ́ɫša, jóɫša ds., russ. dial. olьša, olьšína, elьšína and lešína (compare Pedersen KZ. 38, 310, 317).

As derived Adj. appears balt.-slav. *al(i)seina- : lit. alksnìnis, ostlit. alìksninis, abg. jelьšinъ (compare ahd. erlīn).

2. `elm': elem-.

Lat. ulmus `an elm, elm-tree' goes to idg. *ol-mo-s or to zero grades *l̥-mó-s back; full grade (but s. S. 309) in mir. lem `elm' (*lemos). There, one puts gall. Lemo-, Limo- etc.; cymr. llwyf `elm' falls out of the frame, that due to the basic form *leimā must be placed probably to elē̆i- `bend' (see 309).

Compare further ahd. ëlmboum `elm', altn. almr (with o-grade), mnd. ags. elm ds.; nhd. Ulme, mhd. ulmboum should derive from Lat. (Kluge), what is not sure at all, because compare ags. ulmtréow, mnd. olm, so that possibly the Germ. contains all three Abl.-grades contains; russ. ílim, G. íl'ma etc. derives from Germ.

3. juniper and other conifers: el-eu-, el-en-.

Arm. eɫevin, Gen. eɫevni `cedar';

perhaps gr. ἐλάτη `fir, spruce' (*el-n̥-tā);

lit. ė̃glius m. (for *élus after ẽglė `fir') `juniper', lett. pa-egle f. ds.;

slav. *ělovьcь `juniper' in čech. jalovec, russ. jáɫovec ds., besides n-forms in wruss. jel-en-ec etc.

C. el- in animal names:

1. `deer and similar to animal. `

a. with k̂-forms (germ. slav. olk̂̂is):

Ahd. ëlho, ëlaho `elk', ags. eolh, engl. elk ds.; with o-gradation (*olk̂ís) anord. elgr ds.; from an initial stressed form germ. *álχis derives lat. alcēs, alcē f. and gr. ἄλκη f. `elk'; russ. losь, čech. los, poln. ɫoś, osorb. ɫos `elk' (from *olkis); zero grade: Old Indian r̥śa-ḥ ŕ̥śyaḫḥ `male antelope', pam. rus `wild mountain sheep'.

b. stem el-en-, el-n̥- (elǝnī `hind'); zero grade l-ō̆n-:

Arm. eɫn, Gen. eɫin `deer';

gr. ἔλαφος m. f. `deer' (*eln̥-bho-s), ἐλλός `young deer' (*elno-s);

cymr. elain `hind' (*elǝnī = abg. alъni, lani ds.), air. elit `roe deer' (*eln̥-tī) perhaps also mir. ell f. `herd' (*elnā); ablaut. *lon- in göl. lon m. `elk'; gall. month name Elembiu (: gr. Ώ᾽Ελαφηβολιών);

lit. élnis and élnias, alit. ellenis m. `deer' (out of it mhd. elent, nhd. Elen), lett. al̂nis `elk';

Old Church Slavic (j)elenь `deer' (older consonant-stem), russ. olénь etc.

Femin. *elǝnī- and *alǝnī- `hind' in:

lit. élnė and álnė ds., Old Prussian alne `animal';

abg. alъni, lani `hind' (= cymr. elain), russ. (with junction in die ĭ-Dekl.) lanь, čech. laní etc.;

in addition further very probably as *l-on-bho-s (with the same suffix as ἔλαφος) also got. lamb `sheep', anord. lamb `lamb, sheep', ahd. lamb `lamb' (mostly neutr. -es-stem, what appears basic germ. innovation after calf);

As rearrangement from *elen- understands Niedermann IA. 18, 78 f. gr. ἔνελος νεβρός Hes.; lat. (h)inuleus borrowed out of it.

2. waterfowl: el-, ol-, with guttural extension or r- and u-stem.

Gr. 1. ἐλέᾱ f. `a kind of owl, a small marsh bird' (to ἕλος n. `swamp, marsh'ö); 2. ἑλώριος `rotfößiger Stelzenlöufer' (not quite supported word, leg. ἐρῳδιόςö);

lat. olor `swan' (*elōr);

air. elae (*elou̯io-) ds., with k-suffix acorn. elerhc, cymr. alarch (a- from e-, s. Pedersen KG. I 40);

older schwed. and schwed. mdartl. alle, al(l)a, al(l) (finn. Lw. allo), schwed. written-linguistic alfågel `long-tailed duck', norw. mdartl. hav-al, -ella; with idg. g-derivative: anord. alka `black and white North Atlantic auk, razorbill, penguin'; alka could also belong to onomatopoeic word roots el-, ol- `cry' (see 306);

Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkë (*alkʷha) `white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.

because idg. -k(o)- suffix is common in animal names (above corn. elerhc), could be also added perhaps: gr. ἀλκυών `kingfisher' (lat. alcēdo seems reshaped out of it), schweiz. wīss-elg and birch-ilge from variant kinds of duck.

3. `polecat'ö

Perhaps here the 1. component from ahd. illi(n)tī̆so, nhd. Iltis and ahd. elledī̆so (nhd. dial. elledeis), ndd. öllek `polecat', if from *illit-wī̆so (to nhd. Wiesel); germ. *ella- from *elḫna-, because of the red-yellow hair; different sees Kluge¹¹ therein ahd. ellenti (from elilenti, see above S. 25) `strange'.

References: WP. I 151 f., 154 f., WH. I 28, 31, Specht Dekl. 37, 58 f., 116, Trautmann 6, 68 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 137 f.

Page(s): 302-304

Root / lemma: el-2

English meaning: to lie

German meaning: `ruhen'öö

Material: After Persson Wortf. 743 has defended a idg. root el- `rest' and base *elī̆- with consecutive pattern: Old Indian iláyati `stands still, gets some peace' (iḷáyati should be faulty spelling), an-ilaya-ḥ `restless, not still', wherefore probably Old Indian alasás `idle, tired, dull' (to s-stem *alas- `tiredness' as rajasás : rájas-; after Uhlenbeck Wb. 15 belongs though alasá-ḥ as a-lasa- `not awake, not animated, not blithe' to lásati, s. las- `greedy, insatiable'), lit. alsà `tiredness', ilstù, il̃sti `become tired', ilsiúos, ilsė́tis `rest', ãtḫilsis `relaxation'. The dissyllabic basis points, shows, evinces gr. ἐλῑνύω `lie, rest, be powerless, hesitates, stops'. The whole construction is very dubious; compare about ἐλῑνύω lei-2 `crouch' and lēi- `slacken'.

References: WP. I 152.

Page(s): 304-305

Root / lemma: el-3 : ol-

English meaning: to rot

German meaning: `modrig sein, faulen' (ö)

Note:

The extension of Root / lemma: el-3 : ol- : `to rot' into elkʷh- caused kʷ > p, b then b > mb > m phonetic mutations.

Material: A root with variant determinative root.

without conservative extension seems to be the zero grade root in norw. ul `become moldy', dial. also `fill with disgust', schwed. ul `rancid' etc., holl. uilig `decayed' (from wood); derived verbs are norw. schw. ula, altn. norw. schw. ulna. If Old Indian āla- n., ālaka- (*ōl-n̥-ko-) `poison' belongs here, it remains dubious.

mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit āla- `poison'. obviously alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear; grove) derived Root / lemma: el-3 : ol-: (to rot, poison).

guttural extension lies before in:

Old Indian r̥jīṣá́-ḥ `viscous, smooth, slippery', lat. alga f. `seaweed, kelp' from *_elgā (compare ags. wōs `slime, mud, dampness': engl. woos `seaweed') and very numerous germ., esp. skand.-isl. forms, as: norw. dial. ulka `fester, disgust', refl. `start to rot', ulka `mildew, adhesive mucus; repulsive, unclean woman', etc. hereupon also dön. ulk `bullhead', norw. ulk `toadfish', further norw. dial. olga `feel disgust, nausea', elgja `want to vomit' etc., isl. also ǣla (*alhian); norw. dial. alka `pollute, litter', ndd. alken `touch impure things, step on dirt'; -sk show dön. dial. alske `pollute', ndd. alschen, fries. alsk, ölsk `impure, unclean, spoil' etc.

Maybe alb. alka `floating cream, wool fat, dirt, stain'

That lat. ulva (*oleu̯ā) `swamp-grass, sedge' moreover belongs, is very probably; lit. álksna `puddle' could go back to *olg-snā.

Dental extension appears in:

arm. aɫt (*ḷd-) `smut, filth', aɫtiur, eɫtiur (under elteur) `damp lowland, depression'. In addition altnord. ū̆ldna `mildew', ahd. oltar `dirt crumb', probably also anord. ȳ̆lda `mustiness smell'.

m-formant is found in:

norw. dial. ulma `mildew', ndd. ostfries. olm, ulm `decay, esp. in wood', mnd. ulmich `fretted from decay', mhd. ulmic ds.; lit. el̃mės, almens `the liquid flowing from the corpse'.

bh-extension lies in arm. aɫb `filth' before.

References: WP. I 152 f., WH. I 28 f., Petersson Heterokl. 165 f.

Page(s): 305

Root / lemma: el-4, ol-

English meaning: expressive root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Material: Arm. aɫmuk `din, fuss, noise, agitation etc. `(*l̥mo-), alavt`-k` `imploration', olb `lament', olok` `urgent request';

gr. ὄλολυς `lamenter, effeminate person', ὀλολυγή `wailing, lament', ὀλοφυδνός `lamenting', ὀλοφύρομαι `lament'; perhaps also ἔλεγος n. `dirge', ἔλεος m., later n. `pity';

asl. jalmr `din, fuss, noise', jalma `shout, make a harsh noise, hiss, whiz, rattle, crack, creak, rustle, clatter, tinkle, jingle, chink', norw. mdartl. jalm, jelm `clangor', schwed. mdartl. jalm `scream, harsh sound'; norw. mdartl. alka `starts to complain', ostfries. ulken `drive to confusion, cry, mock, scoff' (nhd. ulken), schwed. dial. alken `begin to growl';

lit. nualdė́ti `sound', algóti `summon, name';

perhaps belong also the names for waterfowl from a root el-, ol- here (yet s. S. 304); somewhat different is the sensation value from ul-.

References: WP. I 153 f., Pisani Armen. 8 f.

Page(s): 306

Root / lemma: el-5, ol- (*hel-)

English meaning: to destroy

German meaning: `vernichten, verderben'öö

Material: Arm. eɫeṙn, Gen. eɫeṙan `misfortune'; oɫorm `unlucky';

gr. ὄλλυμι `spoil' (*ολ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλέσω, Perf. ὀλώλεκα (older intrans. ὄλωλα) etc., after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 747 ὀλ- instead of *ἐλ- after the causative *ὀλέω; ὀλέκω `destroy', ὄλεθρος m. `ruin';

after Loth (RC 40, 371) here mbret. el-boet `hunger' (to boet `nourishment, food'), bret. (Vannes) ol-buid `lack of food', ol-argant `lack of money' etc., perhaps also air. el-tes `lukewarm' (tes `heat');

about lat. aboleō `to destroy, abolish, efface, put out of the way, annihilate' s. WH. I 4 f.; if el- lies as a basis for roots elg-, elk- ö

possibly hitt. hu-ul-la-a-i `he defeats, destroys', Couvreur H̯ 134 f., different Hendriksen, Laryngaltheorie 27, 47.

References: WP. 1159 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 361, 363, 696, 747, Petersson Heterokl. 159.

Page(s): 306

Root / lemma: el-6, elǝ- : lā-; el-eu-(dh-)

English meaning: to drive; to move, go

German meaning: `treiben, in Bewegung setzen; sich bewegen, gehen'

Material: Arm. eɫanim `I become', Aor. 1. Sg. eɫē (*eɫei), 2. Sg. eɫer, 3. Sg. eɫeu-, elanem `I rise up, climb, ascend, come out, emerge', 3. Sg. Aor. el; in addition eluzi `I made spry, animated' (*el-ou-ghe-), thereafter eluzanem `I make come out';

gr. ἐλα- in Imper. koisch ἐλάτω, Fut. ἐλᾶντι (*ἐλαοντι), Aor. ἐλάσαντες and poet. ἐλάω `drive'; suppletive to ἄγω (see under kelt. el-), Fut. att. ἐλῶ, Aor. ἤλασα; mostly ἐλαύνω `drive, travel' (from a noun *ἐλα-υν-ος, Brugmann Grundriß II, 1, 321);

with dh-extension `come': Aor. ἦλθον (from ἤλυθον), out of it dor. etc. ἦνθον; Perf. hom. εἰλήλουθα, att. ἐλήλυθα; Fut. ion. ἐλεύσομαι; about Perf. ἐλήλυμεν (*elu-), adj. προσ-ήλυτος `someone who comes', ἔπηλυς, -υδος ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 704², 769⁷;

one places still here ἰάλλω `send, throw, cast' (*i-_el-i̯ō), Aor. hom. ἴηλα, dor. ἴηλα (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648, 717); but Old Indian íyarti `he excites, stirs' belongs rather to er-1;

air. luid `walked' (*ludh-e), 3. Pl. lotar (*ludh-ont-r̥); as in Gr. is supplied in Kelt. aĝ- `drive, push' by el-, however, partly also the root pel- `to beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel' has coincided (see there), so certainly in air. Fut. eblaid `will drive, push' (from *pi-plā-s-e-ti), Fut. sek. di-eblad `would wrest';

el- appears in Brit. only in subjunctive: present 1. Sg. mcymr. el(h)wyf, 3. Sg.el, Corn. 1. Sg. yllyf, 3. Sg. ello, mbr. 3. Sg. me a yḫel `I will go' (у is removed hiatus; lh and ll go back to l + intervocalic s); perhaps here die gall. FlN Elaver > Elaris > frz. Allier (*еlǝ-u̯er- : *elǝ-u̯en-, see above ἐλαύνω) and Elantia > nhd. Elz;

perhaps in addition as no-participle (öö) ags. lane, -u f. `alley, way', anord. lǫn `line of houses', etc. About anord. elta `press, pursue, drive away' (*alatjanö) s. Falk-Тогp m. Nachtr.

References: WP. I 155 f., Meillet BSL. 26, 6 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 213, 507, 521⁴, 681 f.

Page(s): 306-307

Root / lemma: el-7, elǝ-, with -k-extension elk-, elǝk-

English meaning: hungry, bad

German meaning: `hungrig, schlecht' (ö)

Material: Air. elc `mad, wicked, evil' (but olc ds., Gen. uilc places *ulko- ahead!); about lat. ulciscor `to avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense' see under elkos-;

perhaps anord. illr `mad, wicked, evil' (*elhila-);

lit. álkti, lett. al̂kt (besides s-al̂kt) `starve' (*olǝk-), Old Prussian alkīns, lit. álkanas `sober';

Old Church Slavic lačǫ and alъčǫ, lakati and alъkati, sloven. lákati `starve', čech. lakati `long, want', where the stem slav. *ólka derives from Pröter.; in addition the adjectives Old Church Slavic lačъnъ, alъčьnъ, čech. lačný `hungry' and Old Church Slavic lakomъ `hungry', čech. lakomý `greedy', etc.

Maybe alb. lakmi `desire, hunger'.

References: WP. I 159 f., Trautmann 6 f.

Page(s): 307

Root / lemma: el-8, elē̆i-, lē̆i-

English meaning: to bow, bend; elbow, *rainbow

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: A. Here names position themselves at first for `elbow' and `ulna, ell':

Gr. ὠλένη `elbow', ὠλήν, -ένος ds.; ὠλέκρᾱνον (from ὠλενο-κρᾱνον through remote dissimilation, compare Brugmann Ber. d. söchs. Ges. d. W. 1901, 31 ff.) `the point of the elbow'; ὦλλον την τοῦ βραχίονος καμπήν Hes.;

lat. ulna (from *olinā) `elbow, arm; an ell';

air. uilenn `elbow', mir. uillind `elbow' (-ll- from -ln- the syncopated case, compare Pedersen KG. II 59), cymr. elin, acorn. elin, bret. ilin `elbow' (*olīnā);

Got.: aleina `ulna, ell' shows the same long middle vowel, however, germ. forms have remaining short middle vowel: ags. eln (engl. ell), ahd. elina, mhd. elline, elne, nhd. Elle; Altnord. shows form variegation: aisl. seldom alen (anorw. also alun) with preserved middle vowel, otherwise ǫln, eln (ǭln, āln);

simple root *ō̆lē̆- in Old Indian aratní-ḥ m. `elbow', av. arǝϑna- ds. frā-rāϑni- `ulna, ell', Old pers. arašniš ds.;

in alb. lërë geg. lans `arm from elbow to wrist, ell' (*lenā; yet compare Pedersen KZ. 33, 544) lacks the anlaut vowel.

Note: alb. geg. lans `ell' derived from zero grade of *alana `elbow'

B. The same root placed furthermore in: Old Indian āṇíḫḥ m. `pin, leg part about the knee' (*ārni-, idg. *ēlni- or *ōlni-), arālaḫḥ `bent, curved', ā́rtnī `end of curve', probably also in alaka- `hair lock', perhaps in ālaḫvālam `Vertiefung um die Wurzel eines Baumes, um das för den Baumbestimmte Wasser einzufangen';

arm. oɫn (Gen. oɫin) `dorsal vertebrae, backbone, spine, shoulder', ulu `backbone, spine, shoulder' (from idg.*olen, respectively *ōlen); further arm. aɫeɫn (Gen. aɫeɫan) `bow, rainbow', il (Gen. iloy) `spindle, arrow, Spille' (*ēlo-), ilik ds.;

cymr. olwyn (*oleinā) `wheel';

germ. ablaut. *luni- in ahd. as. mhd. lun `axle pin, linchpin', nhd. Lonnagel, compare ahd. luning `linchpin', ags. lyni-bor `borer', next to which a s-derivative ags. lynis, asöchs. lunisa, mnd. löns(e), nhd. Lönse;

lit. lušìs `axle pin' (Specht Dekl. 100, 125, 163);

abg. lanita `cheek' (*olnita).

C. further formations ē̆l-ē̆q-:

1. In names for elbow, arm, now and then also other body parts:

Arm. olok` `shinbone, leg' (*eloq- or *oloq-);

gr. [ἄλξ καὶ] ἄλαξ πῆχυς, ᾽Αθαμάνων Hes.;

lit. úolektis f., lett. uôlekts `ell' (originally conservative stem *ōlekt-);

Maybe alb. ulok `lame' : mir. losc `lame'

Old Prussian woaltis, woltis `ulna, ell, forearm' (*ōlkt-); lit. alkúnė, elkúnė f., Old Prussian alkunis `elbow', lett. èlks n. èlkuons ds., abg. lakъtъ, russ. lókotь `ulna, ell' (*olkъ-tь); russ. dial. alьčik (ö) `ankle, ankle bone; heel'.

2. Gr. λοξός `bent, dislocated, slantwise' (mir. losc `lame'), λέχριος `slant, skew, quer' (*λεκσ-ριος), λέχρις `quer', λικριφίς `quer' (diss. from *λιχριφίς, Saussure MSL. 7, 91, Hirt IF. 12, 226; whose i of the first syllable probably rather from ε assimilated as with ι = _e, as indeed:) λικροί Hes. besides λεκροί `the prongs of deer antlers', λίξ, λίγξ πλάγιος Hes., as `incurvation, trough' λέκος n., λέκις, λεκάνη `trough, platter';

cymr. llechwedd `slope, inclination', gall. Lexovii, Lixovii VN; mir. losc `lame';

lat. licinus `bent or turned upward, having crooked horns' (from *lecinos), lanx, -cis `a plate, platter; the scale of a balance' (probably also lacus etc., s. *laqu-);

quite dubious is the interpretation from abg. lono `bosom, lap' etc. from *loq-s-no- `incurvation', also from bulg. lónec etc. `pot, pan' from loq-s-no- (see Berneker 732).

D. To lē̆i- `bend' belong also:

Perhaps got. undarleija `lowest, faintest';

lett. leja `valley, lowland, depression', lejš `situated low'.

1. With m-suffixes:

presumably gr. λειμών `meadow' (`*lowland, depression, indentation'), λιμήν `harbor', thess. `market' (`*bay'), λίμνη `sea, pond, pool' (`*immersion, depression bent inwards, dent');

cymr. llwyf `elm' (*leiḫmā), nir. PN Liamhain (to *līamh ds.), perhaps zero grade mir. lem ds. (*limo-), nir. PN Leamhain (whether not from *lemo-, see under el-1);

lat. līmus `sidelong, askew, aslant, askance; an apron crossed with purple; slime, mud, mire', līmes -itis `a path, passage, road, way, track', osk. liímítúm `a path, passage, road, way, track', līmen `doorsill' (`*crossbar, crossbeam');

anord. limr (u-stem) f. `limb, member, thin twig, branch' (`*pliable'), lim f. ds., lim n. `the fine branches which carry the foliage', ags. lim n. `limb, member, twig, branch', zero grade anord. līmi m. `trunk, Körperstatur' (lit. liemuõ m. `tree truck, Körperstatur', originally `round timber, curvature'ö).

Maybe alb. geg. (*lemes) lamsh `ball of (pliable) wool, globe of earth, pool, spellet'.

2. With r-suffix: perhaps alb. klirḫtë `valley' from prefix kë+liḫr.

3. With t-suffixes:

lat. lituus `a crooked staff borne by an augur, augur's crook, crosier, augural wand' (being based on *li-tu-s `curvature');

got. liÞus `limb, member', anord. liðr (u-stem) `joint, limb, member, curvature, bay', ags. lið, lioðu- m., as. lith `joint, limb, member', ahd. lid, mhd. lit, lides m. n. `ds., part, piece' (s-stem), wherefore anord. liða `bend, bow', ags. āliðian `dismember, separate', ahd. lidōn `cut in pieces' as well as anord. liðugr `(flexible) a little bit movable, free, unhindered', mhd. ledec `available, single, free, unhindered';

toch. AB lit- `go away, die, tumble, fall down'.

E. guttural extensions:

Lat. oblīquus `sidelong, slanting, awry, oblique, crosswise, skew' (-u̯o- could be suffix, compare curvus), liquis ds. (probably with ī), līcium `in weaving, the thrum or perhaps a leash; in gen., a thread, a cross thread; plur., the woof' (`*weft'), lixulae `a round pancake made of flour, cheese, and water';

perhaps cymr. llwyg (*lei-ko-) `balky horse', bret. loeg-rin `an askance look' (Loth RC 42, 370 f).

References: WP. I 156 ff., WH. I 744, 761, 798.

Page(s): 307-309

Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- (*ḫeĝ(h)om)

English meaning: this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one

Note:

Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : `this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one' derived from the reduced Root / lemma: eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō : `I'. Indic languages display -ĝ- > -y-, Germanic -ĝ- > -g-, Italic -ĝh- > -cc, kk-, Slavic -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation.

German meaning: paradigmatisch verbundene Pronominalstamme `the, er'

Note: (e, i probably originally demonstrative particle). To i- is joined the relative stem i̯o-. Summarizing representation offer esp. Brugmann Dem. 32 ff., BSGW. 60, 41 ff., Grundr. II² 2, 324 ff., Pedersen Pron. dém. 311 ff.

Material: A. case-by-case used forms:

Old Indian ayám `he' = gthav. ауǝ̄m, jav. aēm (after ahám `I' widened ar. *ai = idg. *ei; idg. *ei of stem e-, as *qʷo-i of stem kʷo-, not lengthened grade to i-); Old Indian idám `it' (without the secondary -am-extension Old Indian ít, av. it̃ as emphasizing particle), Old Indian iyám (extended from *ī-) = av. īm (i.e. iyǝm), Old pers. iyam `she', Akk. Sg. m. Old Indian imám (extended from *im) = Old pers. imam (that after f. imām etc.), Gen. m. n. asyá, ásya = av. ahe, fem. Old Indian asyā́ḥ = av. aiŋ́hā̊, Dat. m. n. asmāí, ásmāi = av. ahmāi, Gen. Pl. m. n. ēšā́m = av. aēšąm, Dat. Abl. Pl. m. Old Indian ēbhyáḥ = av. aēibyō etc.; gthav. as[-čit̃], ǝ̄ each once n. Sg. m.; of stem ā- Pl. fem. Gen. Old Indian āsā́m = av. ā́ŋhąm, Dat. Abl. ābhyáḥ = av. ābyō etc.

Maybe alb. (*ayám) ay, ai `he', ayo, ajo `she' : Old Indian ayám `he'

Kуpr. ἴν `him, her' (seems also in μίν, νίν blocked, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 608¹); here lesb. thess. hom. ἴα (*ii̯ǝ) `one, a single' (originally `just this, only this'), hom. ἰῆς, ἰῇ, thereafter also n. hom. ἰῷö; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 (*s[m]i̯ās).

lat. is `he', id `it' Nom. Sg. m. (old also īs, inschr. eis, eisḫdem, provided either with -s idg. *ei = Old Indian ay-ám, as one considers also for umbr. erḫe and certain for ir. (h)ē `he' such a basic form *eiḫs, or reshuffled of is after eiius, e(i)ī); Akk. altlat. im (= gr. ἴν) and em, doubled emem `the same, at the same time' (from the parallel stem e-ö) = Adv. em `then, at that time, in those times' and *im in interḫim `at the same time, meanwhile, in the meantime', inḫde `from that place, thence', Dat. Abl. Pl. ībus (: Old Indian ēbhyáḥ); osk. iz-io `he', idic, ídík `it' (the affix -ík, -ic is itself the solidified adverb from n. *id + *ke), osk. ís-íd-um `the same' and esídum ds., umbr. er-e `he' ers-e er̆-e `it', umbr. Dat. Sg. esmei, esmik, Gen. Pl. osk. eisun-k, umbr. esom (= Old Indian ēṣ̌ā́m);

thereout a stem *eiso- would be deduced besides in Nom.-Akk.-forms, e.g. osk. eizois `with them', umbr. eruḫku `with it', however, it is to be reckoned after all with an old n. *ed, compare lat. ecce `behold! lo! see!' (probably from *edḫke) = osk. ekk-um (*ed-ke-um) `likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well', and perhaps Akk. mēd, tēd, sēd, if from *mē, *tē, *sē + ed, although this assumes only a more solidified adverb *ed;

ital. eo-, eā, in Osk.-Umbr. only in Nom. (besides Sg. m. n.) and Akk., in Lat. mainly in almost all case oblique (only eius from *esi̯o-s, thereafter Dat. ei stands apart), e.g. lat. ea `she', eam `her', osk. iúk, ioc `she', ionc `him', under eam `her', have derived from Old Indian Nom. ay-ám corresponding form *e(i̯)om, because of their ending -om would be perceived as Akk. and entailed eam `her' etc.

iam by Varro 1.1. 5, 166 and 8, 44 probably spelling mistake for eam `her'. - From Lat. here ipse `self, in person' from *-isḫpse (because of alat. fem. eapse), is-te (however, ille `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; the former, (sometimes the latter)' only afterwards reshuffled ollus), compare umbr. estu `that of yours, that beside you';

air. ē (hē) `he' (probably *eiḫs), see above; ed (hed) `it' (from *idḫā = got. ita, wherewith formal identical Old Indian idā `now, yet'; but lit. tadà `then' required because of ostlit. tadù an auslaut in nasal); Nom. Pl. ē (hē) m. f. n. = mkymr. wy (hwynt-wy) probably at least partly from idg. *ei (additional information by Thurneysen Gr. 283), Akk. Sg. bret. en `him, it' (prefixed), cymr. e (also), ir. -an- (also), -i (suffixed after verbs; after prepositions partly also, e.g. airi from *ari-en `on him', partly only more as having a lasting softening effect, e.g. foir from *u̯orḫen), Gen. Sg. *esi̯o, f. *esi̯ās `his, her', proklit. a, older partly still e, æ; cymr. *eið- after the example of the conjugated preposition to differentiated mcymr. eidaw, f. eidi, wherewith identical air. a `his, its' (len.) and `her' (geminated), cymr. corn. y, bret. e, etc.; about air. accentuated āi, āe `his, her' and Dat. Pl. -ib s. Thurneysen Gr. 285;

got. is `he', Akk. inḫa, neutr. itḫa (see above) `it' (in addition new formed plural forms: got. eis from *ei̯ḫes, Akk. ins, Dat. im, ahd. as. im) ahd. er, ir, Akk. in-an, in; n. iz; as. inḫa, n. it; anord. Relative particle es, er, run. eR; of stem e-: Gen. Sg. got. m. is, f. izos, ahd. m. n. es(is), f. ira(iru), as. es(is), era(ira); Gen. Pl. got. ize, izo, as. ahd. iro; Dat. Sg. f. got. izai, ahd. (with other ending) iru; m. n. got. imma, ahd. imu, imo, as. imu; of stem ī- got. Akk. ija (ahd. sia etc. with s-suggestion after Nom. sī̆), whereupon new formed plural forms, got. Nom. Akk. ijōs (ahd. sio);

lit. jìs `he', Akk. jį̃ (to anl. j- s. Brugmann Grundr. II² 2, 331), fem. jì, Akk. ją̃ (jõs, jaĩ etc.);

but Old Church Slavic Akk. Sg. f. jǫ, Nom. Akk. Pl. f. ję (about the other case s. Brugmann aaO.), Akk. Sg. m. -(j)ь in vidity-jь `sees him', vъń-ь `to him' etc. (about further slav. supplementary, e.g. jakъ `interrog. of what kindö; relat. of the kind that, such as; indef. having some quality or other. Adv. qualiter, as, just as', jelikъ `interrog. how greatö; exclam. how great!; interrog. how muchö; exclam. how much!; relat. as much as; for how much, at what price; by how much', s. Berneker 416 f.) rather from idg. i̯o-;

according to Pedersen Hitt. 58 f. should contain the Pron. -aš `he' etc. ein o in ablaut to idg. *esi̯o etc. (ö); since stem i- has probably preserved n. it `it' in association with netta `and as you' (*nuḫitḫta) (Friedrich Heth. Elem. I 27); compare hierogl. hitt. is `this', Akk. jan.

B. Relative stem i̯o-:

Old Indian yás, yā́, yád, av. yō, gr. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ `who, what, which, the one that', phryg. ιος (νι) `whoever', slav. *i̯a- in iḫže, f. jaḫže etc., balt. under slav. in the solidified form of adjective, e.g. lit. geràs-is, Old Prussian pirmann-ien, -in, Old Church Slavic dobry-jь (see Berneker 416 f., Trautmann 105 f.). Dubious (lit. jeĩ `what if, when', got. jabai `what if, when') s. by Brugmann II² 2, 347 f. (Lit.); Celtic by Pedersen KG. II 235, Thurneysen Gr. 323, however, cymr. a can not belong to it.

comparative Old Indian yatará-, av. yatāra-, gr. (kret. gort.) ὅτερος `one or the other of two'; compare Old Indian yāvat, gr. ἕως, dor. ἇς (*ἁ:Fος) `as long as', Old Indian yād `inasmuch, as' = gr. ὡς `as'; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 528, 614 f.

C. particles and adverbs:

About the nominal and adverbial particle ē̆, ō̆ see above S. 280 f.

e-, ē- Augment (`*then, at that time') Old Indian a- (also ā-, e.g. ā-vr̥ṇak), av. a-, arm. e- (e.g. e-lik` = ἔ-λιπε), gr. ἐ- (also ἠ-, e.g. hom. ἤFείδη).

e- in Old Indian a-sā́u `that' (besides av. hāu), a-dáḥ `that; there', a-dyā́, a-dyá `today (this present day)' (stem compoundö), áḫha `certainly, yes';

arm. eḫt`e (besides t`e) `that, in the event that';

gr. ἐ-χθές, ἐ-κεῖ, ἐ-κεῖνος (besides κεῖνος);

osk. eḫtanto, umbr. e-tantu `, of such a size, so great; as, so far; for so much, worth so much; by so much', osk. pöl. e-co `this, this one; this present; here; in this place, in this matter; hereupon', osk. exo- (*e-ke-so) `this, this one; this present; here; in this place, in this matter; hereupon';

Old Church Slavic (j)e-se `behold! lo! see!' (besides se ds), aruss. ose, russ. é-to `there, that, that here', é-tot `that here, that, this' (besides tot `that'); serb. bulg. e-to `there, that' (etc., s. Berneker 259 f);

Maybe alb. a-të `that, the one there', a-to f. `they', a-ta m. `they', a-tje `there' a `interrogative particle'; enclitic particle of gen. and (attribute) adj. m. i (from he), f. e (from she).

insecure got. iḫbai, iḫba interrogative particle, ahd. ibu, oba, as. anord. ef `if' and `whether', ags. gif, engl. if ds.;

about *eno- in gr. ἔνη etc. see special headword.

To e- also the comparative formation av. atāra- `this, the one from the two, the other', ds., alb. ját(ë)rë `other', umbr. etro- `other', lat. in cēterus `the other, the rest; Acc. n. sing. as adv. otherwise, moreover, but', Old Church Slavic eterъ, jeterъ `whoever', Pl. jeteri(ji) `some, few', nsorb. wótery.

Note:

Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.

ed (Nom. Akk. Sg. n.): about lat. ecce, mēd see above; av. at̃ to the emphasis of the preceding word (as it̲, see under; Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 67); probably also in Old Church Slavic jed-inъ, -ьпъ `someone' as `*just, only one'; whether also Church Slavic jede, kyjь `a certain, a kind of, as one might say' from doubled *ed-ed or after ide in attached ending *edö (Berneker 261, disputed from Bröckner KZ. 45, 302, compare Meillet Slave comm.² 444.)

ēd and ōd (Abl.): Old Indian āt `therefore, next; and; (in subsequent clause) so', av. āat̃ `next, therefore, then; and; but; since', ostlit. ė̃ `and but' (Old Church Slavic i `and' is rather *ei), lit. õ `and, but' = Old Church Slavic a `but'.

ei (Lok.): gr. εἰ `*so, if, whether' (εἶ-τα `then, next', εἴ-θε `would that!', ἐπ-εί (compare el. ἐπ-ή) `after that, after, since, when', ἔπ-ειτα `thereupon'; besides dial. αἰ, Lok. of f. stem ᾱ, and ἠ Instr. `if'; Old Church Slavic i `and, also' (compare ti `and' of stem *to-; from Bröckner KZ. 46, 203 placed against it = lit. teĩ), got. -ei relative particle (compare Þei of stem *to- in same meaning), e.g. sa-ei `who, what, which, the one that', after Junker KZ. 43, 348 also arm. Abl.-ending -ē. See also under ī-.

em (alat. em, see above S. 282) lies before in gr. ἔνθα `there, to there, at that time', rel. `where, whereto, where, whence', ἔνθεν `there, from there, from where' etc. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 628); about air. and see above S. 37 and compare kypr. ἄνδα αὕτη.

e-tos: Old Indian áḫtaḥ `from here' (see under eti).

i: probably in Lok. in idg. -i; further the base of the comparative formation *i-tero-: Old Indian iḫtara- `the other' (neuiran. equivalent by Bartholomae IF. 38, 26 f.);

lat. íterum `again, a second time, once more, anew'; further in Old Indian iḫva `as' (compare above ἠ-Fε `as'); in gr. ἰ-δέ `and' (compare ἠ-δέ).

i-dha and i-dhe:

Old Indian iḫhá, prākr. idha, av. iδa `here';

gr. ἰθαγενής `(*born in lawful wedlock, legitimate; born here', hence:) inborn, lawfully born' (about ἰθαιγενής s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 448);

lat. ibī `in that place, there' (the sound development dh to f, b after ubī; in auslaut directed after the locative the o-stem), umbr. ife `in that place, there', ifont `in the same place, in that very place, just there, on the spot' (ar. and ital. forms could contain themselves also -dhe, compare Old Indian ku-ha = Old Church Slavic kъ-de `where' [alb. kudo `everywhere'], sь-de `here' and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 627⁴);

mcymr. yd, у ncymr. ydd verbal particle, corn. yz, yth-, bret. ez-ö (see Pedersen KG. II 234, Lewis-Pedersen 243, Thurneysen Gr. 324 f.); in addition also air. prefixed -id- from *id(h)e or*id(h)i.

i-t(h)-: Old Indian itthā́, itthā́d `here, there', av. iÞā̆ `so', Old Indian itthám `so' and with -t- (-tǝ or-tiö) Old Indian íti `so'; lat. ita `so', item `also, likewise', umbr. itek `in this manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said', mcymr. preverb yt-, ncymr. yd-, e.g. in yr yd-wyf `I am'; lit. dial. it `by all means; as', ìt, ỹt `completely, very much', lett. it, itin `surely, just'.

ī́ (stressed to the strengthening of a deixis word, unstressed behind a relatively used word):

Old Indian ī́ (also ī́m), av. ī́ emphasizing postpositive, after relative in ved. yad-ī;

gr. οὑτοσ-ί̄, -ί̄ν (= Old Indian īmö or previously new extension from -ī́ ö), ἐκεινοσ-ί:, el. το-ΐ;

umbr. probably in po-ei `interrog. adj. whichö whatö what kind ofö; exclam., what!; indef. any, some; relat. who, which, what, that; interrog. in what mannerö howö; relat. wherewith, wherefrom; indef. somehow' (etc.), lat. in utī `how (interrog. and exclam); relat. as, in whatever way; as, as being; as when, while, since, when; where; how; o that; granted that; so that, namely that; final, in order that; that, to; that...not' (from *uta-ī);

air. (h)ī deixis particle and particle before relative clauses;

got. -ei Relative particle in sa-ei, izḫei, ik-ei whereas probably idg. *ei, see above;

Old Church Slavic intensifying in to-i (see Berneker 416), Old Church Slavic eḫi `yes, indeed' (ö Berneker 296).

Also in 1. part from Old Indian ī-dr̥c̨- `looking so, resembling so', lit. ý-pačiai `particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably', y-patùs `lonely, only, apart, peculiarly'.

Doubtful, if from idg. *ei or ī: ags. ī́dæges `of the same day', īsiðes `to same time', īlca (*ī-līca) `the same', wherewith perhaps anord. ī dag `today' (although understood as preposition ī) and refined afterwards ī gǣr `yesterday', ī fjǫrð `a year ago, last year' interrelate;

It is unclear āi (Lok. fem. in adverbial solidification) in Old Indian āiḫšámaḥ adv. `this year', meaning `just this year - the same' as gr. ἰῷ ἤματι, s. Schulze KZ. 42, 96 = Kl. Schr. 539⁶, Holthausen KZ. 47, 310, Junker KZ. 43, 438 f., with Old Indian words also arm. aižm combined from *ai žam. The same as mentioned before arm. demonstratives aiḫs, aiḫd, ai-n contain *āi in conjunction with Pron.-stem *k̂o-, *to-, *no- (Junker ааО.); compare Benveniste Origines 129 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548 f.

i̯ām (= Akk. Sg. f.): lat. iam `now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed', got. ja, ahd. jā̆ `indeed'; with the ending of Lok. Sg. in *-ou- the u-stem: *i̯ou, *i̯u `already' (from Kretschmer KZ. 31, 466 placed against it to *i̯eu- `new') : lit. jaũ `already', lett. jàu, Old Church Slavic ju `already', zero grade got. ahd. as. ags. ju `already' (the formation is similar to got. Þau, Þau-h, ags. Þea-h, Old Indian tú `but' to stem *to-).

i̯āi (== Lok. Sg. f.): got. jai `yea, in truth, indeed', nhd. jē (jeh), umbr. ie perhaps `now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed' in ieḫpru, ieḫpi; but cymr. ie (disyllabic) `yes, indeed' from mcymr. ī-ef `this (is) it'.

D. compositions and derivatives (not classed above thus far):

Old Indian ēḫšá, ē-šā́, ē-tát, av. аēšа-, aēta- `he himself' (*ei-so, -to-, while arm. aid from *āi-to-, see above; osk. umbr. eiso-, ero- against it from Gen. Pl. *eisōm);

(m) arm. iḫsa, iḫta, iḫna Demin. from *ei-k̂o-, -to-, -no- (Junker KZ. 43, 346 f.);

Old Indian ē-vá, ē-vá-m `so', wherefore with the meaning-development `just in such a way, just him - only him - only, one';

av. aēva-, Old pers. aiva- `one, solely, only', gr. οἶος, kypr. οἶFος `by himself, only' (idg. *oiu̯e, *oiu̯os); s. also above S. 75.

oi-nos: Old Indian ēḫna- `he' (could also be *ei-no-);

arm. -in the identity adverb andrēn `ibid', astēn `just here', perhaps also the identity pronoun so-in `the same here', do-in `the same there', noḫin `the same there' (`just him, one and the same'; *oino-s at first to ēn, still in the meaning `god', d. h. `the one', and in so-in etc. weakened to -in, Junker KZ. 43, 342; for so-in he also considers *k̂o- + ĕnos); different Meillet Esquisse 88;

gr. οἶνος, οἶνη `one in the dice';

lat. ūnus, old oinos;

air. ōen `one'; cymr. bret. corn. un `one, a (also indefinite article)';

got. ains, ahd. ein, anord. einn (here belongs altnord. einka `particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably' and further ekkja `widow', ekkill `widower');

Old Prussian ains (f. ainā) `one', ablaut. lit. ýnas and ìnas `surely, really'; besides with pröfig. particle (ö):

lit. víenas, lett. viêns `one' (because of lit. vičveĩnelis `all alone, completely' from *einos), ablaut. lett. vińš `he' (*vini̯as; compare skr. ȉn from *ēino-); s. Trautmann 3, Endzelin Lett. Gr. 356, 381 f.
Maybe alb. (*vini̯as) vetë `he himself, she herself; self, in person', vetëm `one, alone unique' [common alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].

Old Church Slavic inъ `one; only one; one and the same' and `another, other, different', ino-rogъ `unicorn', vъ inǫ `on and on, always', inokъ `alone, only, single, sole' (= got. ainaha `solely, unique', lat. ūnicus, anord. einga, ags. ānga, ahd. einac, as. ēnag, nhd. einig), next to which Old Church Slavic jed-inъ (to 1. part, probably idg. *ed, see above) `one', from which by shortening in longer inflection forms e.g. jednogo (inscribed jedьnogo), russ. odinъ, odnogo.

Note:

This is all wrong etymology. Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : `this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one' derived from the reduced Root / lemma: eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō : `I'. Indic languages display -ĝ- > -y-, Germanic -ĝ- > -g-, Italic -ĝh- > -cc, kk-, Slavic -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation.

Old Church Slavic: jedinъ `one' [num o]; jedь n ъ `one' [num o] derived from eĝ(h)omn [common balt.-illyr. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation. Common prothetic Slavic j-, Baltic Illyrian v- stand for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ĝ(h)omn) një `one' similar to alb. njoh (*ĝnē-sk̂ō) `know'.

With formants -ko- (as Old Indian dviká `consisting of two') Old Indian ēka- `one; only one; one and the same', ēkatī́ya `the one', urind. (in hitt. Text) aikaḫvartana `a spin, one rotation' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93); about lat. ūnicus, got. ainaha, Old Church Slavic inokъ see above ë

Maybe compound alb. geg. (*nie uka) nuk, tosk. nuku, nukë `(*not one) no, not'

With formants -go- got. ainakls `single, spouseless' (also above anord. einka etc.), Church Slavic inogъ `solitary, of male beasts which have been driven from the herd: hence, savage, ferocious, a griffin or dragon'; s. Feist 22 f.

Similar reverting together with e- (e.g. Old Indian asā́u) and āi- (Old Indian āišámaḥ, arm. ain etc.) see above.

It seems that root lemma for number one spread spread from Indo European to Dravidian, then to to Semitic:

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *ainaz, Western : Old English+ án, Middle English+ an, English one, Scots ane, Old Frisian+ en, W.Frisian ien, Frisian (Saterland) aan, Dutch een, W/S Flemish ièn, Brabants iën, Low Saxon een, Emsland ein, Mennonite Plautdietsch een, Afrikaans een, German eins, Central Bavarian oans, Swabian oes, Alsatian eins, Cimbrian òan, Rimella ais, Rheinfrönkisch ööns, Pennsylvania eens, Luxembourgeois eent, Swiss German eis, Yiddish eyns, Middle High German+ ein, Old High German+ ein, Northern : Runic+ æinn, Old Norse+ einn, Norwegian en (Ny. ein), Danish én, Swedish en, Faroese ein, Old Icelandic+ einn, Icelandic einn, Eastern : Gothic+ ains, Crimean+ ene, Italic: Oscan+ uinus, Umbrian+ uns, Latin+ u:nus, Romance : Mozarabic+ uno, Portuguese um, Galician un, Spanish uno, Ladino unu, Asturian uno, Aragonese un, Catalan un, Valencian u, Old French+ un, French un, Walloon onk, Jèrriais ieune, Poitevin in, Old Picard+ ung, Picard in, Occitan (Provençal) un, Lengadocian un, Gascon un, Auvergnat vun, Limosin un, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) on, Rumantsch Grischun in, Sursilvan in, Vallader ön, Friulian u~ng, Ladin un, Dalmatian+ join, Italian uno, Piedmontese ön, Milanese vun, Genovese un, Venetian on, Parmesan von, Corsican unu, Umbrian unu, Neapolitan unë, Sicilian unu, Romanian unu, Arumanian unu, Meglenite unu, Istriot ur, Sardinian unu, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ oinos, Gaulish+ *ônos, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh un, Cardiganshire în, Breton unan, Vannetais unan, Unified Cornish+ un, Common onan, Modern on, Devonian+ un, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ óen, Irish aon, Scots Gaelic aon, Manx nane, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ e-me (*hemei), Classical Greek+ hei:s, Greek éna, Cypriot énas, Tsakonian éna, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sas, Tocharian B+ se, Albanian: Albanian një, Gheg (Qosaj) n'â, Tosk (Mandritsa) ni, Armenian: +Classical Armenian mi, Armenian mek, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ ai:ns, East : Lithuanian víenas, Latvian viêns, Latgalian vi:ns, Slavic East : Russian odín, odín, Belarussian adzín, adzín, Ukrainian odín, ody'n, West : Polish jeden, Kashubian jeden, Polabian+ janö, Czech jeden, Slovak jeden, West jeden, East jeden, Upper Sorbian jedyn, Lower Sorbian jaden, South : Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu, Bulgarian edín, Macedonian eden, Serbo-Croat jèdan, Slovene ena, Anatolian: Hittite+ *a:nt-, Luwian+ *a-, Lycian+ sñta, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *aiwas, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron iu, Digor ieu, Avestan+ ae:uua-, Khwarezmian+'yw, Sogdian+'yw, Yaghnobi i:, Bactrian+ io:go, Saka+ s's'au, Pashto yaw, Wakhi i:, Munji yu, Yidgha yu, Ishkashmi uk, Sanglechi vak, Shughn yi:w, Rushani yi:w, Yazgulami wu,; Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) iw, Parachi zhu, Ormuri so:, Western Northwest : Parthian+'yw, Yazdi ya, Nayini yak, Natanzi yæk, Khunsari yög, Gazi yeg, Sivandi yö, Vafsi yey, Semnani i, Sangisari yækæ', Gilaki y^ek, Mazanderani yak, Talysh i, Harzani i, Zaza zhew, Gorani yak, Baluchi y^ek, Turkmenistan yak, E Hill yak, Rakhshani (Western) y^ekk, Kermanji (S) Kurdish yak, Zaza (N) Kurdish e:k, Bajalani ikke:, Kermanshahi yökî', Southwest : Old Persian+ aiva, Pahlavi+ e:vak, Farsi yak, Isfahani ye(k), Tajik yak, Tati yæ, Chali i, Fars yek, Lari yak, Luri ya, Kumzari yek, Nuristani : Ashkun ach, Wasi-weri i pö:n, Kati ev, Kalasha-ala ew, Indic : Sanskrit+ éka, Prakrit+ ekko:, Ardhamagadhi+ ege, Pali+ eka, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish yes, Welsh yek', Kalderash yek(h), Syrian e:kâ, Armenian jöku, Iranian yek, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese eka, Vedda ekamay, Maldivian eke, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri akh, Shina êk, Brokskat e:k, Phalura a:k, Bashkarik ak, Tirahi ek, Torwali ek, Wotapuri yek, Maiya ak, Kalasha ek, Khowar i, Dameli ek, Gawar-bati yok, Pashai i:, Shumashti yök, Nangalami yak, Dumaki ek, Western: Marathi ek, Konkani êk, Sindhi hiku, Khatri hakro, Lahnda hikk, Central: Hindi/ Urdu ek, Parya yek, Punjabi yk, Siraiki hik, Gujarati ek, Rajasthani (Marwari) e:k, Banjari (Lamani) ek, Malvi e:k, Bhili e:k, Dogri ik, Kumauni e:k, Garhwali e:k, W Pahari e:k, Khandeshi e:k, East Central: Nepali ek, Maithili ek, Magahi ek, Bhojpuri e:k, Awadhi (Kosali) e:k, Chattisgarhi e:k, Eastern: Oriya ek, Bengali æk, Assamese ek, Mayang a:

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui asi, Northeast : Kurukh onta:, Malto ort, Central : Kolami okkod, Naiki okko, Parji o:kuri:, Gadaba okur, Telugu okati, Gondi undi:, Koya orro, Konda unri, Manda ru, Pengo ro, Kui ro, Kuvi ro:ndi, South : Tulu onji, Koraga onji, Kannada ondu, Badaga ondu, Kodagu ond^ö, Kurumba -onde, Toda wïd, Kota vodde, Tamil onrru, Malayalam onnu, Irula vondunder

Burushashki

Hunza hik, Yasin hek

Etruscan

Etruscan+ thu(n)

Semitic

East: Akkadian+ ishte:n, Central: Arabic wa:hid, Kashka-Darya fad, Saudi waahid, Yemeni waahid, Syrian wa:hed, Lebanese wöhad, Cypriot öéxen, Iraqi waahid, Egyptian wa:hid, E Libyan `wahad, N African (Darja) wa:hed, Moroccan wahed, Sudanese wa|ahid, Nigerian wa:hid, Zanzibari wa:hi, Maltese wieh=ed, Phoenecian+'-h-d, Ugaritic+ ahd;

Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+'ahat, Modern Hebrew'axat, Classical Aramaic+ xadh, Modern Aramaic âhad, Classical Syriac+ hadh, Syriac kha, Van he;

South: Old S. Arabian+ '-h-d, South Arabian (Harsusi) t'a:d, (Sheri) t'ad, Socotra t'ad;

N Ethiopic: Geez+ öah=adu, Tigre worot, Beni Amir orot, Tigrinya hade;

S Ethiopic: Amharic and, Argobba hand, Harari ahad, E Gurage ad, Gafat+ ajjö, Soddo att

Goggot quna, Muher at, Masqan at, CW Gurage at, Ennemor att.

References: WP. I 95 ff., WH. I 368 f., 399 f., 409, 671, 720 ff., 869, Trautmann 3, 65, 72, 105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548, 588, 608, 613 f., 628 f., 651.

Page(s): 281-286

Root / lemma: embhi-, empi-

English meaning: a kind of mosquito or bee

German meaning: `Stechmöcke, Biene'

Note: With taboo variation bh : pö

Material: Gr. ἐμπίς, -ίδος `a mosquito';

ahd. imbi (oldest evidence impi pīano), mhd. imbe (*embiḫo-) `swarm of bees, beehive', previously late-mhd. `bee', nhd. Imme, changing through ablaut ags. imbe (*umbia) `swarm of bees'.

References: WP. I 125, WH. I 57.

Page(s): 311

Root / lemma: em-, _em-

English meaning: to take

German meaning: `nehmen'

Grammatical information: originally athematisches present

Material: Lat. emō, -ere, ēmī (lit. ėmiaũ), emptum (= lit. im̃tas, аpr. imtā f., abg. jętъ) `take (only in compounds), buy', osk. pert-emest `to take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent', pertḫemust `taken away entirely', per-emust `has taken wholly, seized entirely, taken possession of, seized, occupied' (to Perf. *emed), pert-umum `shall take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent' (assil. from *pertemom); umbr. emantu(r) `be taken without effort, received, got, accepted' emps `taken out, taken away, removed';

air. em- in ar-fo-em- `take, receive', Verbaln. airitiu (: lat. emptiō, lit. iš-imtìs `exception'), dī-em- `shield', etc.;

lit. imù, preterit ėmiaũ, im̃ti `take', ostlit. present jemù, Old Prussian imt ds.; lett. jęmu, jẽmu, jem̃t and jem̂t, besides ńemu, ńêmu, ńem̂t (probably through contamination an equivalent originated from got. niman `take', Endzelin, Lett. Gr. 564);

Old Church Slavic imǫ (ьmǫ, compare vъz-mǫ `take away', etc.) jęti `take' (perfective), besides imperfect: jemlǫ, imati ds., and as `have': stative verb imamь, imějǫ, iměti (*_emā-, *_emē-);

besides idg. em- formant the rhyme roots jem- and nem-, probably originally different and only secondary now and then adapted;

hitt. ú-eḫmiḫjaḫmi (uḫemijamiöö) `I catch, find', Pedersen Hitt. 82¹, 135.

References: WP. I 124 f., WH. I 400 ff., 862; Trautmann 103 f., Meillet Slave commun² 80, 203 f., EM² 300 f.

Page(s): 310-311

Root / lemma: (enebh-1), embh-, ombh-, nō̆bh- (nēbh-ö), m̥bh-

English meaning: navel

German meaning: `Nabel'

Note: plural with l- formant.

Material: Old Indian nábhya- n. `hub', nā́bhi- f. `navel, hub, kinship', nābhīla- n. (uncovered) `pubic region, navel dent'; av. nabāḫnazdišta- `der verwandtschaftlich nöchststehende', besides with ar. ph: av. nāfō, npers. nāf `navel';

gr. ὀμφαλός (Nom. Pl. also ὄμφαλες) `navel, shield boss', probably also ὄμφακες `the unripe grapes or olives or other fruit' (als nabelartig vorgestölpte Knöpfchen), ὀμφακίς `cup of the acorn of Valonia oak, used for tanning, and as an astringent medicine';

Maybe zero grade in alb. mbulonj `cover, shield, protect'.

lat. umbilīcus `navel', umbō, -ōnis `a swelling, rounded elevation, knob, shield boss';

air. imbliu `navel' (*embilōn-), mir. imlecan ds. (an attempt to the suffix explanation by Pedersen KG. I 495);

ahd. naba, ags. nafu, aisl. nǫf `hub of a wheel' (also in ahd. naba-gēr, ags. nafu-gār, aisl. nafarr `grober borer'), ahd. nabalo, ags. nafela, aisl. nafli `navel'; in addition after Lidén KZ. 61, 17 ahd. amban, ambon, m. (o-stem) `paunch', as. ámbón `the belly, abdomen', Nom. Akk. Pl. m. on-stem (germ. *amban-, idg. *ombhon-);

Old Prussian nabis `hub, navel', lett. naba `navel'.

Perhaps here ags. umbor `small kid, child', also the ital. VN Umbri (*m̥bh-), other ablaut in germ. VN Ambrones (*ombh-) different Kretschmer Gl. 21, 116 f.

References: WP. I 130, EM 1122, Specht Dekl. 100.

Page(s): 314-315

Root / lemma: (enebh-2): nebh-, embh-, m̥bh-

English meaning: wet, damp; water; clouds

German meaning: `feucht, Wasser', out of it `Dampf, Dunst, Nebel, Wolke'

Note: (Kontaminationsform nembh-); partly emb-, omb- from embh-, ombh-

Material: nebhos-: Old Indian nábhas- n. `fog, haze, mist, clouds, airspace, sky, heaven', besides root inflection in lengthened grade f. Plur. nā́bhaḥ (ö); av. nabah- n. Pl. `airspace, sky, heaven';

gr. νέφος, -ους n. `cloud, fog' (Denom. primary form ξυννέφει `es umzieht sich', ξυννένοφε `it is cloudy');

also (see below nem- `bend') air. nem (n. es-stem), nir. neamh, cymr. corn. nef `sky, heaven';

abg. nebo, -ese n. `sky, heaven', to i-stem reshaped in lit. debesìs f. and m. `cloud' (but older konson. Pl., e.g. Gen. Pl. debesų̃! d for n through influence of dangùs `sky, heaven');

Note:

Common n- > nd- > d- phonetic mutation

hitt. neḫpiḫiš (nebis) n. `sky, heaven' Gen. nebisas;

with l-forms (nebhelā):

gr. νεφέλη `cloud, fog' = lat. nebula `haze, mist, fog, cloud';

maybe alb. (*nebula), avull `vapor, steam, *cloud' [the shift b > v] from the same root as rum. abur `fog'.

but air. nēl m., Gen. nīuil `cloud, fog' not from *nebhlo-, but loanword from cymr. niwl, nifwl, ncorn. niul ds. (that again after Loth RC 20, 346 f. Lw. from late lat. *nibulus for nūbilus);

maybe alb. geg. (*nil, ni `sky' + altus `high') naltë `high, above', alb. tosk (*nil `sky' + altus `high') lartë `high' [clearly the typical alb. tosk rhotacism *nil-alt, *nil-art > lart `high' L > R]; the initial ni- was dropped in a similar way in alb. (*nebula), avull `vapor, steam, *cloud'

ahd. nebul m. `fog', as. neƀal `fog, darkness', ags. nifol ds., aisl. nifl-heimr below likewise, njōl `darkness, night' (germ. *neƀla- and *niƀula- from -_elo-; aisl. nifl- from *niƀila-);

Maybe alb. (*njōl) njollë `(white stain), bad vision' : aisl. njōl `darkness, night'].

doubtful Old Indian nabhanú- m., nabhanū́- f., probably `wellspring'; av. aiwi-naptīm asti `he (befeuchtet =) besudelt with blood', napta- `humid, wet' (*nab-ta-), npers. neft `naphtha';

perhaps here lat. Neptūnus `God of the springs and rivers, then of the sea, son of Saturn and brother of Jupiter' from *nebhḫtuḫs; of -p- in skyth. FlN Naparis, Old pers. spring, fountain N Νάπας derives from iran. apa- `water, wellspring' (Brandenstein, OLZ 1940, 435 ff.).

m̥bh-(ro-):

Old Indian abhrá- m. `gloomy weather, cloudiness', n. `cloud, airspace' (*m̥bhros), av. awra- n. `cloud'; remains far off because of the meaning gr. ἀφρός `scum, froth, foam' (Meillet BSL 31, 51);

in i-Dekl. converted lat. imber, imbris `a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain' = osk. Anafríss, probably `a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain'.

Here also the river names gall. *Ambrā, mcymr. Amir, Amyr as well as nhd. Amper and Ammer (kelt. *Ambrā), Emmer (kelt. *Ambriā); in addition also engl. Amber; frz. Ambre, Ambrole; span. Ambron, Ambror; ital. Ambra, Ambria, Ambro, Ambrio etc., latter are particular ven.-Illyrian; compare without formant r gall. inter ambes `between streams', ambe `a small stream, brook', abrit. Amboglanna `bank, shore of the stream', as well as arm. amb and (with idg. b) amp `cloud'.

emb(h)- : omb(h)- :

Old Indian ámbhas- n. `rainwater'; ambu n. `water', gr. ὄμβρος m. `rain' (to b compare above arm. amp and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333); here also lak. ὀμφά `smell, odor, breath, breeze', arkad. εὔομφος `wohlriechend', etc.

nembh-:

pehl. namb, nam, npers. nem `moist, humidity', pehl. nambītan `moisten';

lat. nimbus `cloud, mist; esp. a black rain-cloud; a storm, shower'.

From slav. languages the cognate for sky, cloud passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *ŋi̯ŏbu

Meaning: to pour

Turkic protoform: *ju(b)-

Mongolian protoform: *jeɣö-le-

Tungus protoform: *ńiabe-

Korean protoform: *nūb-

Note: ТМС 1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk. ńewte, Evn. ńewte'spring, well' (*'washing or pouring place') and perhaps also OJ mjiwo'water-way, seaway' (if mji- is to be analysed as'water', the -wo part stays completely obscure).

References: WP. I 131, WH. I 681, II 151 f., Specht Dekl. 16 f.

Page(s): 315-316

Root / lemma: enek̂-, nek̂-, enk̂-, n̥k̂- (*henek-)

English meaning: to reach; to obtain

German meaning: `reichen, erreichen, erlangen' and (nur Gr. Bsl.) `tragen'

Material: Old Indian aśnṓti, av. ašnaoiti (*n̥k̂-neu-) `if something is obtained, achieved', Perf. Old Indian ānáṃśa (idg. *ōn-onk̂e = air. ro-ānaic);

Old Indian náśati, av. -nasaiti (*nek̂-, originally probably athematic, compare 2. Sg. nakṣi etc.), Old Indian nákṣati `achieved, attained', Desid. ánakṣati `tries to reach, strives for', áṃśaḫḥ m. `allotment', av. ąsa- `party', Old Indian náṃśa-ḥ m. `obtainment', -naṁśana- (hybridization from aṁś- and naś-); common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

arm. hasi `have arrived', thereafter hasanem `come to close to something, arrive'; after Pisani Armen. 5 here hunj-k`, hnjo-c̣ `harvest' (*onk̂os);

Maybe alb. has, alb. (Calabria) (*kë-hasem) këyasem `encounter'

gr. (*ēnek̂-) δι-ηνεκής `passing through distance = unbroken, perpetual' (dor. and att. διᾱνεκής from *δια-ηνεκήςö, different Boisacq s. v.), ποδ-ηνεκής `bis zu den Fößen herabreichend', δουρ-ηνεκής `a far javelin-throwing' = `as far as one's spear can reach' or pass. `obtain a javelin', as κεντρ-ηνεκής `the goad, prick (obtain =) set in motion, prick, drive on'; Pass. Aor. ἠνέχθην `wurde getragen', Perf. κατ-ήνοκα Hes., ἐν-ήνοχα (ἐν- is therein probably reduplication; also in Med. ἐν-ήνεγμαι, joined as 3. Sg. ἐν-ήνεγκται instead of *ἐν-ήνεκται, after Aor. ἐνεγκεῖν);

*enk̂- in red. Aor. ἐν-εγκ-εῖν (*enk̂-enk̂-) `bear, carry'; see under hitt. ḫenkzi;

*onk̂- in ὄγκος `Tracht, load' (= Old Indian áṃśa-ḥ, bsl. *naša-);

ἤνεικα against it to root *seik- `suffice, reach', see there and Boisacq 251 f. m. Lit.; through hybridization with it became ἤνεγκον to ἤνεγκα, ἤνειγκα;

lat. nactus (and nanctus) sum, nancisci (arch. also nanciō, -īre) `to light upon, obtain, meet' (-a- = _e, so nactus = germ. *nuhḫta-; the nasalization of present is probably secondary (Kuiper Nasalprös. 163);

air. ro-icc `reaches', do-icc `comes', air-icc- `find', con-icc- `be able' etc.; probably in the themat. conjugation transferred lengthened gradees *ēnk̂ḫti, from which *īnk-, *ĭnc-, icc-;

verbal nouns rīchtu, tīchtu; s-Konj. -ī from *ēnk̂st; Perf. ro-ānaic (see above); s-preterit du-uicc (*onk̂ḫiḫsḫt) `has brought' etc. see under S. 347; zero grade n̥k̂- in cymr. di-anc `escape, flee', cyfranc (*kom-ro-anko-) = air. comracc `encounter'; after Loth RC 40, 353 ir. oc, cymr. wnc, wng `by' from *onk̂o- `neighborhood'ö; in addition mcymr. ech-wng `expulsion'; after Vendryes (MSL 13, 394) here also the gall. VN *Selva-nectes (latinis. Silvanectes) `property which is acquired', to air. selb `possession';

got. ganah (preterit-present) `it suffices = is enough, it meets the needs', Inf. ganaúhan (about germ. *nuh- see above), ahd. ginah, ags. geneah ds.; got. *binaúhan `be permitted', got. ganaúha m., ahd. (etc.) ginuht f. `sufficiency'; ō-grade: got. ganōhs `sufficient, much, a lot of', ags. genōh, genōg, anord. (g)nōgr, ahd. ginuog `sufficient' etc.; ē-grade, as it seems, anord. nā `approach, reach, obtain', ags. (ge)nǣgan `approach to somebody, address, attack';

about got. nēƕ Adv. `nahe, nahe an', nēƕa ds., as. nāh, ags. nēah `nah', preposition `nahebei', ahd. nāh Adj. `adjacent', Adv.-preposition `by', nhd. nach see above S. 40; one places also alb. nes, nesḫër `tomorrow morning' (*nōk̂-);

Note:

Alb. (*në `in' + aušrà), nesrë, nesëret, nesër `tomorrow morning, tomorrow' derives from Root / lemma: au̯es- : `to shine; gold, etc. `.

in addition, also lett. nãku, nãki `come', lit. pranókti `overtake', nókti `ripen', but the presupposed idg. ā; compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin, Lett.-D. Wb. II 698;

about that Jokl SBWienAk. 168, I 36 with pranókti compared alb. kë-nak `satisfy, delight' s. the same IA. 35, 36;

bsl. *nešō `bear' (compare Old Indian naśati) in:

lit. nešù, nešiaũ, nèšti; lett. nesu, nešu, nest; in addition iterative lett. nẽsât, lit. nė̃šiai = lett. nēši m. Pl. `Tracht Wasser', lit. naštà, lett. nasta f. `load';

Old Church Slavic nesǫ, nesti, iterative nositi etc.;

bsl. *naša- m. `carrying, the bearer' (= Old Indian aṁśa-ḥ, gr. ὄχκος) in:

lit. už-našai Pl. `poured out beer', lengthened grade są́-nošai m. Pl. `washed ashore stones';

Church Slavic pο-nosъ `envy', russ. za-nós `snow flurry', etc.;

hitt. *nenék̂-ti, Pl. *nenk̂-énti, out of it ni-ik-zi (nikzi) `be uplifted', 3. Pl. and ni-in-kán-zi, niḫniḫikḫzi (ninikzi) `lifted', 3. Pl. ni-ni-(in-)kán-zi (Pedersen Hitt. 147);

ḫi-in-ik-zi (ḫenkzi) `divided to' is placed to ἤνεγκον; about naḫakḫkiḫiš (nakīs) `heavy', s. Pedersen Hitt. 147, 194;

about toch. A eṃts-, В eṅk- `take, catch', s. Meillet MSL 18, 28, Pedersen Tochar. 236 and Anm. 1;

Kuiper Nasalprös. 50 f. disassembles en-ek̂- `bear, carry', which he understands as an extension from en- (see S. 321 under enos-) ds.; just there further supposition about enḫek̂- `reach'.

References: WP. 1 128 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 50 f., EM² 652, Trautmann 198, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 647, 744, 766.

Page(s): 316-318

Root / lemma: e-neu̯en, neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥

English meaning: nine

German meaning: `neun'

Note:

Root / lemma: e-neu̯en, neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥ (*henekʷt-): `nine' was created as a compound of Root / lemma: neu̯os, -i̯os : `new' + Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u) : `eight'.

Material: Old Indian náva, av. nava (neu̯ṇ) `9';

arm. inn (sprich inǝn) `9' (*enu̯ṇ), Pl. in(n)unk`;

(*gr. * ἔ F να - through transposition to gr. *ἔν F α -) gr. *ἔνFα- in hom. εἰνά-ετες, -νυχες, böot. ἐνα-κη-δεκάτη, ion. εἰνα-κόσιοι, att. ἐνα-κόσιοι; Ord. εἴνατος, att. öol. ἔνατος; *ἐνFα also in hom. ἐννῆμαρ (*ἐνF ἦμαρ) `9 days'; besides *νεFα (*neu̯ṇ) in ἐννέ[F]α (prefixed with ἐν, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 591); thereafter became ἐνήκοντα `90' to ion. att. ἐνενήκοντα;

thrak. ενεα (v. Blumenthal IF. 51, 115);

Note:

This is wrong etymology. Greek order was reversed Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u) : `eight' + Root / lemma: neu̯os, -i̯os : `new' > gr. *ἔ F να -: εἰνά - ετες . The shift kʷ > p, gʷ > b is a common gr. phonetic mutation. Greek also reflects an illyr.-alb. trend as it puts the ordinals and adjectives after the noun while in IE languages the adjective and ordinal precedes the noun.

[Phonetically attribute] alb. nëndë `9' (*neu̯ṇti- `number of nine', as slav. devętь `9', anord. niund `number 9' and Old Indian navatí-, av. navaiti- f. `90', actually nine of tens);

Note:

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare lat. octuāgintā `80'].

Alb. tosk. nanta, geg. nanda `nine' derived from Lycian ñuñtãta `nine'.

Slav. follows alb. attribute -të [nasalized -ntë; -ndë ending]

lat. novem `nine' (-m for -nö after septem, decem);

air. nōi n-, cymr. corn. naw, bret. nao (to a s. Pokorny IF. 38, 190 f.);

got. ahd. niun, urnord. niu, anord. nīo `9', as. nigun, afries. ni(u)gun, ags. niʒon (from *niu̯u̯un);

Note: This is wrong etymology. Germanic family reflects the compound (*niu̯ktu̯un) from Root / lemma: neu̯os, -i̯os : `new' + Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u) : `eight'.

lit. devynì, lett. devińi (n- still in ordinals Old Prussian newīnts), Old Church Slavic devętь `nine' (d- becomes steady probably through dissimilation against auslaut n and through influence of the 10; Berneker 189);

Note:

Old Church Slavic devętь `nine' derived from Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' the same as alb. tosk. nanta, geg. nanda `nine' [common alb.-illyr. n > nd > d phonetic mutation].

toch. AB ñu `nine'.

ordinals: *neu̯eno- in lat. nōnus; introduced after the 7 and 10 m instead of n umbr. nuvime `the ninth', Old Indian navamá-, av. naoma-, Old pers. navama-; air. nōmad, cymr. nawfed (*neu̯m̥-eto-); -to-formation also gr. εἴνατος, ἔνατος (*enu̯ṇḫto-); got. niunda, ahd. niunto, anord. nionde, as. nigundo, niguðo, afries. niugunda, ags. niʒoða; lit. deviñtas, Old Prussian newīnts, Old Church Slavic devętъ; toch. В ñunte, oblique of ñuñce.

Note:

Ordinals in IE are built according to illyr. pattern; alb. -ta adjective formant: alb. tosk. nanta, geg. nanda `nine' : Lycian ñuñtãta `nine'

One assumes connection with *neu̯o- `new', because a new countable segment has begun with 9, while the binary form from *ok̂tṓu `8' points to a 4-calculation system.

References: WP. I 128, Feist 378 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 590 f.

Page(s): 318-319

Root / lemma: engʷ-, n̥gʷḗn (engʷh-)

English meaning: swelling

German meaning: `Geschwulst, Leistengegend'

Material: Gr. ἀδήν, ένος m., older f. `glandula' (*n̥gʷḗn) =

Note:

Common illyr. -gʷh- > -d- phonetic mutation. In gr. -gʷ- > -b- not -d-, otherwise shift n > nd > d common illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation but not gr.

Maybe taboo in alb. anda `pleasure, delight (sexualö)'

From illyr. *engʷhi > idi derived Root / lemma: īli- (engʷhi, indi): groin, intestines [common lat. -d- > -l- phonetic mutation] (see below).

lat. inguen, -inis n. `groin, the genitals, tumefaction in the pubic region';

aisl. økkr `swelling, lump, growth' (proto germ. *enkwaḫz), økkvinn `swollen', schwed. dial. ink `blain, boil, furuncle of horses'.

Idg. (e)ngʷ- presumably ablaut from *enegʷh- (with gʷ from gʷh through immediate encounter with the nasal), whereof:

negʷh-ró-s `kidney, testicle' (`round intumescence'; perhaps older r/n-stem, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247 f.) in:

Gr. νεφρός, mostly Pl., `kidneys';

prönestin. nefrōnēs, lanuvin. nebrundinēs `kidneys, testicles';

ahd. nioro m. `kidney', partly also `testicle', mengl. mnd. nēre, aschwed. niūre, aisl. nȳra n. `kidney' (germ. *neuran- from *neʒʷhran-; aisl. umlaut is to be explained from a reshuffling of *neurian-).

References: WP. I 133 f., WH. I 701, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 486.

Page(s): 319

Root / lemma: en1

English meaning: in, *into, below

German meaning: `in'

Note: (: *n̥; slav. also *onö); eni, n(e)i; perhaps also n̥dhi (ending as epi, obhi etc. perhaps related to Lok. in -i, if if not even created after it).

Material: Old Indian in ánīka- n. `front' (= av. ainika- ds.) from *eni-_oqʷ-;

*ni- in Old Indian ni-já- `inborn, inherent, fixed, own', av. ni-zǝnta- `innate, natural', Old Indian ní-tya- `continuous, fixed, own' = gall. Nitio-broges, VN (contrast to Allo-broges) = got. niÞjis `kinsman, relative', anord. niðr `kinsman, relative', ags. niððas Pl. `men, people', also in verbal prefix ar. ni- `in, into', e.g. Old Indian nígam-, av. nigam- `enter into a condition';

arm. i (before vowel y and n-) from *in, older *en `in', adnominal m. Lok. and Akk.;

gr. ἐν, dial. ἰν and (poet.) ἔνι, ἐνί (so hom. always as postposition; att. only more ἔνι as predicate = ἔνεστι) `in', adnominal with Dat. (= Lok.), Gen. and in part also still with Akk. (`whereto, where'), in latter meaning elsewhere after ἐξ to ἐνς (att. εἰς; thereafter εἴσω extended as ἔξω, anti conservative out of it ἐς); zero grade ἀ- (n̥) e.g. in ἀ-λέγω etc.;

about the debatable ἔστε, ἔντε `until' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629 f.;

maked. ἰν;

messap. in;

alb. inj `until, in' (*eni̯);

lat. in, oldest en; osk. en, umbr. en- (enḫdendu `stretch out, reach forth, extend'), postposition osk. -en, umbr.-em, -e, adnom. with Dat. (= Lok.), Akk. and Gen. (of ambit);

air. in- `in' adnominal m. Dat. and Akk.; nasalized), in- (derived from *eni, compare ingen from urir. ini-gena `daughter'; mixed with ind- = gall. ande-, s. Thurneysen Grammar 531 f., Pedersen KG. I 45), acymr. abret. en, in `in', corn. bret. en, ncymr. yn-, gall. essedon (*en-sedon) `chariot', embrekton `immersed (swallowed) bite' (see under mereq-);

got. in `in', adnom. m. Dat., Akk., Gen.; ahd. as. ags. in, anord. ī `in', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., from *eni (about derivatives as got. inn `in, into', inna, innana, probably from *eni-n-, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 304 f.);

Old Prussian en `in', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., lett. ie- (only prefix); zero grade *n̥ in lit. į̃ (older and nowadays dial. in, int) `in', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

Old Church Slavic on- (on-ušta `footwear', ǫ-dolь `valley'), zero grade vьn-, vъ `in', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

toch. AB y-, yn-, В in- (only prefix).

n̥-dhi: Old Indian ádhi `about, on', Old pers. adiy `in'; gall. intensive prefix Ande- (PN Ande-roudus `the very red'), cymr. an(ne)- in anneḫl `contrivance' = air. indeḫl (*n̥dhiḫlḫom), cymr. anḫdaw `eavesdrop' (to taw `closemouthed'); air. ind- (partly from *indi-, partly from secondary *indo-) in ind-reth `incursion' (*indiḫreto-), indnaide (see further under), etc. Pedersen (KG. I 45) will also place here got. und `up to'; s. about other possibilities above S. 50 and S. 181.

(e)nero- `inner': arm. *nero- `the inside', assumed from ner- `within, in, into', nerk`s `inside', nerk`oy `inside, within'; perhaps gr. ἔνεροι as `those below, those beneath the earth, of the dead and the gods below', namely in the earth; or better Hypostase from οἱ ἐν ἔρᾳö

ni-, nei- `low, base', comparative nitero- `low' (in contrast to `upper'):

Old Indian ní, av. nī `down; downward', Old Indian nitarā́m `underneath', av. nitǝma- `the lowest';

arm. ni-, n- `low';

kelt. *nē from *nei in air. ar-nëut-sa, in-nëut-sa `I expect, anticipate', (urir. *-nē-sedū), Verbaln. indn(a)ide (*indo-nē-sodi̯on) and in arḫneigdet `to pray' (*ari-nē-gedont); compare different Bergin Ériu 10, 111;

ahd. nidar, as. nithar, ags. niÞer, aisl. niðr `down; downward', ahd. nidana, as. nithana `under', ags. neoðan, niÞan `down, downward, under', aisl. neðana `from here below', preposition with Akk. `below', as. nithe Adv. `under', ahd. nida preposition with Dat. and Akk. `below, under';

abg. nizъ `down, downwards' (formation as prě-zъ etc.);

in compound:

Old Indian nīpa- `low lying' (ni + ap- `water');

*ni-_okʷ- as `holding down the eyes' in:

Old Indian nīcā́́ `downwards' (compare nyañc- `pointed down');

abg. nicь `inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or past; precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy', poniknąti, ničati `be inclined'; Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indian Gr. III 230 f., Trautmann 198 f.

with formants -u̯о-:

gr. νειός f. `field, entryway' (*lowland, depression'), νείατος, νέατος `the uttermost, lowest, extreme, outermost', νειόθεν `from under, from the bottom', νείοθι `below, at the bottom', νείαιρα γαστήρ `the lower part of the belly', νήιστα ἔσχατα, κατώτατα Hes., theb. Νήιτται πύλαι (η seems to stand for ẹ̄ from ei before pal. vowel);

abg. n̂iva `farmland' (`*lowland, depression'), skr. njȉva (whence jö), čech. russ. níva ds. (*nēiu̯ā f);

zero grade ags. neowol, nēol, nihol `inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or past; precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy' from *niwol, mnd. nigel `low, base';

here probably also with full grade lit. néivoti `torment, smite', lett. niẽvât `veröchtlich behandeln, vilify, niederdröcken' (also got. *naiw `ἐνεῖχεν' Marc. VI 19ö).

Maybe alb. nivel `levelled ground'

compare idg. ni-zdos `nest' under sed- `sit, place'. As `run down, tell off, rebuke' (as lett. niẽvât) based on probably also neid- `reproach, rebuke, censure, blame, esp. by word', neit- `to be hostile towards, attack' neiq- (see there), in nei-, ni-.

enter, n̥ter `between - in', en-tero- `inward':

Old Indian antár, av. antarǝ, Old pers. antar `between', adnom. with Lok., Instr., Akk., Gen.; Old Indian ántara- `internal', av. antara- `inner', Superl. Old Indian ántama- `the closest' (not to ánti, ánta-), av. antǝma- `the most internal, intimate, inmost'; Old Indian antrá-, also with Vr̥ddhi āntrá- n. `intestines, entrails';

arm. ǝnder-k` Pl. `intestines, entrails' (gr. Lw. ö s. Höbschmann Arm. Gr. 1447 f.);

gr. ἔντερον, mostly Pl. `intestines, entrails';

alb. nder `between, in', further ndjer, ngjer etc. `until' (*entero-);

Also zero grade (*nderi) deri, deri-sa, gjer-sa `until'.

Maybe prefixed alb. pre-enda, brenda `inside'

lat. enter, inter `prep. with acc. between, among, amid; during, in the course of', adnom. m. Akk. (solidified m. Gen. intervias, interdius), intrō, intrā, intrinḫsecus, interus `internal', interior, intimus, intestīnus (see under), osk. Entraí `*Interae', zero grade, osk. anter `between, among, amid; during, in the course of', umbr. anter, ander `during', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

air. eter, etir, etar `between', adnom. m. Akk., corn. ynter, yntre, bret. entre (the ending after tre-, dre = cymr. trwy), acymr. ithr `between, among, amid; during, in the course of'; gall. inter ambes `between streams';

ahd. untar etc. `under = between' = osk. anter (different from germ. *under, ahd. etc untar `below' from *n̥dher, lat. infrā); compare got. undaúrni-mats `lunch' = `breakfast', anord. undorn n. `morning (at nine clock)', as. undorn, ags. undern `midday', ahd. untorn `midday, lunch' (n-suffix as in lat. internus); zero grade as gr. ἔντερα etc. anord. iðrar Pl. `intestines, entrails' (from *innrar, *inÞerōz), innre, iðre `the inner' (if not specific nord.-ro- has derivatived from inn = got. inn `hinein', see above);

slav. *ętro in Old Church Slavic jątro `liver', ablaut. ǫtroba `liver, *intestines, cavity of the body', ǫtrь `εἴσω'.

about hitt. antūrii̯as `inner, interior', andurza `inside, within' s. Lohmann I. F. 51, 320 f.

entós `(from) inside' (compare Old Indian iḫtáḥ `from here', lat. caelitus etc.):

gr. ἐντός `inside', whereof ἔντοσ-θεν, -θι and further ἐντόσθια, ἐντοσθίδια `intestines, entrails' (or latter with from ἔντοσθε lengthened in θ for *ἐντοστια, compare Old Indian antastya- n. `intestines, entrails', Fick I⁴ 363, Vendryès Rev. ét. gr. 23, 1910, 74);

lat. intus `from inside, within; inside', therefrom with analog rearrangement intestīnus `inward, internal; n. as subst., sing. and plur. the intestines';

mnd. nhd. dial. inser `eatable internal parts of animals', anord. īstr п., īstra f., `the fat surrounding the intestine' (*en-s-tro-);

Old Prussian instran `fat', lett. îstri Pl. `kidneys' (*en-s-tro-); lett. ìekša `Inneres', Pl. `intestines, entrails' (*enḫtḫi̯ā), alit. insčios `heart', lit. į́ščios `intestines, entrails' (*en-s-ti̯o-).

About die compression lat. endo, indu `in', wherefore gr. τὰ ἔνδῑνα, air. inne `intestines, entrails', see above S. 182 -- About gr. ἔν-δον `*in the house, indoors' (wherefore ἔνδο-θεν, -θι, lesb. dor. ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θεν, -θι, οἴκοι) s. dem- `to build'.

References: WP. I 125 ff., II 335 f., WH. I 687 f., 694, 708 f., 711 f., 870, Trautmann 69 f., 198 f. W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 70 ff.

Page(s): 311-314

Root / lemma: en-2

English meaning: year

German meaning: `Jahr'

Material: Gr. ἔνος `year' Hes., doubtful, whether m. or n., δί-ενος `biennial', τετρα-ένης, -ες `quadrennial, four years old', hom. Akk. Sg. ἦνιν, Akk. Pl. ῑνής `annual', πρητ-ήν `one-year-old lamb' (to dor.πρᾶτος from *pr̥̄tosö); ἐν-ιαυτός `year' (to ἰαύειν: `wenn das Jahr ruht, Jahreswende'öö).

zero grade -n- in:

got. fram fair-n-in jēra, as. fer-n-un gêre, mhd. verne `last year';

lit. pér-n-ai `last year', lett. pę̃rns `the previous year';

russ. dial., čech. lo-ni (*ol-ni) `letztjöhrig'.

Specht Dekl. 16 places in addition Pron. en in gr. ἔνη `that (day or that year'ö).

Note:

References: Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424 with Anm. 5, Feist 140 f., Specht Dekl. 15 f.

Page(s): 314

Root / lemma: en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥, nōmn̥, [*(d)e(m)pen]

English meaning: name

German meaning: `Name'

Note:

Root / lemma: en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥, nōmn̥, [*(d)e(m)pen]: `name' derived from p- extension of Root / lemma: dā : dǝ- and dāi- : dǝi- : dī̆- : `to share, divide': p- extension dāp-, dǝp-; dǝp-no-, -ni- `sacrificial meal', hence it was a taboo word.

Material: Old Indian nā́ma, Instr. Sg. nā́mnā, av. nāma `name';

arm. anun, Gen. anuan, after Meillet Esquisse 48 from *anuwn, *onomno-, after EM² 675 from *onōmno-;

gr. ὄνομα (from reduced *eno- with assimilation e - o), dial. ὄνυμα, *ἔνυμα in lak. ᾽Ενυμακαρτίδας, (reduced υ derived before μν from Gen. *ἔνομνος), ἀνώνυμος, νώνυμνος `nameless';

alb. tosk. emër, geg. emën (*enmen-);

Note:

(*da-a-ma-an) > alb. geg. emën [common alb.-balt. d- > zero phonetic mutation]

lat. nōmen, -inis, n. umbr. nome, Abl. nomne `name' and `people';

air. ainmm n- n., Pl. anmann (*_enmn̥-); acymr. anu, Pl. enuein, out of it ncymr. enw; corn. hanow, mbret. hanff, hanu, bret. ano;

got. namo n., aisl. nafn n., ags. nama, ahd. namo m. `name'; with ō-grade afries. nōmia, mhd. beḫnuomen `name';

Note:

Taboo word for (*dap-no-) `sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal'.

Old Prussian emnes, emmens m. (*enmen-);

slav. *ьmę, out of it *jьmę in Old Church Slavic imę, skr. ȉme, ačech. jmě, Gen. jmene, russ. ímja;

toch. A ñem, В ñom;

hitt. la-a-ma-an (lāman), with dissimilation of Anlauts; (*na-a-ma-an)

compare finno-ugr. nöm, nam, nèm, namma, magyar. nēv `name'.

References: WP. I 132, Feist 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 352, Hirt Idg. Gr. II 98, 121.

Page(s): 321

Root / lemma: enos- or onos-

English meaning: burden

German meaning: `Last'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian ánaḥ n. `load wagon' = lat. onus, -eris `a load, burden' (onustus `loaded, laden, burdened, freighted', onerāre `load, burden, fill, freight').

In addition perhaps gr. ἀνία, öol. ὀνία `grief, sorrow, distress, trouble', ἄνιος, ἄνιᾱρός `grievous, troublesome, annoying' (the dialect distribution from ἀνία : ὀνία as with the preposition ἀνά : ὀν); after Wackernagel Gl. 14, 54 f. but dissimilated from *αμῑFᾱ = Old Indian ámīvā f. `grief, sorrow, distress, trouble, plague' (see under omǝ-).

References: WP. I 132 f.;

See also: s. also under enek̂-.

Page(s): 321-322

Root / lemma: eno- (probably e-no-): ono- : no- : -ne-

English meaning: that

German meaning: Pronominalstamm `jener'

Material: Old Indian Instr. anḗna, anáyā `this, that', Gen. Lok. Du. anáyōḥ; anā `for, sure'; av. Gen. Du. anayā̊, Instr. ana (Old pers. anā), Pl. anāiš; about Old Indian anyá- `other', ántara- ds., which someone might place here, compare above S. 37;

arm. soḫin `the same', if from *k̂o-eno-s, Junker KZ. 43, 343; gr. ἔνη (sc. ἡμέρα) `der öber morgige Tag', (ἐ-)κεῖνος `that', dor. τῆνος ds. (*κε-, *τε-ενος), ὁ δεῖνα `der und der, ein gewisser' (after ταδεῖνα = *τάδε ἔνα `this and that'); about ἔνιοι `a, some, few' (from *enḫio-ö) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614⁴;

lat. enim altlat. `yea, in truth', later `for, namely' = osk. íním, inim `also, too, besides, moreover, likewise, as well, even' (whose í- in proclitic from e), umbr. ene, enem `then, at that time, in those times' besides eno(m), ennom etc. ds.;

idg. *oni̯o-, with i̯- (probably of Rel. *i̯o-) in ahd. ienēr, obd. ener, mhd. geiner (= jeiner), ags. geon, got. jains `that' instead of *janjis through the influence of ains; anord. enn, inn `the', with k̂о-: hinn `that', hānn, hann `he' (*kēnos);

lit. añs, anàs `that', žem. `he'; Old Prussian tāns `he' (*tḫanas: *to);

Old Church Slavic etc. onъ (ona, ono) `that, he', serb.-Church Slavic onakъ `from that kind of' (= lit. anõks ds.);

about hitt. an-ni-iš (annis) `that', Adverb anḫnaḫaz (annaz), anḫniḫšaḫan `once, one day, some time, some day', comparePedersen Hitt. 63, Couvreur H̯ 91 f.

no-, nā in:

Old Indian nā-nā `so or so';

arm. -n article, na `then' (*no-ai, Meillet Esquisse² 88), aḫnḫd `there' (d from idg. t; also not similar air. and `here', above S. 37, wherefore still kypr. ἄνδα αὕτη, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613);

Maybe alb. andej `there'

gr. νῆς τὸ ἔνης, dor. νᾶς Hes.; νή `yea, in truth', Instr. (= lat. nē ds.), ναί, ναίχι ds. (compare αἰ : ἠ `if', δαί : δή `also');

Maybe alb në se `if'

lat. nam `for, namely' (Akk. Sg. f), nem-pe `certainly, without doubt, assuredly, of course, as everybody knows', nemḫut ds.; nē `yea, in truth', instrumental;

doubtful whether slav. *nā, Interjektion russ. na `there you have!' etc. belongs here.

Also alb. na `there you have!'

Maybe poln. na pewno `certainly' : lat. nem-pe `certainly'

Doubtful is also, whether the consecutive particles belong here:

ne in:

Old Indian ná `as though, as';

av. yaϑ-na `and namely';

gr thess. ὅνε, τόνε, τάνε, with double inflection Gen. Sg. τοῖνεος etc. `this';

lat. ego-ne, tū-ne, dēnique (*dē-ne-que), dōnicum, dōnec (*dō-ne-kʷom, compare umbr. arnipo `as far as' from *ad-ne-kʷom), quandō-ne, sīn (*sīḫne `if, however'), etc.; also -ne in the question;

ahd. (ne weist tu) na `not knowing whether';

alit. ne `as', lit. nè, nègi, nègu `as' (after comparative), néi `as' (*ne-i), lett. ne `as';

akls. neže, skr. nȅgo `as' after comparative; aruss. ni ds., poln. ni `as' (*ne-i).

Maybe alb. (*nse) se : poln ni¿ `than' : akls. neže `as' after comparative.

nē in:

Old Indian ví-nā `without';

av. yaϑa-nā̆ `straight as', ciϑǝ-nā for the introduction of a question (= lat. quidḫne);

about gr. ἐγώνη, which could also be ἐγω-νη, see under ē, ō; νή s. S. 320;

lat. nē `yea, in truth' see above S. 320;

got. -na in afta-na Adv. `from behind', hinda-na Adv. `beyond', etc.; ahd. -na in oba-na `from here above'; anord. Þērḫna `to yourself, to you', etc.;

abg. vъ-ně `outside';

probably phryg. νι `and' (in ιος νι `and who') remains far off; about toch. A -ne in kusḫne `who, what, which, the one that', compare Couvreur (Tochaarse Klank- en Vormleer 50); s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612;

References: WP. II 336 f., WH. I 339 f., 370 f., 386 f., 404 f., Trautmann 7 f., 195, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 612, Specht Dekl. 306.

Page(s): 319-321

Root / lemma: enq-, onq- (*hok-)

English meaning: to sigh, groan, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel: `seufzen, stöhnen' (enq-), `bröllen, brummen' (onq-)

Note: both vocalizations also with various emotion value, so that perhaps would be spoken from two variant onomatopoeic words. Besides, admittedly, a root form in voiced-nonaspirated eng-, ong-, n̥g- `groan, moan, sigh', without such such meaning separation after the vocalization.

Material: Gr. ὀγκάομαι `cry, shout (bray, of the ass)' (of donkey), ὄκνος `bittern' (*ὄγκνος);

alb. nëkónj, geg. angój `groan, sigh, complain' (*enq-);

lat. uncō, -āre `to sound or roar like a bear'. But cymr. och `a sighing, a sigh, a groan, a lamentation, complaint', interjection `ah!', is not deducible from *oŋq- and probably certainly a new interjectional creation;

slav. *jęčati, russ.-Church Slavic jaču, jačati `sigh', jaklivъ `having an impediment in one's speech', russ. mdartl. jačátь `groan, moan, plaintive shout'.

With voiced-nonaspirated:

mir. ong `the groaning, sigh, lamentation', in addition probably air. ennach `crow' (from *eng-n-ākā) and enchache f. `buffoonery, scurrility';

mnd. anken `groan, moan, sigh', norw. mdartl. ank `whimpering, sigh, distress, repentance', dön. ank, anke `lament, complaint', wherefore changing through ablaut dön. ynke, schwed. ynka `have mercy on, deplore, bemoan', at most also nhd. Unke after her pitiful cry (yet onomatopoeic word mhd. ūche `toad'; s. still Kluge¹¹, the hybridization this ūche with mhd. ahd. unc `snake' [see above S. 44] considers).

An onomatopoeic word is lit. ùngti, ùngau `whimper like a dog'.

References: WP. I 133.

Page(s): 322

Root / lemma: ent- (better ant-ö) (*ḫ-ent)

English meaning: to weave

German meaning: `anzetteln, weben' (öö)

Note:

Root / lemma: ent- (better ant-ö) : `to weave' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: u̯ebh-1 : `to weave, plait' through an illyr.-alb. intermediary alb. venj `I weave' (*u̯ebhni̯ō) : alb. ent, int `weave' (*ent-i̯- or *n̥tḫi̯).

Material: Old Indian átka-ḥ m. `garment, mantle', av. aδka-, atka- m. `Upper dress, mantle' (n̥t-ko-s);

alb. ent, int `weave' (*ent-i̯- or *n̥tḫi̯) : Old Indian ubhnā́ti, umbháti, unábdhi `tie together', ū́rṇā-vábhi- m. `spider', gr. ὑφή `the weaving', alb. venj `I weave' (*u̯ebhni̯ō);

Note:

Alb.- slavic use prothetic v- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.

gr. att. ἄττομαι (*n̥t-i̯o-) `weave', δίαζομαι ds. (compare Debrunner IF. 21, 216), ἄσμα, δίασμa `setting the warp in the loom, i.e. beginning the web'; if, however (Petersson Heterokl. 262) ἄνταρ ds., ἀντήριος ds. belong to it, must have begun rather like root *ant-. However, exists with gr. culture words the suspicious origin and air. étid `dressed', étiud `clothing' could be shaped secondary to étach ds. (*en-togo-);

also the equation Old Indian átka-ḥ : gr. ἀσκός `skin, hose, tube' is because of of this dubious meaning; gr. ἤτριον, dor. ἄ̄τριον `the warp in a web' are suspectly of pre-Greek origin.

References: WP. I 134.

Page(s): 322

Root / lemma: epero-

English meaning: boar

German meaning: `Eber'

Material: Lat. aper, aprī `boar', umbr. Akk. Pl. apruf, abrof, Akk. Sg. abrunu, Akk. Pl. abrons `pigs' (yet about lat. Aprōnius, mars.-lat. Aprufclano see Schulze Eigennamen 111, 124 f.); a probably after caper; derived lat. aprugnus `of boar' with suffix -gno- zur root ĝen-; here perhaps the PN Eprius;

germ. *ebura-, altn. jǫfurr m. `prince, lord' (in figurative meaning, actually `boar'), ags. eofor m. `boar', mndd. ever, ahd. ebur, nhd. Eber.

With (analogicalö) v-suggestion belong asl. veprь m. `boar', skr. vȅpar (Gen. vȅpra), poln. wieprz (Gen. wieprza), russ. veprь (Gen. véprja) here;

lett. vepris ds. (PN lit. Vẽpriai Plur., and аpr. Weppren) is not borrowed of Slav., but common origin;

unclear is thrak. ἔβρος `he-goat; billy goat'.

References: WP. I 121, WH. I 56, Trautmann 351.

Page(s): 323

Root / lemma: eph-

English meaning: to cook

German meaning: `kochen'

Note: Only Gr. and Arm.

Material: Arm. ep`em `cook';

gr. ἕψω `cook', Fut. ἑψήσω, participle ἑφθός (does not prove in itself idg. ph, because also *ἑπστός should lead to ἑφθός); however, ἕψω so- would be present (compare δέψω : δέφω) and arm. p` derived from idg. ph .

References: WP. I 124, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 706.

Page(s): 325

Root / lemma: epi, opi, pi

English meaning: at, by

German meaning: `nahe hinzu, auf - darauf, auf - hin', zeitlich `in addition, darauf, örtlich `hinter, after' (also `bei etwas herunter'ö so partly die germ. forms)

Note: (also with lengthened grade -ei, -oi in the final syllable); partially in the meaning with abbreviated ebhi, obhi.

Material: Old Indian ápi `also, in addition' (Adv.), seldom ved. preposition m. locative `by, in', prefix api-, pi- `to, by' (pi- in piḫdhāna- n. `covering, cover, lid', pi-nahyati `tethered, fastened to', py-úkṣṇa- `cover of the bow': gr. πτ-υχή `crease, layer', if from *πι̯-υχᾱ, πτύσσω `lay, place together, crease', pīḍayati : πιέζω, s. *sed-); common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

av. aipi, аp. apiy, adnominal `about - to, by (Akk.), by (temporal, Lok.), after (temporal, Instr.)', Adv. `in addition also, likewise also, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; hereafter, later', prefix `to'; with lengthened grade of final syllable av. ape `after' (m. Akk.), compare apaya Adv. `hereafter, prospectively', -pe emphasizing particle;

arm. ev `and, also'; *pi in anlaut h- united verbs, as h-aganim `pull myself to'ö

Gr. ἐπί, ἔπι `auf to, an', adnominal with dative (= idg. Lok., Instr., Akk., Gen., prefix, ἔπισσον τὸ ὕστερον γενόμενον Hes. (i.e. probably `progeny', basic form *ἔπι-τι̯ο-, Schulze, Kl. Schr. 70 ff., 675), πι- prefix (see above); opi in hom. ὄπι-θε(ν) `behind, afterwards', ion. att.ὄπισθε(ν) ds. (-σ- after πρόσθε(ν), compare also ὀπίσ(σ)ω `behind, backwards'; hereafter' (*opiḫti̯ō), ὀπίστατος `hindmost, last'; ὀπ-ώρα `autumn', S. 343); presumably (with idg. contraction from *opi-_oqʷ to *opīqʷ, to *oqʷ- `see') όπι:-πέυω `stare at', παρθενοπῖπα `girl gazer, onlooker', *ὄψ (formation as ἄψ, lat. abs, ἀμφίς, see under ital. ops-) base from ὀψέ, öol. ὄψι `late';about gr. ἐπ-εί `there' see above S. 284;

illyr. PN Epi-cadus (compare gr. κεκαδμένος `parading, showing off'); ven. PN Opi-tergium (to Tergeste `Triest', abg. trъgъ `marketplace'; alb. tregu `marketplace'); messap. piḫdō (*dōḫt) `bore profit';

alb. épërë `situated above'; illyr. Epirus (*epiḫu̯eri̯ō) `situated above, highland' : Ériu `Irland' (*epiḫu̯eri̯ō `enclosed land, hill, island), cymr. Ywerddon ds. (*uiu̯erðon, *epiḫu̯eri̯onos) [common illyr. n > nd > d phonetic mutation].

lat. ob adnominal m. Akk. `prep. with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of', altlat. also `around, round about, all around, near together, in close proximity', and prefix from op- before voiced consonant originated (as ab from ap[o]); op still in operio from *opḫveriō, oportet from *op-vortet `it is necessary, needful, proper, becoming, or reasonable; it behooves; I (thou, he, etc.) must or ought'; about opācus s. EM² 703 and above S. 54; *ops- (see above) usually before t- in compound, e.g. o(p)s-tendo; osk. úp, op `by' with Abl. (= *Instr.);

air. iar n-, iarm- `after, afterwards, in the next place, secondly' m. Dat., perhaps Neutr. a derivative *epi-ro-m (Thurneysen Gr. 516); epi- seems also obstructed in air. íа-daim `close' (compare lat. obḫdō), éi-thech `perjury' (compare gr. ἐπι-ορκέω), Ériu `Irland' (*epiḫu̯eri̯ō `enclosed land, hill, island) = cymr. Ywerddon ds. (*uiu̯erðon, *epiḫu̯eri̯onos), nir. éibheall `blaze, glow' (*epiḫbhelo-);

opi in air. oíbell m. `blaze, glow' = cymr. ufel m. `spark' (*opiḫbhelo-); cymr. uffarn, bret. ufern `ankle' (opi-spernā);

got. iftuma (formation as aftuma `last') `subsequent, later'; ibdalja m. `descent, slope', ags. eofolsian `blaspheme' (*eƀ-hālsian), eofut, eofot n. `blame' (*eƀ-hāt);

in addition perhaps also the group `evening': anord. aptann, eptann, west-germ. with ā ags. ǣfen m. n., as. āƀand, ahd. āband; perhaps the Westgerm. has dissimilation reduction of the first dental experienced in the basic form *āptanto- or is idg. *ēp-onto- the basic form and anord. aptann from derived aptan `hereafter';

to the possible fusion from *ap- and *ep- in Germ. compare above S. 53 f.;

lit. ap-, before labial also still api-, in nominal compound apy- prefix `around, about, by', apiẽ `around, about' m. Akk., alit. and dial. ostlit. dievíe-p `by god' under likewise, sūnaũs-pi `for the son'; lett. ap- `around, about', pìe with Gen. and Akk. `by, in', pìe- `to there, in-, full-'; Old Prussian ep- (ap- lacking normative spelling), eb- `around-', rather as *epi here, as to be taken as a basis under the form eb- to idg. ebhi, obhi; in addition to the postposition lit -p(i) hinter Gen. namó-pi `on the way home, homeward') and Lok. (namié-pi `to the house, homeward'), lett. -p (only adverbial use), Е. Fraenkel, Syntax 18 ff., Endzelin Gr. 524 ff.;

in addition one places also lit. suffix in dvej-ópas `twofold' etc., as well as das suffix in illyr. VN Hadriopes, Δερρίοπες, etc. (öö);

here also slav. preposition о `around, in' (*op); to coincidence with idg. obhi see above S. 287, Meillet Slave commun² 155 f., Trautmann 1;

about hitt. appa etc. see above S. 53; in the meaning it corresponds rather to gr. ἐπί as gr. ἀπό;

Lyk. knows only the extended forms epñ-, epñte `after';

about toch. Gen.-ending A -āp, В -epi, which one could put here (also in Lit. would strengthen the Gen. through epi), s. also Pedersen Toch. 50 ff.

References: WP. I 122 f., Pedersen Lyk. and Hitt. 23, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 550⁷, 620, 628, 631⁷, Trautmann 1.

Page(s): 323-325

Root / lemma: epop, opop

English meaning: a kind of exclamation

German meaning: Ruf of Wiedehopfs

Material: Arm. popop, npers. pūpū `hoopoe';

gr. ἐποποῖ ποποπό `shout, call of hoopoe', ἔποψ, -οπος `hoopoe', ἔπωπα ἀλεκτρυόνα ἄγριονHes. (-ωπ- probably through support in -ωψ); ἄπαφός ἔποψ, τὸ ὄρνεον (assimilated from *επαφός, which is reshuffled in ending after animal names suffix –αφος = alb. kafshë (*– αφος, *haphos) `animal');

lat. upupa `hoopoe';

ndd. Hupphupp under likewise; nhd. Wiedehopf, ahd. wituhopfo, as. widohoppa is a reinterpretation after germ. widu- (idg. u̯idhu-) `tree, wood' and mhd. hopfen `höpfen';

lett. puppukis `hoopoe'.

similar, but not reduplicated, osorb. hupak, poln. hupek `hoopoe', osorb. hupać `cry like a hoopoe', compare also more in general slovak. húpati `cry', russ. old chupsti sja `vaunt, boast'.

References: WP. I 123 f., Kluge¹¹ S. 689.

Page(s): 325

Root / lemma: ereb-, orob-, rōb-

English meaning: to drill, make holes

German meaning: `bohren, aushöhlen; spitzes Werkzeug in addition'ö

Material: Lett. ir̂bs `knitting needle' (rhyme word to virbs), ir̃bulis `little peg, stylus'; lit. ùrbinti `make a hole with the awl', ur̃bti = lett. urbt `bore', urbulis `awl, stylus'; lit. ruõbti `hollow out', ruobtùvas `Hohlmesser', lett. ruobs `incisure, incision, rabbet, lack, feud'. The ablaut relation speaks for idg. age of the family, although the citation of gr. ἄρβηλος `round shoemaker's knife' and ἀρβύλη `strong shoe covering the whole foot' (if originally `hollow clog') remains quite doubtful, because latter can be also based on a word for `shoe' of quite other origin

References: WP. I 146.

Page(s): 333

Root / lemma: ered- (*ere-danos)

English meaning: to flow; dampness

German meaning: `(zer)fließen, Feuchtigkeit'

Material: Old Indian árdati, r̥dáti `flows (in compounds), sprays, resolves; disturbs', ardáyati `makes flow, dissolves, presses, torments, kills', ārdrá- `humid, wet, damp', r̥dū- (in compounds) `dampness', av. arǝdvī- f. name of a mythical river, worshiped mostly as a female divinity.

from in addition gr. ἄρδᾰ `smut, dirt', ἄρδαλος `dirty, filthy'ö

Perhaps here the frequent kelto-ligur. FlN Rodanos (frz. Rhône = nhd. der Rotten, ital. Rodano etc.) as `the flowing' (grözis. ᾽Ηρίδανος from iberisiert. *Errodanos), in addition Rednitz (Bavaria) from *Rodantia.

maybe illyr. GN Redon `sea god'.

References: WP. I 148, Pokorny Mil. Boisacq II 193 ff.

Page(s): 334

Root / lemma: eregʷ(h)o-, erogʷ(h)o-

English meaning: pea

German meaning: `Erbse, Hölsenfrucht'

Material: Gr. ὄροβος m. (from *ἔροβος after Gen. etc. ὀρόβου); compare however, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 81), ἐρέβινθος m. (Asia Minor suffix proves not exactly such origin, there in plant names also, otherwise, seeming, thus in λέβινθοι ἐρέβινθοι Hes.) `chickpea';

lat. ervum n. `a kind of pulse, the bitter vetch' (from *erou̯om, *eregʷ(h)om or *erogʷ(h)om);

ahd. araweiz, arwiz, nhd. Erbse, as. er(iw)it, mnd. erwete, ndd. erwten Pl., anord. ertr f. Pl. (Dat. ertrum) ds. (-ait probably pure suffix);

but mir. orbaind `grains' stands for *arbainn, older arbanna (above S. 63).

Probably borrowings from a common, probably east-mediterranean origin, from which derives also Old Indian aravindam `lotus'.

References: WP. I 145, WH. I 419 f., 863.

Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: erek-1 (er[e]gh-)

English meaning: louse, tick

German meaning: `Laus, Milbe'

Note: often distorted taboo

Material: Old Indian likṣā́ `nit, louse' common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation (probably from *lakṣā́ through influence of likháti `scarifies');

lat. ricinus 1. `itself in the skin of sheep, dogs or cattle annoying vermin, tick' (doubtful is the affiliation from 2. `a shrub kind, castor bean, ricinus') could go back to older *recinos and be shared with lit. érkė `tick, sheep louse' (*erki̯ā), lett. ẽrce `cow's mite, wicked, evil person' under idg. *erek-. Furthermore it is to be compared arm. o(r)jil `nit, louse' (here seems to be a root variant er(e)gh-, as also in the consecutive alb. form) and ork`iun `ringworm, itching, erysipelas' (from *orqii̯ōno- (ö) with a-no-suffix as in Lat. after Petersson KZ. 47, 263 f.), alb. ergjiz `small louse' (see G. Meyer Alb.Wb. 96; doubt by Hermann KZ. 41, 48; however, the irregular guttural in Armen. and Alban. could be based on taboo distortion).

References: WP. I 145, II 344.

Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: er(e)k-2, rek-, rok-

English meaning: to tear, cut, split

German meaning: `aufreißen, spalten, schinden'

Material: Old Indian r̥kṇá-ḥ `flayed, rubbed off bald', r̥kṣá-ḥ `naked, bald, bleak', r̥kṣara-ḥ `cusp, peak, thorn'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

lit. j-ėrkà, pra-j-ėrkà `slit'; (about lett. er̃cis `juniper' etc. see above S. 67 f.); with other ablaut grade lit. rankù, ràkti `stick in, poke', rakštìs `splinter, thorn', etc.

References: Persson Beitr. 839.

See also: In addition belongs also: eres-1 `prick'.

Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: eres-1

English meaning: to pierce

German meaning: `stechen'

Material:

Old Indian r̥ṣáti `bumps, stings', r̥ṣṭíṣ `spear, javelin', av. aršti- ds.;

lit. erśkė̃tis `thorn plant', compare above S. 67;

sloven. rệsǝk `sowthistle'.

References: Persson Beitr. 84.

See also: Verschieden therefrom is: ere-s-2.

Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: ere-s-2 (_ers-, r̥s-, _eres-), and rē̆s-, rō̆s-

English meaning: to flow

German meaning: `fließen'; von lebhafter Bewegung öberhaupt, also `umherirren' and `aufgebracht, aufgeregt sein'

Material: 1. Old Indian rásaḫḥ `juice, sap, fluidity', rasā́ `dampness, humidity', also mythical river name equally av. Raṅhā (i.e. Rahā), out of it the name the Wolga ΏΡᾶ;

lat. rōs, rōris `dew' (conservative stem with originally bare nominativischer lengthened grade ō);

alb. resh, reshën `it is snowing, it is raining', also `shower of ash, fire' (probably likewise from *rōs-);

gr. ἀπ-εράω (*erǝsō) `pour liquid, spew away' (ö), ἐξ-εράω `empty, spit out, spew', κατ-εράω `pour in', μετ-εράω `transfuse', συνεράω `pour together'; after Debrunner IF. 48, 282 the basic meaning from ἐράω `spill, pour on the earth' and the verb would derive from ἔρα `earth' (above S. 332);

Old Church Slavic rosa `dew', lit. rasà ds.

Maybe alb. rosa f. `duck, water bird'

2. root form ers-, r̥s-; r̥sen `virile'.

Old Indian árṣati `flows'; further with the meaning `virile' (from `moistening, pouring seeds') Old Indian r̥ṣaḫbháḫḥ `bull', ajaḫrṣabháḫḥ `he-goat', av. Old pers. aršan `man, husband, penis', gr. hom. ἄρσην, att. ἄρρην, ion. öol. kret. ἔρσην (without F-!) `virile' (in addition *αρνηFός, hom. ἀρνειός `of a lamb or sheep, ram' = att. ἀρνεώς, öol. ἀρνήαδες f., in addition ἀρνεύω `make an aerial jump, dive', actually `make a leapfrog', ἀρνευτήρ `one who flips over in the air, capers, jump about ', Lit. by Boisacq under ἀρνειός and ἀρνευτήρ Nachtr.), probably also ahd. or[re]huon, anord. orre `grouse' (out of it mhd. ūrhan, nhd. Auerhahn through hybridization with ahd. ūr, ūrohso).

3. affiliation of our root *eres- to *er-, *or- `set in motion, lively movement' is worth considering. Other s-forms show additional meaning from root er-, or-:

Arm. eṙam (*ersāḫi̯ō; compare above Old Indian arṣati) `boil, flow; be in perpetually in motion; be teeming; be excited passionately; be or become keen, angry', er̄andn `surge etc.; excitement', zḫeṙam `moves me around, stirs me, I am strongly moved, excited, swim etc. `;

gr. ἐρωή `swing, verve, rush' (*rōsā́; therefrom but also ἐρωέω `flow, stream, hurry');

lat. rōrārii `light armed skirmisher, kind of light-armed Roman troops, who usually made the first attack and then retired, skirmishers' (derivative from *rōsā `swing' = βελέων, δουρὸς ἐρωή);

anord. rās f. `run', mndd. rās n. `intense current', ags. rǣs m. `run, attack' (engl. race skand. Lw.), mhd. rāsen `dash', ags. rǣsan `onrush', anord. rāsa `dash forth, rush along'; anord. ras n. `haste, hurry', rasa `stream, glide, slide' (ablaut *rōs- : *rēs- : *rǝs-ö); got. rēs in PN Rēs-mēr;

in addition with the concept partly of the worried, also aimless movement, partly of the excitement, the violent rage:

on the one hand: lat. errō (*ersāi̯ō) `to wander, to wander or stray about, to wander up and down, to rove' (= arm. eṙam), got. aírzeis `wander, enticed', ahd. irri `wander', got. aírziÞa f. `error, deceit', ahd. irrida ds., irr(e)ōn (*erziōn) `err';

on the other hand: as. irri `angry, irate', ags. eorre, yrre `angry, irate, rancorous', eorsian, iersian `to wish a person ill'.

4. _eres- in Old Indian irasyáti `is angry, is ill-disposed, behaves violently' (*_eres-), irasyā́- `the ill-will' and ī́rṣyati `is envious' (*_erǝs-), av. participle arǝšyant- `envious', Old Indian īrṣyā́- `envy, jealousy' av. aras-ka- `envy', mpers. npers. arašk `envy, eagerness', zero grade av. ǝrǝši- `envy'; ved. ŕ̥ṣi- m. `bard, seer' (*lunatic);

arm. heṙ `anger, envy, strife';

gr. ἄρος ἀκούσιον βλάβος Hes., hom. ἀρειή `defamatory word' (= Old Indian irasyā́), in addition ἐπήρεια `violent, hostile action' (proto gr. ā, compare ark. ἐπηρειάζεν, with lengthening in compound due to a *ἐπ-ᾱρής), compare also ἐρεσχηλέω `banter'; ῎Αρης `god of revenge' seems if personification of the related Subst. ἀρή `ruin, outrage, act of violence', whereof ἀ̄ρήμενος `distressed, injured, hurt, disabled, afflicted';

lit. aršùs `violent';

hitt. arsaniya- `be jealous, envious', Denom. from *arsana- `jealous' (compare above Old Indian īrṣyā́ `envy'), Benveniste BSL. 33, 139;

after Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18 here toch. A ārṣal `poisonous worms', В arṣāklai `snake' (*r̥sātlā);

to Old Indian árṣati `flows' (above S. 336) places Couvreur H̯ 96 hitt. a-ar-aš-zi (arszi) `flows';

toch. A yör-s-, В yarḫs- `bathe' (-s- from -sk-), without sk-suffix A yör- ds., would be compared with hitt. arra- `wash' (ö).

References: WP. I 149 ff., WH. I 416 f., 863, Trautmann 237.

Page(s): 336-337

Root / lemma: ereu-1

English meaning: to seek, ask

German meaning: `nachsuchen, forschen, fragen'

Material: Gr. *ἔρευμι, *ἔρυμεν, thematic become: ἐρέ[F]ω, ἐρέ[F]ομαι (öol. ἐρεύω) and εἴρομαι (ἔρFομαι) `ask, search, seek', kret. ἐρευταί `ζητηταί, πράκτορες', due to en-stem: *ερεF-ων `inquirer, searcher', ἐρευνάω `feel, investigate' and hom. ἐρεείνω `investigate, ask' (*ερεFεν-ι̯ω), finally due to a *ἔρF-ως: ἐρωτάω hom. εἰρωτάω `ask'; hom. ἐρείομεν is after Risch (briefl.) a fake analogical form;

anord. raun f. `attempt, test, investigation', reyna `examine, get to know'.

References: WP. II 366, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.

Page(s): 337

Root / lemma: ereu-2

English meaning: to tear

German meaning: `aufreißen'

Material: Old Indian áruṣ- n. `wound';

anord. ørr, err n. `scar' (*arwaz, *arwiz), as finn. Lw. arpi, Gen. arven; mnd. are, nhd. dial. arbe `scar';

References: WP. II 352, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 355.

See also: s. also under reu-2 `tear open', which probably belongs to it.

Page(s): 338

Root / lemma: er(ǝ)d- (_er/ǝ/d-), er(ǝ)dh-

English meaning: high; to grow

German meaning: `hoch; wachsen'

Note:

Root / lemma: er(ǝ)d- (_er/ǝ/d-), er(ǝ)dh- : `high; to grow' derived from Root / lemma: al-2 : `to grow; to bear' dh- Extensions: ai. r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati `prospers, succeeds, does succeed, manages', av. arǝdat̃ `he allows to prosper', ǝrǝdāt- `make prosper'.

Material: Av. ǝrǝdva- `high';

lat. arduus `high, upright';

gall. Arduenna silva, air. ard (*r̥̄du̯o-) `high, big, large'; cymr. hardd `beautiful';

aisl. ǫrðugr `upright' puts away (as at most also ǝrǝdva-) a parallel form in dh-, while various extensions exist from er- `(set in motion, invigorate) bring up' through dh (compare ὀροθύνω `set in motion, invigorate' etc.).

Certainly with dh lat. arbor `tree', wherefore kurd. ār- from *ard- `tree' in ārzang `dark hue on the trees caused by wind and weather', eig. `tree rot';

alb. rit `grow', from r̥d- or r̥dh-; (zero grade) < rum. ridica `pitch, raise, elevate, lift, perk up, straighten, loop, kick up, pick up, hoist, take up, rise, arise, get up, mount, ascend, balloon, shovel, pry, prong, stick up, cock, start, step up, advance, remove, arrest, suspend, encash, enhance, aggrandize, resound, strike, construct, build, carry up, set up, erect, found, create, put up, put, interpose, appear, pose, bring up, receive, convene, assemble, muster, collect'

slav. *orstǫ, abg. rastǫ, russ. rastú, čech. rostu etc. `grow' (*ord-, ordh-tō);

toch. A orto `upwards'.

References: WP. I 148 f., II 289 f., WH. I 64 f.

Page(s): 339

Root / lemma: erǝ-1, rē-, er(e)-

English meaning: to row

German meaning: `rudern; Ruder'

Material: Old Indian arí-tra- m. `driving; rudder', n. (also áritra-) `rudder, helm', aritár- `oarsman';

gr. ἐρέ-της `oarsman', replacement for *ἐρετήρ (= Old Indian aritár-) wherefore receive fem. ᾽Ερέτρια PN, ἐρέσσω, att. ἐρέττω `row, oar' (*ερετ-ι̯ω, denominative), ἐρετμός, Pl. ἐρετμά (instead of *ἐρῆμος = lat. rēmus, after ἐρέτης, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 493²) `rudder', hom. εἰρεσίη (εἰ- metr. lengthening) `the rowing', ὑπηρέτης `enslaved oarsman, sailor'; figurative: `hardly working servant', πεντήρης `having five banks of oars, a ship or galley having five banks of oars, a quinquereme'; εἰκόσ-ορος, τριᾱκόντ-ορος, ion. τριηκόντ-ερος etc. (die -ορος-forms through gr. assimilation of ο from εö); ἁλι-ήρης `rowing through the sea', ἀμφ-ήρης `having two banks of oars', τριήρης `three-decker';

lat. rēmus `rudder', triresmom, septeresmom Columna rostrata (basic form rather *rē-smo- as *retḫsmo-);

Maybe Remus, i, m., the brother of Romulus (*rē-smo `placed into sailing the basketö'

The god Mars impregnates a Vestal Virgin. When she gives birth to twins, Romulus and Remus, the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which Romulus and Remus were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them and a woodpecker named Picus feeds them until the shepherd Faustulus finds Romulus and Remus and brings them into his home. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their maternal grandfather, and set out to found their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother and become the first king and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after Romulus.

air. rā- `oar, row', imb-rā- `oar, row, sail, navigate a ship' (e.g. Impf. -raad, Perf. immḫrerae `set out, departed', Verbn. imram `the rowing'), rāme `rudder';

anord. rōa, ags. rōwan, mhd. röejen `oar, row'; ahd. ruodar, ags. rōðor n. `rudder', anord. rōÞr (u-stem *rōÞru-) `the rowing';

lit. iriù, ìrti `oar, row', ìrklas `rudder', ablaut. Old Prussian artwes f. Pl. `sailing'.

References: WP. I 143 f., Trautmann 105.

Page(s): 338

Root / lemma: erǝ-2, rē-

English meaning: to be still

German meaning: `ruhen'

Material: Av. airime adv. `still, peaceful' (*erǝ-mo-), armaē-šad, -śtā `sitting quietly, standing still' (*er-mo- or *_erǝ-mo-; mere graphic -i- are seen in airime Meillet Dial. indoeur. 66);

gr. ἐρωή (πολέμοιο) `stop the fight', ἐρωέω `cease' = anord. rō, ags. rōw, ahd. ruowa, nhd. Ruhe (*rōu̯ō), changing through ablaut with ahd. rāwa ds.; ἀρά-μεναι ἡσυχάζειν Hes. (ö);

cymr. araf `peaceful, mild, slow' (*_erǝ-mo-);

after Rozwadowski R. Sl. 6, 58 f. ostensibly here the name the Wolga ΏΡᾶ as `quiet, still water' from *Rava (mordvin. Ravo) to lit. rova (= germ. *rōu̯ō `tranquility'), lett. rāwa `still water', lit. FlN Rova = slav. Rava; better above S. 336.

apposition from gr. ἔρως `love', ἔραμαι `love' (compare Old Indian rámate `rests, stands still, can be enough, finds favor, cherishes love') is at most quite a weak possibility (see Boisacq m. Lit., Persson Beitr. 667).

A s-extension *r-e-s-, rḫoḫs- in got. rasta `mile (relatively great distance)' (`rest'), anord. rǫst f. `stage of a journey', ahd. rasta f. `tranquility, rest, stage of a journey, stretch of time', as. rasta and resta (*rastja) `tranquility, lair', ags. ræst and rest `tranquility, lair, grave'; changing through ablaut mnd. ruste, roste `tranquility, stage of a journey', spötmhd. rust `tranquility'; got. razn n. `house', anord. rann ds., ags. ærn, ren n. `house' (with strange meaning ræsn n. `plank, ceiling'); Note: (similar meaning shift as in md. humil `sky, heaven'; ahd. himil `ceiling')

Maybe alb. rrasë `plank'

afries. ern in fiāḫern `cattle-house, pen'; doubtful ags. reord (*rezdō) f., gereord n. `meal, festival, food', anord. greddir `servant who feeds cattle, saturator'(*garazdīz), grenna `feed' (*gaḫraznian).

References: WP. I 144 f.

See also: compare rem-, das as res- with (e)rǝ- zusammengestellt wird.

Page(s): 338-339

Root / lemma: ergh-

English meaning: to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful, sinful

German meaning: `schötteln, erregen, beben' od. likewise

Note: probably extension from er- `set in motion'.

Material: Old Indian r̥ghāyáti `shakes, roars, attacks, storms';

gr. ὀρχέω `πάλλω, κινέω', mostly ὀρχέομαι `dance, hop, jump, shake'.

Because of similar present meaning in er-3 `strife, quarrel, contention' under likewise could stand furthermore in relationship:

av. ǝrǝɣant- `bad, hideous';

ahd. ar(a)g `fearful, idle, mad, wicked, evil, bad', ags. earg ds., aisl. argr and with metathesis ragr `unmanly, lustful, evil, bad';

lit. aržùs `lascivious, sensual'.

Maybe alb. herdhe `testicle' [common alb. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation]

Note:

From Root / lemma: ergh- : `to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful' derived Root / lemma: orĝhi-, r̥ĝhi- : `testicle' (hence a taboo word)

References: WP. I 147 f.

Page(s): 339

Root / lemma: erkʷ-

English meaning: to shine; to praise

German meaning: `strahlen; hell klingen, lobpreisen'

Material: Old Indian árcati `shines; sings praise, greets, honors, venerates', arká- m. `ray, lightning, sun, fire; song, bard, singer' (= arm. erg), r̥c-, Nom. Sg. r̥k f. `radiance; poem, verse', r̥kvan- `lobpreisend, jubelnd';

arm. erg `song';

air. erc `sky, heaven', mir. suairc `pleasant, beautiful, radiating' (*su-erkʷis);

toch. A yörk, В yarke `worship, veneration' (Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18);

hitt. ar-ku-u̯a-nu-un `I prayed' (arku̯anun); different Hendriksen 45 and 74.

References: WP. I 147, Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 360; compare above S. 65.

Page(s): 340

Root / lemma: er-1, or-

English meaning: eagle

German meaning: `Adler'

Note: arm. gr. `(large) bird generally'

Note:

Old Indian r̥ji-pyá `darting along' epithet of the bird śyená- (`eagle, falcon'), Av. ǝrǝziḫfya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), arm. arcui (< *arciḫwi) `eagle', prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-ö), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'.

Material: Arm. oror, urur `seagull, consecration';

gr. ὄρνις, -ῑθος, dor. -ῑχος `bird; rooster, cock, hen', ὄρνεον `bird';

air. irar, mir. also ilar, cymr. eryr, mbret. erer (nbret. corn. er through haplology, barely = lit. ẽras) `eagle' (*erur-);

got. ara, aisl. ari, ǫrn (from *arnuz), ags. earn, ahd. aro, aru `eagle', mhd. adelḫar `noble eagle', nhd. Adler; proto germ. *aran- = hitt. aran-;

lit. erẽlis, dial. arẽlis, Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), lett. ḕrglis (from ḕrdlis) `eagle'; balt. basic form *ereli̯а-, compare lit. ẽras, ãras `eagle' (whether oldö);

abg. orъlъ (*arila-) `eagle', russ. orëɫ, Gen. orɫá;

whether urn. erilaR, aisl. jarl, ags. eorl, as. erl `man, husband', esp. `noble man, husband', so that is to be connected in accordance with aisl. jǫfurr `prince, lord', actually `boar', is doubtful;

Maybe the compound in toch. B: arśakörśa `bat, (*mouseö)' [from (*ḫaras) arśa-'*eagle, bird' + körk- `steal, *prey']

hitt. ḫa-a-ra-aš (ḫaras), Gen. ḫaḫraḫnaḫaš (ḫaranas), n-stem `eagle', as got. ara.

ARINNA: Hittite Sun Goddess. She sent an Eagle out in search of Telepinus. The effort failed. The name of Hittite sun goddess is an attribute name created according to illyr. ḫa-a-ra + -nta formant.

Arinna = Arinnitti = Greek Hera (wife of thunder god Zeus) The Hittite goddess of the sun and war-like protectress. The sun goddess of the Hittites and the spouse of the weather god Tarhun = Zeus.

From ARINNA derived the name of the Illyrian war god Ares.

Actually the double headed eagle was a winged dragon that was supposed to protect the sun god. The protector of Zeus was also an eagle. Albanians still call themselves the eagles. Hittites borrowed the double headed eagle from Sumerians.

The oldest cognate for was found in Hittite. The same cognate was found in Sum. urin, ùri[©E©]: eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [©E© ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25; concatenates 2 sign variants], þu-rí-in: eagle (Akkadian loanword, urinnu I; Orel & Stolbova 52 *’ar-/*war-'eagle'; note that AHw says that urinnu II,'standard, totem', is a Sumerian loanword), AKKADIAN: erû (arû)'eagle'.

References: WP. I 135, Trautmann 13, Pedersen Hitt. 41, Specht Dekl. 47.

Page(s): 325-326

Root / lemma: er-2, eri-

Meaning: goat; sheep

German meaning: `Bock; Schaf, Kuh, Damtier'; perhaps ursprönglich `Horntier'

Material: Arm. orḫoj (assimil. from *erḫoj) `a lamb, usually for sacrifice, a ewe lamb', erinj `young cow, heifer, calf, young bull, an ox, a bull, a cow';

gr. ἔριφος (*eri-bho-) m. f. `kid, young goat';

lat. ariēs, -etis `Aries, a ram; a battering ram; a prop, beam' [for the kindr. forms arvix and harvix, in Varr. and Fest.; v. arvix; poet. aries] (a after aper, caper); umbr. erietu `arietem';

air. heirp (*erbhī-) f. `a fallow-deer, chamois, antelope; as meat, venison, a she-goat; also a star in the constellation Auriga', erb(b) `cow' (*erbhā), mir. (with secondary f-) ferb(b) ds., nir. earb, fearb f. `red deer, cow', schott.-göl. earb f. `roe deer'; to kelt. *erbā : ἔριφος compare gr. σέρφος : σέριφος `insect'; after Kleinhans (Ét. Celt. 1, 173) here mir. reithe `Aries, ram' from *ri-i̯o-ti̯o-;

in Old Prussian eristian `lambkin', lit. (j)ė́ras, lett. jêrs `lamb', litt. ėrienà `lamb meat' = russ.-Church Slavic jarina `wool', etc., bsl. *ero- `he-goat; billy goat' and *jōrā- `year' (see above S. 297) have probably been mixed;

ahd. irah `he-goat; billy goat' etc. is borrowed from lat. hircus `a he-goat'.

References: WP. I 135 f., WH. I 67, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 326

Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r-

English meaning: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born

German meaning: `sich in Bewegung setzen, erregen (also seelisch, örgern, stir, tease, irritate); in die Höhe bringen (Erhebung, hochwachsen), partly also von Bewegung after abwörts'

Note: originally athematic root with terminative aspect. Basic forms er-, ere-, erǝ- (ö), erei-, ereu- and (under besond. article) eres-

Note:

Root / lemma: ar-1^*, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : `to move, pass'

and Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle'.

Material: Conclusions by Persson Beitr. 281 ff., 636 ff., 767 ff., 836 ff.

a. Basic forms er-, ere- (including paradigmatic with it combined i- and u-forms):

Old Indian redupl. present íy-ar-ti `sets in motion', Med. īrtē (*i-_er-); gthav. īratū `he should rise'; Old Indian intensive present álarti; from ereu- (see under S. 331) r̥ṇṓti r̥ṇváti `rises, moves, animates' (gr. ὄρνῡμι `urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep'), ā́rta (compare ὦρτο), ā́rata (compare ὤρετο; themat. as rantē, ranta), Perf. āra : ὄρ-ωρα, Fut. ariṣyatí, participle r̥tá- (īrṇá- `moved, excited' with separation of ī from īrta or or real form of a heavy base);

av. ar- `(be) set in motion, arrive at, reach', present-stem ar- : ǝrǝ-, iyar- : īr- (as Old Indian íyarti : īrta), Kaus. āraya-, participle -ǝrǝta-;

sk̂o-present Old Indian r̥ccháti `bumps into something, encounters, reaches', next to which *re-sk̂ō in Old pers. rasatiy `comes, arrives at', np. rasad ds.;

The following cognates are compounds of Root / lemma: sem-2 : one + Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' = [fight together]:

Old Indian sam-ará- m., sam-áraṇa- n. `fight, struggle, contention', av. ham-arǝna-, Old pers. ham-arana- n. `hostile encounter, fight, struggle', av. hamara- m. (and with th- formants hamǝrǝϑa- m.) `adversary, rival, enemy'; Old Indian írya- `vigorous, strong, energetic' (could belong to i-basis), irin- `vast, grand, violent, forcible', ártha- n. m. `(*wherefore one arrives at)' `affair, thing, business; blessing, fortune, benefit, advantage', av. arϑa- n. `thing, affair, incumbency, litigation';

Maybe gr. Homer *`war (of Ilionö)' : Old Indian sam-ará- m., sam-áraṇa- n. `fight, struggle, contention', av. ham-arǝna-, Old pers. ham-arana- n. `hostile encounter, fight, struggle', av. hamara- m. (and with th- formants hamǝrǝϑa- m.) `adversary, rival, enemy'; Hence Homer was not a bard. The Old Persian compound meant `war (of Ilion)'.

Old Indian r̥tí-, ŕ̥ti- f. `attack, fight', av. -ǝrǝti- `energy' (compare abg. ratь);

Old Indian ārta- `afflicted, injured, hurt, disabled, pressed, ailing', ārti- f. `mischief, affliction' (*āḫr̥ta-, -r̥ti-);

Old Indian árṇa- `flowing, surging, flooding', m. `surge, tide, flood', árṇas- n. `flowing flood' (formal = gr. ἔρνος n.; compare S. 328 ahd. runs), arṇavá- `billowing, surging'; m. `flood, surging sea' (u̯o- further formations to árṇa-ö or in older formant relationship to r̥ṇótiö The latter is sure for:) av. arǝnu- m. `fight, struggle, contest' (: ahd. ernust S. 331);

from the themat. root form (e)re- Old Indian ráṇa- m. n. `fight, struggle' (versch. from raṇa- m. `lust') = av. rǝ̄na- n. `action, struggle, fight'; av. rāna-, rąna- m. `fighter, combatant';

arm. y-aṙnem `I stand up, I am lifted'; after Pisani Armen. 4 in addition ore-ar `people' (see under lat. orior); with -dh- (compare S. 328 ἐρέθω, ἐρεθίζω, ὀρο-θύνω): y-ordor `fast', yordorem `encourage, arouse, irritate'; arm `root' (: ὄρμενος); ordi, Gen. ordvoy `son' (*ordhii̯o);

gr. ὄρνῡμι `urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep' (: Old Indian r̥ṇṓti; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696β; das о after ὀρέομαιö), Aor. ὦρσα, ὤρορον, ὄρσω, Med. ὄρνυμαι, ὦρτο `aroused, animated, uplifted', Fut. ὀροῦμαι, thematic Aor.ὤρετο, participle ὄρμενος, Perf. ὄρωρα `have been excited'; with ορ- as iterative vocalism ὀρέ-ομαι, -οντο `sally, burst forth, rushed forth', with er- still ἔρετο ὡρμήθη Hes., ἔρσεο διεγείρου Hes., ἔρσῃ ὁρμήσῃ (which then permeated through ὤρετο, ὄρσεο forms); a present *ἴρνυμι (as κίρνημι) follows from kret. Ζεὺς `Επιρνύτιος (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695); -ορτος in νεορτός `new born', θέορτος `celestial, heavenly', etc.; Κυν-, Λυκ-όρτας, Λᾱ-έρτης; hom. οὖρος `favorable sailing wind' (*όρFος, `navigating the ship'), ὄρος m. `actuation, drive';

with gh-extension ἔρχομαι `start, set out, come or go, come to, arrive at' (only present), ὀρχέομαι `dances' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 702); see under air. regaid;

ὄρμενος `shoot, sprout, or stem, stalk', about ὄραμνος `twig, branch', ὀρόδαμνος, ῥάδαμνος ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 313²;

er- in ἔρνος (ἕρνος, Schwyzer Gl. 5, 193) `sprout, twig, branch' (`*shot up', as norw. runne, rune `twig, branch': formal = Old Indian árṇas- n.); ἐρέας τέκνα. Θεσσαλοί Hes., ἐρέθω, ἐρεθίζω `agitate, perturb, irritate' (ὀροθύνω `enrage, encourage, cheer, irritate');

From an es-stem *eros `elevation' from: Old Indian r̥ṣvá- `high', gr. ὄρος n. `mountain' (the vocalism after ὄρνῡμι, partly changed perhaps also after ὄρρος); about οὖρος = ὄρος s. esp. Schulze Qunder ep. 407 ff.; is dor. ὦρος and att. ᾽Ωρείθυια with ὦμος from *ŏmsos to compare and lead back to (reshuffled after an Adj. *ors-os or *ors-u̯os : Old Indian r̥šva-) *ὄρσοςö; gr. ὀρσοθύρη `back door' (probably as high escape door, emergency exitöö), by Hes. εἰρεθύρη ὀρσοθύρα;

about gr. ὄρρος `buttocks' see under ers-;

phryg. ειροι `children' (Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 151a);

alb. jerm `frenzied, phrenetic, wild' (*er-mo-); about përrua `riverbed, stream' (përḫrēn-, lengthened grade), prrua `spring' (*prërḫrua `effluence') (see below);

Maybe alb. ora `mountain nymph'

lat. orior, -īrī, ortus sum `to rise; to spring up, be born, proceed from a source or cause' (ortus = Old Indian r̥tá-; o of orior either from ortus or from Аor.-stem, EM² 713), ortus, -ūs `rising', orīgo `origin, source, beginning; an ancestor' (kann as orior on the i-basis based on), umbr. ortom `have risen', urtas `have been risen, arisen', urtes `arisen, stirred, agitated';

air. Imper. eirg `go!' (*erghḫe), Fut. regaid (*rigāti, idg. *r̥gh-); see above gr. ἔρχομαι; kelt. or- in mcymr. cyfḫor m. `troop', dy-gyf-or `elevation', adḫorth `excitement, help'(*atiḫorḫto-), etc. (Loth RC 40, 355); compare also Ifor Williams RC 43, 271 (about mir. or f. `bank, border, shore' s. Pedersen KG. I 206 f.);

germ. *ermana-, *irmino `big, large' (: ὄρμενος, Church Slavic raměnъ, s. Bröckner KZ. 45, 107) in ahd. irmin-deot etc. (see above S. 58); aisl. ern (*arnia-) `proficient, energetic', got. arniba adv. `certainly' (but aisl. ārna, -aða `go, drive, run' secondary from ǣrna = got. airinōn), ahd. ernust `fight, struggle, seriousness', ags. eornost `seriousness, eagerness' (: av. arǝnu- `fight, struggle'); with similarl meaning gr. ἐρέας τέκνα Hes., perhaps urnord. erilar, aisl. jarl, ags. eorl, as. erl `noble man, husband' (see under er- `eagle') ; aisl. iara `fight' (*era);

Note:

urnord. erilar, aisl. jarl, ags. eorl, as. erl `noble man, husband' : lit. erẽlis, dial. arẽlis, Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), lett. ḕrglis (aus ḕrdlis) `eagle'; balt. basic form *ereli̯а-, derived from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle'. Hence the original meaning of those cognates was `eagle men'. Celtic people called themselves after the sacred bird of the sky god. Hence the eagle was a war god that is why eagle bones are found in Stonehenge monuments. Clearly the Celtic cognate derived from balt. languages.

got. rinnan, rann `rush, run' (*reḫnu̯ḫō), urrinnan `rise, from the sun', aisl. rinna `flow, run', ahd. as. rinnan `flow, swim, run', ags. rinnan and iernan, arn ds.; Kaus. got. urrannjan `allow to rise', aisl. renna `make run', as. rennian ds., ahd. mhd. rennen, rante `run' (ein after rinnan with nn provided *ronei̯ō = slav. roniti under S. 329);

zero grade got. runs m. (i-stem), ags. ryne m. `run, flow, river', aisl. run n. `rivulet, brook', got. garunjō `inundation, flood', ahd. runs, runsa `run, flow of water, river', runst f. `the runnel, flowing, riverbed'; got. garuns (stem garunsi-) f. `road, market' (eig. `the place where the people gather'; germ. runs-: Old Indian árṇas-). In the use of shooting up, growth the plants (compare ἔρνος, ὄρμενος) aisl. rinna `sprout, grow', norw. runne, rune `twig, branch' and schwed. dial. rana `shoot upwards, take off into the air', norw. rane `shaft, pole', mhd. ran (ā) `slim, thin', ahd. rono `tree stem, clot, chunk, chip, splinter'; `exaltation, elevation' generally in norw. dial. rane `cusp, peak, projecting rocks, ridge', aisl. rani `snout, proboscis';

air. rind (*rendi-) `cusp, peak'; for d(h)-extension see under;

This root form *reḫn- (maybe grown from a present *re-neu-mi, *re-nu̯-o) one also seeks in alb. përrua `riverbed, brook bed' (përḫrēn-, lengthened grade), prrua `spring' (*prërḫrua `effluence') and in abg. izroniti (bsl. *ranei̯ō) `pour out, pour forth, shed, spread abroad', russ. ronítь `make or let fall', serb. ròniti `shed tears, melt, urinate', got. -rannjan; compare Trautmann 236 f.;

d(h)-extension in lit. participle nusirendant, nusirendusi `from the setting sun', rindà `gully, runnel' (stógo r. `gutter'), `crib, manger', lett. randa `dent where the water runs off';

abg. ratь, russ. ratь, skr. rȁt `fight' (*or(ǝ)ti-), abg. retь ds. `an assiduous striving to equal or excel another in any thing, emulation, jealousy, envy, malevolence', russ. retь `quarrel, strife', abg. retiti `to strain, stretch, exert; of missiles, to shoot, cast; intransit., to strive, strain, exert oneself, hasten; of statement, to assert with confidence, maintain.In relation to another: transit., to compare, contrast; intransit., to compete', russ. retovatьśa `be angry', retívyj `keen, eager, stormy, hot tempered, violent, fiery' (goes back to thematic (e)re- or *er-ti-, has been supported by russ. dial. jeretítьśa `be angry, quarrel, squabble'); about Church Slavic raměnъ see above S. 58 under 328.

Maybe in *-ska formant alb. rrah `strike', rrihem `quarrel, fight' (*ra-sko) [common alb. h < sk phonetic mutation]

From Hitt. here (Pedersen Hitt. 5 f., 45, 91 f., 122) ar- in

1. aḫraḫaḫi (arāi) `uplifts', besides a-ra-iz-zi ds., preterit 3. Pl. [a]-raḫaḫir;

2. aḫri `comes' (previous Perf.), preterit aḫarḫta (arta) or irḫta;

3. Med. present arḫtaḫri `stands, it is placed upright' (compare gr. ὄρωρα : lat. orior), 3. Sg. Preterit a-ar-aš (ars) `went over, looked over';

4. iterative a-ar-aš-ki-it (arskit) `reached repeatedly' (compare above Old Indian r̥ccháti);

5. causative (compare above S. 61) arḫnuḫuzḫzi (arnuzi) `bring to, set in motion' (r̥ḫnu-; compare above Old Indian r̥ṇōti); Imper. 2. Sg. arḫnuḫut (arnut) = gr. ὄρνυ-θι, Verbaln. aḫarḫnuḫmar (arnumar);

to what extent toch. A ar-, В er- `produce, cause, bring forth', with sk- Kaus. ars-, ers- ds., after Meillet (MSL. 19, 159) belong here, is doubtful; certainly remain far off AB ar-, ār- `cease', with sk-Kaus. ars-, ārs- `abandon' (inaccurate Van Windekens Lexique 6, 22).

b. extension erḫed- (d-presentö): s. ered- `deliquesce', Old Indian árdati, r̥dáti `flows etc. `, also `perturbed, agitated'; with Kaus. ardáyati `makes flow; throngs, presses, afflicts, slays' was equatable aisl. erta (*artjan) `incite, provoke, banter', yet is connection with *ardi- `cusp, peak, sting, prick' (above S. 63) at least equivalent; a dissyllabic form in ἀράζουσι ἐρεθίζουσιν Hes., ἄραδος `excitement';

further here or to er-5 Old Indian rádati `scratches, digs, hacks, scarifies', ví-radati `cleaves, splits apart, opens';

perhaps also Old Prussian redo `furrow' (Persson Beitr. 667).

c. extension er-edh-: see above S. 327 ἐρέθω etc. under under S. 339.

d. basis erei-; and reiǝ- : rī-; roi̯o-s, rī-ti- `flux'.

Old Indian írya- see above S. 327;

Old Indian riṇā́ti, ríṇvati (áriṇvan) `allows to flow, run away, escape, dismisses, releases', rīyatē `geröt ins Fließen, löst sich auf', rīṇa- `in Fluß geraten, fließend', rītí- `stream, run, line; run of the things, kind, way' (latter meaning also in mir. rīan `way, manner'), rit- `entrinnend', raya- m. `current, stream, run, flow, haste, hurry, vehemency', rētas- n. `downpour, stream, seed, sperm', rēṇú- m. `dust' (: aruss. rěnь `sandbank'); to u-suffix compare under lat. rīvus;

Maybe zero grade in alb. rri (*rni)`stay, stand' : arm. y-aṙnem `I stand up, I am lifted'; also alb. geg. rana, tosk. rëra (rhotacism n/r) `sandbank, sand' : aruss. rěnь `sandbank'

arm. ari `get up, stand up!' (Persson Beitr. 769) To y-aṙnem, S. 327;

gr. lesb. ὀρί̄νω, (*ὀρι:-νι̯ω) `set in motion, excite, irritate to the rage'; ἔρις, -ιδος `fight, strife, quarrel, contention' (perhaps in i to our root form, whether not better after Schwyzer Gl. 12, 17 to ἐρείδω `support, stem, bump, press, poke, push'); ark. ἐρινύειν `be angry with' from ᾽Ερῑνύς eig. `the angry soul of the victim pursuing the murderer' (öö);

alb. geg. rîtë `humid, wet, damp', eig. `*flowing' (*rinëtë : Old Indian riṇā́ti, slav. rinǫti);

lat. orior, orīgo see above; rīvus (*rei-u̯o-s) `stream, brook'; in abg. rьvьnъ `rival' corresponding meaning change rīvīnus and rīvālis `rival in the love' (latter form reshuffling after aequalis, sōdālis), actually `one who lives near a brook';

probably here irrītāre `excite, exasperate, anger, provoke', prorītāre `to incite, entice, allure, tempt, provoke, cause, or produce by irritation', (probably intensive to an *irḫrīḫre);

ir. rīan `sea' and (compare Old Indian rītí-) `kind, way', gall. Rēnos (*reinos) `Rhein (large river)' (whether also after Stokes KZ. 37, 260 ir. riasc `a marsh', rīm `bad weather'öö), cymr. rhidio `go or come together, to meet, assemble, collect together, go or come together in a hostile manner, to encounter' (: ags. rīð, Old Indian rītíḫḥ), air. riathor, cymr. rhaiadr, acymr. reatir `waterfall' (*rii̯a-tro-);

ags. rīð m. f., rīðe f. `stream, brook', as. rīth m. `burning hot, rushing, torrential', mnd. rīde f. `stream, brook, watercourse', nhd. -reid(e) in place names; Dimin. (*rīÞulōn) ndd. rille `furrow after rainwater, gully'; further ags. ā-rǣman `raise, uplift, soar, rise', mengl. rǭmen, engl. roam `wander', aisl. reimuðr `wandering around', reimir `snake', Þar er reimt `there it is scary, haunts', reima `annoy, disturb, infest' (meaning as abg. rijati `bump, poke'). About rinnan see above.

With germ. s-extension: got. urreisan `rise';

Maybe alb. urrenj `hate, be stirred' : got. urraisjan `make rise, uplift, set up, awake, animate' not from lat horreo `to stand on end, stand erect, bristle, be rough'.

aisl. rīsa, ags. as. rīsan `rise', ahd. rīsan, mhd. rīsen `ascend, fall'; ahd. reisa `departure, migration, campaign, journey', got. urraisjan `make rise, uplift, set up, awake, animate', aisl. reisa ds., ags. rǣran `raise, uplift, uplift, set up, erect', ahd. rēren `make fall, make pour down, pour';

Maybe alb. re `cloud, rain', alb. geg. ra `fall', reshje `rainfall, downpour' : diminutive mhd. risel m. `rain'.

ndd. rēren `fall', mhd. riselen `drip, rain', nhd. rieseln, mhd. risel m. `rain', aisl. blōðḫrisa, mhd. bluotvise `blood-spattered', afries. blōdrisne `bleeding wound'; from `fall' becomes `dropped, fallen' in ags. (ge)rīsan `befit', ahd. garīsan `approach, suit, fit' (compare s-extension abg. ristati), mhd. risch `spry, quick, fast' (compare abg. riskanije);

lit. rý-tas `morning' (`*sunrise', compare got. urreisan), lett. rietu, -ēju, -ēt `break out, rise (e.g., from the day), burst forth', riete `milk in the brisket' (compare formal Old Indian rēta-);

slav. *rai̯a- m. `current' (: above Old Indian raya-ḥ m. `stream, run, flow') in abg. izrojь `ejaculation of semen', sъrojь `confluence', naroj `rush', roj `swarm of bees' (*roi̯o-s); in addition rěka (*roi-kā) `river';

Maybe alb. re `cloud' : rum. roi `swarm, hive, cluster, cloud'; a loanword from Proto-Slavic form: roj ь ; See also: rějati; rěkà; rinǫti; Russian: roj `swarm' [m jo]; Polish: rój `swarm' [m jo], roju [Gens]; Serbo-Croatian: rōj `swarm' [m jo]; Slovene: ròj `swarm' [m jo]

Also alb. rrëke `current' from Proto-Slavic form: rěkà See also: rějati; rinǫti; rojь; Old Church Slavic: rěka `river' [f ā]; Russian: reká `river' [f ā]; Czech: řeka `river' [f ā]; Slovak: rieka `river' [f ā]; Polish: rzeka `river' [f ā]; Serbo-Croatian: rijèka `river' [f ā]; Slovene: rẹ́ka `river' [f ā]

slav. *rēi̯ō `poke, push' in Old Church Slavic rějǫ, rějati `flow' (nslav.) and `bump, poke, urge, press, push' (as ὀρί̄νω `budge'); in addition the changing by ablaut Old Church Slavic vyrinǫti `ἐξωθεῖν', rinǫtisę `to fall with violence, rush down, fall down, tumble down, go to ruin'; aruss. rěnь `sandbank';

maybe zero grade in alb. geg. ranë (*arvan) `sandbank, sand'

klr. riṅ `sand, river detritus, pebbles' (compare Old Indian rēṇú-); in other meaning (see above to lat. rīvīnus) abg. rьvьnъ `rival' rьvenije `strife, quarrel, debate, contention', čech. řevniti `compete', poln. rzewnić `move, stir, agitate'.

Maybe in -sko formant alb. rrah (ra-sko) `quarrel' [common alb. -sk > -h phonetic mutation].

With s-extension bsl. *reisti̯ō in abg. rištǫ, ristati `run', riskanije `to run, move quickly, hasten', lit. raĩstas (`run time' =) `rutting', lett. riests ds., lit. rìstas `quick, fast', riščià Instr. Sg. `in gallop'.

e. basis ereu-; er-nu- `contest', or-u̯o- `hasty'.

Old Indian r̥ṇṓti (Perf. āra but idg. *ōra), arṇavá-; av. arǝnu- see above S. 327;

Old Indian árvan-, árvant- `hurrying, rusher, racer', av. aurva-, aurvant- `quick, fast, valiant'; perhaps av. auruna- `wild, cruel, savage, from animals'; very doubtful Old Indian rū-rá- `stormy, hot tempered, of fever';

Note:

Old Indian árvan-, árvant- : messap. FlN Arvō prove illyr. displayed satem character; there is proof illyr. belonged to the Celtic family gall.-brit. FlN *Arvā, engl. Arrow, frz. Erve, Auve (*r̥u̯ā); messap. FlN Arvō.

gr. ὄρνῡ-μι, οὖρος see above; previous causative ὀρούω `overthrow me, outleap', ἀνορούω `jump up' (probably as *ορου[σ]ω zur s-extension, see under); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 683;

lat. ruō, -ere `run, hurry, storm along';

mir. rūathar (*reu-tro-) `onrush', cymr. rhuthr ds., air. rū(a)e `hero, demigod' (*reu-i̯o-); here gall.-brit. FlN *Arvā, engl. Arrow, frz. Erve, Auve (*r̥u̯ā); messap. FlN Arvō;

as. aru, ags. earu `swift, ready, quick', aisl. ǫrr `rash, hasty, generous, (*arwa- = av. aurva-; here as originally `generous' perhaps also got. arwjō `gratuitous, free', ags. earwunga, ahd. ar(a)wūn `free, for nothing, in deception, in error', arod `forceful, agile'; ahd. ernust s. S. 328.

ags. rēow `agitated, stormy, wild, rough', got. unmana-riggws `wild, cruel, savage'.

extension reu-s-:

Old Indian róṣati, ruṣáti `is sullen', ruṣitá-, ruṣṭá- `irritated';

schwed. rūsa `storm from there, hurry', mnd. rūsen `dash, rage, clamor, rant, roister', rūsch `intoxication', aisl. rosi `Sturmbö', raust `voice', aschwed. ruska `storm ahead, hurry';

[but got. raus n., with gramm. variation aisl. reyrr m., ahd. rōr `reed', rōrea `duct, tube, pipe' (*rauziōn), with stem stress (as got.) schwed. rysja, ahd. rūssa, rūsa, riusa f. `baskey for catching fish, snare, trap', other formations with k-suffix ags. rysc f., mhd. rusch(e) f. `bulrush', probably remain far off];

lit. ruošùs `diligent, active', lett. ruošs ds., lit. ruošiù, ruošiaũ, ruõšti `provide', reflex. `take care';

slav. *ruchъ in russ. ruch `restlessness, movement', rúchnutь `tumble, fall', poln. čech. ruch `movement', ablaut. čеch. rychɫý `quick, fast', in addition causative slav. *rušiti `overturn, upset' in Old Church Slavic razdrušiti `destroy', russ. rúšitъ ds., etc.

Maybe alb. geg. zdroj, tosk. rrëzonj `tumble, fall' : Old Church Slavic razdrušiti `destroy'.

References: WP. I 136 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 516 b, 694, 702, 719, 740, 749, Trautmann 240 f., 242, 243, 246, WH. I 64 f., 416 f., 719, II 222 f.

Page(s): 326-332

Root / lemma: er-4 (er-t-, er-u̯-) [*herĝʷhe]

English meaning: Earth

German meaning: `Erde'

Note:

Root / lemma: er-4 (er-t-, er-u̯-) [*her ĝʷhe] `earth' derived from Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born'

Material: Gr. ἔρᾱ `earth', ἔρα-ζε `to earth' (perhaps therefrom ἐράω, see under S. 336; with common extension of probably πολύηρος πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος Hes.); ἔνεροι, see above S. 312; ἐρεσι-μέτρη γεωμετρίαν Hes.;

germ. *erÞō in got. aírÞa, anord. jǫrð, ahd. (etc.) erda `earth';

Maybe TN illyr. Ardiaei (*er-ĝʷhe) [common illyr.-alb. -ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation]

germ. *erō in ahd. ero `earth';

u̯o-extension in anord. jǫrvi (*erwan-) `sand, sandbank', and cymr. erw f. `field', Pl. erwi, erwydd, corn. erw, ereu ds., abret. mbret. eru, nbret. ero `furrow' (*eru̯i-);

Note:

Those cognates derived from Old Indian árvan-, árvant- : messap. FlN Arvō prove illyr. displayed satem character; there is proof illyr. belonged to the Celtic family gall.-brit. FlN *Arvā, engl. Arrow, frz. Erve, Auve (*r̥u̯ā); messap. FlN Arvō. [see above]

perhaps arm. erkir `earth' (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), if for *erg- (idg. *eru̯-) after erkin `sky, heaven'.

References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424.

Page(s): 332

Root / lemma: er-5, erǝ-, thematic (e)r-ĕ-

English meaning: rare, loose, crumbly

German meaning: `locker, undicht, abstehend; auseinandergeben, auftrennen'

Material: Old Indian r̥tē with Abl., Akk. `with exclusion of, without, except, besides' (Lok. a participle *r̥ta- `separated, secluded'), nírr̥ti-ḥ `resolution, decay, downfall, ruin'; árḫma- Pl. `debris, ruins', armaká- `trömmerhaft' or n. `Trömmerstötte' (meaning somewhat doubtful); *_erǝ- in īrma- `wound'; themat. *(e)rḫe- in virala- `standing apart, leaky, rare';

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*_erala-) rallë `rare'.

gr. ἐρῆμος, att. ἔρημος `lonely';

quite doubtful lat. rārus `having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture, not thick or dense, thin, loose, scattered, scanty, far apart; milit. in loose order; in gen. rare, infrequent; sometimes extraordinary, distinguished. Adv. raro, rare, seldom, rarely' (*_erǝ-ró-s), rather credible rēte `net, thread' (compare under lit. rė̃tis, lett. rēta);

maybe alb. (*rēte) rrjetë `net'

lit. yrù, ìrti `separate, resolve, distinguish', paĩras `lax, loose'; rė̃tis m. `phloem sieve' (with unoriginal second accent, as often in i-stems), lett. rēta, rēte `scar', rēni rudzi `leaking standing rye'; lit. er̃tas `wide, far, spacious' (`*standing apart'); from the light basis rẽtas `thin, spacious, seldom' (from the themat. root form *(e)r-e-, as also:) rẽsvąs `seldom, thin', paresvis `sparse';

Old Church Slavic oriti `dissolve, overthrow, destroy' (Kaus. *oréi̯ō `make break up'), skr. obòriti `prostrate, throw down', čech. obořiti `destroy', russ. razorítь ds.

Maybe alb. rrëzonj `bring down' : russ. razorítь

erḫdh-:

Old Indian ŕ̥dhak `especially, peculiar, particular', árdha-ḥ `part, side, half', ardhá- `half', n. `part, half';

lit. ardaũ, -ýti `separate, split' (Kaus., as Church Slavic oriti) ; er̃dvas `wide, capacious', lett. ā̀rdaws, ir̃dens `lax, friable', ḕrds `lax, commodious (capacious'), ir̃dít, ir̃dinât `loosen, separate', ḕržu, ḕrdu, ḕrst `separate'.

rē-dh-:

Old Church Slavic rědъkъ `seldom' (probably shifted stress, compare čech. řidký, sloven. rẹ́dǝk, in spite of serb.-kroat. rȉjedkī, rîdkī);

about ered- see above S. 329 f., about ereu- under different article under S. 337.

To what extent those from Persson Beitr. 666, 773, 839 f. considered as extensions of *er(ǝ)- roots really derive rē-d- `scratch', rei-, reu- `tear open', is doubtful; die by *er(ǝ)- esp. significant meaning of loose, leaking, standing apart allow to miss them completely or recognize at least not as dominant meaning.

References: WP. I 142 f., Trautmann 12 f.

Page(s): 332-333

Root / lemma: ers- : orsos

English meaning: behind; tail

German meaning: `Hinterer, Schwanz'

Material: Arm. oṙ `buttocks' (mostly Pl. oṙ-k`, i-stem);

gr. ὄρρος m. `buttocks' (in addition οὐρά: f. `tail' from *orsi̯ā) =

ahd. ars, ags. ears m., aisl. ars, rass `buttocks' =

hitt. aḫarḫraḫáš (arras), Dat. ar-ri-iš-ši (arrisi); whose -si enklit. pronoun;

e-grade air. err (*ersā) f. `tail, end' (also of chariot), therefrom eirr `chariot combatant' (*ers-et-s), Gen. erred;

References: WP. I 138, Couvreur H̯ 98, Pedersen KG. II 101.

See also: it is often placed `elevation, protrusion, preceding body part' to er-3 (above S. 326).

Page(s): 340

Root / lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er-

English meaning: harvest time, *summer, *autumn

German meaning: `Erntezeit, Sommer'

Note:

Root / lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er- : `harvest time, *autumn' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: u̯es-r̥ : `spring'. The -en-, -er- extensions of Root / lemma: es-en-, are created from an attribute noun root [common -ta > -nta, -na illyr. attribute noun formation] (see alb. numbers).

Note: in Germ. also from the harvest- and generally Feldarbeit and dem earnings out of it

Material: With a relationship as between lit. vasarà and vãsara `summer' : abg. vesna `spring', here (after Schulze Qunder ep. 475) hom. etc. ὀπώρα `summer end, harvest time' (see S. 323) ὀπωρίζω `harvest', ep. ὀπωρῑνός `autumnal' (probably actually ὀπωαρῐνός) from ὀπ- (: ὄπιθεν) + *ὀ[σ]αρᾱ `phase of conclusion *τὰ̄ν *ὀάρᾱν, i. e. τὸ θέρος'; ω as contraction from οα- confirms Alcman (Gr. poet) ὀπά̄ρα, s. Boisacq s. v.;

Maybe from truncated lit. vasarà and vãsara `summer' derived lat. ver veris n. `spring;'primo vere', in the beginning of spring;'ver sacrum', an offering of the firstlings. [lat. rhotacism s > r]

lat. aestās, - ātis `warm season, summer' : alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn, harvest time (long summer)': Go. asans `harvest time, summer' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta `goddess of hearth and its sacred fire' was an Illyrian goddess, clearly there was a common origin of Illyr. Albanoi tribe and the founders of Alba Longa (Rome), also alb. vatra (*vas-tra) `hearth' with -tre suffix.

Note:

Clearly there was the shift from Root / lemma: u̯es-r̥ : `spring': Old Indian vasanḫtá- m. (*u̯esḫenḫto-) `spring', vasantā `in the spring' (widened from *vasan-); vasarḫhán `striking early', vāsará- `matutinal' to Root / lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er- : `harvest time, *autumn': alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn, harvest time (long summer)'.

The following cognates are exntensions in -en [common -ta > -nta, -na illyr. attribute noun formation] (see alb. numbers):

got. asans (o-grade) f. `harvest, summer', anord. ǫnn (*aznō) `harvest, hardship', ahd. aren m., arn f., mhd. erne `harvest' (in addition ahd. arnōn `reap');

got. asneis, ags. esne, ahd. asm `Taglöhner', derived from the equivalent from as. asna `earnings, tribute, tax' (*Erntelohn), in addition ahd. arnēn `verdienen' = ags. earnian ds.; compare Wissmann Nom. postverb. 145⁴;

serb.-Church Slavic jesenь, skr. jȅsên; russ. ósenь, wruss. jèsień; Old Prussian assanis (from *esenis or *asanis);

Note:

Clearly Old Church Slavic: jesenь `autumn' [f i] derived from the drop of initial prothetic v- in illyr. alb. (*aestā-, *vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta `autumn, harvest time (long summer)'.

doubtful, whether here mir. ēorna (*esorḫnḫi̯ā) `barley';

References: WP. I 161 f., Trautmann 71, Feist 58 f.

Page(s): 343

Root / lemma: esu-s (: su-)

English meaning: good, *noble, master, owner, lord

German meaning: `gut, töchtig'

Material: Gr. ἐύς, ἠύς `proficient, good', Adverb εὖ (Akk. n.), belongs to prefix εὐ-

hitt. a-aš-šu-uš (assus) `good'; to a- s. Pedersen Hitt. 167 under Anm.; perhaps as zero grade in addition (Friedrich IF. 41, 370 f.) the prefix su-, see there;

moreover perhaps lat. erus `the master of a house, head of a family, mister, master, owner, lord', fem. era, alat. esa `mistress, lady';

however, hitt. iš-ḫa-a-aš (isḫas) `master, mister' is to be kept away, because this belongs to arm. isxan `master, mister', isxal `rule, reign' (ö), even it is not idg. origin (Couvreur H̯ 9);

gall. GN Esus (with ē-) remains far off, probably because of the names with Aes-, Ais- in the earliest 1. ais- or 2. ais- (above S. 16), less probably 2. eis- (above S. 299); also the air. PN Éogan (*ivogenos) and the cymr. PN Owein (older Ywein, Eugein, Ougen) = air. PN Úgaine (*ou̯o-g_eni̯os), compare in addition Bergin Ériu 12, 224 f.

References: WP. I 161, WH. I 419, 863. Ein etymol. Versuch by Kretschmer, object. Konjugation 16 ff.

PN Candavia : Maybe illyr. PN Sca(n)din-avia

(Κανδαοΰια), Candavii Montes. The mountains separating Illyricum from Macedonia, across which the Via Egnatia ran.

alb. geg. hânë `moon' : Root / lemma: sen(o)- (*heno): `old, *old moon' : gr. ἕνος `old' in contrast to `anew', only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates at the same time the new circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually ἕνη καὶ νέα (sc. σελήνη ; att. since Solon).

Therefore alb. hana `(*old) moon' : gr. ἕνος `old moon' : σέλας n. `brilliance', σελήνη, öol. σελάννα `moon' (*σελασνα ̄), σελαγεῖν `shine'; hence σελ - ήνη `the full-moon' see Root / lemma: su̯el-2 : `to smoulder, burn'.

lat. candeō, -ēre `gleam, shimmer, bright glow', transitive *candō, -ere in accendō, incendō `zönde an', candidus `blinding, dazzling white, gleaming', candor `blinding, dazzling weiße paint, color, Lichtglanz', candēla, candēlābrum `candlestick, flambeaux' (out of it cymr. etc. cannwyll ds.), cicindēla `Leuchtköferchen, Öllampe', cicendula `Lömpchen' (redupl. *ce-cand-);

cymr. cann `white, bright', mbret. cann `Vollmond', abret. cant `canus'; borrowing from candidus nimmt Pedersen KG. I 190 an (compare lat. splendidus > bret. splann), but cymr. cannaid `luminous; sun, moon' and zahlreiche derivatives lassen perhaps ein genuine kelt.*kando- as possible appear, whereas belongs the FlN Kander (Baden, Switzerland) to nichtidg. gand- `waste, desolate liegendes land', Bertoldi BSL 30, 111 and Anm. 2.

It seems that the name for the moon passed from PIE to Altaic languages through celt.- illyr.:

Protoform: *ā́ńu

Meaning: moon; (moon cycle), year

Turkic protoform: *āń

Mongolian protoform: *oj

Tungus protoform: *ańŋa

Note: АПиПЯЯ 283, Дыбо 11, Мудрак Дисс. 70, Лексика 77. A Western isogloss.

The initial root must have been lat. annus `year, *moon year' from Root / lemma: at- : `to go; year'

References: WP. I 352, WH. I 151 f.

Page(s): 526

Root / lemma: kan-tho-

English meaning: angle, curve

German meaning: `Ecke, Biegung'

Note: probably from kam-tho- to kam-p- `bend'

Material: Gr. κανθός `Augenwinkel'; in the meaning `Radreifen' meaning-Lw. from lat. cantus;

lat. cantus `eiserner Radreifen' is again Lw. from:

gall. (also gallo-rom.) *cantos `eiserner Reifen, edge, point, edge', cymr. cant (hence ceiniog `Penny') ds., bret. kant `circle', air. cétad `(round) seat' from *kanto-sedo-, mir. cét `round Steinpfeiler'; derivatives: gall. cantalon, probably `Pfeiler', cantena, καντενα dss.ö; also gall.cando-soccus `Rebsenker', lies canto-soccus (to gall. succo- `Schweineschnauze, plowshare'; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.);

abret. int coucant `vollstöndig'; mcymr. yn geugant ds. (eigentl. `very skillful' from *kou̯o-kantos to keu- `whereupon achten', lat. caveō); to kant `circle' > `vollkommen' compare acymr. lloergant `voller moon';

cymr. cant `troop, multitude, crowd', in addition mir. céte (*kanti̯ā) `congregation, meeting', probably as *`a division of 100' identical with cymr. cant `100' above S. 92;

slav. *kǫtъ m. `angle' in russ.-Church Slavic kutъ etc.

maybe alb. kënd `angle'.

References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f., Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45, 331 ff.

Page(s): 526-527

Root / lemma: kan-

English meaning: to sing, sound

German meaning: `singen, klingen, also von anderen Geröuschen'

Material: Gr. κανά(σσω), Aor. κανάξαι `with noise fließen or schötten', καναχή `Getön, noise', καναχέω, καναχίζω `schalle, töne' (compare στενάχω, στοναχή : στένω), ἠι-κανός `rooster, cock' (`in the Morgenfröhe kröhend'); κόναβος `noise'ö

lat. canō, -ere `sing, erklingen, erklingen lassen', canōrus `wohlklingend' (compare sonōrus), carmen `song' (*canmen), umbr. kanetu `canito', procanurent `praececinerint', ař-kani `*accinium, cantus flaminis'; perhaps also lat. cicōnia `stork' (out of it probably syncopated praen. cōnea; compare zur vowel gradation ahd. huon, russ. kánja);

maybe alb. geg. *kánja, kanga ‘song’

air. canim `I singe', cymr. canu, bret. cana `sing', mir. cētal n., cymr. cathl f. `song', bret. kentel f. `lec̨on' (*kan-tlo-m, previously brit. to Fem. geworden, s. Pedersen KG. II 66); lengthened grade mcymr. g(w)o-gawn `illustrious', cymr. go-goniant `fame';

got. hana, ahd. etc. hano `rooster, cock', fem. ahd. henīn, Gen. -nna (*hanen-i, -i̯ās), henna (*han[e]n-ī, -i̯ās) and anord. hø̄na `hen' (*hōnjōn), Pl. hø̄nsn (hø̄ns, hø̄sn) `Höhner', ahd. huon `chicken' (germ. s-stem *hōniz);

perhaps (Berneker 483 between) russ. (etc.) kánja, kanjúk `Milan, consecration, through sein Geschrei löstiger bird of prey' (: cicōnia);

toch. A kan `Melodie, Rhythmus'.

References: WP. I 351, WH. I 154 f., 212 f.

Page(s): 525-526

Root / lemma: kapro-

English meaning: goat

German meaning: `Ziegenbock, Bock', presumably allgemeiner `male animal'

Material: Old Indian kápr̥th- m., kapr̥thá- m. `penis';

gr. κάπρος `boar', also σῦς κάπρος;

lat. caper, caprī `he-goat, billy goat' (in addition ein new formationes Fem. capra `goat' as well as due to of Adj. *capreus `αἴγειος: caprea `roe deer', capreolus `Rehbock'), umbr. kabru, kaprum `caprum', cabriner `caprīnī';

Maybe alb. (*capreolus) kaproll ‘roebuck’ [common alb. shift lu > ll]

gall. *cabros `he-goat; billy goat' reconstructs Bertoldi (RC 47, 184 ff.) from gallo-rom. *cabrostos `Geißblatt, Liguster';

anord. hafr `he-goat', ags. hæfer ds. (figurative `crab', as frz. chevrette), nhd. Habergeiß (of meckernden Brunstlaute of Vogels);

proto kelt. *gabros `he-goat; billy goat', *gabrā `goat', gall. PN Gabro-magos (Noricum) `Bocksfeld', Γαβρῆτα ὕλη `Böhmerwald' (illyr.ö), air. gabor, cymr. gafr m. `he-goat; billy goat', f. `goat', air. also `mare', etc., have das g- perhaps from an equivalent from idg. ghaido- (above S. 409) bezogen.

To germ. hafra- `he-goat; billy goat' seems as `Bockskorn' das word Hafer to belong, da this originally nur as Viehfutter gebaut wurde: anord. hafri m., as. haƀoro, ahd. habaro, nhd. Haber, Hafer. Ein miscellaneous word is agutn. hagre, schwed. norw. dial. hagre, finn. Lw. kakra `Hafer'; es belongs after Falk-Torp aaO. as behaartes, i.e. begranntes grass to norw. dial. hagr n. `coarse Roßhaar', perhaps gleichzeitig to mir. coirce, cymr. ceirch, bret. kerc'h `Hafer', if diese through dissimilation from *korkri̯o-.

References: WP. I 347 f., WH. I 157 f.

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kap-ut, -(ē̆)lo-

English meaning: head; pan, etc..

German meaning: `Kopf; Pfanne am Schenkel; Kniescheibe'

Note: originally perhaps `Schalenförmiges', see under

Material: Old Indian kapúcchala- n. (from *kaput-) `Haar am Hinterkopf, Schopf, bowl';

lat. caput, -itis `head'; bi-caps `bicipital';

anord. hǫfuð n. `head'; in Germ. besides got. haubiÞ `head', anord. haufuð, ags. hēafod, ahd. houbit, nhd. Haupt through amalgamation with one to Old Indian kakúbh- f. `cusp, peak, acme, apex', ahd. hūba `Haube' etc. (compare keu-2) respective words; kret. κύφερον ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν Hes.

With l-suffixes: Old Indian kapā́la- n. `bowl, cranium, cranium, Pfanne am Schenkel, schalen- or scherbenförmiger bone', pehl. kapārak (Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 144) `vessel', kapōlī `Kniescheibe', kapōla- m. `cheek';

ags. hafola `head'.

Fraglich is affiliation from lat. capillus `hair, esp. hair of the head', see WH. I 158.

References: WP. I 346 f., WH. I 158, 163 f.

Page(s): 529-530

Root / lemma: kap-

English meaning: to grab

German meaning: `fassen'

Note: (Varianten s. am Schlusse); various in words for Geföße

Material: Old Indian kapaṭī `two handful' (ṭ mind. for t), Old pers. ἡ καπίθη `δύο χοίνικες'; with idg. e npers. časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan `grasp, packen';

gr. καπέτις `a measure of capacity', κάπη `crib, manger', καπά̄νη ds., thess. `the Wagenkasten', κάπτω `schnappe, schlucke', κώπη `handle, grasp';

alb. kap `ergreife, catch', kapasë `Ölgeföß', kam `habeo' (*kapmi or *kab(h)mi- zur root form *kabh- to nhd. haben);

lat. capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus `take', au-ceps, -cupāre `Vogelfanger, Vögel fangen', parti-ceps `teilnehmend', capāx `fassungsföhig, suitable', capēdo, -inis `einfaches tönernes vessel in Opfergebrauch; drinking vessel', capulus `barrow, bier, later coffin' and `handle, grasp, Handhabe', capula `Schöpfgeföß' (capulāre `from a vessel ins other scoop'), caputrum `loop, noose, snare zum Fassen a Gegenstandes; esp. halter' (but capis, -idis `a bowl with one handle, used in sacrifices', umbr. kapiře `capide', osk. καπιδιτομ `ollarium' maybe from gr. σκαφίς with s-drop in allen drei ital. Sprachen; certainly is capisterium Lw. from σκαφιστήριον); capsa `receptacle, Kapsel, Kasten', capsus `the Wagenkasten; cage for wild animal' (out of it gr. κάψα, κάμψα);

lat. captus, -a = air. cacht `Dienerin, Sklavin', cymr. caeth `slave', acorn. caid `captivus', nbret. keaz `unlucky, arm', gall. Moeni-captus `slave of Mains', mir. cachtaim `take gefangen' = lat. captāre `to gripe suchen' (coincidental also = asöchs. haftōn `haften'); ir. cúan (*kapno-) `(See-) harbor';

got. -hafts (= lat. captus, ir. cacht) `behaftet with', anord. haptr `captus', hapt n. `manacle', ags. hæft m. `captive, slave, band, strap, manacle', n. `Heft, handle, grasp', as. haft `vinctus', ahd. haft `bound, gefangen, behaftet with', m. n. `Haft, manacle', whereof anord. hefti n. `Heft, Handhabe', ahd. hefti n. `Heft, handle, grasp' and got. haftjan `befestigen', anord. hefta `bind, hinder', ags. hæftan, as. heftan, ahd. heften `bind, verhaften'; nhd. haschen (*hafskōn) = schwed. dial. haska `nachlaufen, um einzuholen';

got. hafjan (= lat. capiō) `heave, life', anord. hefja (hafða), as. hebbian, ags. hebban, ahd. heffen, heven, mhd. nhd. heben (schweiz. only `hold, stop'); in addition (compare zur form lat. habēre) got. haban, -aida `hold, stop, have', anord. hafa (hafða), as. hebbian, ags. habban, ahd. habēn `have';

anord. -haf n. `Hebung', ags. hæf n., mnd. haf `sea' (ndd. Haff), mhd. hap, -bes `sea, harbor'; anord. hǫfn f. `harbor', ags. hæfen(e) f., mnd. havene, mhd. habene f. ds. (nhd.Hafen from Ndd.; compare ir. cuan); ahd. havan m. `pot, pan, kitchenware', nhd. Hafen; anord. hǫfugr, ags. hefig, as. heƀig, ahd. hebīc, -g `heavy' (actually `somewhat enthaltend'); ags. hefe, hæfe m., ahd. heve, hepfo, nhd. Hefe (`was den Teig hebt'); isl. norw. dial. havald n. `band, strap', ags. hefeld, mnd. hevelte (*hafaðla-; ahd. haba, nhd. Handhabe;

anord. hāfr m. `Fischhamen, Reuse' (ē as in lat. cēpī);

anord. hōf n. `das rechte Maß or relationship', hø̄fa `aim, passen, sich schicken', got. gahōbains `Enthaltsamkeit', ags. behōfian `bedörfen', ahd. bihuobida `praesumtio', mhd. behuof m. `business, purpose, benefit, advantage', nhd. Behuf;

[anord. haukr (*hǫƀukr), ags. heafoc `hawk' (out of it mcymr. hebawc, and from this air. sebocc `falcon'), as. haƀuk- in EN, ahd. habuh `hawk' from germ. *haƀuka- (finn. Lw. havukka), are to be compared probably better with russ. (etc.) kóbec, poln. kobuz `names from falcon's kinds']

Maybe alb. f. (*keboccna), gabonja, zh-gabonja, sh-kabonja, shqiponja, shkaba `eagle' common alb. -kn- > -nj- phonetic mutation : air. sebocc `falcon' : Serbo-Croatian: kòbac m. `merlin, small hawk'

Probably wrong etymology since alb. (*kaponti̯ā) `eagle' is phonetically a derivative of Root / lemma: (s)kē̆p-2, (s)kō̆p- and (s)kā̆p-; (s)kē̆b(h)-, skob(h)- and skā̆b(h)- : `to work with a sharp instrument': alb. kep `hew stones, cut out' (idg. *kopō or *kapō), wherefore kmesë, këmés, kamés f. `hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife' (*kapneti̯ā), sqep `angle, bill, beak, neb';

Maybe alb. (*kaponti̯ā) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba `eagle' : sqep `beak of the eagle', shqipta, shqip `clear, sharp (language)', shqiptonj `speak clearly, divide words', shqep `(*split), rip, tear; unpick' : qep `sew (with a needle)' [see below]

with the meaning from gr. κάπτω and germ. pp as intens. consonant-Gemination (due to the root form in p or bh or b) nhd. (actually ndd.) happen, hapsen `devour'. holl. happen `snatch' under likewise;

lit. kúopa 1. `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off', 2. `ransom for distrained livestock' (= gr. κώπη); lett. kàmpju, kàmpt `gripe, catch';

about Troernamen Κάπυς, lat. capys, capus `falcon' (illyr.ö) s. Bonfante REtIE 2, 113.

The vocalism is absolutely fast a, also in Old Indian kapaṭī (das as isoliertes word not probably a as Entgleisung for i = ǝ have kann); besides occasional ē (cēpi, hāfr) and ō (κώnη, lit. kúopa, presumably also germ. hōf-), die barely as Normalstufen (ē: ō: ǝ) einzureihen are (Konstatierung by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). Dasselbe Vokalverhöltnis between osk. hafiest : hipid, lit. gabénti : preterit atgė́bau, got. gabei : anord. gǣfr; hinsichtlich of Konsonantismus shows sich in Wurzelanl. and -auslaut Schwanken between Tenuis, voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, was from imitation of Schnapplautes (kap, ghap, ghabh etc.) and imitation of raschen Zugreifens through diesen sound (`schnapp') to define is. Daröber ausföhrlich Collitz preterit 85 ff., K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 224-237; s. also above S. 407ff.; different EM³ 173.

Altaic etymology :

Protoform: *kăp`è

English meaning: to squeeze, press together

Turkic protoform: *Kɨp-

Mongolian protoform: *kajiči

Tungus protoform: *kap-

Comments: KW 180, Владимирцов 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer's doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each other. It is interesting also to mention the forms meaning'to wink' (< *'press eyelids together') among the reflexes of PT *Kɨp- (usually confused with *Kɨp-'spark') and the TM derivative *kapta- (usually confused with *kapta-'flat'). Cf. also *k`ap`V.

References: WP. I 342 ff., WH. I 159 f., 169.

Page(s): 527-528

Root / lemma: kar-1

English meaning: to scold, punish

German meaning: `schmöhen, strafen'

Material: Gr. κάρνη ζημία, αὐτόκαρνος αὐτοζήμιος Hes.;

lat. carinō, -āre `scoff, mock' (probably ă);

air. caire f. `reprimand', acymr. cared `nequitiae', cymr. caredd `fault, error', corn. cara `rebuke', mbret. carez `reprimand' (*kr̥i̯ā);

ahd. harawēn, mhd. herwen `deride', ags. hierwan `despise, deride', anord. herfiligr `veröchtlich, erniedrigend', mhd. here, herwer `herb', finn. Lw. karvas `amarus'; zero grade ags. gehornian `beleidigen';

lett. karināt `banter, stir, tease, irritate'; ablaut. ostlit. kìrinti ds.;

Old Church Slavic korъ, u-korъ `contumelia', u-koriti `vilify, scold', poḫkoriti `unterwerfen', čech. po-kora `Demut', po-korný `demötig', ablaut. serb.-Church Slavic kara f. `fight', čech. kára `Vorwurf, punishment', etc.;

maybe alb. korit `make ashamed'

perhaps here toch. A körn-, В karn- `torment, smite'.

References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places die bsl. words to idg. kori̯o-, see there.

Page(s): 530

Root / lemma: kar-2, karǝ-

English meaning: to praise, glorify

German meaning: `laut preisen, röhmen'

Note: also (still) more in general onomatopoeic words as viele other, die connection from k and r enthaltende roots

Material: Old Indian carkarti `erwöhnt röhmend' (Aor. ákārīt), carkr̥tí- `fame, Preis', karkarí-, karkarī́ `eineArt Laute', kīrtí- f. `fame, knowledge' (thereafter with ī also kīrí-, kīrín- `Sönger'); kārú- `Sönger, Dichter' (: κήρυξ);

gr. καρκαίρω `erdröhne', κήρῡξ, dor. κά̄ρῡξ `Herold';

anord. herma (*harmjan) `berichten, melden', hrōðr m. `fame, Lob', ags. hrōðor m. `pleasure, joy', hrēð (*hrōÞi-) `fame', ahd. (h)rōd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in EN), got. hrōÞeigs `ruhmreich', anord. hrōsa `vaunt' (*hrōÞḫsḫōn); ahd. (h)ruom, as. hrōm `fame, Lob, honour', in addition ags. brēme `illustrious' (*bihrōmi-);

maybe alb. mbrëmbje `evening, dark' common alb. b > mb phonetic mutation.

perhaps as b-extension: got. hrōps `clamor', ahd. ruof `shout, call', as. ags. hrōpan, ahd. (h)ruofan `call, shout, cry', ahd. (h)ruoft, mhd. geröefte, geruofte n. `shout, call, scream', mnd. ruchte, rochte n. `shout, call, scream, rumor', nhd. (from dem Ndd.) Geröcht;

lit. kar̃das `Echo', alit. apḫkerdžiu `I verkönde', Old Prussian kirdīt `hear'.

References: WP. I 353 f.

Page(s): 530-531

Root / lemma: kar-3, redupl. karkar-

English meaning: hard

German meaning: under likewise `hart'

Material: Old Indian karkara- `rough, hard' = gr. κάρκαροι τραχεῖς Hes., Old Indian karkaśa- `rough, hard' (also karaka- m., `hail'ö); presumably gr. κρανα[F]ός `hard, rough, felsig'.

In addition probably die words for `Krebs': Old Indian karkaṭa- m. `Krebs' (karkin- `Krebs as Sternbild', Lw. from gr. καρκίνος), karka-ḥ m. `crab';

gr. καρκίνος ds., lat. cancer, -crī ds. (dissim. from *carcro-, perhaps already idg., compare Old Indian kaŋkaṭa- m. `Panzer' from *kaŋkr̥ta-);

daß Old Church Slavic rakъ `Krebs' from *krakъ dissim. sei, is possible; die Ähnlichkeit with norw. (etc.) ræke `cапcег squilla, Garnele' places borrowing of norw. words ahead;

further words for hard Schale, Nuß: gr. κάρυον `Nuß', καρύα f. `Nußbaum'; lat. carīna f. `Nußschale, the keel of a ship, ship' (maybe from dem Gr. after Keller Volkset. 279, in welchem case καρύινος die wellspring is); cymr. ceri (*carīso-) `kernel'.

With t-suffixes: got. hardus `hard, stern', anord. harðr `hard', ags. heard `hard, strong, valiant', as. hard, ahd. hart, herti `hard, tight, firm, heavy', Adv. anord. harða, ags. hearde, ahd. harto, mnd. harde `very, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably' (compare gr. κάρτα), proto germ. *harðú- from idg. *karḫtú-; due to an idg. extension *kre-t-, *kr̥t- öol. (Gramm.) κρέτος, next to which with dem vocalism of Adj. att. κράτος, ep. ion. κάρτος `strength, power', hom. κρατύς `strong' Komparat. ion. κρέσσων, att.κρείττων, Superl. κράτιστος, ep. κάρτιστος, Adv. κάρτα `strong', κρατερός, καρτερός `strong, tight, firm, violent' (etc.); remains far off Old Indian krátu-, av. xratuš `geistige power'.

Old Indian kaṭhiná-, káṭhora- `hard, tight, firm, stiff' kann also with idg. l to cymr. caled, mir. calad `hard', gall. -caletos belong (see kal- `hard').

Because of the Existenz an weitverbreiteten iber.-mediterr. *carra `stone, Steinhaufe' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v.) is die affiliation folgender words dubious, die partly here or to (s)ker- `cut, clip' belong, partly nichtidg. origin sein can:

air. carrac f. (nir. carraig) `rocks, cliff' and crec f. ds., Gen. craice, creice, mir. also Nom. craic (nir. craig) f. ds., Gen. creca, derive alle from dem Brit., also mir. crach `rough' (=scabbed); to acymr. carrecc, cymr. carreg f. `stone, rocks' (*karrikā), bret. karreg, corn. carrek ds., compare cymr. carrog `stream, brook' (*karrākā), eig. `Steinbach' = mir. carrach `scabbed' and gallo-rom. *cracos `stone' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v), acymr. creik, cymr. craig f. (*krakī) `rocks', bret. krag `Sandstein', cymr. crach `scurf' = bret. (Vannes) krah `small hill, cusp, peak' (*krak-, *krakk-, perhaps through metathesis from *kar-k-) etc. basic forms are voridg.*karr- or idg. *(s)kr̥-s- (ergöbe kelt. carr-), respectively *kar-k-; also zweidentig ital.-venezian. (ven.) scaranto, caranto `steiniger Bergbach' and ven. PN Scarantia > Scharnitz (Tirol), Carantania `Körnten', etc.;

likewise germ. *har(u)gaz `cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, sacrificial altar' in anord. hǫrgr `cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind', ags. hearg m. `heidnischer temple', ahd. harg `Hain, temple' (finn. Lw. karko `Holzstoß, Stapel', harkko `clump, heap'), perhaps also to air. cymr. bret. corn `Steinhögel, Steingrab', and ahd. hart `Bergwald', ags. harað, -eð ds.; barely here as `Waldbewohner' the altgerm. VN Χαροῦδες, Harudes, ags. Hæreðas, aisl. Hǫrdar; rather to air. caur, cur `Held' (*karut-s).

References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ. 48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.

Page(s): 531-532

Root / lemma: kars-

English meaning: to scratch, rub

German meaning: `kratzen, striegeln, krömpeln'

Material: Old Indian kaṣati `reibt, schabt, kratzt' (mind. from *kr̥ṣati), unclear kaṣāya- `herb, bitter, sharp' etc. (also kuṣṭha- n. `leprosy', mind. from *kr̥ṣṭha-ö);

lat. carrō, ere `(wool) krömpeln', carduus `thistle' (due to from *carridus `kratzend');

Maybe alb. *carrō, ere, kore `scab'

lit. karšiù, kar̃šti `comb, curry, krömpeln', lett. kā̀ršu, kā̀rst `wool comb';

abg. krasta (*kor-stā), russ. korósta f., skr. krȁsta `scabies, crust, scab, eschar';

mnd. harst `rake, rake', probably also mnd. nhd. harsch `hard, rough', nhd. verharschen `Schorf build, by Wunden', mdartl. harsch `Schneekruste', mhd. harsten, verharsten `rough, hard become'; with germ. ablaut neologism and anlaut. s- from the Wurzelsker- here also andd. ofskerran intense Verb `abkratzen', ahd. scerran, mhd. scherren intense Verb `scratch, scrape, scrape', Intensivbildung *skarzōn in norw. skarra `einen scharrenden sound bring forth', mnd. mhd. scharren `scratch, scrape, scratch', schwed. skorra, mnd. schurren `einen scharrenden sound give'.

Maybe alb. (*schurren) shkurre `thorny bush'

Der root vowel is a; the Intonationsunterschied between Lit. and Slav. bleibt still to define.

References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.

Page(s): 532-533

Root / lemma: kat-1

English meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net

German meaning: `flechtend zusammendrehen, to Ketten, Stricken, Hördengeflecht'

Material: Lat. catēna `chain' (*cates-nā), cassis, -is `Jögergarn, net' (because of catēna rather = *kat-s-is as *katḫtiḫs; perhaps also casa `primitive cottage' (originally from leichtem netting; probably dial. from *cati̯ā, as osk. Bansae from Bantiae);

perhaps here caterva f. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe' (*kates-ou̯ā), umbr. kateramu, caterahamo `catervamini, congregamini', yet see under under ket-1.

cymr. cader `fortress' (only in PN), air. cathir `town, city';

Maybe alb. (*cader) kodër `heap, hill (fortified hill)' [common alb. a > o shift]

perhaps aisl. hadda f. `ring, Henkel, Bögel' (*haÞiÞōn: catēna; right doubtful), probably ags. heaðor n. `Einschließung, jail';

maybe alb. kotec `cell, nest' –ec diminutive ending in alb.

Church Slavic kotьcь `cella, nest', russ. kotý Pl. `Fischwehr, fish weir', skr. kôt, (dial.) kòtac `small stall'; dial. `kind of fishing' etc. and bulg. kótara, kótora, kótor `hurdle', skr. kȍtar `fence', kȍtār `Gebiet, limit, boundary' (`*from Zöunen'), sloven. kotár `district, region, area' (see Berneker 386, 588);

References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.

Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: kat-2

English meaning: to bear young; animal cub

German meaning: `Junge werfen; Tier junges'

Material: Lat. catulus `a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp. young dog or cat]', umbr. katel, Gen. katles `catulus';

Maybe alb. kotele `young cat' [common alb. a > o shift] Also [OE catt masc. (= ON kottr), catte fem. (= OFris., MDu. katte, Du. kat, OHG kazza, G katze), reinforced in ME by AN, ONFr. cat var. of (O)Fr. chat f. late L cattus.] from there poln. kot `cat', germ. Kater `tomcat'.

Again alb. kotem `rest (like a cat)'

aisl. haðna f. `young goat', mhd. hatele, nhd.-schweiz. hatle `goat';

slav. kotiti sę (russ. kotítьsja etc.) `Junge throw', dial. kótьka `lamb', skr. kot `brood', poln. wy-kot `young goat, kid' etc. (see Berneker 589 f.).

References: WT. I 338 f., WH. I 183.

Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: kau-l-, ku-l-

English meaning: hollow; bone

German meaning: `hohl; Hohlstengel; Röhrenknochen'

Material: Gr. καυλός m. `Stengel; Federkiel, Schaft'; lat. caulis (cōlis, caulus) `Stengel, Stiel an Pflanzen'; mir. cuaille `picket, pole' (*kaulīni̯o-); lit. káulas m. `bone' (glottal stop secondary), lett. kaũls `Stengel, bone', Old Prussian caulan n. `bone, leg'.

zero grade: Old Indian kúlyam n. `bone', kulyā́ f. `stream, brook, ditch, trench, channel, canal'; anord. holr `hollow', ahd. ags. hol ds., got. ushulōn `hollow out'.

References: WP. I 332, WH. I 188 f., Trautmann 122; compare under 2. keu-.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: kaus-

English meaning: to draw lots

German meaning: `das Los ziehen'ö

Material: Gr. καῦνος `lot, fate' (*καυσ-νος); Church Slavic kъšь m. `lot, fate'; kъšiti sę `losen', prěkъšiti `in dice game gain'.

References: WP. I 332, Berneker 672.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: kau-

English meaning: to put down, discourage

German meaning: `erniedrigen, demötigen'

Material: Gr. καυνός κακός (σκληρός, in latter meaning to καίω, Schulze KZ. 29 270 Anm. 1) Hes. and καυρός (or καῦρος) κακός, also καυαρόν κακόν Hes.;

got. hauns `low, demötig' (haunjan `erniedrigen'), ahd. hōni `verachtet, woeful, wretched, miserable, low' (hōnen `vilify, scold, scoff'), ags. hēan `low, woeful, wretched, miserable, pitiful' (hȳnan `vilify, scold'), ahd. hōnida, as. hōnða `Schande', afries. hānethe `accusation', ahd. hōna `derision, ridicule';

anord. hāð (*hawiÞa-) n. `derision', mhd. hūren `kauern';

lett. kàuns m. `disgrace, shame, Schande, the genitals', kàunêtiês `sich schömen, stupid sein', kàunîgs `shamefaced, verschömt, stupid';

lit. kūviúos, kūvė́tis `sich schömen'.

References: WP. I 330, Feist 249 f., Trautmann 122.

Page(s): 535

Root / lemma: kā̆d-

English meaning: to harm, rob, chase

German meaning: `schödigen, berauben, verfolgen'

Material: Old Indian kadana- n. `Vernichtung', cakāda (doubtful, if not cakāraö) kadanam `habe eine Vernichtung angerichtet';

gr. hom. κεκαδών `beraubend', Fut. κεκαδήσει `wird berauben', κεκαδῆσαι βλάψαι, κακῶσαι, στερῆσαι Hes., in medial-pass. meaning hom. κεκάδονto `sie wichen', ἐκεκήδει (Konjektur) ὑπε(κε)χωρήκει Hes., ἀποκαδέω ἀσθενέω Hes.; κάδυρος κάπρος ἄνορχις Hes.

References: WP. I 341, WH. I 128; compare under k̂ād-.

Page(s): 516

Root / lemma: kāi-d-4, kāi-t-

German meaning: `hell, leuchtend'

See also: see under (s)kāi-d-, (s)kāi-t-.

Page(s): 519

Root / lemma: kā̆i-3, kī̆-

English meaning: heat

German meaning: `Hitze'

Material: Ahd. hei `arid', gihei n. `heat, aridity', arheigētun `verdorrten', got. Dat. Pl. haizam `den Fackeln' (es-stem *hai̯ḫiz-).

With -d-extension: ahd. heiz, as. hēt, ags. hāt, aisl. heitr `hot' (whereof ahd. nhd. heizen, ags. hǣtan, aisl. heita ds.); got. heito f. `fever'; ahd. hizza `heat', (*hitjō) as. hittia, ags. hitt f., aisl. hiti m. ds.

With -t-extension: lit. kaistù, kaitaũ, kaĩsti `hot become', kaitrà `Feuerglut', kaitrùs `heat giving', prãkaitas m. `Schweiß', lett. kàistu, kàitu, kàist `hot become, burn' under likewise, figurative lett. kaĩtinát `anger, stir, tease, irritate' (kaĩte `damage, affliction, Gebrechen, plague', compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 135), Old Prussian ankaitītai `Angefochtene';

aisl. hāss (*hairsa- from *haisḫra-), ags. hās (*haisa-), engl. hoarse (from mengl. hōs +coarse), as. hēs, ahd. heisi `hoarse' (unclear is, whether here from *kirsem alb. kirrem `werde hoarse'ö).

References: WP. I 326 f., Trautmann 113.

Page(s): 519

Root / lemma: kāi-t-

German meaning: `hell'

See also: see under under skāi-t-

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kāk-

English meaning: to croak

German meaning: Nachahmung of Kröchzens

Material: Old Indian kāka- m. `crow', kākāla-, kākola- m. raven'; lett. kāk'is `jackdaw' (also Old Prussian koce ds., if so for kote to amend); to lett. FlN Kak'upe, lit. FlN Kakupis (compare Κακύπαρις, FlN in Sicilyö)ö Different about die balt. words Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 190.

References: WP. I 335.

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kā̆l-3 (kō̆l-ö)

English meaning: prison

German meaning: `Geföngnis, gefangen (sein)'ö

Material: Old Indian kārā `jail'; lit. kaliù, kalė́ti `in jail sit', kalinė̃, kalė́jimas `jail', kalinỹs `captive'.

References: WP. I 356.

Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kā̆m-

German meaning: `begehren'

See also: see above S. 515 kā-.

Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: kā̆pho- or k̂ō̆pho-

English meaning: hoof, * claw, nail

German meaning: `Huf'

Note:

Root / lemma: kā̆pho- or k̂ō̆pho- : hoof, *claw, nail' derived from Root / lemma: k̂eub- : thorn'

Material: Old Indian śaphá- m. `hoof, claw, nail', av. safa- m. `hoof of Pferdes';

aisl. hōfr, ags. hōf, ahd. huof `hoof'.

Maybe alb. (*suha-) thua `(*hoof, claw) nail', thundra `hoof (*claw, nail)'common alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 346, Specht Idg. Dekl. 253.

Page(s): 530

Root / lemma: kā̆po-

English meaning: things that float in water

German meaning: `vom Wasser Fortgeschwemmtes'

Material: Old Indian śā́pa- m. `was running Wasser with sich föhrt, drift, trailing, Geflößtes', śāpēṭa- m. `washed ashore reed under likewise'; lit. šãpai `verstreute Halme, Röckstand, den eine inundation auf den Feldern zuröcklößt', šãpas `Halm, straw, bough'.

References: WP. I 345, Specht Idg. Dekl. 27.

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kāp-, kǝp-

English meaning: a piece of land

German meaning: `Stöck Land, Grundstöck'

Material: Gr. κῆπος, dor. κᾶπος `garden', Hes. κάπυς κῆπος (kret. `unbearbeitetes Grundstöck', s. Gl. 3, 303); ahd. huoba, as. hōƀa `Stöck Land', nhd. Hufe, Hube; alb. kopshtë `garden'.

References: WP. I 345, Specht Idg. Dekl. 27, the here ahd. habaro etc. `Hafer' stellen will.

See also: S. under under kapro-.

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kār-

English meaning: wax

German meaning: `Wachs'

Material: Gr. κηρός `Wachs', κηρίον `honeycomb, Wabenhonig' kann, although dor. κᾱρός not genögend gesichert is, out of lon.-Att. Lehnform from this Dialektgruppe sein, welchenfalls lat. cēra as gr. Lw. gesichert wöre;

lit. korỹs `Wabenhonig, honeycomb of the bees',

Maybe alb. (*hole) hoje `honeycomb of the bees' common shift r/l

lett. kâres Nom. Pl. ds.;

poln. skarzyk `the thrust in beehive'.

References: WP. I 355, WH. I 202, Specht Idg. Dekl. 52.

Page(s): 532

Root / lemma: kā̆u(ǝ)lā : kūlā

English meaning: abscess, boil

German meaning: `Geschwulst; especially Leibschaden, Leistenbruch'

Material: Gr. ion. κήλη, att. κά̄λη `swelling, lump, growth, esp. Leibschaden', βουβωνοκήλη `hernia' underlikewise; καλάζει ὀγκοῦται. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes., κάλαμα ὄγκος Hes. (vokalisch very difficult, hard; ion. κήλη from *κᾱF-ελ-ᾱ, att. ach. κά̄λ-η, -ᾱ from κᾰF-ελ-ᾱö);

anord. haull, ags. hēala, ahd. hōla f. `hernia' (*kāu[ǝ]lā, at most *kǝu̯[ǝ]lā);

zero grade Church Slavic kyla `ds. `; russ. kilá `ds.; knag am tree', serb. kȉla ds.; lit. dial. kúle f. `hunch, outgrowth, knag'.

References: WP. I 333, Trautmann 144.

Page(s): 536-537

Root / lemma: kāu-, kǝu-

English meaning: to hit, cut

German meaning: `hauen, schlagen'

Material: Lat. (with prösensbildendem d) cūdō, -ere `hit, knock, stomp, prögen' (probably for *caudō after den viel frequent compound; compare) caudex, cōdex `tree truck, clot, chunk; to Schreibtafeln cloven Holz, Notizbuch', cōdicillus `Scheitholz', caudica `from a tree truck made barge', incūs, -ūdis f. `Amboß'; toch. A kot-, В kaut- `split';

ahd. houwan (hīo), ags. hēawan (hēow), aisl. hǫggua (hiō) `hew, hit (blow)' (in addition as `to Hauendes' got. etc. hawi `hay');

lit. káuju, kóviau, káuti (*kāu̯i̯ō) `hit, schmieden; fight', kovà `fight, struggle', lett. nuò-kaût `slay, kill', kava `blow, knock, layer' (*kǝu-), lit. kújis `hammer' = Old Prussian cugis ds. (abg. kyjь ds.; lit. kúgis is reshaped from kújis after kúgis `haycock, haystack');

abg. kovǫ (later Church Slavic kujǫ) kovati `schmieden' (= ahd. houwu), serb. kȕjēm (dial. kòvēm) kòvati `schmieden, prögen; (a horse) beschlagen', Church Slavic kyjь `hammer' (*kūḫi̯o-), russ. kuznь `Schmiedearbeit', zero grade abg. kьznь `artifice' (`Rönke schmieden') etc.; toch. A ko-, В kau- `slay'.

Maybe alb. pod-kua `horseshoe' [literally `pod = under + kua = horseshoe']

References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.

Page(s): 535

Root / lemma: kā̆u-, kē̆u-, kū-

English meaning: to howl

German meaning: ,heulen'

Note: onomatopoeic words, partly with anlaut. k, partly with k̂.

Material: Old Indian kā́uti `shouts, howls', Intens. kōkūyate `schreit, sounds, seufzt' (Gramm.), kṓka- m. `owl, dog'ö (`schreiend; heulend'); kokila- `cuckoo';

arm. k`uk` `στεναγμός' (: lit. kaũkti, Meillet Msl. 12, 214; die Nichtverwandlung of 2. k to s after u is in onomatopoeic words not objection);

gr. κω-κύ̄-ω `cry, wehklage' (dissim. from *κῡ-κύ̄-ω), κώκῡμα `lamentation'; καύᾱξ, -ᾱκος, ion. -ηξ, hom. κήξ, -κός f., κῆυξ, -ῡκος `eine Möwenart'; with fractured reduplication (as Old Indian kṓka-, lit. kaũkti, šaũkti, slav. kukati etc.) καυκαλίας, καυκίαλος, καυκιάλης bird name (Hes.);

but mcymr. cuan, cymr. cwan, abret. couann, nbret. kaouan, dial. cavan, kohan, kouhen ds.(Ernault RC 36, 206³) are probably onomatopoetische neologisms;

lat. (gall.) cavannus `Nachteule' (Anthol. lat.);

ahd. hūwo `owl', hūwila, hiuwula `Nachteule', ahd. hiuwilōn `jubeln', mhd. hiuweln, hiulen `howl, cry', mnd. hūlen, mengl. hūlen, engl. howl;

lit. (see above) kaukiù, kaũkti, lett. kàukt `howl, from Hunden or Wölfen', lit. sukùkti `ds., aufheulen', kaukalė `a kind of Wasservogel', lett. kaũka `whirlwind';

lit. kóvas m. `jackdaw', kóva f. `Saatkröhe' (*kāu̯ā = poln. kawa);

russ. kávka `frog', dial. `jackdaw', kávatь `stark cough', klr. (etc.) kávka `jackdaw', kavčáty `screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell'; ablaut. (*kēu-) bulg. čávka, serb. čâvka, čech. čavka `jackdaw'; Old Church Slavic kuja-jǫ, -ti `murmur'; russ. kúkatь `murmur, mucksen', serb. kȕkati `lament' etc.

maybe alb. kuja `lamentation' : Old Church Slavic kuja-jǫ, -ti `murmur'; çavka, çafka `heron' : čech. čavka `jackdaw'

With -b-, -b(h)o-: Old Indian kúkkubha- m. `wild rooster, cock, pheasant', gr. κουκούφας `Vogelart' (late, kaumecht gr.); onomatopoeic words are: κίκυβος probably `Nachteule' (besides κικκάβη, κίκυμος (out of it lat.cicuma), κικυμίς ds., κικκαβαῦ `deren scream'), lat. cucubiō, -īre of scream the Nachteule (Thomas Stud. 39 nimmt Hiat föllendes b an); also die b(h)-`Suffixe' the vorgenannten could so aufgekommen sein.

With -ĝ-: Old Indian kū́jati `growls, brummt, murmelt'; norw. hauke `johlen, call, shout, cry'.

Maybe alb. kujit `growl'

With -p-: got. hiufan `lament', anord. hjūfra ds., ags. hēofan ds., as. hiovan, ahd.hiofan, hioban ds.

With -r-: Old Indian cákōra- m. `a kind of partridge, game bird'; lat. caurīre `cry, of brönstigen Panther'; Old Church Slavic kurъ `rooster, cock', Church Slavic kurica `hen';

With anlaut. palatal:

Old Indian śúka- m. `parrot'; arm. sag `goose' (*k̂au̯ā) = Old Church Slavic sova `owl' (: kelt. cavannus); lit. šaukiù, šaũkti `cry, loud call, shout, cry, name'; russ. syčь `Zwergeule, Sperlingseule', čech. sýc `owl' (*k̂ūk-ti-); doubtful Old Church Slavic šumъ `noise' (*k̂ē̆u-mo-sö Brugmann II² 1, 247).

Maybe alb. zhurma `noise'

compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (here about the neologism ahd. kaha `jackdaw' etc.; compare lit. kóvas etc. ds.).

References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.

Page(s): 535-536

Root / lemma: kā-

English meaning: to like, wish

German meaning: `gern haben, begehren'

Material: Old Indian kā́yamāna- `gern habend' (ā-kāyíya- `begehrenswert' with from this i̯o-present verschlepptem-y-), Perf. cakḗ `sich whereof gladden, lieben, lust, crave', -kāti- (in compound) `heischend, verlangend'; av. kā- `whereupon long, want' (kayā 1. Sg., kāta-; čakuše);

-mo-stem Old Indian kā́ma- m. `Begehren, wish, love', av. Old pers. kāma- m. `desire, wish';

kā̆m- in Old Indian kāmáyati, particle Perf. Med. cakamāná-; kamra- `reizend, beautiful', kamana- `begierig, lascivious'; lit. kamaros `Geilheit' and lett. kãmêt `starve'.

ro-stem: lat. cārus `lieb, wert, teuer (also of Preise)'; got. hors (*hōra-) `Ehebrecher, Hurer', aisl. hōrr ds., hōr n. `Buhlerei, Unzucht', ags. hōr n. ds., ahd. huor n. ds., ahd. huora (and huorra from *hōriōn-) `Hure', ags. hōre, aisl. hōra- (*hōrōn-) ds.; lett. kārs `lascivious, covetous' (kāruôt `lust, crave, long, want');

reduced grade gall. Carant-us, -illus etc., abrit. Carant-īnus, -orius, air. caraim `love', carae `friend'; cymr. corn. bret. car `friend' (*kǝ-rānt-s), cymr. caraf `I love'; about (gall.ö) caris(s)a s. WH. I 169; toch. Akk. Sg. A krant, В krent `good' (= kelt. carant-).

Beruht ar. kan- (Old Indian Perf. cākana, Aor. akāniṣam, av. čakana), can- (Old Indian caniṣṭám; Old Indian cánas- n. `Gefallen, Befriedigung', av. čanah-, činah- `desire, Heischen') `befriedigt sein, Gefallen finden', av. činman- n. `Begehren, Trachten' auf a idg. -(e)nes-stem kḫeḫnes-ö The forms cani-, kani- can also secondary sein as kami-ṣyate, -tar- besides kāma- (if Stokes KZ. 40, 246 with right mir. cin, Gen. cena `love, affection' as *kenu- vergliche, wöre kḫen- : kā-as ksḫen- : kes- under likewise to beurteilen).

Old Indian cā́ru- `pleasant, welcome, mellifluous', cāyamāna- covetous', nicāyya- ds., cāyú- `begehrend', with previously ind. replacement from k through c after dem concurrent from kan- and can- (see above).

References: WP. I 325 f., WH. I 169, 175, 885, 886, Pedersen Toch. 109, 234.

Page(s): 515

Root / lemma: kā̆, ke, kom

English meaning: a kind of particle (all rightö)

German meaning: Partikel, perhaps etwa `probably!'

Material: Old Indian kám behind Dativen from Personen (as Dat. commodi; so also once av. kąm) and from Abstrakten (as finaler dative), also beim Imper., after the particles nú, sú, hí, and in indik. Hauptsötzen;

Old Church Slavic kъ(n) with Dat. `to'.

Nasallos gr. κᾱ, κε (κεν kann ν ἐφελκυστικόν have) perhaps `probably', Modalpartikel, slav. -ka (-ko, -ku, -ki, -kъ, -če, -či, -ču), Anhöngepartikel esp. by Pron., beim Imper. and by Adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and nominal compound (e.g. russ. kó-vorotъ `Halswirbel, Genick');

lit. -ki (perhaps originally ke), -k beim Imper. (e.g. dúoḫki, -k `gib!').

References: WP. I 326, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 568, Trautmann 111f.

Page(s): 515-516

Root / lemma: ked-

English meaning: to smoke, fume

German meaning: `rauchen, rußen'

Material: Old Indian kadrú- `brown', perhaps also kadamba- m. `Nauclea cadamba, ein tree with orangefarbenen Blöten' and kādamba- m. `eine Gansart with dunkelgrauen Flögeln';

Old Church Slavic kadilo `incense', kaditi `röuchern', russ. čad `haze, mist', serb. čad `caligo', čaditi `rußig become' (etc., s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps Old Prussian accodis (*at-codis) `Rauchloch, through das the Rauch herauszieht';

as `Röucherhölzer' are anzureihen (ö):

gr. κέδρος `juniper; later: Pinus cedrus', κεδρίς `Wacholderbeere; fruit the cedar'; lit. kadagỹs, Old Prussian kadegis `juniper' (from estn. kadakas borrowedö).

References: WP. I 384 f., Trautmann 112, Specht Idg. Dekl. 147.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: keg-, keng- and kek-, kenk-

English meaning: hook, grappling hook. handle

German meaning: `Pflock zum Aufhöngen, Haken, Henkel'; also `spitz sein'

Note: compare das similar k̂ak-, k̂ank-; and k̂enk-, k̂onk-

Material: Npers. čang `claw, nail, fist' (*kengo-);

mir. ail-cheng f. `rake, Waffengestell' (: lit. kéngė, see under);

germ. *hakan-, *hōka-, *hēkan- m. `hook' in: aisl. PN Haki m. `hook', haka f. `chin', ags. haca m. `bar, bolt', hæcce f. `Krummstab'; aisl. hākr m. `Frechling', ahd. hāko, hāggo `hook', ags. hōc m. `hook', mnd. hok, huk m. `angle, point, edge, foreland, promontory', aisl. høkja f. (*hōkiōn-) `crutch', høkill m. `Hinterbug'; with intensive Gemination: ags. haccian `hacken', mnd., mhd. hacken ds., and die j-verbs: ags. ofhæccan `amputare', ahd. hecchen `bite, prick', mhd. hecken `hew, hit, prick'; nasalized mnd. hank `Henkel' (out of it aisl. hǫnk m., hanki f. `Henkel'), ndl. honk, ostfries. hunk `picket, pole, Pfosten';

germ. *hakilō f. `Hechel' (from den gekrömmten Eisenzöhnen) in: asöchs. hekilon `hecheln', engl. hatchel, mhd. hechel `Hechel', norw. hekla `Hechel, Stoppel';

germ. *hakuda- m. `Hecht' (after den spitzen teeth) in ags. hacod; *hakida in ags. hacid m., ahd. hachit, hechit, mnd. heket `Hecht';

lit. kéngė f. `hook, Klinke';

slav. *kogъtь m. in russ. kógotь `claw, nail, crooked Eisenspitze', osorb. kocht `thorn, sting, prick' (: germ. *hakuda-);

perhaps here, as `auf einen hook hinaufhöngen, as with a hook scratch, scrape, stir, tease, irritate': bulg. káčъ, káč(u)vam `erhebe, erhöhe, hönge', za-káčъ, -káčam `hönge, catch, necke', serb. zàkačiti `anhaken', sloven. káčiti `banter, anger' (Berneker 465 f.).

References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307, Trautmann 112, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 182 f., Petersson, Heterokl. 91 f.; Stokes BB. 25, 252.

Page(s): 537-538

Root / lemma: keid-

English meaning: to fall

German meaning: `fallen'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Cymr. cwyddo, di-gwyddo `fall, sich ereignen', cwydd `fall', bret. koezaff `fall', di-gouezout `sich ereignen';

aisl. hitta á `meet', hitta í `hineingeraten', dan. hitte paa `auf etwas verfallen', schwed. hitta `find', mengl. (from dem Nord.) hittan `auf etwas treffen, find', engl. hit (originally `auf etwas fall, verfallen'ö).

References: WP. I 364.

Page(s): 542

Root / lemma: keis-

English meaning: arm; thigh

German meaning: `Arm, Schenkel etc. `(ö)

Material: Old Indian kiṣku- `forearm';

ndl. hijse, hijs f. `muscle, Lendenstöck, club, mace, joint', limb. hies `popliteus';

lit. kiš-kà `popliteus'; lett. cis-ka `Lende, Schenkel, hip, haunch'.

References: WP. I 365, E. Lewy PBrB. 32, 140.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: keku-

English meaning: a kind of stick or cudgel

German meaning: etwa `keulenförmiger Stock, Stock with hammerartigem Quergriff'ö

Material: Av. čakuš- n. `Wurfhammer, Wurfaxt', npers. čakuš `hammer';

Old Prussian queke `stecle', i.e. `Tannen- or Fichtenast as Zaunstab', lett. čaka `cudgel, club with knag as handle, grasp'; compare but Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 401.

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: kek̂-

English meaning: weasel

German meaning: `Wiesel, Iltis' (ö)

Material: Old Indian kaśa- m. kaśīkā́ f. `weasel'; but with anlaut. Pal. lit. šẽškas `polecat', lett. sesks ds. Is balt. ś- through progress. Assim. from *keškas to define, whereas die Nachholung of in anlaut verdröngten k- in ending the 1. syllable through den anlaut k- the 2. syllable verhindert wurdeö Different about lit. šẽškaš W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630.

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: kelg-

English meaning: to wind; windings, intrigue

German meaning: `sich winden; Windung, Rönke'

Material: Mir. celg f. `artifice, betrayal' (out of it cymr. celg `Verhehlen');

arm. keɫck` `Heuchelei' is in Konsonantismus unclear;

changing through ablaut ags. hylc `curvature, convolution' and slav. *čъlgati in poln. czoɫgać się `grovel, truckle, creep, glide, slide, sich schleppen'.

References: WP. I 447.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: kel-1, kelǝ-

English meaning: to tower, be high; hill; *projection, protrusion

German meaning: `ragen, hoch (heben)'

Material: Gr. κολωνός, κολώνη `hill', κολοφών m. `acme, apex, cusp, peak' instead of *κολαφών due to an *kolṇ-bho-s);

lat. ante-, ex-, prae-cellō, -ere `hervorragen' (*cel-d-ō with prösensbildendem -d-), participle celsus `high'; collis `hill' (*kl̥n-is or *kolnḫis); columen, newer culmen `acme, apex, Höhepunkt' (*kelomn̥ `elevation'), columna `column' (*kelomnā `die ragende');

mir. coll `head, guide, leader' (*kolnos); gall. celicnon `tower' (out of it got. kelikn `Söller');

gallorom. calma `ödes Land' is probably vorkelt.;

maybe alb. (*culmen) kulm `ridge, peak'.

ags. hyll m. f., engl. hill `hill' (*hulnis, idg. *kḷnis); as. holm `hill', nhd. Holm, ags. holm `island, Meereswoge, (hohe) sea', aisl. holmr, holmi `small island' (*kḷmo-);

maybe alb. (*holm) kolmë `fat, big, huge'

maybe alb. (*hill-arya), Illyria `hilly land', (*Hilion), Ilion `city built on a hill'), also gr. Olympḫus (*holum) `mountain in Northern Greece, home of the gods' [common illyr. alb. m > mp phonetic mutation.]

lit. keliù, kélti (heavy basis) `heave, life, emporheben, bear, carry, öbers Wasser befördern', lett. ceĺt `heave, life', lit. iškéltas .convex, elevated', kálnas, lett. kal̂ns `mountain', compare lit. kalvà f. `small hill', lett. kalva `hill, Flußinsel'; in addition lit. kìlti `sich erheben, aufsetigen', iškilùs `high', kilmė̃ f. `lineage, gender, sex', kìltis and kiltìs f., lett. cil̂ts f. `gender, sex'; lett. kal `a f. `Hebel'; lit. kélnas m. `Föhre, barge', lit. kélta f., kéltas m. = kéltuvas m. `Föhre'; lett. cel̂tava f. `small Föhre';

slav. *cьlnъ m. in skr. čûn (Gen. čûna), `barge', čech. člun, russ. čoɫn `boat, Weberschifflein';

abg. čelo `forehead', russ. čeló `forehead, head, cusp, peak' etc., russ.-Church Slavic čelesьnъ `praecipuus' (originally -es-stem).

maybe alb. (*čelo) çaloj `walk with a limp (*waving like a boat)', çalë `lame'

It seems that Root / lemma: ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : (knee, joint) derived from *koln : (to tower, be high; hill, project). Proto-Slavic form: kolě̀no (knee) [see ĝenu-1, ĝneu- : (knee, joint)]

References: WP. I 433 ff., WH. I 197, 245, 249 f., 855, Trautmann 125 f.

Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: kel-2

English meaning: to stick; sting

German meaning: `stechen'

Material: Old Indian kaṭambá- m. `Pfeil' (*kol-to-);

mir. cuilenn, cymr. celyn, corn. kelin, m. bret. quelenn `Stechpalme, Möusedorn, Walddistel' (kelt. *kolino-);

ahd. hulis, huls ds., nhd. Hulst, mndl. mnd. huls ds. (ndl. hulst), ags. hole(g)n, engl. holly and holm-oak, mengl. also hulvir, anord. hulfr ds.;

Old Church Slavic klasъ `Ähre' (`die Stechende'), russ. kólos = alb. kall ds., kashtë (*kallshtë), Jokl IF. 36, 124, `straw, chaff' (-s-forms then as in huls);

alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) rë-kuall `thistle' (*për-kēl `Durchstich, sting, prick').

g(h)-extension in mir. colg `sword, awn the barley, sting, prick', acymr. colginn `aristam', ncymr. cola `awn', col `cusp, peak, awn', colyn `sting, prick', cal, cala, caly `penis', bret. kalc'h ds. Auf Grund keltischer forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer KZ. 38, 100f. also eine equal meaning root kʷel- `stecken, dig' an: cymr. palu `dig', pal, corn. bret. pal `spade' (from lat. pālaö certainly doubtful because of ligur. pala `grave', cymr. paladr `hastile', also `balk, beam, ray').

kol-no-s in Old Indian kāṇá-ḥ `durchstochen, durchlöchert, einöugig' (*kolno-; to ā compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 168) = air. (acymr.ö) coll `luscum, einöugig', mir. (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated) goll `blind'; changing through ablaut gr. κελλάς μονόφθαλμος Hes.

References: WP. I 435.

See also: s. kel-3 and skel- `cut, clip'

Page(s): 545

Root / lemma: kel-3, kelǝ-, klā- extended klād-

English meaning: to hit, cut down

German meaning: `schlagen, hauen'

Note: separation from kel- `prick' and from skel- `cut, clip' is barely durchföhrbar; beachte esp. slav. *kólti `prick' = balt. kalti `hit'.

Material: Gr. κελεός (*κελεFός) `Grönspecht' (as δρυκολάπτης); κελέις ἀξίνη Hes.; κελοί `ξύλα' after Hesee under κελέοντας; δίκελλα `zweizinkige hack, mattock, hoe'; compare σκαλίς `hack, mattock, hoe' under skel- `cut, clip';κόλος `mutilated, ungehörnt', κόλ-ουρος `with gestutztem Schwanze', κολάζω `verstömmle, hindere; zöchtige', κολούω `verstömmle; hemme'; κολετρᾶν `tread';

with formants -bo-: κολοβός `mutilated' (compare also die root form *k(e)lemb-);

with formants -bho-: κόλαφος `slap in the face, box on the ear, Backenstreich', therefrom derived κολάπτω `behaue, behacke',

from the heavy basis κλά̆ω `break' (κλά̆σω, ἔκλᾰσα, ἀποκλάς, κλαστός), κλάσις `das Brechen, Beschneiden the Zweige', κλάσμα `piece, fragment', κλῆμα n. `twig, branch; vine-layer, -rebe', Demin. κληματίς esp. Pl. `deadwood'; κλῆρος, dor. κλᾶρος m. `Holzstöckchen as lot, fate, lot, fate, allotment' (= air. clār, cymr. clawr `board, Tafel', bret. kleur `Gabelbaum am cart');

κλών, κλωνός m. `sprout, Trieb, Reis', κλώνακα ῥάβδον Hes., κλῶναξ κλάδος Hes. (close kinship to: aisl. hlunnr `Rollwalzen for Fahrzeuge', hlu(m)mr `the obere thick Teil of Ruders' from *hlunma-ö) - κλῶμαξ, -ακος m. `cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, rocks';

lat. calamitas `damage' (from *calamo- from *calimo-, idg. *k_ele-mo- `beaten'), in addition incolumis `unversehrt'; further from *kel-nō : percellō, -culi `schlage to Boden, shatter', se procellere `sich hinwerfen', procella f. `heftiger storm', recellō `schnelle back'; not *kel-dō because of gall. GN Su-cellus `good Schlöger';

air. clār etc. see above S. 545;

lit. kalù, kálti, lett. kal `u, kalu, kal̃t `hit, schmieden', lit. pãkalas `Sensenkeil', príe-, prei-kãlas `Ambos', Old Prussian kalo-peilis `Hackmesser', lit. káltas `chisel', Old Prussian calte `Mark (Mönze)', i.e. `geschlagenes = geprögtes Geld', lit. kálvis `smith', causative lit. káldinti `schmieden (lassen)', lett. kal̃dît ds.; lit. kuliù, kùlti `dreschen', lett. kul'u, kũlu, kul̃t `hit, thrash, dreschen'; lit. kélmas `stump', kann also `geschnitten, split' sein;

abg. etc. koljǫ klati `prick, schlachten' (abg. also `sacrifice'), russ. kolótь `prick, schlachten; split, hacken'; abg. kolъ `peg, plug', russ. koɫ, Gen. koɫá `shaft, pole, picket, pole', ablaut.*kъlъ in klr. koɫ (Gen. kɫa) `Eckzahn, Hauzahn', sloven. kɛ̀l (Gen. klà); čech. klanice `shaft, pole', poln. kɫonica `Seitenholz am cart' (auf participle *kolno- to klati being based on); serb. kláto `kind of neck yoke for Schweine', čech. klát `stump, clot, chunk, club, cudgel' (= lit. káltas see above); Church Slavic pro-klė́ju, -klěti `germinate', russ. (etc.) klin `wedge' (formation as mlinъ to meljǫ); doubtful slav.*kolt-jǫ, -iti in abg. klaštǫ, klatiti `move, shake, bump, poke', russ. koločú, kolotít `hit, knock; chatter' etc.; whether in addition zero grade r. koltátьsja `sich bewegen, wobble, sway'ö

d-extension kelǝd-, klād-:

Gr. κλαδαρός (*klǝd_eros) `frail, breakable; abgelebt', κλαδάσαι σεῖσαι Hes., ablaut. καλαδία ῥυκάνη Hes., κλάδος m. `twig, branch', conservative d-stem *κλάς, κλάδεσι etc. ds., κλαδών, -ονος Hes. ds., κλαστάζω `beschneide den grapevine';

lat. clādēs f. `injury; damage, mischief, Niederlage';

mir. claidim `grabe' (with ad- `pursue, hunt, chase, fischen' etc.), cymr. claddu, bret. claza `dig', mir. clad, cymr. cladd `ditch, trench, channel'; lengthened grade cymr. clawdd, corn. claud `ditch, trench, channel', bret. kleuz `ditch, trench, channel, hedge' (*klādo-); cymr. cleddyf `sword', bret. klézé `sword, blade' (cleddyf diss. from *cleðyð, kelt. *kladi̯os), ir. claideb is Lw. from dem Cymr., lat. gladius from dem Kelt.;

mir. caill (Gen. caille) `wood, forest', cymr. celli `wood, forest', corn. kelli `nemus' (kelt. *kaldī);

air. cymr. coll, bret. koll `ruin, damage'; mir. cellach `war, fight' and die with it related aisl. hildr f. `fight, struggle, Kampfgöttin', as. ags. hild `fight, struggle, war, fight', ahd. hiltia, hilta `fight, struggle' have idg. -dh- and probably `hit, dreinhauen' as basic meaning;

got. halts, aisl. haltr, ags. healt, ahd. halz `lame' (= air. coll; basic meaning `broken'), perhaps at first from gebrochenen Gliedmaßen;

aisl. ags. holt, ahd. holz `wood, wood, forest' (= κλάδος), in addition aisl. hjalt n. `the hilt of a sword', ags. hilt f. ds., ahd. helza `the hilt of a sword, Heft', as. helta `Handgriff am rudder';

abg. klada `balk, beam, Block', russ. kolóda `HoIzblock, clot, chunk, tree truck, from a stem abgehauenes Stöck' etc.; Church Slavic kladivo `hammer' (proto slav. *klād-: lat. clādēs).

Labial extension:

klomb(h)o- in: gr. κλαμβός `mutilated', ags. laempi-halt, lamp-healt `hinkend' (Specht Idg. Dekl. 262); compare lit. klumbas `lame'.

References: WP. I 436 ff., WH. I 135 f., 225 f., 691, Specht Idg. Dekl. 130 f., 262, 322, Trautmann 114 f.

Page(s): 545-547

Root / lemma: kel-4 and kāl-

English meaning: a kind of dark/light spot

German meaning: in den Worten for helle and dunkle Flecken, graue and schwörzliche Farbentöne

Note: compare also k̂er-3 and kers-1.

Material: I. Old Indian kalaŋka- m. `Fleck, Rost', kalana- n. `Fleck, smut', káluṣa- `dirty, filthy, black', kalmaṣa- m. `Fleck, smut', kalmā́ṣa- `varicolored, dappled'; with formants -ko-: karka- `white', m. `mildew', karkī vaśā `weiße cow', karkā `weiße mare' (Persson Beitr. 169), kalká- m. `ordure, filth', cāṣa- m. `the blaue Holzhöher' (*kel-so-);

npers. čarma `mildew', kurd. čerme `white' (: schweiz. helm);

gr. κελαινός `black', κιλλός `gray', κίλλος `donkey' and `Zikade' (vowel as in πιλνός besides πελιός; -λλ- from -λν-ö); very probably κόλυμβος (*kolu-mbhos) `aquanaut (Vogelart)', whereof κολυμβάω `tauche', from the dunklen Farbe genannt; here also κίλλ-ουρος `Bachstelze' Hes.;

lat. columba f., -us m. `dove(r)' from *kol-on-bho- or *kolu-mbho-, then identical with κόλυμβος; to -mb- from -mbh- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333;

nhd. schweiz. helm `weißer Fleck beim Vieh auf the forehead', helme `name a Kuh with weißgeflecktem Kopf', schwed. dial. hjölm `blössiger ox or blössiges horse' (compare to m-forms Old Indian kalmaṣa-); probably mhd. hilwe f. `fine fog', bair. gehilb `fog, Herdrauch' (-w- in relationship to u from Old Indian káluṣa-ḥ), wherefore ahd. huliwa `uligo, sordes limi velaquae', mhd. hölwe `puddle, slop, pool, Sumpflache' in ablaut steht;

here (from den schwarzen Beeren) also ahd. holuntar, holantar `elder', aschwed. hylle ds.; s. Berneker 473 m. Lit., the also for russ. kalína `Viburnum opulus' affiliation to kalъ (see under) considers.

II. root form kāl- : kǝl- (with unclear relationship to kel-):

Gr. κηλί̄ς, -ῖδος (dor. κᾱλί̄ς) `Fleck', κηλιδόω `sully, bedraggle', κηλήνη μέλαινα Hes., κηλάς νεφέλη ἄνυδρος καὶ χειμερινη ἡμέρα καὶ αἴξ, ἥτις κατὰ τὸ μέτωπον σημεῖον ἔχειτυλοειδές Hes.;

lat. cālidus, callidus (Gl.) `weißstirnig *(from horses)' = umbr. kaleřuf (buf) `callidos (boves)'; lat. cālīgo f. `fog, darkness';

air. caile, mir. gaile `Fleck';

lit. kalýbas, kalývas `weißhalsig';

Old Church Slavic kalъ `πηλός, ordure' with den meaning `swamp, marsh, morass, with ordure smudge'; in addition (after the paint, color) russ. kalína `Viburnum opulus', as also sloven. kalina `puddle, slop' and russ. kalú-ga `morass', kalú-ža `puddle'.

References: WP. I 440 ff., WH. I 139 f., 249, Specht Idg. Dekl. 118, 140, 143³, Trautmann 113 f., Petersson Heterokl. 146 f.

Page(s): 547-548

Root / lemma: kel-5

English meaning: to drive, force to move quickly

German meaning: `treiben, to schneller Bewegung antreiben'

Material: Old Indian kā̆láyati `treibt, carries, nimmt wahr, hölt';

alb. geg. qil, sizil. qel `bring, bear', shqiltsë `rennet, i.e. co-agulum', probably also kal `stifte, stelle an' (Jokl IF. 30, 198);

gr. κέλλω `drive (das ship ans Land); lande' (present only by Gramm. and in ὀ-κέλλω trans. `drive das ship ans Land; strande, scheitere'; otherwise only Aor. Fut. ἔκελσα, κέλσω), κέλης, -ητος `rusher, racer (horse); schnellsegelndes ship'; κλόνος `intense movement', κλονέω `vor sich her drive, push' (compare θρ-όνος, χρ-όνος; Boisacq s. v. m. Lit.); perhaps (Persson Beitr. 179) κολεῖν ἐλθεῖν undκολέα, κολία `kind of Tanz' Hes.;

lat. celer `quick, fast, rash, hasty' (as κέλης), celeber, -bris, -bre `betrieben, befahren (via), animated (locus, oppidum), frequent, often, gefeiert' (*kele-dhlo-, -dhli-);

as t-present got. haldan `Vieh weiden' (to a-Vok. s. Brugmann IF. 32, 181), ahd. haltan `beware, guard, hold, stop', as. haldan, ags. healdan, aisl. halda, aschwed. halla (*halÞan) `hold, stop', mnd. hilde, hille `rash, hasty, keen, eager'.

References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;

See also: probably identical with kel-6; s. also keleu- `wander'.

Page(s): 548

Root / lemma: kel-6, k(_e)lē-, k(_e)lā- or kl̥̄-ö

English meaning: to call, cry

German meaning: `rufen, schreien, lörmen, klingen'

Material: Old Indian uṣā-kala- m. `rooster, cock' (`ἠι-κανός'), kalādhika-, kalāvika- ds., kala-víŋka- `sparrow', kala- `leise tönend, undeutlich vernehmbar', kalakala- m. `verworrenes clamor, noise';

gr. καλέω (instead of *κάλω) `rufe, name, rufe herbei' (öol. κάλημι), Futur. καλέσω, att. καλῶ, Perf. κέκληκα, κλητός; ἐπίκλησις `epithet', κλῆσις `shout, call, Einladung, Vorladung', κλητής, κ(α)λήτwρ `Rufer', ὀμοκλή `shout' (to 1. part see under omǝ-); κικλήσκω (or κικλῄσκω) `rufe an, flehe', κληΐζω, κλῄζω `name' (*κλη-Fε-ς-ίζωö); zero grade κελ(α)- in κέλομαι `treibe an (through shout)', hom. Aor. (ἐ)κέκλετο, dor. κέντο = (ἔ)κελτο; [about κελεύω see under k̂leu-]; κελαρύζω `rausche, riesle (water under likewise)', κέλωρ φωνή Hes.; extension κέλαδος `Getöse, din, fuss, noise', κελάδων, κελαδεινός `roaring', κελαδέω `tose; lasse (einen song) erklingen';

umbr. kařitu, kařetu, carsitu `calato, appellato' (*kalētōd); daß a corresponding lat.*caleō einst in the Ausrufungsformel the Kalenderdaten Dies te quinque, respectively septem, calo, Iuno Covella gestanden habe and daß calendae `the erste day of Monats' from this Ausrufen benannt sei, is probably (Salonius Z. röm. Dat. 1 ff.);

lat. calō, -āre `Ausrufen, Zusamenrufen' (: lett. kal `uôt), calātor `Rufer, Ausrufer', nōmen-clator `Namennenner' (from nōmen calāre back formation), calābra (curia) `die zum Ausrufen the Kalenderdaten bestimmte Kurie', perhaps concilium `Zusamenkunft, congregation, meeting, association from Dingen, geschlechtliche connection' (*cón-caliom), con-ciliāre `unite, connect, gain etc. `, clāmō, -āre `call, shout, cry' (compare ahd. hlamōn etc.), clāmor `scream', clārus `lauttönend, fernhin schallend; illustrious; clear, bright', umbr. anglar Nom. Pl., anglaf Akk. Pl. `oscines' (*an-klā `avis inclamans'); lat. classis `Aufgebot: Heer, fleet; Klasse, dividing off, partitioning off' (*klad-ti-: κέλαδοςö);

air. cailech, ogam Gen. caliācī, cymr. ceiliog, corn. chelioc `rooster, cock' (*kaljākos);

ags. hlōwan `rugire, boare', ahd. (h)lōian, (h)luoen, mhd. löejen `roar, bellow'; ags. hlētan `grunt'; ahd. hluoticla `latratus'; with lengthened grade the ersten syllable ahd. hel `loud, tönend' (nhd. hell `gleaming'), hëllan `resonate', mhd. hal `echo, clangor', anord. hjala `babble, chatter', hjal n. `gossip', hjaldr `Gespröch, Kampfgetöse, fight, struggle'; afries. halia `herbeiholen, heimföhren, take', ags. geholian `bekommen', asöchs. halōn `berufen, herbeibringen', ahd. halōn and ablaut. holōn, holēn `call, shout, cry, get, fetch', ndd. halen `pull, drag'.

lett. kal'uôt `babble, chatter' (kalada `clamor, din, fuss, noise' is russ. Lw.), lit. kalbà `language', Old Prussian kaltzā, kelsāi `sie lauten' (lit. *kalsóti); redupl. lit. kañkalas (*kalkalas) `bell', Old Church Slavic klakolъ, russ. kólokolъ `bell', kolokólitь `löuten, clink; babble, klatschen', Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 115.

hitt. ša-ra-a kal-li-iš-ta (sarā kallesta) `rief (lockte) herauf'.

extension *k(e)lem- (compare lat. clā-m-āre): Old Indian krándati `shouts, howls, bellow, roar, wiehert' (*klem-d-ö); ags. hlimman, hlymman `ring, sound, clink, sough, rustle, roar, bellow', hlimme `reißender stream', hlemm (*hlammi) `clangor', ahd. (h)limmen `drone, grumble, howl', anord. hlymja `clink, crack, creak, rant, roister', ahd. hlamōn `sough, rustle, bawl, blaster';

*k(e)len- in ags. hlyn(n) `clangor, din, fuss, noise, reißender stream', hlynnan, hlynian `hallen', hlynsian ds., hlynrian `thunder', gehlyn, asöchs. gihlunn `Getöse';

Similar to skel-, (s)kʷel- (s-Dublette besides kel-):

1. skel-: aisl. skjalla st. V. `sound, clink, loud hit' = ags. sciellan `sound, sound, clink', ahd. scellan `sound, clink, ring, rant, roister', nhd. verschollen `verklungen'; Kaus.-Iter. aisl. skella `knallen, rant, roister, scold, chide, laugh loudly', mhd. schellen schw. V. `ertönen lassen, shatter', nhd. zerschellen; t- or dh-present afries. skelda `scold, chide, rebuke, loud define', ahd. sceltan `scold, chide, vilify, scold, revile, rebuke'; aisl. skǫll f. `derision, ridicule, din, fuss, noise', skellr (*skalliḫz) `clangor, Knall' = ahd. scal (-ll-) `clangor, row'; aisl. skjallr `lauttönend' = ags. sciell, ndl. schel `widerhallend, schrill'; ahd. scella `bell'; with einfachem l (das -ll- the vorgenannten based on auf a n-present *skel-nō) aisl. skal n. `din, fuss, noise', skjal n. `Geplauder';

lit. skãliju, -yti `continual bark, bay, anschlagen' (of Jagdhund), whereof skalìkas `ein continual bellender Jagdhund (see under because of gr. σκύλαξ); Old Prussian scalenix `Vorstehhund' derives from poln. skolić `as ein Hund whimper'; lett. skal'š `clinking, helltönend'; with (b)h-extension (as lit. kalbà) lit. skélb-iu, -ti `ein rumor verbreiten';

čech. skoliti `belfern', poln. skolić, skulíć `as ein Hund whimper'.

2. (s)kʷel-: aisl. skval n. `unnötzes gossip, Wortschwall', skvala `loud talk, call, shout, cry', skvaldr n. `lautes discourse'; without s- aisl. hvellr `helltönend';

the changing by ablaut skʷ_el- perhaps in gr. σκύλαξ young dog, dog; young Tier', also κύλλα σκύλαξ. ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes. (-λλ- probably kurznamenartige consonant- lengthening), as from *skel- das above genannte lit. skalìkas, and from kel- from: lit. kãlė, kalė̃ `bitch', alb. këlösh `cub, esp. young dog', mir. cuilēn, cymr. colwyn, acorn. coloin, bret. kolen `young dog', (kelt. *koli-gno-); diese Namen for young animal, esp. Hunde, wören also of Klöffen or Winseln genommen. Immerhin but could σκύλαξ, κύλλα as (s)k_ol-, also as idg. or gr. Reduktionsformen (influence of κύωνö) unmittelbar with kelt. *koligno-, lit. kãlė, alb. këlösh zusammengehören.

References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.;

See also: probably identical with kel-5.

Page(s): 548-550

Root / lemma: kel-7 (kol-, k_ol-)

English meaning: goblet

German meaning: `Becher'

Note: with k̂-suffix

Material: Old Indian kaláśa-ḥ m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl' (*kolek̂o-, -ok̂o-);

gr. κύλιξ, -ικος `goblet' (*k_eli-k);

= lat. calix, -icis m. `deep bowl, goblet, Kelch' (from calix derives ahd. chelih, nhd. Kelch), wherefore perhaps with beweglichem s umbr. skalc̨e-ta, scalse-to `ex patera', scalsie `in patera'; lat. culigna `small Kelch' from gr. κυλίχνη (*κυλικ-σνᾱ) ds.;

das s- also in nhd. Schale (das to (s)kel- `cut, clip') and in gr. σκάλλιον, σκαλίς ds. Hes., das probably ebendahin.

In addition gr. κάλυξ, -υκος f. `Fruchtkelch, Samenkelch' and perhaps Old Indian kalikā f. `bud' (in Gutt. of suffixes from kaláśa-ḥ different).

References: WP. I 442, WH. I 138 f.

Page(s): 550-551

Root / lemma: kel-7

German meaning: `schneiden'; `schuldig sein'; `austrocknen'; `biegen'

See also: see under (s)kel-

Page(s): 551

Root / lemma: keleu-

English meaning: to wander; way

German meaning: `wandern; Weg'

Note: probably extension from kel-5.

Material: Gr. κέλευθος f. `way' (from *κλευ-θο-ς reshaped after ἐλευθ-), ἱππο-κέλευθος `zu Pferd sich fortbewegend', ἀ-κόλουθος (*ἁ- = sm̥-) `companion';

Maybe alb. kalonj `walk'

lit. keliáuju `fare, journey' (kẽlias `way' probably previously postverbal).

References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Mél. Boisacq I 374 f.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: kelp-, kl̥p-

English meaning: jar, cauldron

German meaning: `Krug, Topf'

Material: Gr. κάλπις, -ιδος, κάλπη f. `crock, pitcher; Aschenurne';

lat. calpar, -āris `wine cask' (*calp-āli-, probably lat. further formations of gr. κάλπᾱ);

air. cilornn, cilurnn `urna' (*kelpurno-), cymr. celwrn `Milcheimer', bret. kelorn `Köbel', brit. PN Celurnum.

References: WP. I 447, WH. I 142.

Page(s): 555

Root / lemma: kemero-, komero-, k_emero-

English meaning: name of a plant

German meaning: Pflanzenname

Material: Ahd. hemera (*hamirō) `Nieswurz', nhd. dial. hemern ds.;

r.-Church Slavic čemerъ `poison' (originally the Nieswurz), russ. čemeríca f. `Nieswurz' (etc. s. Berneker 142 f.);

lit. kemerai Pl. `Alpkraut, Wasserdost'; presumably gr. κάμαρος `Delphinium', κάμμαρον, κάμμορον (latter spelling after hom. κάμμορος `unlucky'ö) `aconitum' and Old Indian kamala- n. `Lotus' (wöre bis aufs Geschlecht = ahd. hemera; also in the Blötenform similarly), camarika-m. `Bauhinia variegata'.

References: WP. I 390, Trautmann 126.

Page(s): 558

Root / lemma: kemǝ-, komǝ-, kmā-

English meaning: piece

German meaning: `Bissen'ö

Material: Gr. ἄκμηνος `without Imbiß, hungry', ἄκμᾱ (öol.) νηστεία, ἔνδεια Hes.; zero grade κομῶσα γέμουσα Hes.ö

lett. kumuôss `morsel, mouthful' (-um-reduced grade; the ending -uoss from -ansas perhaps through hybridization with a *kan[d]s-as = Old Church Slavic kąsъ `Stöck, morsel, mouthful'ö compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. II 313);

ndd. ham, hamm `bite, morsel, mouthful, Stöck, cut'.

References: WP. I 389.

Page(s): 557-558

Root / lemma: kem-1

English meaning: to press, squeeze

German meaning: `zusammendröcken, -pressen, hindern'

Material: Arm. k`amel `to press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow';

anord. hemja (hamda) `curb, restrain, hemen', hemill `Beinfessel', hamla f. `Ruderband', mhd. hemmen and hamen `hinder, hemmen `, sal-frönk. chamian `clamp, press', afries. hemma `hinder', nhd. dial. ham, hamen `Kummet' (compare das maybe from a got. *hamands `hemmend' borrowed slav. *chomǫtъ, russ. etc. chomútъ `Kummet'); mnd. ham, ags. hamm `eingefriedigtes Stöck Land', ndd. hamme `umzöuntes field', ags. engl. hem(m) `edge, hem', engl. to hem (in) `to hem, gird, border, umgeben';

anord. hafna `aufgeben, ablassen from' (`*gehemmt sein'), causative hefna `röchen'; with labial mengl. hamperen, engl. to hamper `hinder, belöstigen' (: Old Prussian kūmpinna `hindert', kumpint `verröcken');

bsl. *kama- m. `clump' in lett. kams m. `clump', in addition lit. kamúoti `zusamenpressen, stuff', kãmanos `lederner bridle, rein', kẽmuras `grape', kamíenas m. `stem', lett. kamuot `torment, smite, plague', lit. kamuolỹs, lett. kamuolis `ball, tangle, knot'; ablaut. lett. cęmu(o)rs m. `grape', extended lit.kemšù, kim̃šti `stuff', lett. ḱemsu, ḱimst (lit. Lw.) `ds. `, also `devour', lit. kamšà `Dam';

russ. kom `clump', komítь `zusamenballen', serb. kȍm `Weintreber' (`was from den gepreßten Trauben bleibt'); in addition russ. kómelь m. `thick end a Balkens', poln. komel m. `knag' (*kamli̯a-), russ. komúlja f. `clump', serb. kȍmina f. `Weintreber'; in ablaut slav. *kъmy, Gen. *kъmene m. in čech. kmen `stem'; as `gedröckt sein' presumably also slav. *čьmain serb. čáma `Langeweile', čȁmati `with displeasure wait, hold on'; Old Church Slavic čęstъ `dense' (= lit. kim̃štas `gestopft').

Maybe truncated alb. (*kem̃štas) shpesh : Russian: částyj `frequent, close (together), dense'

Doubtful is Perssons (Beitr. 159) apposition from gr. κώμῡς, -ῡθος `bundle; place, where das reed with den roots dense verwachsen steht' (`*Geballtes, clump'), κῶμος `swarm, feast and lörmender Umzug, Festaufzug to Ehren of Dionysios'; gr. κημός (*kāmos because of lat. Lw. cāmus) `muzzle' is in vocalism not compatible.

References: WP. I 388 f., Trautmann 115, 126.

Page(s): 555

Root / lemma: kem-2

English meaning: to buzz

German meaning: `summen'

Material: Old Indian camara- m. `bos grunniens';

mhd. nhd. hummen, nhd. hummeln, holl. hommelen `buzz', mengl. hummen, engl. hum ds., norw. humre `leise neigh'; in addition originally probably also ahd. humbal, mhd. humbel, hummel m. `bumblebee', mnd. hummel f., engl. humble-bее, norw. mdartl. humla f. ds.;

lit. kìmstu, kìmti `hoarse become', kìminti `die voice dull machen', kimùs `hoarse, dumpflautend', kamãnė `Erdbiene', kamìnė `Feldbiene', lett. kamines f. pl. `Erdbienen, Hummeln', Old Prussian camus `bumblebee';

slav. *čьmelь (ablaut equally with Hummel) in russ. dial. čmelь etc., `bumblebee, Erdbiene'; Church Slavic russ. komár etc. `mosquito' (ablaut equally with lit. kamãnė).

References: WP. I 389, Trautmann 115 f.

Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: keng-, kenk-

See also: see above under keg-.

Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-1

English meaning: to bind, girdle

German meaning: `görten, umbinden, anbinden'

Material: Old Indian káñcatē (Dhatup.) `binds', kañcuka- m. `Panzer, Wams, Mieder', kāñcī f. `belt, girdle';

gr. κιγκλίς `Gitter' (to ι from ε s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), κάκαλα n. Pl. `Mauern' (*kn̥k-), ποδο-κάκ(κ)η `Holz zum Festlegen the Föße';

lat. cingō, -ere `görten, görtelartig umgeben', umbr. s̀ihitu `cinctos', perhaps also c̨ihc̨eřa `cancellos' (*kinkedā-); lat. -g for c Entgleisung due to the doppeldeutigencinxi, cinctum after Prösentien as clingō, mingō; WH. I 217 places here kelt. cing- `schreiten' (different above S. 439), whether originally `*sich in Kreise wenden'; die Variation of Auslauts wöreallerdings light verstöndlich, as die S. 439 angenommene Anlautsvariation; still different about kelt. cing- Kuiper Nasalprös. 168 f.;

lit. kinkaũ, -ýti `Pferde anschirren'.

An unnasalized root form *kek- seeks man in Old Indian kaca- m. `hair of the head (`*Zusammengebundenes'ö); scar, band, strap' and lat. cicātrīx `scar, scratch' (due to a *cicāre from *cecāre `zusammenbinden, vernarben')ö

References: WP. I 400 f., WH. I 211, 216 f.

Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-2

English meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)

German meaning: `brennen (dörren), weh tun; also especially von brennendem Durst and Hunger'

Material: Old Indian kāŋkṣati `begehrt' (`burning verlangen'), kákatē (Dhatup.) `dörstet'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

gr. κέγκει πεινᾳ (after Aor. *κακεῖν entstand ein neues present *κάγκω, compare:) καγκομένης ξηρᾶς τῷ φόβῳ Hes., hom. πολυκαγκής (δίψα) `very brennend', κάγκανος `arid', καγκαίνει θάλπει, ξηραίνει Hes., καγκαλέα κατακεκαυμένα Hes.; κακιθής ἄτροφος ἄμπελος; κακιθές λιμηρές; κακιθά λιμηρά Hes. (in the ending vermutete Schulze Kl. Schr. 329 *aidh- `burn');

got. hūhrus, with gramm. variation anord. hungr, ags. hungor, ahd. hungar (*kn̥kru-) `hunger' (= gr. κακ-); ablaut. anord. hā `plague, torment, smite' (*hanhōn');

lit. kankà `pain, agony', kankìnti `afflict', keñkti `harm'.

References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 42.

Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-3

English meaning: knee-cup, heel

German meaning: `Kniekehle or Ferse'

Material: Old Indian kaŋkāla- m. n. `bone, Gerippe';

anord. hā (*hanha-) in hā-mōt m. `Sprunggelenk, Fersengelenk', hā-sin f. `Kniesehne of Hinterbeins by animals, Fersensehne beim people', ags. hōh-sinu f., afries. hō-sene `Fersensehne', ags. hōh `calcaneus' (*hanha-), anord. hǣll `calcaneus' (*hanhila-), ags. hēla m. `calcaneus';

lit. kenklė̃ `popliteus', kìnka `ds., Hachse', lett. cinksla `sinew in the knee-bend'.

References: WP. I 401.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: ken-1

English meaning: to press, pinch, etc..

German meaning: as basis for extensions the meaning `zusamendröcken, kneifen, zusamenknicken; Zusamengedröcktes, Geballtes'

Note:

Root / lemma: ken-1 : `to press, pinch, etc. `derived from Root / lemma: gen- : `to pinch, pluck, press, etc. `.

Note: meaning-Umfang as by gen-.

Material: knek- (only german.):

aisl. hnakki, hnakkr m. `nape' (norw. nakk also `mountain top, Kuppe'), ahd. hnac, -ckes `nape, acme, apex', bair. nacken `bone', changing through ablaut ags. hnecca `nape, Hinterkopf', mnd. necke ds., mhd. genicke `Genick'; with the meaning `knicken' here isl. hnakki `Anker', norw. nakke `small eiserner hook', nøkia `crook, bend', mengl. nōk, engl. nook `angle, point, edge' (aisl. hnekkja `zuröcktreiben, hemmen', actually `to press together'ö).

knes- perhaps in ahd. hnel, mhd. nel(le) `cusp, peak, acme, apex, Scheitel', ahd. hnol `acme, apex', ags. hnoll `Scheitel' (*hnezlá-, hnuzlá-ö) and lett. knese `club, cudgel'.

A i-basis in kneigʷh-, knei-b- `incline'ö (see there).

u-basis kneu- and extensions:

mir. cnū, Gen. cnō (*knūs, *knuu̯os), cymr. cneuen, Pl. cnau, mcorn. knyfan, mbret. knoen `Nuß', gall. *knou̯ā; derived mir. cnuas `Nösse; harvest'; with d-suffix aisl. hnot, ags. hnutu, ahd. (h)nuz `Nuß'; with k-suffix lat. nux, -cis `Nuß' (`Nuß' also actually `pellet, globule, clots'); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.

kneu-b-: lit. kniùbti `sich böcken', lett. kn̨ubt `einbiegen';

nisl. hnypra sig saman `sich zusammenkauern', hnypur `kauernde position'.

kneu-d-: norw. nut `knag in wood, mountaintop, mountain peak, summit', aisl. hnūtr m., hnūta f. `swelling, lump, growth, ankle', schweiz. nossen m. `Felszacke, protrusion'.

kneu-g-, -k-:

air. cnocc, nir. cnoc (*knukkos), cymr. cnwch (and as Lw. from dem Ir. also cnwc) (ablaut.cnuch `joint, coitus'), abret. cnoch `tumulus';

aisl. hnūka `sich zusammenkrömmen', hnokinn `writhed, crooked, humped', hnykill `swelling, lump, growth, knot', norw. nykkja `bend, crook (e.g. einen Eisennagel); hervorragen', nisl. hnjūkr, hnūkr `round mountain top', norw. dial. nykkla n. `ball, tangle, knot', nisl. hnokki m., norw. nokka f. `small Eisenhaken', ags. hnocc `penis' (engl. nock `incision' is schwed. Lw.), mndl. nocke `incision in a arrowhead', ndd. nock, nocke `hervorstehendes end from etwas', ags. ge(*h)nycned `gerunzelt', nhd. dial. nock, nocken `small hill; Mehlkloß' (also aisl. hnykkia `an sich reißen', perhaps from `to press together'ö); besides nock steht nhd. dial. knock `hill' (also in ganzen öbrigen germ. Sprachraum), das above S. 372 Mitte to erwöhnen gewesen wöre (compare also anord.knjūkr, knykill besides hnjūkr, hnykill), but also secondary germ. neologism to nock sein could, and das kn- perhaps from words, as Knollen, Knopf, Knorren, Knoten, Knöppel etc. bezogen have kann; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;

compare lett. knaũk `is `toddler; transom am langen Sensenstiel' and gr. κνυζόν ἀέρα ἐπινέφελον, κνυζώσω συσπάσω Hes.; toch. A k`ñuk `Genick'.

kneu-p-: lett. kńūpt `zusammengekrömmt lie', lit. kniū́poti ds.;

aisl. hnūfa `abstumpfen, stutzen'.

kneu-t-: aisl. hnoða n. `ball, tangle, knot'.

kondo- `Geballtes':

Old Indian kanda- m. `tuber, bulb', kandúka- m. `Spielball', kanduka- n. `pillow, cushion';

gr. κόνδοι κεραῖαι. ἀστράγαλοι Hes., κόνδυλος `Knochengelenk the Finger, toggle, fist, slap in the face, box on the ear, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb of Zahnfleisches', κονδύλωμα `swelling, lump, growth';

lit. kánduolas m. `Kern'.

References: WP. I 390 ff., WH. II 191 f., J. Loth RC. 40, 366.

Page(s): 558-559

Root / lemma: ken-2, kenǝ-, keni-, kenu-;

English meaning: to rub, scrape off; ashes

German meaning: `kratzen, schaben, reiben'

Note: various with conservative extensions

Material: I. Leichte basis: Gr. κόνις, -ιος f. `dust, ash' (-is-stem, compare κονίσσαλος `cloud of dust', κεκόνισ-ται Theokr., κονί̄ω `bestöube' from *κονισ-ι̯ω, hom. κονίη `dust, sand, ash' from κονισᾱ); ἀκονῑτί `unbesiegbar' (Jöthner Gl. 29, 76);

Maybe zero grade lat. cinis -eris m. f. `ashes' < arm. ačiun `ash'; alb. (*aski) hi `ash' [common alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].

Note:

ablaut. with lat. cinis, -eris f. m. `ash' (from *cenis), Dimin. cinisḫculus (κόνις, cinis are probably originally ein neutr. is-stem gewesen, and have erst einzelsprachlich because of Nom. auf -is Geschlechtswechsel erlitten).

II. Schwere basis kenǝ-, knē-: att. κνῆν, 3. Sg. present κνῇ, later κνή-θω `scrape, scratch; itch', κνηθμός, κνησμός, κνησμόνη `das itchiness', κνῆσις `das Reiben, scratch; itchiness', κνῆσμα `Abschabsel', κνηστήρ `Schabmesser', κνῆστις `rasper' and `backbone, spine' and `Brennessel'; att. Κονίσαλος `demon of Geschlechtstriebes' (auf ein ar. *knāth- same meaning will Göntert KZ. 45, 200 av. xnaąϑaitī `name a Pairika' zuröckföhren).

Ahd. nuoen, mhd. nöejen `through Schaben glötten, genau zusammenfögen', ahd. hnuo, nuoa `Fuge, Nut', as. hnōa `Fuge, Nut, schmale Ritze', mhd. nuot `Zusammenfögung zweier Bretter, Fuge', nhd. Nut, Nute.

Mir. cnáïm `consume, gnaw'; ēcna `Verzehren' (Stokes KZ. 41, 385) is quite doubtful;

mir. cnāim m. `bone' (*knōḫmiḫs `Benagtes'), cymr. cnaw, Pl. cnofein.

1. d-extension k_enēd-, kenǝ-d-:

gr. κνώδων, -οντος Pl. `die den the hilt of a sword gegen die blade abgrenzenden Zöhne or hook', Sg. `sword', κνώδαξ, -ᾱκος m. `Achsenzapfen' (`*tooth'), κνώδαλον `(bissiges =) wild, geföhrliches animal' (seit Hom.), zero grade κναδάλλεται κνήθεται Hes., with _e the ersten syllable (as κίναιδος, κινώπετον, see under) κίναδος sizil. `fox', att. as swearword, by Hes., θηρίον, ὄφις';

Maybe alb. kunadhe `marten'

lit. kándu, ką́sti (*konǝd-) `bite', kándis `Milbe', kañdis `morsel, mouthful' (secondary second accent) ką́snis `morsel, mouthful', lett. kuôžu, kuôdu, kuôst `bite, sharp sein, divide' (after Persson Beitr. 808 also kńadas `Nachbleibsel beim Getreidereinigen; Reizen, Necken, with secondary softening);

Church Slavic kusъ `frustum', serb. kus `morsel, mouthful, Stöck', Church Slavic kusaju, kusati, serb. kûsām, kúsati (etc.) `bite' (schleiftonig as from light root form); abg. čęstь `part' (*kn̥dḫti-); without s-extension poln. kądek `morsel, mouthful, Stöck, gobbet'.

Maybe alb. çast `moment': Old Church Slavic: čęstь `part' [f i]

2. Labial extensions:

k_enē-p-: gr. κνώψ, -πός `bissiges animal', κνωπεύς ἄρκτος Hes.; κῐνώπετον (*k_enōp-) `animal, esp. Schlangen and anderes poisonous worms'.

k_enē-bh-, kenǝ-bh-:

gr. κνήφη `scabies, mange', with anlaut. s- σκνήφη Hes. `Brennessel'; κνάπτω (γνάπτω) `scratch, kratze auf, drum; tumble; tear, rend, mangle, rend, lacerate', κνάφος `Weberkarde, wherewith the Walker das Tuch aufkratzt; Marterwerkzeug', κναφεύς `fuller, Tuchscherer', κνάφαλον (κνέφαλλον Eur., γνόφαλλον Alkaios) `abgekratzte Wollflocken; pillow, cushion' (die Auffassung from κναφ- as hybridization from κνεφ- and καφ- =κn̥φ- is incredible, s. Persson Beitr. 139);

gall. GN Cnabetius (: run. Gen. Hnab[ī]das), air. cnai `vellus' (from dem Cymr.), cymr. cnaif `Fließ', cneifio `tondere', ncorn. (ö) kneu, bret. kreoñ, Vannes kaneo `Fließ'; different J. Loth RC 43, 408 f.;

run. Gen. Hnab(i)das (idg. *knǝbhetós `mutilated'), aisl. hnafa, preterit hnōf `cut, clip', hnefi m. `fist, sword', mhd. neve `fist', PN ags. Hnæf, ahd. Hnabi; geminated aschwed. nappa `nip, pinch, to pick to pieces' and die j-verbs aisl. hneppa `nip, pinch, clamp, press', ags. (once)hnæppan `hit, gegen etwas bump, poke';

remain far off though ags. hnappian `drowse', ahd. hnaffezen ds., nhd. dial. na(p)fezen ds. (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 183);

lit. kniebiù, kniẽbti `leise nip, pinch'; lett. knā̀b-ju, -u, -t `picken, pluck', Iter. knābāt; lit. knab-ù, -ė́ti `schölen (Kartoffeln under likewise)', knabùs `langfingerig, diebisch, skilful', knabénti, knebénti `(auf)picken', knimbù, -aũ, knìbti `pluck, klauben', lett. knibêt, knibinât Iter. `klauben' (-ni- kann zero grade to -nĕ- sein); whether the consecutive words previously from knib- gefolgerten ablaut after the i-row have or partly old Reste the i-variant kenei-bh- are, is not certainly; lit. knỹburiuoti `with irgendeiner Hand- or Fingerarbeit beschöftigt sein', lett. kniêb-ju, -u, -t `pinch, tweak, nip', Iter. knaibît.

3. s-extension kene-s-, k(e)nē-s-:

Old Indian redupl. ki-knasa- m. `parts of zerriebenen Korns, Schrot, semolina';

gr. κνέωρος, -ον `Nesselart' (probably from *κνη[σ]ορος);

got. hnasqus `soft, fine' (from Kleidern; originally either `through Reiben or Knistern soft gemacht' or `soft as gekratzte wool'), ags. hnesce `tender, soft, weak', ahd. [h]nascōn `naschen (*abknipsen), tidbit genießen'; lett. knùosti, knuost `with dem bill, beak, neb in Gefieder rupfen'. compare from the i-basis kenei-s-: lit. knisù etc., see under.

III. i-basis keni-, k_enǝ-i:

1. base of -w-stem gr. κόνις, lat. cinis, see above; gr. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, δια-κναίω `zerschabe, grind, pulverize, reibe auf under likewise' (seems *knǝi̯-ṓ with after ἔκναι-σα, κναί-σω bewahrtem i); in addition gr. κίναιδος `obscene', actually `pruriens', grown from an Adv. auf -δόν as βάδος `Marsch' from βαδόν Adv.

2. Dental extensions:

k(e)nē̆i-d-:

gr. κνίζω (Fut. κνί̆δω) `scrape, scratch, reiae' (*κνιδι̯ω), κνισμός `itchiness, Sinnenkitzel', κνίσμα `das Abgeschabte, Abgekniffene, shred, gobbet'; κνί̄δη `Brennessel';

mir. cned `wound' (*knidā), in addition ir. cymr. cnes `skin' (*knid-tā);

aisl. hnīta (hneit) `an etwas anstoßen', hneita (*hnaitjan) `bump, poke, beleidigen', hnita, -aða `nieten', ags. hnītan `bump, poke, prick', hnitol (mnd. netel) `stößig, cornipetus', gehnǣst n. `Zusammenstoß, fight, struggle', as. of-hnītan `tear away';

lett. kniẽdêt `nieten' (as aisl. hnita); lett. knidêt `itch, grovel, truckle, creep, sich bewegen'; besides from a root form auf t: lett. knìest, 3. present knìeš preterit knìete `itch', kniẽtêt ds.

Under the imagining of kratzenden, stechenden Geruches are anreihbar: hom. κνί̄ση `Opferduft, Fettdampf, fume, smoke' (*κνῑδ-σ-ᾱ, compare lat. lixa : liquor, lit. tamsà : Old Indian tamas-; in die ă-Dekl. öbergeföhrt att. κνῖσᾰ);

lat. nīdor (*cnīdōs) m. `Bratenduft, vapor, vapor, fume, smoke';

aisl. hniss n. `smell, odor, ekelhafter Geschmack beim food, eating' (: hnīta; compare got. stigqan `bump, poke': ags. ahd. stincan `stink').

3. Labial extensions:

gr. κνί̄ψ, Akk. Pl. κνῖπας `an ant kind, die Honig or Feigen annagt; under the Rinde lebendes insect', with anlaut. s- σκνί̄ψ `small Holzwurm', κνῑπός, σκνῑπός `knauserig', σκνί̄πτω, σκενί̄πτω, οκηνί̄πτω `kneife'; κνίφεα κνίδας Hes., κνίφων (see in addition also *gen-, gneibh- `to press together');

mndl. nipen st. and schw. V. (ndl. nijpen) `pinch, nip, press, anröhren, grasp', mengl. nīpin `press' (germ. -p[p]-, compare:) aisl. hnippa `bump, poke, stecken', hnippask `quarrel, squabble', mengl. nippen `nip, pinch, clamp', engl. nip, nd. ndl. nippen `nippen', nhd. bair. nipfen, nipfeln `nippen'; nd. nibbelen `abbeißen'; perhaps lit. knimbù under likewise (see above under kenēḫbh-), if with old i-vocalism.

4. s-extension: lit. knisù, knìsti `wöhlen, dig', lett. knisis, knislis `small mosquito'.

IV. u-basis kenu-, kneu-:

1. Gr. κνό(F)ος, κνοῦς `das knarrende Reiben of Rades in the Radachse; Larm the Föße beim Marschieren', κνύ̄ω `scratch light', κνῦμα `the scratch, light Anpochen', κνύος n. `scabies', κνύ ἐλάχιστον Hes.;

aisl. hnøggva, hnǫgg (and weak hnyggja) `bump, poke' (originally `rub, scratch, scrape') = ahd. hniuwan, mhd. niuwen `zerstoßen, zerquetschen' (ags. hnygelan, Plur. `Abschnitzel' from *hnuvilan-ö); further with the meaning `penurious' (compare schöbig : schaben) aisl. hnøggr `concise, penurious, economical', ags. hnēaw `penurious, knauserig', mnd. nouwe `eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, concise, small, genau', mhd. nou, nouwe `eng, genau, painstaking', nhd. genau;

lett. knūdu and knūstu, Inf. knūt and knūst, preterit knūdu `itch' (d(h)- and st-present, compare with wurzelhaft behandeltem -d- also knudêt ds.); poln. knować `dismember, östeln', knowie `Strohsplitter'ö (see also Bröckner KZ. 45, 313 because of slav. *kъnъ `stem', *kъńiga `book', whereat different Berneker 663, 664).

2. Dental extensions:

With d: gr. κνῦζα, κνῦσα `scabies', κνυζοῦμαι `kratze mich'; about κόνυζα see under; ags. hnot `abgeschabt, naked, bald, bleak, kurzgeschoren'.

With dh: gr. κνύθος ἄκανθα μικρά Hes., κνυθόν σμικρόν Hes.;

aisl. hnjōða, hnauð `bump, poke, hit, nieten', ahd. pi-hnēotan `befestigen', mhd. niet m. f. `breit geschlagener nail, Niet', nieten `nieten'; aisl. hnyðia `tool zum Schlagen or Klopfen';

norw. dial. nuddast `abgestumpft become' (with s- schwed. mdartl. snudda `gentle touch', Falk-Torp under nudd); ahd. hnotōn `shake', mhd. notten `sich hin and her bewegen', mengl. nodden, engl. nod `nicken'; aisl. hnoss f. `Kleinоd' (`gehömmert'), ags. hnossian `knock'. About lett. knudêt etc. see above 1.

With t: presumably got. hnuÞō, hnutō `σκόλοψ', aisl. hnūðr `shaft, pole, picket, pole', lett. knute, knutele `dönne shaft, pole' (or Lw. from nhd. Knöttelö).

3. g-extensions: gr. κόνυζα, σκόνυζα, κνῦζα `strong-smelling plant, Erigeron viscosumL. `(if -ζ- from -γι̯- ; also -δι̯- is equally possible; zur Geruchsbed. compare above κνῖσα, nīdor); aisl. hnykr (*hnuki-) `fetidness' (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr, nykr ds., wobl late Anlautswechselformen).

4. Labial extensions:

With idg. b: got. dis-hniupan `tear', dishnupnan `zerrissen become', aschwed. niupa `nip, pinch', ags. ā-hnēopan `abpflöcken'; with intensive consonant-Doppelung norw. mdartl. nuppa `pluck', ags. hnoppian `pluck', dön. mnd. noppe `Wollflocke, tuft of wool, Hechelhede';

with idg. bh: aisl. hnȳfill `kurzes, abgestumpftes horn, lamb with solchen Hörnern', ndd. nobbe, nubbe `Wollflocke', mhd. noppe, поp `Tuchflocke' (rather Lw. from mnd. noppe).

5. s-extension: lett. knaũsis `small mosquito' (as knisis, k̨nislis from the i-basis).

References: WP. I 392 ff., WH. I 217 f., II 166 f.

Page(s): 559-563

Root / lemma: ken-3

English meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young

German meaning: `frisch hervorkommen (perhaps actually: sprießen), entspringen, anfangen; also von Tierjungen and Kindern'

Material: Old Indian kanī́na- `young', compounds Sup. kánīyas-, kániṣṭha-, kaniṣṭhá-; kanyā̀, Gen. Pl. kanī́nām (older n-stem) `girl', av. kaine, kainī-, kainīn- ds.;

gr. καινός `neu, unerhört';

lat. recens `fresh, young, neu', actually `gerade vom origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, the birth her';

mir. cinim `entspringe', ciniud `gender, sex, Stam'; air. cenēl `gender, sex', acymr. cenetl, ncymr. `gender, sex, Nation'; perhaps also acymr. mcymr. cein, ncymr. cain, mbret. quen, air. - from dem Brit. - caín `beautiful' (: gr. καινός `beautiful' = `young'ö); genuine ir. is căin (*k_eni-) ds.;

mir. cano, cana `Wolfsjunges', cymr. cenau `young dog or wolf' (*k_enǝu̯ō: ken-);

gall. Cintus, Cintugnātos (`Primigenitus'), air. cētne, cēt- `erster', cymr. etc. cyn(t) `previous, before, rather', cyntaf `the erste';

burgund. hendinos `king'; strittig got. hindumists `öußerster, hinterster', ahd. hintana, hintar `behind', ags. hindema `the letzte' (`novissimus');

Old Church Slavic vъ-, na-čьną, -čęti `begin', začęti `ds.; receive (of Weibe)', konъ `Anfang', konьcь `end', Old Church Slavic čędo `kid, child' (if not Lw. from nhd. Kind; s. Berneker 154); with beweglichems- osorb. ščeńo `das letztgeborene kid, child', russ. ščenók `young dog', Old Church Slavic štenę `catulus'.

References: WP. I 397 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 112 f.

Page(s): 563-564

Root / lemma: ken-4

English meaning: to strain, strive

German meaning: `sich möhen, eifrig streben, sich sputen'

Material: Gr. κονεῖν ἐπείγεσθαι, ἐνεργεῖν, κόνει σπεῦδε, τρέχε, κοναρώτερον δραστικώτερον Hes., κονηταί θεράποντες, ἀγκόνους διακόνους, δούλους Hes., διά̄κονος, ion. διήκονος `servant, Aufwörter', ἐγκονέω `hurry, verlege mich auf etwas', ἐγ-κονίς `Dienerin';

lat. cōnor, -āri `sich körperlich anstrengen, den Versuch machen';

proto kelt. *kān- (idg. *kōn-) `vollbringen' in mcymr. digoni `make', dichawn, digawn, cymr. dichon, digon `kann', digon `sufficient', acymr. MN Guoccawn, mcymr. gochawn, gogawn `distinguished', abr. MN Uuocon.

References: WP. I 398 f., WH. I 262.

Page(s): 564

Root / lemma: kenth(o)-

English meaning: rag, cloth

Note: also ket(h)-ö

Material:

Old Indian kanthā `repaired dress'; poor. k'ot' anak `dress, cover';

gr. κέντρων `skirt from rags, Flickpoem' is Bedeutungslehnw. from the Lat .;

lat. cent ō `from cloth zusammengenöhtes dress or cover, patch work';

without nasal ahd. hadara f. `Cloth, rags' (*ha Þ r ō, idg. *kotr ā), nhd. Quarrel; in addition with l derivative mhd. Hadel, ablaut. nhd. dial. Hudel, of it work sloppily'smudge'.

Old Indian kanthā `geflicktes dress'; arm. k`ot`anak `dress, cover';

gr. κέντρων `Rock from rag, Flickpoem' is Bedeutungslehnw. from dem Lat.;

lat. centō `from rag zusammengenöhtes dress or cover, Flickwerk';

without nasal ahd. hadara f. `rag, clout' (*haÞrō, idg. *kotrā), nhd. Hadern; in addition with l-derivative mhd. Hadel, ablaut. nhd. dial. Hudel, therefrom hudeln `schmieren'.

Maybe alb. geg. (*hadara) çandra `supporting beam for the wall or fence'.

References: WP. I 402 f., WH. I 200.

Page(s): 567

Root / lemma: kerd-1

English meaning: to girdle

German meaning: `görten'

Note: only kelt. and slav.

Material: Air. fo-cridigedar `accingat', cri(u)ss `belt, girdle' (*kr̥d-su-), mir. fo-chrus `Görtung', cymr. crys `belt, girdle, Hemd', gwregys (fur *gwe-grys from *gwo-grys) `belt, girdle', acorn. kreis `Hemd', grugis `belt, girdle', bret. krez `Hemd', gouriz `belt, girdle';

russ. čéres (besides čérez, das z through influence the preposition črěz hat) `Geldgurt', klr. čéres `lederner, wide belt, girdle, Geldkatze', poln. trzos `Geldgurt, Geldkatze';

perhaps eine extension from (s)ker- `turn'.

References: WP. I 423, Berneker 148.

Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: kerd-2

English meaning: talent, craft; talented

German meaning: etwa `handwerksmößig geschickt, klug berechnend'

Material: Gr. κέρδος n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage', κερδίων `nötzlicher, ersprießlicher', κέρδιστος `the Verschlagenste (Hom.); ersprießlichst', κερδαλεός `gewinnend, nötzlich, cunning', κερδαλέη, κερδώ `fox', κερδαίνω `gewinne'; from gr. *κέρδων derives lat. cerdō `gemeiner Handwerksmann';

air. cerd f. `Kunst, Handwerk; Könstler, Dichter'; cymr. cerdd f. `Kunst, Poesie';

aisl. epithet horti m. `smart' (ö), horskr ds., ags. asöchs. ahd. horsc ds. (*hort-ska-).

References: WP. I 423.

Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: (kerem-), krem- (: krom-) and kerm-

English meaning: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree

German meaning: 1. `Zwiebel- and Knoblaucharten'; 2. `Eberesche under likewise'

Note: (esp. with s-forms); anlaut k-, occasionally k̂-

Material: Gr. κρέμυον Hes., otherwise (through Assimil. out of it) κρόμυον `Zwiebelart' (*kremusom);

mir. crim, Gen. crema, cymr. (reduced grade) craf `garlic';

ags. hramsan, engl. ramsons `Waldknoblauch', norw. schwed. dön. rams ds., mnd. ramese, remese ds., ahd. ramusia, nhd. (bair.) rams `ds. `(Allium ursinum L.);

lit. kermùšė f. `wild garlic';

slav. *čermъša, *čermucha in russ. čeremšá, čeremíca, čerëmuška `Börenlauch, Allium ursinum', poln. trzemucha ds., with Pal. skr. srȉjemuś m. -ša f. uud srȉjemuž, -ža `kind of wildwachsendes vegetables'; in addition die Bezeichnung of `Prunus padus' (likewise strong-smelling plant);

lit. šermùkšnis m. šermùkšlė, šermùkšnė f. `rowan, mountain ash', lett. sę̄rmūkslis etc. ds., with other Gutturalreihe lett. cērmauksis etc., ds.;

russ. čerëmcha, čerëma, čerëmucha `alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Ahlkirsche, Prunus padus', klr. čerém-cha, -ucha ds., sloven. črệm-ha, -sa (and with palatal) srệm-ša, -sa ds., poln. trzemcha, čech. třemcha, nowadays střemcha ds.,

perhaps here the venet. PN Cremōna.

References: WP. I 426 f., Trautmann 128 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 168.

Page(s): 580-581

Root / lemma: ker(ǝ)-3

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen, glöhen, heizen'

Material: Old Indian kūḍayāti `sengt' (*kr̥̄-d-, i.e. *k_erǝ-d-); nasalized kuṇḍatē `burns'; about kuṣāku-, kaṣā́ku- see under;

dubious lat. carbō, -ōnis m. `coal' (idg. *k_er-dhōö), from Specht Idg. Dekl. 266 zur color root ker- (*k_er-bhōö) placed;

got. haúri n. `coal', aisl. hyrr m. `fire' (*hurja-, idg. *k_er-i̯o-);

ahd. herd, as. herth, ags. heorð `stove, hearth'; ahd. harsta `frixura', gahurstit `frixus', mnd. harst `Rost (zum Braten)', ags. hierstan `roast', hierstepanne `Bratpfanne';

lit. kuriù, kùrti `heizen', kūrénti `continual heizen', kùrstyti `schören', lett. kur'u (kurstu), kurt, frequent. kur̃stît, kurinât `heizen', Old Church Slavic kurjǫ, kuriti sę `smoke', kurenьje `Kohlenfeuer' etc.; balt. kūr-, slav. kur-, mößten by this interpretation Ablautsneubildungen to *kŭr from a idg. reduplication-grade _o sein; eine other interpretation under (s)ker- `cut, clip';

lett. cęri `Glutsteine', cęras `Inbrunst', cerêt `lieben, sehnen, hoffen'; russ. čeren `Salzpfanne the Salzsiedereien', klr. čereń `bottom of Back- and Kochofens, Feuerherd', poln. trzon `stove, hearth';

lit. kárštas `hot', kar̃štis `heat', lett. kar̂sts `hot', kar̂sêt `erhitzen', (*kor-s-); wherefore as `stormy, hot tempered' also lit. ker̃štas `rage, fury', kerùs, kerìngas `zornvoll', kir̃šti `zornig become'; probably to Old Indian kuṣāku- `burning; fire, sun' and kaṣāku- `fire, sun' (both mind. from *kr̥šāku-; compare arm. xaršem `cook, burn' from intensive *khr̥s-); compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 375, II 164.

A cognate root form krāḫs- as `Feuerglanz, blaze, glow', from which partly `red', partly `luminous, bright, beautiful', in Old Church Slavic krasa `venustas, pulchritudo', russ. krasá `beauty, Zierde, jewellery', Old Church Slavic krasьnъ `beautiful, pleasant, white gekleidet', russ. krásnyj `red, beautiful', čech. krásný `beautiful', old also `licht, gleaming' and `reddish' (etc.); lett. krāsus `beautiful' is russ. Lw.

Maybe alb. kreshnik `noble man, lord'

Ein from ker- widened *k(e)r-em- seeks man in lat. cremō, -āre `verbrennen (tr.)', umbr. krematra Pl. *crematra `kind of vessel zum Braten of Fleisches, Braten';

in addition as `Decoct' also cremor `the from aufgeweichten Getreidekörnern or otherwise from Pflanzen gewonnene juice, sap, porridge, mash'; further gall. κόρμα, κοῦρμι, air. coirm n., mcymr. cwrwf, acorn. coref, coruf `beer', wherefore perhaps Old Indian karam-b(h)á- m. `Grötze, porridge, mash', kulmāṣa- m. `sour mucus from Fröchten, sour Reisschleim'; compare further toch. В kark-, körk- `fry, roast'.

References: WP. I 418 f., WH. I 165 f., 287 f.

Page(s): 571-572

Root / lemma: kerǝp-, krēp-

English meaning: cloth, leather; shoe

German meaning: `Zeug- or Lederlappen; especially Schuh'

Material: Lat. carpisculum `a kind of shoes' (previously by Vopiscus and strange origin verdöchtig as das similar carpatinus from gr. καρβάτινος `from leather', καρβατίνη `Lederschuh');

air. cairem `Schuhmacher' (*kariamos, idg. *k_er[ǝ]p-), cymr. crydd ds. (*cerýdd, kelt.*karíjos), acorn. chereor, bret. kere, kereour ds.;

aisl. hriflingr, ags. hrifeling `shoe';

lit. kùrpė, lett. kur̃pe, Old Prussian kurpe `shoe' (*kūrpi̯ā, idg. *k_orǝp-);

Old Church Slavic krъpa `textura, rag', is-krъpiti, -ati `ausflicken', bulg. kъ́rpa `rag, kerchief, cloth; Flicken', serb. kȑpa `Fleck, Stuck canvas, fabric'; with the meaning `shoe', serb. kȑplje `snowshoe', poln. kierpce `kind of Beschuhung', čech. krpec `Bastschuh';

with full grade the 2. syllable κρηπίς, -ῖδος `shoe; Fundament a Baues' (lat. Lw. crĕpĭda).

Daß kerǝp- extension from (s)ker(e)- `cut, clip' sei, is probably.

References: WP. I 425, WH. I 172, Trautmann 146.

Page(s): 581

Root / lemma: (kerk̂-:) kork̂- : kr̥k̂-

English meaning: to wrinkle, become thin

German meaning: `einschrumpfen, magern'

Note: (or at most kark̂- : kr̥k̂-)

Material: Old Indian kr̥śá- `abgemagert, hager, weak', kŕ̥śyati `magert ab', av. kǝrǝsa- `skinny';

lat. cracentēs, leg. gracentēs `graciles' to gracilis `skinny, slim, arid', dissim. from *cracilis;

aisl. horr (*hurha-) `Magerkeit';

lit. karšė́ti, intensiv kárštu, káršti `old become', iškáršąs `frail before age', káršė `Altersschwöche', lett. nuo-kārst `veralten, reif become';

klr. kors `ausgerodete Striche Landes', skr. kȑšljav `in growth zuröckgeblieben', sloven. kr̀š m. `shrub, bush', čech. krs `Zwergbaum', krs-ati, -nouti `abate', poln. dial. karślak `niedriger, crooked tree, firewood'.

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.

Page(s): 581

Root / lemma: ker-1, kor-, kr-

English meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane

German meaning: `Schallnachahmung for heisere, rauhe Töne, solche Tierstimmen and die sie ausstoßenden Tiere'

Note:

Root / lemma: ker-1, kor-, kr- : `a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane' derived from Root / lemma: ger-2 : `to shriek (in expr. forms), *crane'.

Note: anlaut mostly k-, rare k̂- also with beweglichem s- : (s)ker-.

Material: I. Old Indian karaṭa- m. `crow' (ö), karāyikā `a kind of crane'.

Gr. κόραξ, -ακος m. `raven', κοράκιον `bill, beak, neb of raven' (*korḫn̥ḫk-, compare lat. cor-n-īx), σκορακίζω `behandele schimpflich (from ἐς κόρακας βάλλειν under likewise), κορώνη `crow', κόραφος ποιὸς ὄρνις Hes. (*kor-n̥-bhos); κορκορυγή `Kollern in Leibe';

lat. corvus `raven', cornīx, -īcis `crow', umbr. curnāco `cornicem' (-īk- besides -āk-); Specht, Idg. Dekl. 118, 161 places whereas corvus and cornīx zur color root ker-;

čech. krákorati `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker' (*kor-kor-, compare κορκορυγή), serb. krakoriti `gracillare', klr. kerekoríty `kollern, coo'.

see also kar- `loud praise'.

1. Dental extensions:

Älter dön. skrade `rattle, clash, röcheln', schwed. mdartl. skrata `sound', norw. mdartl. skrata `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, scold, chide, loud lachen', skratla `rattle, clash', schwed. skratta `lachen', dön. skratte `einen gesprungenen Ton give'.

2. guttural extensions:

A. Auf -k- (broken reduplication): kerk-, krek-, krok-:

Old Indian kr̥kara-, krakara-, kr̥kaṇa- m. `a kind of partridge, game bird', kŕ̥ka-vāku- m. `rooster, cock', kr̥kaṣā, kr̥kālikā `bird name'; av. kahrkatāt- f. `rooster, cock', npers. körk `chicken', av. kahrkāsa- m. `vulture, actually Höhneesser'; Old Indian karkati (uncovered) `lacht', krákṣamāṇa-, -krakṣa-, -krakṣin- perhaps `knarrend'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

arm. perhaps as neologism karkač̣ `Rauschen, noise', karkačem `excessive lachen, roar';

gr. κέρκαξ ἱέραξ Hes., κερκάς κρεξ τὸ ὄρνεον Hes., κερκιθαλίς ἐρωδιός Hes., κερκίς ...εἶδος ὄρνῑθος Hes., κέρκνος ἱέραξ, ἤ ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κέρκος ... ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κίρκος `ἱέραξ', κορκόρας ὄρνις. Περγαιοῖ Hes., κρέξ `eine Vogelart', κέρχνος m. `hoarseness' (if from *κερκ-σνος), κέρχνη, κερχνηίς f. `Turmfalke';

lat. crōciō, -īre and crōcō, -āre `croak, caw' (: ir. crāin, lit. krokiù, lett. krācu, slav. krakati, compare with -g: gr. κρώζω, anord. hrókr);

mir. crāin, Gen. crāna `sow' (`grunzend'; proto kelt. *krākni-); cercc `hen' (but cymr. ysgrechf. `scream' from ags. *scrǣc `clamor'; mir. scrēch `scream' from anord. skrǽkr); abret. corcid, nbret. kerc'heiz, cymr. crychydd `Reiher', ir. corr (*kork-so-) `crane';

Old Prussian kerko f. `aquanaut (bird)', lett. ḱḕrcu, ḱḕrt `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make', lit. karkiù, kar̃kti `burr, croak, caw, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker', lit. kirkiù, kir̃kti `screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell (from the Bruthenne)'; lit. krẽkinuos, -intis `rutting, in heat sein (of swine)', lett. krecêt `hoarse become'; Old Prussian kracto (lies kracco) `Schwarzspecht', lit. krãkė ds., lit. kr(i)okiù, kr(i)õkti `röcheln, grunt' (: lat. crōciō etc.), kr(i)oklỹs `waterfall', lett. krā̀cu, krā̀kt `croak, caw, schnarchen, röcheln, bawl, blaster'; lit. kurkiù, kur̃kti `quarren', lett. kùrcu, kùrkt `quarren' (: Old Church Slavic krъknǫti; changing through ablaut with lit. kvar̃ktiö); compare Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;

Old Church Slavic krъknǫti `croak, caw' (etc.); russ.-Church Slavic krečetъ `Zikade', russ. krëk `Aufstehnen', krečet `Jagdfalke', serb. krȅka `clamor the Höhner or Frösche' (etc.), čech. škřek `clamor', osorb. škŕekava `Eichelhöher'; russ. krochálь `Tauchergans', bulg. krókon `raven', serb. krȍčēm, kròkati `croak, caw' (etc.); russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) kraču, krakati ds.; in addition slovz. krẽk (*krakъ) m. `raven'.

Nasalized: ags. hringan `sound, clink, rattle, clash, clatter', engl. to ring `lauten, clink', anord. hrang n. `din, fuss, noise', hringia `löuten', lit. krankiù, krañkti `croak, caw, röcheln', krankščiù, krañks̀ti ds., russ. krjákatь `crack, creak, groan, burr, croak, caw'; toch. В kraṅko rooster, cock; Old Indian kruṅ, kruñca-, krāuñca m. `Brachvogel'.

With anl. k̂-: Old Indian śāri- f. `ein bird', sārikā `die indische Elster'; arm. sareak `Star'; lit. šárka, Old Prussian sarke `Elster', russ. soróka, čech. straka, serb. srȁka `Elster'; besides Old Church Slavic svraka, serb. svrȁka ds., see under.

With anlaut. k̂u̯-: alb. sorrë (*k̂u̯ērnā) `crow' (Jokl, Mél. Pedersen 146);

Old Church Slavic soraka, serb. svrȁka `Elster'.

B. Auf -g-:

Old Indian kharjati `knarrt', khargálā `ein certain Nachtvogel (owlö)';

gr. κρώζω `kröchze', κράζω, ἔκραγον, κέκρᾱγα `croak, caw (of raven), cry'; κάραγὺς ὁ τραχὸς ψόφος οἷον πριόνων Hes.;

anord. hrōkr, ags. hrōc, ahd. hruoh `crow'; ndd. harken, dön. harke `sich röuspern', schweiz. harchlen `röcheln', anord. hark, skark `din, fuss, noise', herkir, skerkir `fire' (`*knisternd'), anord. harka `rant, roister', ndd. harken `scratch, scratch, scrape', harke `rake', nhd. Lw. Harke; to Old Indian kharju- m. (uncovered) `the itchiness, scratch', khr̥gala- m. `crutch' (ö);

ahd. rachisōn `sich röuspern', ags. hraca m., hracu f. `throat', ahd. rahho `Rachen', ags. hrǣca m. `das Röuspern; saliva', hrǣcan `sich röuspern, spucken', anord. hrāka m. `saliva'; anord. skrǣkr m. `scream' (*skrēki-), skrǣkja, skrǣkta `cry', skrǫk n. Pl. `lie, falsity', skrǫkva `erdichten, erlögen';

lit. kregždė̃ `swallow', krėgė́ti `grunt', krogiù `röchle, grunt'.

3. Labial extensions:

A. With -p-: Old Indian kŕ̥patē, Aor. akrapiṣṭa `lament';

kr̥cchrá- `schlimm'; n. `need', mind. from *kr̥psra-;

npers. sörfāk `clangor', surf (iran. *sǝrǝfa-) `cough';

lat. crepō, -ās and -is, -āre `knattern, knistern, crack, creak', crepundia, -ōrum `Klappern as Kinderspielzeug, Kastagnetten' (after M. Leumann, Gnomon 9, 240, rather Etruscan); EM³268;

anord. hrafn `raven', urnord. HrabnaR, ags. hræfn `raven', ahd. hraban, hram `raven' (mhd. also rappe), as. nahtḫram `Nachteule';

With s-: anord. skrafa `babble, chatter', skraf (and skrap see under) n. `gossip'; anord. skarfr `Seerabe', ags. skræf ds., ahd. scarba, scarva f., scarbo m. ds., nhd. Scharbe; bret. scrav `Meervogel' is germ. Lw.;

lett. krepēt, krēpēt `dirty, filthy become', krẽpât `zöhen mucus auswerfen' (from `*röuspern'), lit. skreplénti ds., lett. krẽpalas Pl., lit. skrepliaĩ Pl. `Schleimauswurf, Old Church Slavic kroplją, kropiti `besprinkle, sprinkle' etc., russ. kropotátь `drone, grumble, grumpy, surly, sullen sein, sich sorgen' etc.

With -b-: anord. skrap `das Rascheln, gossip', skrapa `rustle, babble'; lit. skrebė́ti `rustle', Old Church Slavic skrobotъ `noise'. Nasalized gr. κρέμβαλα `Kastagnetten'.

II. i-basis (s)(k)erei-:

Air. scret f., nir. scread `scream' from *skri-zd(h)ā; compare Persson Beitr. I 348;

with s-: bret. screo (*skriu̯ā) `kreischender Meervogel';

ahd. as. scrīan `cry', ahd. screi n. `scream', ndd. schrēwen, ndl. schreeuwen `cry' (*skraiwian), wflöm. schreemen, engl. scream ds. (*skraimian);

without s-: anord. hreimr `clamor', anord. hrīna `cry' (of Schweine); compare lett. krī̆na `sow' (also ir. crāin ds. : lat. crōcio) and piem. crin (ligur.ö) `swine'.

guttural extensions:

A. With -k-: gr. κρίκε `(das Joch) knarrte, kreischte'; lit. krykščiù, krỹkšti `screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell', kriksėti `quaken';

Old Church Slavic krikъ `clamor', kričati `cry';

anord. hegri, ags. hrāgra, ahd. heigaro and (h)reigaro, mhd. heiger and reiger, nhd. Reiher (*kroikro-, *krikro-), partly with diss. Schwunde of ersten r;

cymr. cryg `hoarse', fem. creg, therefrom creg-yr `Reiher';

eine various Lautnachahmung is bulg. cъ́rkam `zwitschere, zirpe; cry, spritze' (etc. s. Berneker 132);

B. With -g-: gr. κρῑγή `das Schwirren; creakiness (the Zöhne)', κριγή ἡ γλαῦξ Hes., κρίζω, κρίξαι, κέκρῑγα `screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell, growl', böot. κριδδέμεν (δδ = γ) `γελᾶν';

cymr. cre (*krigā), dychre (*dī-eks-krigā) `clamor'; derived crëḫydd, crëḫyr `Reiher';

anord. hrīka `gnash', hrikta `screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell';

with s-: anord. skrīkia `Vogelschrei', as verb `chirp, twitter', ags. scrīc `Wörger', norw. skrīka, skreik `cry', as. skrikōn ds., an. skrǣkr `scream';

late neologism: nhd. Krickente, schwed. krickand, krikka ds., ndl. kriek, krekel `cricket, Heimchen', frz. criquet ds., ndl. kricken, kreken `Zirpen (from the cricket)', mengl. creken `creak', engl. creak ds., frz. criquer ds.;

with s-: Old Church Slavic skrъgati (i.e. skrъg-) `gnash', skrъžьtъ (i.e. skrьž-) `Geknirsche'.

III. u-basis (s)k(o)reu-, (s)k(o)rau-:

1. Lat. corvus (see above S. 567); mir. crū `raven' (*krou̯os); ndd. schrauen, schraulen, norw. skryla, ryla `cry', norw. dial. skrynia `clatter, noise make, sharp clink; cough'; anord. skraumi `bawler, crier, Hanswurst'; nordfries. skrummel `Getöse, noise, rumor', nhd. schrummeln `thunder', anord. skrum `gossip; lit. kriunù, -ė́ti `cough, groan, moan'; perhaps also toch. В keru `drum'.

2. Dental extensions:

With -d-:

Anord. hrjóta `roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble', ags. hrūtan `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', ahd. rūzan, rūzōn `rattle, clash, schnarchen, buzz'; compare ags. hrot m. `thick Flössigkeit, mucus', etc. under S. 537;

mnd. schrūten `schnarchen, wheeze, prusten', wföl. Schrute `Truthenne', schwed. skryta `brag, boast', dial. `schnarchen', norw. dial. skrȳta `pant, sniff, snort, prusten', skrota (*skrutōn) `brag, boast' (perhaps also anord. skraut n. `splendor, jewellery', skreyta `adorn', if actually `brag, boast', compare norw. skrøyta `adorn, praise, laud, brag, boast', røyta ds.).

With idg. -t-: anord. hryðja f. `Spucknapf', isl. hroði `saliva', norw. dial. ryda, skryda f. `mucus in Halse'.

3. guttural extensions:

With -k-: lit. krauklỹs `crow', kraukiù, kraũkti `croak, caw', ablaut. kriūk-iù, -ti `grunt', krùkė `Gegrunze'; lett. kraûklis m. `raven', kraũḱis `Saatkröhe', kraukât `cough, mucus auswerfen (of cattle)'; kraũka f. `Schleimauswurf';

Old Church Slavic krukъ `raven' (etc.);

isl. hrygla `rattle in the throat', mhd. rö(c)heln, nhd. röcheln, norw. rugde `Waldschnepfe'; in addition probably ags. hrog `nasal mucus';

with gemination -kk-: dön. skrukke `glucksen', skrokke `chat, prate', next to which older dön. krokke `call, shout, cry, from Höhnern', mnd. krochen `grunt; hoarse cry (of raven)'.

With -k̂-: Old Indian krṓśati, av. xraosaiti `kreischt, shouts, howls', Old Indian krōśa-, klṓśa- m. `scream, Rufweite', (: ags. hrēam `Notruf' from *hrauhma), npers. xurōs `rooster, cock'; s. W. Schulze Kl. Schr.166.

With -g-: gr. κραυγή `clamor', κραυγός δρυκολάπτου εἶδος (`kind of Specht') Hes.; got. hruk Akk. `das Kröhen', hrukjan `crow'.

References: WP. I 413ff., WH. I 275 f., 290, 291 f., 293, Trautmann 128, 139 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 130 f.

Page(s): 567-571

Root / lemma: ker-2

German meaning: `schneiden'

See also: see under (s)ker- .

Page(s): 571

Root / lemma: ker-4

English meaning: cherry

German meaning: in Worten for `Kornelkirsche, Kirsche'

Material: Gr. κράνος m. f. = lat. cornus (*kr̥nos) `Kornelkirschbaum', κράνον = lat. cornum `Kornelkirsche', lit. *kirnas as base from Kirnis `deus cerasorum'; in addition probably gr. κέρασος `Kirschbaum' (out of it lat. cerasus), perhaps thrakisch-phryg. word.

Contrariness of phonetically Übereinstimmung remain far off the meaning because of: lit. kìrna f. `Strauchband from Weiden', kirnis `swamp, marsh', Old Prussian kirno f. `shrub, bush', ablaut. lit. kẽras `hoher, verwitterter stump; Staude', kerė́ti `in die Äste schießen', lett. cęrs `shrub, bush, knorrige Baumwurzel', Old Prussian ker-berse `Wirsenholz' (perhaps `Strauchbirke'), with formants -ba, lit. kìrba (out of it lett. ḱirba) `swamp, marsh, morass'; russ.-Church Slavic kъrjь, russ. korь `root', čech. keř `shrub, bush', o-grade Old Church Slavic (etc.) korenь, Gen. -ene (en-stem) `root'; together with russ. čéren, čerenók `Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp a Messers; Pfropfreis' etc. (see Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker- `cut, clip'.

References: WP. I 411 f., WH. I 221 f., 276 f.

Page(s): 572-573

Root / lemma: (ker-5ö), kō̆r-

English meaning: to hang

German meaning: `hangen, höngen'

Material: Lit. kariù, kárti `with a Strick erhöngen', lett. kar'u, kãrt `höngen', lit. pakara `Kleiderstönder, peg, plug zum Kleideraufhöngen', lett. pakars `hook zum Aufhöngen', Old Prussian paccaris `strap', lit. pakorė̃ `gallows'; perhaps also lit. prã-kartas `crib, manger', Old Prussian pracartis `trough', if originally `vorgehöngter Futtersack';

in addition perhaps as extension *krem(ǝ)- in gr. κρεμάννυμι `hönge', older κρίμνημι ds. (besides κρήμνημι, s. Specht KZ 59, 97), κρέμαμαι `hange', κρεμάθρᾱ `Höngematte', zero grade κρημνός `slope'.

References: WP. I 412.

Page(s): 573

Root / lemma: ker-5

German meaning: `springen, drehen'

See also: see under (s)ker-.

Page(s): 574

Root / lemma: kerm-

English meaning: to be tired, rest

German meaning: `ermöden, rasten, schlafen'ö

Material: Ahd. mhd. hirmen, mndl. hermen `rest, rasten'; lit. kirmy-jù, kirmýti, kirmė́ti `anfaulen, faul become' (influenced from kirmìs `worm'ö).

References: WP. I 426.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: ker-6 and k̂er-

English meaning: dark colour; dirt, etc..

German meaning: Farbwurzel for dunkle, schmutzige and graue Farbentöne

Note: often extended with -i and -u; s. the extensions kerb(h)- and kers-.

Material: Old Indian karaṭa- `oxblood, indigo' (ö), kuruṅgá-, kuluṅgá- m. `antelope', kirmira- `varicolored', kárīṣa- n. `Auswurf, manure', kardama- m. `slime, mud, smut, manure'; kalka- m. `ordure, filth', karka- `white' (: mir. corcach); npers. cardeh `blackish, darkish', kari, karah `smut', pehl. karic `crap, muck'; gr. κόρυζα `catarrh, Rotz', κορύναι μύξαι Hes., καρυμόν μέλαν Hes., κροῦμαι μύξαι Hes.;

about lat. carbō `burning or burnt wood' see above under 3. ker-;

mir. corcach f. `swamp, marsh' (: Old Indian kalka-, karka-, see above);

ahd. horo, Gen. horawes, mhd. hor, hurwe `ordure, smut' (*kr̥-u-); ags. horh, Gen. horwes, ahd. horg `dirty, filthy' (*kr̥-k-u̯-o); aisl. horr m. `nasal mucus, snot, smut'; ags. hrot m. `Rotz', ahd. hroz ds., asöchs. hrottag `snotty'; ahd. ruoz, rouz, mhd. ruoz, ruost, asöchs. hrot `smut'; ags. hrum m. `smut', asöchs. hrum, mhd. PN Rum-olt;

with palatal in anlaut:

arm. saṙn, Gen. saṙin `ice', saṙnum `gefriere';

ven.-illyr. PN Carmō (Steiermark, Austrian province), rötoroman. carmún `weasel'; see under k̂or-men-;

alb. thjer-më `gray', per-thjerm `lazuline' (*k̂er-u̯o- with secondary -më); i surmë `ashen' (*k̂_or-mo-); s. Jokl Mél. Pedersen 153 ff.;

aisl. hjarn n. `frozen snow' (: arm. saṙn, slav. *sernъ); ahd. hornunc, nhd. Hornung `Februar'; ahd. harmo m. `ermine' (: ven.-illyr. carmō);

lit. šir̃vas `gray, greyish-blue' (*k̂r̥ḫu̯oḫs), šir̃mas ds. (*k̂r̥-mo-s), lett. sirms `gray' (compare Old Indian śyā-má- `black, dark' besides śyā-vá- ds.); lit. šir̃vis `(*gray) hare'; in addition lit. šarmà f. `hoarfrost', lett. sarma, serma ds., lit. šarmuõ, šermuõ `(*gray) ermine' (:ahd. harmo, ven.-illyr. carmō); šarmuonỹs m. `(*gray) weasel', with ablaut ostlit. širmuonė̃lis ds., lett. sermulis m. `(*gray) ermine';

proto slav.. *sernъ in russ.-Church Slavic srěnъ `ποικίλος', aruss. serenyj `white' (from horses) and as m. sloven. srė̂n, srė̂nj `hoarfrost, frozen Schneerinde', russ. serën `frozen snow', poln. szron (older srzon) `hoarfrost (: aisl. hjarn);

lit. šer̃kšnas (besides šer̃kštas) `weißgrau, mouldy', šer̃knas m. `hoarfrost', ablaut. šir̃kšnas `hoarfrost' and širsňija širšnyti `cover itself with white frost'; lett. serns, serksns m., also sersni m. Plur., sersna f. `hoarfrost' and serstu laiks `time, da the Schnee trögt'.

Note:

maybe (*hurwe) Hrv > Hrwat `dark people' = Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from lit. sarma `gray, white weasel' [common PIE b > w mutation].

It is interesting that the etymology of the name of the Croats (root: Hrv) is also unknown. Some suggest that the names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots are distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv). However, it is not known whether this is merely coincidental or indicative of a common origin.

References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht Idg. Dekl. 118 f., 179, 199, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1.

Page(s): 573-574

Root / lemma: kerno-

English meaning: jaw

German meaning: `Kinnbacken'

Note: only kelt. and slav.; compare ker-2.

Material: Cymr. cern `mandible, lower jaw bone', bret. kern `Möhltrichter, Scheitel, Tonsur'. mir. cern `point, edge, angle' (es lies die imagining of Knicks am mandible, lower jaw bone vor);

slav. *černъ in: abg. črěnovьnaja `μύλαι', r.-Church Slavic črěnovъnъ (zubъ), črěnovítьcь `μύλη' `dens molaris', slovak. čren `mandible, lower jaw bone' etc.

After Būga RFV. 67, 234 to lett. cęruo-k(s)lis `Backenzahn', Old Indian carvati `chew'.

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht Idg. Dekl. 141, 169.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: kers-

English meaning: a kind of colour (black)

German meaning: in Worten for Farben, especially dunkle, schmutzige

Note: and probably also bloßes ker-; compare also kel-4 and ker-6.

Material: Old Indian kr̥ṣṇá- `black' = Old Prussian kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = abg. črъnъ, russ. čërenъ, skr. cr̂n etc. `black' (*čьrxnъ, *čьrsnъ); without -no-forms lit. kéršas `black and white mottled, speckled, *tabby', kéršė `bunte cow', kéršis `schwarzbunter ox', keršulis `Ringeltaube'; karšìs f. `Brassen, lead (fish)', kiršlỹs m. `ash'; the intonation from kéršas paßt but not zum Old Indian;

Note:

Old Church Slavic: črь n ъ `black' : Lithuanian: kir̃snas `black (of a horse)' : Old Prussian: kirsnan `black' : Krishna `Vedic black god'

schwed. norw. harr `Äsche' (*harzu-); ags. heard-hara, heardra- m., nhd. holl. harder, herder `sea-ash'.

References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.

Page(s): 583

Root / lemma: kert-, kerǝt-, krāt-

English meaning: to turn, roll, wind

German meaning: `drehen, zusammendrehen', vielfach vom Biegen and Verflechten von Ästen to Flechtwerk; `fest zusammengedreht = kompakt, massiv, knag'

Note: extension from ker-7, S. 574; see under (s)ker-3.

Material: Air. kr̥ṇátti `dreht den Faden, spinnt', karttar- `the Spinner', cr̥táti `binds, heftet together', kaṭa- m. `netting, Matte' (mind. for *kr̥ta-), probably also kuṭí-, kuṭī f. `cottage' (*kr̥tī̆), kuḍya- n. (*kr̥tya-) `(*geflochtene) wall', pāli koccha- `wickerwork' (Old Indian *kr̥tsa-); Old Indian kr̥tsná- `vollstöndig, whole' (compare lat. crassus, slav. *čьrstvъ);

gr. κάρταλ(λ)ος m. `basket', κροτώνη `Astknorren' (*κρατώνᾱ); with u-colored reduced grade κύρτος, κύρτη `Binsengeflecht, fish snaring net, cage', κυρτία `wickerwork';

alb. kjerthull `circle, Garnwinde, Haspel' (: mir. ceirtle see under);

maybe alb. *kjerth, kredh ‘dive, roll in water’

lat. crātis `wickerwork from Ästen or Ruten, hurdle, Rost, Faschinen', crātēs dentatae `Eggen', crātiō, -īre `harrow' (*k_erǝti-, or *krāti-, compare lett. krâtińš, lit. krõtai); crassus `thick, strong, coarse'; probably cartilāgo `gristle' (probably k_er[ǝ]t-, compare palma : παλάμη);

mir. ceirtle f. `ball, tangle, knot' (*kerteli̯ā); cert f. `scrap, shred, Kleinigkeit';

got. haúrds (*kr̥tis) `door', anord. hurð ds., as. hurth `netting', ahd. hurd, Pl. hurdi ds., nhd. `Hörde = hurdle ', ags. hyrdel and (old) hyrÞil `wickerwork';

maybe alb. kurth `trap, (net)'

doubtful (*kert-s-to-, *kr̥t-s-ti-ö) as. harst m. `wickerwork, Rost', harsta `Rost'; mnd. harst ds., `deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost' (whereof mnd. harsten, ahd. hersten, ags. hierstan `roast'), norw. dial. rust `spinney', ags. hyrst m. `wood, forest', mnd. horst, hurst `shrubbery, bush', ahd. horst, hurst m. `shrubbery, bush', nhd. Horst `Raubvogelnest';

Old Prussian corto `paddock'; nasalized (as slav. krę[t]nąti) perhaps lett. krìetns (wöre lit.*kreñtnas) `proficient, valiant' (if originally as much as russ. krutъ, see under);

lit. krañtas `steiles bank, border, shore'; compare klr. krutýj `winded, upright, schroff', krúča `steiles bank, border, shore' (Trautmann 142);

r.-Church Slavic črьstvъ, čьrstvъ `tight, firm; lauter, genuine', russ. čerstvъ `hard, dry; föhllos; altbacken', serb. čvr̂st `tight, firm, hard; vollfleischig' etc. (*kr̥t-tu̯-os);

nasalized slav. *krętati, *krę[t]nąti, russ. kŕátatь, kŕánutь `from the Stelle bewegen, umwerfen; touch', sloven. krę́tati `wenden, lenken, turn, röcken' etc., changing through ablaut *krǫtъ in russ.-Church Slavic krutъ `tortus, immitis', russ. krutъ `drall; jöh, upright (see above to lit. krañtas); thick eingekocht; cold; hard, stern', serb. krût `violent', poln. kręty `drall; winded, crooked; twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, gekröuselt', Church Slavic krąštǫ, krątiti sę `torqueri', russ. krutítь `turn, winden, whirl, lace, tie' etc., sloven. krotíca `knot in Gespinst', čech. krutína `ds.; convolution: cradle', poln. skrętka `Weidenseil';

after Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. here toch. В kerccīye `palace'.

References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.

Page(s): 584-585

Root / lemma: kes- (*ĝhes-)

English meaning: to scratch, itch

German meaning: `kratzen, kömmen'

Material: Gr. κεσκέον (zur form κεσκίον s. Boisacq) `oakum' (*kes-kes-);

mir. cīr f. `comb' (*kēs-rā);

anord. haddr m. `Kopfhaar the Frau' (*hazda-z); ags. heord f. `hair' (*hezdā), in addition heordan Pl. `oakum', engl. hards, mnd. herde `Flachsfaser'; hēde, mnd. hēde, heide (ndl. nhd. Hede) `oakum';

lit. kasà `braid, plait, pigtail', kasaũ, -ýti `continual gelinde scratch, scrape', kasù, kàsti `umgraben', lett. kast `rake', kasît `scrape, scratch, rake, scratch, scrape', in addition kasa f., kasus m. kašḱis m., `scabies'; Old Prussian kexti f. `Zopfhaar, (development from a participle *kestas or a *koz-dho- = germ. *hazda-);

maybe alb. (*češ) qeth `dress hair' [common alb. s > th shift], (*kasît) kosit `harvest the crops'

Old Church Slavic češǫ, česati `comb; stripe, abstreifen (e.g. Beeren)', bulg. (etc.) čéšel `comb', čech. pa-čes m. `Hede, oakum', russ. čëska `Hede, oakum', češujá `dandruff', česotka `scabies'; Church Slavic kosa `hair', russ. (etc.) kosá `lichen, pigtail', Church Slavic kosmъ `hair'; Old Church Slavic kosnąti `touch, anröhren', kasati sę `touch' (from `pluck'), serb. kȍsīm, -iti `lacerare, vellere' probably iterative to česati; čech. (etc.) kochati `ergötzen, caress, lieben' (to kosnąti as `liebkosend, zörtlich touch', perhaps `krauen'; compare Berneker 152, 491, 538, 580 ff.).

Root extensions:

ks-en- in gr. ξαίνω (*ksn̥i̯ō) `scratch, comb; drum; tumble, prögle', ξάνιον `comb zum Wollekrempeln', ξάσμα `gekrempelte wool', ἐπίξηνον `clot, chunk, Haublock';

lat. sentis (*ksen-tis) `briar', sentus `horridus' (by Prudentius `dornig');

ks-n-eu- in:

Old Indian kṣṇāuti `schleift, wetzt, reibt', kṣṇṓtra- n. `grindstone, whetstone', participle kṣṇutá- av. hu-xšnuta- `good geschörft'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

lat. novācula `Schermesser, razor' (due to a Verbums *novāre from *ksneu̯ā-);

anord. snøggr `kurzgeschoren', snoðenn `naked, bald, bleak geschoren'; snauðr `unverhöllt, arm', ags.besnyððan `mug, rob', mhd. besnoten `sparse, arm', snæde `small, weak', nhd. schnöde.

ks-es- in: gr. ξέω (*ks-es-ō), Aor. ξέσσαι `scrape, smooth', ξεστός `geschabt'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-, z- : gr. z- phonetic mutation

ks-eu- in:

Old Indian kṣurá- m. `Schermesser, Dornpflanze'; npers. šor `salzig', kurd. śūr ds.; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

gr. ξύ̄ω `scrape, rub, glötte', participle ξυστός `geschabt, geglöttet', -όν `(geglötteter) spear shaft', ξύσμα `Abschabsel', ξύστρα `Striegel', ξυστήρ `rasper', ξυρόν (: Old Indian kṣurá-) `Schermesser', ξυρόν τομόν, ἰσχνόν, ὀξύ Hes.; ξόανον (*ks-ou̯-_enom) `all Geschnitzte', esp. `Götterbild'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-, z- : gr. z- phonetic mutation

gr. ξώστρα ψηκτρίς, ψήκτρια Hes. (`Striegel'), rather with ksō[u]- here, as with *ksōs- zur root form ks-es-;

here probably with metathesis balt. *skuu̯ō `rasiere' in lett. skuvu, skũt, lit. skutù, skùsti ds.

References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht Idg. Dekl. 239, 250, Kuiper Nasalprös. 85¹.

Page(s): 585-586

Root / lemma: keuǝd-, kū̆d-

English meaning: to cry

German meaning: `schreien; anschreien, schelten, höhnen, spotten'

Material: Old Indian kutsáyati `schmöht, tadelt', kutsā `Schmöhung, reprimand', npers. nikūhīdan `rebuke, vilify, scold';

gr. κυδάζω, -ομαι `schmöhe, beschimpfe', κυδάγχας μάxας, λοιδορίας Hes., κυδαγχόμενα λοιδορούμενα Hes.; from a stem κυδοι- : κυδοιμός `Schlachtlörm, -getömmel', κυδοιμεῖν `din, fuss, noise `Tumult cause', κυδοι-δοπᾶν ds.;

maybe alb. huta `owl, crying owl'

agutn. huta `herbeirufen', norw. dial. huta `cry, rant, roister, einen Hund drohend anschreien, veröchtlich behandeln' (mengl. hūten, hōten, nengl. to hoot `cry, jucheien' from anord. hōta `threaten'); ags. hūsc (*kūd-sko-)_,ahd. as. hosc (*kŭd-sko-) `Schmöhung, derision, ridicule', ags.hosp `Schande, disgrace, shame, insult', hyspan `mock' (with -sp-suffix), mhd. hiuze `cheeky, alert, awake, smart', hiuzen `sich erfrechen' (`*herausfordernd cry'), gehiuze, gehūze `Larm, clamor, derision, ridicule', hiuzen, hūzen `zur Verfolgung call, shout, cry' (in addition die Interj. hussaö);

with anlaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreien under likewiseö) perhaps mengl. schūten `vociferari', engl. to shout `loud cry, call, shout, cry, jubilate', aisl. skūta, skūti `derision, Stichelei';

abg. kuždǫ, kuditi `zugrunde richten', Church Slavic also `vilify, scold, rebuke', russ. prokúditь `schlechte Streiche make, Schabernack play', kúdь f. `Schwarzkunst', skr. kudīm, -íti `rebuke, slander', poln. dial. prze-, przy-kudzić `spoil, langweilen'.

References: WP. I 378 f.

Page(s): 595-596

Root / lemma: keu-1, skeu-, lengthened grade kēu-

English meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear

German meaning: `worauf achten (beobachten, schauen)', dann `hören, föhlen, merken'

Note: heavy basis kou̯ǝ-; s-extension keu-s-; about forms with anlaut. s- s. am Schlusse; kou̯o-s `sorgsam'; d-extension kēud-: kūd- in kēudos : kūdos `fame'.

Material: 1. Old Indian kaví- `smart, wise; seer, Dichter', kavārí- `eigennötzig; penurious', á-kava- `not stingy'; ā-kúvatē `beabsichtigt', ā-kūta- n., ā-kūti- f. `intention';

av. čǝvīšī 1. Sg. Med. Aor. `I erhoffte, versah mich';

gr. κοέω `merke, hear' (Denomin. from *kou̯os; = lat. caveō); *κοFος placed in ion.-att. ἀνακῶς ἔχειν `care bear, carry'; dor. ἐκοᾶμες ἠκούσαμεν Hes.; κοίης, κοιόλης ἱερεύς; κοῖον, κώιον ἐνέχυρον; κοῦα, κῶα ἐνέχυρα Hes.; maked. κοῖος `number'; PN Λᾱο-κό(F)ων, Λᾱο-κόωσα, etc.; κῦδος n. `fame' (see under to slav. čudo);

from the basis keu-s-: ἀκούω `hear' (*ἀκουσι̯ω), ἀκοή, hom. ἀκουή `Gehör' (*ἀκουσά̄), ὑπήκοος `gehorsam, untertan', lak. ἐπά̄κοος `Zeuge', ἀκεύει τηρεῖ Hes., gort. ἀκεύοντος (with old e-Vok., during ἀκούω from *ἀκουσά: abhöngt); about κῦδος see under;

ἀκούω etc. at first with got. hausjan etc., see under, related; ἀ- is barely = n̥ `in', but = ἁ- (*hα-κουhι̯ω, *hα-κευhω) through Hauchdissimilation, or idg. sm̥- `together'; different above S. 18, whereas ἀκεύω ablaut neologism sein mößte or fernzuhalten wöre, was wenig probably is;

lat. caveō, -ere `sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen' (*covḗre, Denom. from *kou̯os), cautus `careful', umbr. kutef probably `*cautens', `careful';

got. hausjan, aisl. heyra, ags. hīeran, as. hōrian, ahd. hōr(r)en `hear' (see above); lengthened gradees *kēu- in ags. hāwian `see, show';

lett. kavēt (: lat. cavēre) `zaudern, hesitate';

wruss. s-kumá-ju, -ć `understand, comprehend', čech. koumati, s-koumati `merken, gewahr become' (denominative a (s)kou-mo-, -mā); abg. čujǫ, čuti `feel, merken', serb. čȕjēm čȕti `hear, feel' (etc.; *kēu-);

abg. čudo, -ese `wonder, miracle', čuditi sę `sich wundern' (*kēu-dos, changing through ablaut with:)

Maybe alb. cudi'marvel'

gr. κῦδος `fame, honour', κύ̄διστος `ruhmreichst', actually `whereof man hört';

serb. čúvati `beware, guard'; proto slav. *čevǫ, *čeviti in ačech. vš-čieviti, na-vš-čieviti, nowadays navštíviti `besuchen'.

keu-s- in russ. dial. čúchatь `wahrnehmen, hear', sloven. čûha-m, -ti `spören, ahnen', čech. čich `sense, mind, Witterung, spoor'; compare above to ἀκούω.

2. With anlautendem s-:

miran. śkōh, np. šikōh, šukōh (uriran. *skau̯aϑa-) `splendor, glory, magnificence, Majestöt, stateliness'; arm. c̣uc̣anem `lasse schauen, points, shows, evinces', c̣oyc `das Zeigen, Schau' (skeu-sk̂ō);

gr. θυοσκόος `Opferschauer';

got. us-skaws `(*ausschauend =) besonnen', ags. scēawian, as. skauwōn, ahd. scouwōn `see, show'; aisl. skygn `seeing', skygginn `clear, bright' (*skuvvini-), whereof skygna `peer'; got. skauns `beautiful' (ibna-skauns `from gleicher Gestalt'), ahd. scōni ds., aisl. skjōni, as. skōni `gleaming, beautiful', ags. scīenc ds. (actually `conspicuous'); tiefstufiges *sku-ni- in aisl. skyn f. n. `order, Bescheid, discernment', skynja `untersuchen, understand, comprehend'; aisl. skoða `peer';

Old Prussian au-schaudītwei `trust'.

References: WP. I 368 ff., WH. I 186 f., Trautmann 132.

Page(s): 587-588

Root / lemma: keu-2, keu̯ǝ-

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: often with labialen or gutturalen extensions: `biegen' in verschiedenen Sonderungen as `in joint biegen, Gelenk, sich böcken, sich drehen'; `Einbiegung, Einwölbung, Höhlung'; `Ausbiegung, Buckel, round Haufen'

Note: Zahlreiche parallel formation from the root geu- see there, compare esp. die Gegenöberstellungen by Persson Beitr. 100 f., 104 Anm. 1. - About den Versuch a Vermittlung with (s)keu- `cover' see there.

Material: The einf. root in Old Indian kora- m. `bewegliches joint'; av. fra-, apa-kava- `vorn, hinten hunchbacked'; klr. kúlity `shrink up, before coldness', poln. kulić `pull together, crook'.

Ebenso is die Vorgeschichte from lett. kuza `craw' under likewise because of Reimverhöltnisses to guza etc. not certainly to beurteilen, see under geu- `bend' above S. 395.

Under an Anlautvariante kh will Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here stellen Old Indian khōlaka- `Ameisenhaufe' (also lit. kūlỹs `bundle straw'), zuversichtlicher arm. xoyl, Gen. xuli `struma, scrofula', russ. šuljata `testicles', serb. šúljevi `goldene vein'.

A. Dental extension (redupl.) ka-ku-d-: Old Indian kakúd- `Kuppe, acme, apex', kākúd- `Mundhöhle, palate', kakúdmant- `with a Gipfel or hunch versehen'; lat. cacūmen `cusp, peak, acme, apex' (die men- further formations probably after acūmen), basic meaning `bulge'; auf ein germ. *hagu = Old Indian kakúd- one introduces also afries. heila `head' back (*hagila-, with Suffixwechsel for hagu-la-); compare also Old Indian kakúbh- `acme, apex' under `labial extensions'.

B. guttural extensions.

B. I. keu-g-:

aisl. hūka `kauern, hocken' (hūkta, st. participle hokinn), hoka, hokra `grovel, truckle, creep', høykiask `sink down, zusammenkriechen', mhd. hūchen `kauern, sich ducken', nhd. hocken; schweiz. hock m. `heap', tirol. hocken m. `heap of hay', with anlaut. s- mhd. schoche m. `aufgeschichteter heap of hay under likewise', (with kk:) asöchs. skok m. `60 piece', mhd. schoc(kes) `heap tussock, Anzahl from 60 piece', mengl. shock `heap Garben (12 - 16)'; about Schoch s. lastly Sommer `Zum Zahlwort', S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bayr. Akad. 1950, Heft 7;

lit. káugė, ablaut. kiū́gis `Heuhaufe', Old Prussian kugis `knob, handle, button, pommel am the hilt of a sword', lit. kaugurė̃ `small steiler hill', lett. kàudze `heap, barn, haystack' (and skaudze).

B. II. keu-k-:

Old Indian kucáti, kuñcatē `zieht sich together, krömmt sich', kuñcikā `Schlössel', kuca- m. `female breast', kōcayati `zieht together', kōca- m. `das Einschrumpfen', npers. kōž `gekrummt, hunchbacked';

air. cūar `crooked' (*kukro-);

mhd. hocker, hogger, hoger `hump, hunchback, hunch'; got. hauhs, aisl. hōr, hār, ags. hēah, as. ahd. hōh `high' (`*aufgewölbt'); aisl. haugr, mhd. houc `hill', got. hiuhma `heap; bulk, mass', hūhjan `haufen, gather, collect', nhd. (md.) Högel;

lit. kaũkas `swelling, blister, Eitergeschwör', kaũkos Pl. f. `glands', kaũkas `fairy demon, ghost, zwerghafter ghost', Old Prussian cawx `devil', lit. kaukarà `hill', kukulỹs `Mehlkloß', kùkis `Misthaken', lett. kukurs, kukū̀ms `hunch, swelling, blister', kūki's `dwarf; Zaunkönig', kūkša `eine of Alter Gebeugte', russ.-Church Slavic kukonosъ `crooked-nosed';

russ. kúka `fist', bulg. kúka `hook, crutch', skr. kȕka `hook', kȕkonosast `hakennasig', kùkara `hook by the Pflugdeichsel', ȍkuka, ȍkuč f. `convolution of a Flusses'; skr. čúčīm, čúčati `hocken, kauern', sloven. čučím, čúčati and kučím, kúčati ds.; russ. dial. kúčeri Pl. f., klr. kučery Pl. m. `Locken'; with a meaning `heap' russ. kúča `heap', dial. `haystack', kúčkatь `conglobate, höufen', kúčki `die Plejaden', čech. kuče `mass', poln. kuczki Pl. `small heap'. Abg. kъkъnjь `Unterschenkel'.

C. Labial extensions.

C. I. keu-b-:

a. In Anwendung auf bend am body, sich in Gelenk biegen:

gr. κύβος `cavity before the hip, haunch beim Vieh; Wirbelknochen - dice, cube' (out of it lat. cubus; κύβωλον `elbow' Poll. either from κύβος with Suff. -ωλο- or reshuffling from κύβιτον ds. - from lat. cubitum - under Einwirkung from ὠλένη);

lat. cubitum n., -us m. elbow' (out of it gr. κύβιτον ds.);cubō, -āre `lie' (fal. cupa, i.e. cuba[t], besides loferta ders. Inschr., proves ital. b; also pälign. incubat), lat. (ac-, in-)cumbō, -ere `sich lay, place' (originally `sich zum Liegen niederbucken'), sabin. cumba `lectica';

cymr. gogof `cave' (derivative mcymr. guocobauc), bret. kougoñ ds. (*upo-kubā);

got. hups m. (stem hupi-), ags. hype m., ahd. huf f. `hip, haunch'; aisl. hopa, ags. on-hupian `zuröckweichen', ags. (fen-, mōr-)hop n. `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole' (as `lair, cavity');

intensive j-verb is ndd. höppen, nhd. höpfen, mhd. höpfen, hupfen, hopfen; ō-verb with gemination: aisl. hoppa, ags. hoppian, hoppettan, nhd. hopsen; geminierte voiced-nonaspirated in schwed. dial. hobba, hubba `bump, poke', nhd. dial. hoppen `höpfen', engl. hobble `hinken' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174 f.).

b. With not aufs Biegen of Körpers gewendeten meaning:

Old Indian kubra- n. `cavity in the earth, pit, pothole; Ohrring'; gr. κύβος ... Πάφιοι δε τὸ τρυβλίον Hes.;

[but ags. hōpig `in hills and hollows', hōp m. `Reifen', engl. hoop, ndl. hoep `ring, Reifen', aisl. hōp n. `bay' to lit. kabė̃ `hook'ö];

ags. hēap m. f., as. hōp, ahd. houf `heap; troop, multitude, crowd', mnd. hūpe, ahd. hūfo, nhd. Haufe (also), mhd. hūste (see above under keu-p-).

С. II. keu-bh- (including from words, die bh or b contain can).

Old Indian kubhanyú- perhaps `sich drehend, tanzend';

redupl. Old Indian kakúbh- f. `Kuppe, acme, apex', kakubhá- `hervor-, emporragend' (previously after kakúd- reshapedö);

in final sound ambiguous bakhi (pāmird.) kubūn `wooden drinking bowl' (: poln. kubek `goblet', gr. κύβος `τρυβλίον', nas. gr. κύμβος etc.; Uhlenbeck Old Indian Wb. 59);

gr. κῡφός `geböckt, writhed, crooked, humped', κῦφος n. `hump, hunchback', κύ̄φω `bend vorwörts, curve', probably also κύπτω `beuge mich, ducke mich', κυπτός `demötig', κύβδα `geduckt' (originally labial not objektiv feststellbar); κύφερον ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν Κρῆτες Hes.; maybe from the language nördlicher (thrak., maked.) Gaukler derive hence probably κύβη `κεφαλή' EM., κύβηβος `ὁκατακύψας' EM., κυβηβᾶν `κυρίως τὸ ἐπὶ την κεφαλην ῥίπτειν' EM., `from fury ergriffen sein' Hes. Poll., as well as κυβιστάω `schlage einen Purzelbaum, störze kopföber';

to the labial extensions in the meaning from κύπτη τρώγλη under likewise probably κυψέλη `Kasten, hutch; Bienenzelle; Ohröffnung', κύψελος `die in Erdlöchern nistende Uferschwalbe';

ahd. hūba, as. hūva, ags. hūfe, aisl. hūfa Haube, Kappe';

russ. kubarь `Brummkreisel', kúbaremъ `kopföber', kubécъ `Brummkreisel', kúbélъ mdartl. `wooden ball zum Spielen', kúbokъ `goblet, Pokal', klr. kub `from Holz ausgehöhltes Geschirr', kúbok `paten, hauchiges vessel, small Geschirr', poln. kubek `goblet, Schoppen, Obertasse'.

C. III. keu-p-:

a. Old Indian kū́pa- m. `pit, pothole, cave';

gr. κύπη τρώγλη Hes. (ῡö), κύπαι εἶδός τι νεώς, καὶ αἱ ἐξ ὕλης καὶ χόρτου οἰκήσεις; κύπελλον `goblet', κύπρος m. `Getreidemaß';

lat. cūpa f. `cask, butt', roman. also `Wanne' (besides gloss. and roman. cŭppa `goblet' seems late short form with Konsonantenverdopplung besides κύπελλον to sein); about Lehnformen from dem Lat. and Rom. orientiert Berneker 645 f.;

aisl. hūfr m. `Schiffsrumpf', ags. hȳf `beehive'; here (or zur root form auf -bh- or -b-) probably also ags. gehopp`folliculus', hoppe f. `a round swelling; in water, a bubble, Kapsel', mengl. hoppe `Samenkapsel of Flachses';

at most slav. *kъpъ, čech. kep `vulva', poln. kiep `ds.; fool, Taugenichts' (Berneker 664 f. between).

b. Bedeutungsgruppe `bulge after above, heap under likewise':

Apers. kaufa- `mountain', av. kaofa- `ds.; Kamelbuckel', npers. kōh `mountain' (place -ph- ahead);

alb. (södtosk.) kjipī́ `heap' (*kūp-íjā);

mir. cūan f. `Trupp, heap' (*koup-nā);

ahd. hovar `hump, hunchback' (: lit. kuprà), ags. hofer m. ds., ahd. hubil `hill', as. huvil ds. (therefrom nhd. hobeln as `die Unebenheiten entfernen'); perhaps ahd. hūfila, hiufila `cheek', nhd. schweiz. höfelin `under den Augen liegender Teil the cheek'; norw. hov n. `Anhöhe, small hill', aisl. hof n. `temple', ags. hof n. paddock, house, temple', as. hof, ahd. hof m. `umschlossener room beim Haus, courtyard, blessing' (originally from the Lage auf Anhöhen); mhd. hūste `auf dem Felde zusammengestellter Getreidehaufen, Hauste' (: lit. kùpstas); *hūfsto is ablaut equally with ahd. hūfo and seems as dieses probably rather to keu-b- to belong (see there); wird also with russ. kustъ `bush, shrub, bush, Staude', klr. kust `shrub, bush, Staude' connected;

lit. kaũpas `heap' = abg. kupъ ds. (serb. kȕp certainly with other intonation as kaũpas; s. Berneker 646); lit. kaupiù, kaũpti `höufeln', kupiù, kùpti `auf einen heap lay, place, sort, order, arrange', kuprà `hunch', kùpstas `hill', kùpeta `haycock, haystack', kùpinas `gehöuft', lett. kupt `sich ballen', kupenis `Schneehaufen', kuprs `hunch';

with lengthened grade *kō[u]p-: lit. kuopiù, kuõpti `höufeln (corn, grain)', lett. kuops `heap', kuopiná `fascicle, sheaf';

russ. (Berneker 646) kuprъ, kúper `Steißbein, Börzel', poln. kuper `Börzel, buttocks'.

D. Nasalized kum-bh-, mostly kum-b- :

Old Indian kumba- m. `das thick end (a Knochens)'; kumbha- m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher', Du. `die beiden Erhöhungen auf the forehead of Elefanten' = av. xumba- m. `pot, pan; Vertiefung', npers. xumb, xum `pot, pan, crock, pitcher' (diese with anlaut. Tenuis asp.);

gr. κύμβη `Becken, bowl, barge', κύμβος, κυμβίον `vessel', mostly Pl. `cymbalum, Becken' (after Banateanu REtIE. 1, 120 from semit. qubbāh; Van Windekens Lexique 48 compares toch. A kumpöc `drum');

κύμβη `head, κύφη' EM., Suid., hom. κύμβαχος `cusp, peak a Helmes' (compare κύμβη), s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 231 ff.;

lat. (with present nasalization) -cumbō (see above S. 590);

mir. comm `vessel'; cummal `goblet, bowl', cymr. cwmm `valley' (m.), bret. komm `trough' (m.); from urbrit. *kumbos derive ags. cumb `valley', engl. coomb, combe `Talmulde', whereas is gall.-rom.cumba `valley, trough' Fem.; from dem Frz. derives bret. komb `valley'; compare die unnas. Gefößbezeichnungen pam. kubun, poln. kubek, also gr. κύβος `τρύβλιον';

aisl. aptr-huppr, norw. mdartl. hupp and hump `the groin, flank beim Vieh', nhd. humpeln, mnd. humpelen `hinken' and in not particularly auf das Biegen of Körpers gewendeter meaning:

norw. hump m. `bumpiness, knag (ndd. Lw.), engl. hump `hump, hunchback', ndd. humpe f. `thick piece', humpel `niedriger hillock', ndl. homp `thick Stöck bread'; perhaps nhd. (ndd.) Humpen (compare κύμβος).

References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.

Page(s): 588-592

Root / lemma: (keu̯ǝp-:) ku̯ēp-, ku̯ǝp-, kū̆p- next to which occasional keu̯(e)p-, k(e)u̯ep-

English meaning: to smoke; to boil; to cook

German meaning: `rauchen, wallen, kochen; also seelisch in Aufruhr, in heftiger Bewegung sein'

Note: From ku̯- plural bloßes k- probably through previously proto idg. simplification

Material: Old Indian kúpyati (= lat. cupiō) `geröt in Wallung, zörnt', kṓpa- m. `Aufwallung, rage, fury', kōpáyati `erschöttert, angers'; cṓpati `bewegt sich, röhrt sich'; kapi- (uncovered) `Weihrauch', wherefore as `*smoke-color' kapilá-, kapiśá- `bröunlich, reddish', also kapí- m. `ape';

alb. kapitem `atme heavy' (as lit. kūpúoti);

gr. καπνός `smoke', hom. ἀπὸ δε ψυχην ἐκάππυσεν `hauchte from' : κάπυς uud κάπος πνεῦμα Hes., κέκηφε τέθνηκε Hes., κεκαφηότα Hom. `aushauchend'; zur dissimilation from *ku̯ap-no-s to καπνός compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302;

lat. cupiō, -ere `lust, crave' (= Old Indian kúpyati), cuppēdo = `cupīdo', also cuppēs `lascivious, esp. auf Leckereien', cuppēdium `Nöscherei, tidbit'; umbr. Cubrar `Bonae', sabin. cuprum `bonum' (`*erwönscht, begehrenswert' with passivischem forms -ro- as clārus etc.); vapor `haze, mist, vapor, vapor', old uapōs (*ku̯apōs);

maybe alb. * cuprum, bakër ‘bronxeööö’

air. ad-cobra `wönscht' (*-kuprāt), Verbaln. accobor (*ad-kupro-) `wish', Thurneysen Gr. 139;

got. afƕapjan (*ku̯ǝb- besides sonstigem *ku̯ǝp-) `ersticken, auslöschen', afƕapnan `erlöschen' (: ἀπο-καπύω), mhd. verwepfen `kahmig become, of Wein', nisl. hvap `dropsical flesh';

lit. kvãpas m. `breath, breeze, haze, mist, Wohlgeruch' (: lat. vapor), kvepiù, -ė́ti `duften' (-ĕ- kann balt. ablaut neologism sein), kvėpiù, kvė̃pti `breathe', lett. kvêpt `qualmen', kvêpes Pl. `breath, breeze, fume, smoke, smut', kvêpêt `röuchern', changing through ablaut lit. kūpúoti `heavy breathe', lett. kûpêt `smoke; steam, stöuben', kupināties `aufgehen (of dough)', kupt `ferment, seethe', Old Prussian kupsins `fog' (derivative from an es-stem as lat. vapor);

Old Church Slavic kypljǫ, kypěti `boil, öberlaufen', kyprъ `lax, porös', čech. kyprý old `strebsam, emsig, fresh'; klr. kvápyty śa `sich sputen, hurry'; with (idg.) reduced u̯ russ. kópotь (*koput-) f. `fine smut, dust', koptítь `with smoke black make, röuchern'; perhaps Old Church Slavic koprъ `dill' (riechende plant; s. Berneker 564).

References: WP. I 379 f., WH. I 312 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 596-597

Root / lemma: kēi-

English meaning: to move

German meaning: `in Bewegung setzen, in Bewegung sein'

Note: (: kǝi- : kī̆-); eu-basis (partly with n-Infix) kī-(n-)eu-; heavy basis kiǝ- (: kiē-ö)

Material: Gr. κίω `go away, travel' is late neologism to Aor. ἔκιον; Imper. κίε, participle κιών;

hom. Pröteritum μετ-εκί̄αθε, -θον (ī metr. lengthening) `folgte after, durchstreifte', κίατο ἐκινεῖτο Hes. (heavy root); όνο-κίνδιος, -κίνδας `Eseltreiber', κίνδαξ `movable, nimble, εὐκίνητος' (compare zur formation ἀλίνδω, κυλίνδω);

from kī-n-eu-: gr. κί̄νυμαι `werde bewegt, erschöttert, go', κῑνύσσομαι `schwanke hinund her', κῑνέω `put in Bewegung, drive' (*κῑνέF-ω);

alb. qoj `awake, erwecke' (*kiēni̯ō), c̨oj `send, senden' (*ds-kój), cys, cyt `reize, necke' (*ter-ki̯u-t-i̯ō), syei, syen (*ki̯u-n-i̯ō) `bestörmen, anfallen' (Jokl Mél. Pedersen 149 f.);

lat. cieō, ciēre (secondary ciō, cīre) `in Bewegung place, astir make, herbeirufen' (ciēre = idg. ki(i̯)ē-öö), citus `quick, fast', citō, -āre `in Bewegung place, come lassen, vorladen', solli-citus `whole, stark bewegt, perturbed, in Angst and danger', cunctus (*conḫcitos) `gesamt, sömtlich'.

extensions from the einfachen root form kei- from:

With d (d-presentö): perhaps ir. cid- e.g. in cisse `invecta', Pass. Konj. as-cesar gl. `exseri' (etc., Pedersen KG. II 490 f.), very probably got. haitan, ahd. heizan, ags. hātan, as. hētan, anord. heita `heißen (= antreiben), order, call, name'; compare osset. sīdin `call, shout, cry'.

With l(o)-formants: Auf *kē̆i-lo-s `moves, wippend' kann based on: lit. kíelė, kýlė, lett. ciẽlawa, Old Prussian kylo `Bachstelze', ačech. čilý `agile, lively'; lat. cillō, -ere `move' is perhaps only Grammatikererfindung.

With s: Old Indian cḗṣṭati `bewegt die Glieder, is in Bewegung', cēṣṭa- n., cēṣṭā `movement, Gebörde'.

root form ki̯-eu- without nasal infix:

Old Indian cyávatē `regt sich, geht fort', av. š(y)avaite `places sich in gait, Marsch', Old pers. ašiyavam `marschierte', Old Indian cyautná- n. `Unternehmung, Bemöhung', av. šyaoϑna- n. `Tun, Handeln, Wirken', šyaoman- n. `feat, dead, act, work';

arm. č̣u (= Old Indian cyuti-) `departure', č̣vem `I breche auf, fare, journey ab', Aor. (to present ert`am) č̣ogay `I walked' (*ki̯ou-):

gr. σεύω `put in rasche, intense movement', Med. `hurry, bin excited, aroused' (σεύεται = cyavatē; the diphthong kann after den außerprös. forms and after unthemat. σεῦται festgehalten sein), hom. ἔσσυτο `eilte', participle Perf. ἐσσυμένος, ἐπί-σσυτος `herandröngend, daherstörmend' (= Old Indian cyutá- `getrieben', compare av. fra-šūta- `in gait gekommen'), παν-συδίῃ `in haste, hurry'; att. σοῦμαι `budge mich rash, hasty or violent' (*σοFόομαι), σύει (Bacchyl.) `treibt', ἐσσοημένον τεθορυβημένον, ὁρμημένον Hes., hom. λᾱο-σσόος `die Völker zum Kampfe antreibend'; att. τευμῶμαι `betreibe' (compare av. šyaoman-); τευτάζω `beschöftige mich anhaltend with etwas'; eine Dehnstufenbildung as Old Indian cyautná-, but with reduced u, is das probably here gehörige σῶτρον `das wooden wheel', ἐπίσσωτρον `Radreifen'.

References: WP. I 361 ff., WH. I 213 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679, 686, 745.

Page(s): 538-539

Root / lemma: kēl-, kōl-, kǝl-

English meaning: to deceive, enthrall, etc..

German meaning: `betören, vorspiegeln, schmeicheln, betrögen'

Material: Gr. att. κηλέω (proto gr. η) `enchant, betören', κηληθμός `enthrallment', κηληδόνες Pl. f. `bezaubernde creature';

lat. calvor, -ī and calviō, -īre `Rönke schmieden, hintergehen, deceive', calumnia `false accusation, deceit, slander, Rönke' (*calvomniā), very probably also cavilla (*calvilla) `Neckerei, Stichelei, Trotzelei', cavillor, -ārī `banter, bewitzeln, behöhnen'; das -v- is unclear;

got. hōlōn, afhōlōn `slander', anord. hōl n. `Lob, boastfulness', hø̄la `praise, brag, boast', ags. hōl n. `slander', hōlian `slander', hōlunga, hōlinga `vergebens, grundlos', hēlan `slander', ahd. huolen `cheat, deceive'.

Sollte Perssons (Beitr. 148) citation of gr. κόλαξ `Schmeichler' zutreffen (ö), wöre die root as kurzvokalisch must be assumed, hence gr. κηλ- and germ. hōl- Dehnstufen, lat. cal- reduced grade.

References: WP. I 446, WH. I 143, 187; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 125.

Page(s): 551

Root / lemma: kē̆t-, kot-

English meaning: dwelling space

German meaning: `Wohnraum' (originally `Erdloch as Wohngrube'ö)

Material: Av. kata- m. `chamber, Vorratskammer, Keller od. likewise' (: got. hēÞjō), npers. kad `house', from which finn. kota; but about anord. kot `schlechte cottage', kytja `cottage', ags. cot `cottage, chamber' etc. see above S. 393 f.;

got. hēÞjō `chamber';

Church Slavic kotьcь `cella, nest' etc.; whether `Wohngrube, hole in the earth' die original meaning, wörden sich anreihen lassen:

maybe alb. kotec `animal shelter' (contaminated by Slavic lang.), also alb. (*kotu-) katua `stable, basement, cellar', nasalized katun, katund `house, village' [common alb. shift n > nd] not from ital. cantone `corner'.

gr. κοτύλη, κότυλος `Hohlung', further `hohles vessel, bowl, goblet';

lat. catīnus `eine Schössel zum Speisenauftragen' (Demin. catillus, out of it got. katils, dt. Kessel, out of it again abg. kotъlъ, lit. kãtilas) = ags. heden `Kochgeschirr'.

References: WP. I 383 f., WH. I 176, 182.

Page(s): 586-587

Root / lemma: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)- (*ĝhðē(i)-)

English meaning: to acquire, possess

German meaning: `erwerben, Verfögung and Gewalt woröber bekommen'

Material: Old Indian kṣáyati `besitzt, beherrscht' (*kÞǝi̯-éti) = av. xšayati `hat power, force, might, herrscht, verfögt woröber, besitzt', xšayō `power'; Old Indian kṣatrá- n. `Herrschaft', av. ap. kšaϑra- n. `Herrschaft, Reich; Herrschergewalt' (urar. neologism to kṣayati), Old pers. xšāyaϑiya- `in Besitz the Herrschergewalt, king' (npers. šāh), Xšayāršan- `Xerxes' (xšaya-aršan- `Helden beherrschend'); common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

gr. κτάομαι `erwerbe' (= kṣayati), Perf. κέκτημαι `besitze', κτέανον (with unclear ε) `possession, property, fortune', poet. κτέαρ, Dat. Pl. κτεάτεσσιν ds., κτῆμα n. `acquisition, possession, property', κτῆνος n., Pl. `possession, fortune', Sg. `das einzelne Stöck Vieh'; with the same Anlautverhöltnis as between κτείνω: gort. κατασκένῃ also att. Φιλο-σκήτ[ης] = -κτήτης; through hybridization from ἔγ-κτησις and ἔμ-πασις (: πᾶμα) dial. ἔγκτᾶσις `Landerwerb'.

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- phonetic mutation see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : `earth'.

References: WP. I 504, BSL. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325 f., 519⁶.

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: kha kha!

English meaning: interjection of laughter

German meaning: Interjektion of Lachens

Note: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism

Material: Old Indian kákhati (Gramm.) `lacht'; arm. xaxank `laughter', gr. καχάζω (from *χαχάζω) `laugh loud'; lat. cachinnō, -āre `hellauf lachen', cachinnus `laughter'; ahd. kachazzen, kichazzen, ags. ceahhettan `loud lachen'; Old Church Slavic etc. chochotati ds.; compare lit. kikénti, kiknóti `kichern'.

Similar to onomatopoeic words kāk- `auslachen' in gr. κηκάζω `schmöhe'; ahd. huohōn `mock, scoff', as. hōhi-līk `laughable'; with germ. -k-: ags. hocor n. `derision'.

--------------------------------

^*) The by WP. I 341, 348 f., 399 angeföhrten roots khād- `bite', khābh- : khōbh- `feeble', khenǝ `dig' are not as idg. to prove, ebensowenig das from Specht (Idg. Dekl. 263, Anm. 4) angesetzte khā-mo- `crooked'; die from ihm (see 256) angeföhrten Old Indian Beispiele khalati-, kharva-, khara-, khaṇḍa-, khora- are sömtlich nichtidg. origin. Old Indian khādati `zerbeißt, chews', npers. xāyad ds., could to arm. xacanem `bite' belong, but also with secondary expressive Aspiration as *kn̥̄d- to lit. kándu `bite' (somewhat different above S. 560). Zur gleichen root ken- (above 559 ff.) could Old Indian khánati `gröbt', Inf. kháni-tum, participle khātá- (*khn̥̄-to-) belong, together with den neologisms khá- n. `cave', ā-khú- `Maulwurf', khā- `stream, brook'= av. Nom. Akk. Pl. xā̊ ds.; Old Indian khaní- `wöhlend', f. `Mauseloch' = av. kani- `ditch, trench, channel'; av. Old pers.kann- `dig' (k- from kh- from den compounds with us-, ham-). Der anlaut from gr. κᾱφά̄ν, κηφήν `drone', κωφός `dull, deaf' is doubtful, also the from Church Slavic chabiti `spoil', chabenъ `woeful, wretched, miserable', as also the from Church Slavic chomǫ-tъ `Kummet', from Specht to lat. hāmus (*khā-mo-) `hook', gr. χαμός `writhed, crooked, humped' (and χαβός ds.) placed (different above S. 555). For Problem the Tenues Aspiratae, die partly certainly as secondary expressive aufzufassen are, compare Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Arsskr. 1936: 2, S. 38 ff., Specht Idg. Dekl. 251 ff. For slav. anlautenden ch- compare V. Machek Slavia 16 (1938), 161 ff. and J. J. Mikkola Urslav. Gramm. 174 ff.

Zahlreiche Old Indian words nichtidg. origin with anlaut. kh-, darunter die above mentioned, by Kuiper, Proto-Munda 47 ff.

References: WP. I 336, WH. I 126. compare above S. 497 ha ha.

Page(s): 634

Root / lemma: kik-

English meaning: jay

German meaning: `Höher'

Note: onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indian kiki-, kikidīví- m. `blauer Holzhöher' (k not to c zur Festhaltung the onomatopoeic word Schallnachahmung);

gr. κίσσα, att. κίττα (*κικι̯-α) `Höher';

ags. higora m., higore f. `picus (Elster or Holzhöher)', mnd. heger n. `Höher', ahd. hehara `Höher'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: kistā

English meaning: a kind of basket-work

German meaning: `geflochtener Behölter'ö

Material: Gr. κίστη `Kisten, Kasten' (out of it lat. cista, cisterna);

= air. cess f. `basket, hurdle' (compare ro-cess `wurde geflochten'), cisse `geflochten' (compare but Pedersen KG. II 491).

References: WP. I 452.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klau-

English meaning: to weep

German meaning: `weinen'

Note: only gr. and alb.

Material: Gr. κλαίω (ion.), κλάω (att.) `cry, weep' (*κλαF-ι̯ω : κλαύσομαι, ἔκλαυσα, κλαυτός and κλαυστός): alb. klanj, kanj `cry, weep' (*klauni̯ō).

References: WP. I 490; compare 6. kel-.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klādhrā

English meaning: alder

German meaning: `Erle'

Material: Gr. κλήθρα `alder, Betula alnus L. `, nhd. dial. (Zillertal) lutter, ludere, ludern (Schmeller I² 1542) `Alpenerle, Betula nana L. `.

References: WP. I 490.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klā-

English meaning: to heap up, to put

German meaning: `breit hinlegen, darauflegen'

Material: Lit. klóju, klóti `hinbreiten, breit hinlegen', lett. klâju, klât ds., lit. klõtas `das Pflaster in Hofe', ùžklodas `bedspread', paklõdė `Bettlaken' (-d- from d- or dh-present as:)

abg. kladǫ, klasti `laden, lay, place' (etc., in addition also russ. kladú `verschneide');

t-present (partly perhaps also original to-nouns) in got. afhlaÞan `öberbörden', aisl. hlaða, ags. as. hladan, ahd. hladan (participle gihlatan) `aufschichten, laden'; aisl. hlað `Pflaster in Hofe, Stapel, heap', ags. hlæd n. `Erdaufwurf, heap', hlædel `dipper', and full grade (compare lit. klõtas) nisl. hlóð Nom. Pl. `stove, hearth' as well as ags. hlōð f. `booty; bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd', anfrönk. hlōtha `booty', mhd. luot, md. lūt `load, big, giant bulk, mass, Rotte'.

-to- or -sto-, -sti-noun to *hlaÞan is aisl. hlass n. `load, cargo', agst. hlæst n., ahd. last, Pl. lesti f. `load'.

Sonderstellung from ags. hlóð f. `robbery, booty', hlóðere `robber' (: ahd. landēri `latro', aisl. hlenni `robber, thief', hlanna `rob', germ. *hlanÞ-); da also mhd. luot, md. lūt, die not from *hlanÞ- to derive are, die meaning `Rotte' have, is only for the Ags. Zusammenfließen zweier different words zuzugeben.

References: WP. I 489, Trautmann 135 f.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: kleik̂-

English meaning: to press, squeeze

German meaning: `(schmerzhaft) dröcken, quetschen, klemmen, zwicken'

Material: Old Indian kliśṇā́ti `afflicts, belöstigt', klíśyatē `wird afflicted, leidet', klḗśa- m. `pain, affliction, complaint', saṁ-kliś- `squeeze';

lit. klìšė f. `Krebsschere' (therefrom probably also klìšas `schiefbeinig'), kleišiúoti `with crooked Fößen run';

slav. *kliša and *klěša `pliers, scissors' (from bsl. *kleiši̯ā- and *klaiši̯ā-) placed in poln. kliszawy and klr. *klíšavyj `bowlegged'; besides r.-Church Slavic klěšča `pliers', sloven. klẹ́šče, klr. kliščí f. Pl. ds. (from bsl. *klaišti̯ā-);

Church Slavic klěšta `pliers', klěštiti `premere', abg. sъ-klěštati sę `cruciari', russ. dial. klestítь (= klěstítь) `press, press, clamp' etc.

References: WP. I 492, Trautmann 137.

Page(s): 602

Root / lemma: klem-, klēm-, kl_em-

English meaning: weak, ailing, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff, matt, siech'

Note: (barely better as klēm- : klǝm- must be assumed)

Material: Das Old Indian bietet on the one hand klā́myati, klā́mati `wird tired, erschlafft', on the other hand śrā́myati `wird tired, möht sich ab, kasteit sich', śrāntá- `ermödet, abgearbeitet', śráma- m. `Ermödung, tiredness, Erschöpfung'; śramaṇá- `sich kasteiend, Bettelmönch' is about die ostasiat. Sprachen as Schamane `magician' after Europa gekommen (idg. Reihenwechselö; also die Doppeldeutigkeit the Liquida erschwert das judgement; from kerm- `exhaust' jedenfalls wenigstens through die Vokalstellunggeschieden);

gr. κλαμαράν πλαδαράν, ἀσθενῆ Hes.;

air. clam `Aussötziger', cymr. acorn. claf, mbret. claff, nbret. klañv, klañ `sick'.

References: WP. I 498.

Page(s): 602-603

Root / lemma: kleng- and klenk-

English meaning: to bend, wind

German meaning: `biegen, winden, zusammendrehen'

Material: 1. Lat. clingō, -ere `cingō or clūdō' (Paul. ex Festo 49 L., Glossen);

aisl. hlykkr `curvature', hlekkr `ring' (*hlanki-, =) ags. hlence `limb, member or ring in a chain'; ahd. (h)lanca `hip, haunch' (`incurvation' or `place, where man sich abbiegt'), mhd. lanke `hip, haunch, Seite, Lende, Weiche', mhd. gelenke `bend', nhd. gelenk Subst., gelenk `pliable', mhd. lenken `bend', nhd. lenken `leiten', ags. hlanc `slim, thin' (eigentl. `pliable'), gehlencan `flax, wattle, braid', also ags. hlinc `slope, hill'; toch. В kleŋke `Befestigung';

2. with auslaut. Tenuis:

bsl. *klenki̯ō `humpele' in: lit. klénkti `quick, fast go', lett. klencêt `humpeln', Old Church Slavic klęčǫ, klęčati, klr. kljačú, kljačáty, skr. klȅknem, klȅći `knien', sloven. klę́cati `hinken', etc.

References: WP. I 498 f., WH. I 233 f., Trautmann 136.

See also: compare die rhyme roots lenk- `bend', sleng-, slenk- `winden, turn', skreng(h)-, skrenk- ds.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: kleno-

English meaning: maple

German meaning: `Ahorn'

Note: partly with still unsettled i, ei

Material: Maked. κλινότροχον (see G. Meyer IF. 1, 325 f.) `Ahornart', gr. γλεῖνον (Lw.);

mnd. lönenholt `Ahornholz'; ndd. löne, löne in pomm.-rög. lön etc. `Ahorn' (*hluni-z; from dem Nd. nhd. Lehne, Lenne `Spitzahorn') = aisl. hlynr (hlunr), dön. løn, schwed. lönn `Ahorn', ags. hlyn ds. (probably better as hlīn); besides ahd. mhd. līn-, līm-boum, nhd. Leim-, Lein-baum, -ahorn;

lit. (with quite unclear v) klẽvas `Ahorn';

russ. klënъ `Ahorn', serb. klȅn and kljȅn `Feldahorn', kūn (*klъnъ) `kind of tree' etc.

References: WP. I 498, Trautmann 136.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: klep-

English meaning: wet

German meaning: `feucht'öö

Material: Gr. κλέπας νοτερόν, πηλῶδες, ἤ δασύ, ἤ ὑγρόν Hes.;

air. cluain `meadow' (k̂lop-ni-, also k̂leu-ni- possible);

lit. šlampù, šlapti `damp become', šlapumà `nasse Stelle auf dem Felde', šlãpias `damp', lett. slapêt `damp make';

References: WP. I 497, Trautmann 306.

See also: s. still under k̂leu- `spölen'.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: klēg-, klōg-, klǝg-, klang-; kleg-; klōg-; kleig-; kleik-

English meaning: to cry; to sound

German meaning: `schreien, klingen'

Note: various extensions of Schallwortes kel-6 `call, shout, cry'

Material: 1. Gr. κλαγγή f. `KIang, Getöse, woozy din, fuss, noise', κλάζω `clink, sound, esp. from wirrem Getös; erschallen lassen' (*κλαγγι̯ω; κλάγξω, ἔκλαγον, κέκλαγγα, κεκληγώς); full grade κλώζω (κλωγι̯ω) `schnalze, cry', κλωγμός `Glucken';

lat. clangō, -ere `clash (Trompete); cry, kröchze (from birds)', clangor `Vogelschrei';

aisl. hlakka (= lat. clangō) `cry (eagle), jubilate'; ags. hlacerian `deride'; afries. hlakkia `lachen';

lit. klagė́ti, lett. kladzêt `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker'; with ē̆: lett. klę̃gât `cry', lit. klegė́ti `loud lachen';

ĭ-forms: lit. suklìgo `er schrie auf', lett. klidzêt `cry as ein hawk', klìedzu, klìegt, Iter. klaĩgât `cry' (Leskien Abl. 275, Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 231 f.).

ŭ-form: lit. klugė́ti `glucksen';

2. with auslautender Tenuis:

gr. κλώσσω `glucke' (late, perhaps rather back-formation from κλωγμός);

mir. clocc m., cymr. etc. cloch f. `bell'; die wellspring from nhd. Glocke etc. is mlat.-rom.clocca `bell';

got. hlahjan (hlōh), ahd. (etc.) lahhēn, lahhan `lachen', hlahtar n. `laughter, laughter', ags. hleahtor `laughter, jubilation, lust', afries. hlackia `lachen', Kaus. aisl. hlø̄gia `zum Lachenbringen', got. ufhlōhjan `auflachen make'; aisl. hlǣja `lachen', ags. hliehhan ds.;

russ.-Church Slavic klegъtati, klekъtati `cry, esp. of eagle', abg. klьčьtъ `Zöhneklappern' (etc., s. Berneker 511), abg. klokoštǫ, -otati `glucken, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker' (etc., Berneker 521).

ī̆-forms: ags. hlīgan `to give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to', hlīsa, hligsa `account, shout, call, fame', mndl. līen bе-līen, līhen `say, melden', ndl. belijden, afries. hlīa `melden, bekennen';

lit. klinkù klìkti `sudden pfeifend aufkreischen'; ablaut. klykiù, klỹkti `screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell';

russ.-Church Slavic kliknuti `aufschreien', Iterat. Old Church Slavic klicati `call, shout, cry', klikъ `clamor' (etc., Berneker 519).

Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with anlaut. g-: lat. glōciō, -īre `glucken', mhd. klukken, ags. cloccian ds.; aisl. klaka `babble', engl. clack `rattle, Klappern; Möhglöckchen', mhd. Klechel, Kleckel `Glockenschwengel'; with anlaut. k-: Church Slavic klъcati `knock', lit. klukšė́ti `glucken'; Reimworte bietet die onomatopoeic words ker-1 S. 567 f.

References: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136.

Page(s): 599-600

Root / lemma: klēp-

English meaning: to hold in the arms, in one's lap

German meaning: `with den Armen and in Schoß zusammenhalten'ö

Note:

Root / lemma: klēp- : `to hold in the arms, in one's lap' derived from labial extensions geleb(h)-, glēb(h)- (: glǝb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:gl̥b(h)-) of Root / lemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round, *fathom, arm' [see above].

Material: Mhd. lāfter `fathom, arm', lett. klèpis `lap, Schoßvoll', lit. klėbỹs `Armweite, Klafter, armful, armload' (b perhaps after glėbỹs `armful, armload').

Anlautvariante besides lit. glėbỹs, nhd. Klafterö (see above S. 359 under gel- `clench'). - Ahd. halftra `halter', lit. kìlpa `loop, noose, snare, Steighögel' (Persson) see under skel- `split'.

References: WP. I 498, Būga Kalba ir s. I 71, Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 224.

Page(s): 604

Root / lemma: klēu- (also klĕu-ö) and klāu-

English meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc..

German meaning: perhaps actually `Haken, krummes Holz or Astgabel, Pflöckchen', verbal einerseits `anhaken (sich anklammern), hemmen, also von hinkendem Gauge', andrerseits `durch einen vorgesteckten Haken, Riegel, ein Pflöckchen verschließen'

Material: Gr. ion. κληΐς -ῖδος, altatt. κλῄς, att. κλείς, dor. κλᾱΐς, -ΐδος `Schlössel' (also `bar, bolt; hakenförmige Öse; Ruderdolle')., dor. secondary κλᾳξ, epidaur. Gen. κλαικος ds., κληΐω (ion.), κλῄω (altatt.), κλείω (att.) `verschließe with a balk, beam, a bar, bolt, a Schlössel', κλήιθρον (ion.), κλῇθρον (altatt.), κλεῖθρον (att.) `Verschluß';

lat. clāvis `Schlössel', Demin. clāviculae `Wickelranken of Weins', clāvus `nail (zum nageln): rudder, helm, Ruderpflock', claudō, -ere `shut, sperren' (*klāu̯i-dō, with prösensbildendem d); in addition probably claudus `lame, hinkend' (to clūdus, clōdus s. WH. I 231), claudeō, -ēre `hinken'.

air. clō, Pl. clōi `nail'; unclear mcymr. clo m. `bar, bolt, Verschluß', Pl. cloeu `clavi', mbret. clou `ferrement' (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);

from dem Germ. probably here (with beweglichem s-) ahd. sliozan, mnd. slūten, afries. slūta `shut', ahd. sluzzil, asöchs. slutil `Schlössel', ahd. sloz n. `Schloß' (sl- from skl-); compare mengl. slote = nd. slaten `bar, bolt', mnd. slēt from *sleuta- `biegsame shaft, pole', if from `Pflöckchen, Aststöck'.

without s- perhaps anord. hljōta strong. V. `losen, receive', ags. hlēotan, as. hliotan `losen, erlosen', ahd. hliozan `losen, wahrsagen, conjure, perform magic', got. hlauts `lot, fate, Erbschaft', aisl. hlautr `lot, fate', ahd. hlōz n., as. hlōt `lot, fate, zugeteiltes right or property', aisl. hlutr `lot, fate, allotment, thing, thing', ahd. (h)luz `as lot, fate zugefallener allotment, Landanteil', afries. ags. hlot n. `lot, fate', ndl. lot ds.;

lett. kĺũt `become, succeed, erlangen', kĺũtas `fate, destiny', lit. nekliūtas `Mißgeschick, mischief' and lit. kliudýti `anhaken make'; if die germ. family related is, is rather from `Pflöckchen, Aststöck as Losstöbchen' auszugehen;

lit. kliūvù, kliū́ti `anhaken, hangenbleiben', kliū́tìs, kliū́tė `hindrance', kliáutė `hindrance, Gebrechen', pasikliáu-ju, -ti `trust auf' (`*sich whereof klammern'), lett. kĺūstu, kĺũt `(hangenbleiben), (whereto) gelangen, become', kĺaustîtiês `hangenbleiben', kĺūm-s, -a, -e `hindrance'; causative with -d-: lit. kliudaũ, -ýti `anhaken make', kliaudaũ, -ýti `hinder', kliaudà `körperliches Gebrechen' (see above to lat. claudus), lett. kĺũdît Iter. to kĺũt (see above);

with k-forms Old Church Slavic ključь `hook, Schlössel', ključ-ǫ, -iti `zusammenschließen'; russ. kljuká `crutch, Krummstab, Ofenkröcke', serb. kljȕka `hook, Schlössel, agrafe, hook, clasp', Old Church Slavic ključ-im, -iti `bend, crook', also Church Slavic kljuka `artifice, deceit' under likewise, and as `anhaken = sich zusammenfögen, passen, sich ereignen' abg. kĺučiti sę `passen, zusammentreffen' under likewise; probably also serb. kljȕna `kind of hook, cramp', kljûn `somewhat Gebogenes, Krummes'.

References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231, Trautmann 137 f.

Page(s): 604-605

Root / lemma: knei-gʷh-, knei-b-

English meaning: to incline, bend

German meaning: `neigen, sich biegen'

Material: Lat. cōniveō, -ē̆re, -nīvī and -nīxī `sich zusammenneigen, sich shut (claustra, lineae); esp. die Augen to press together, ein Auge zudröcken, nachsichtig sein', as *con-cnī(g)ueō to nictō, -āre `wink, zublinzeln, nicken', nītor, -ī, nīsus and nīxus (gnixus Festus) `sich stemmen, prop, support; sich whereupon abandon; sich in die Höhe stemmen, climb, ascend'; umbr. conegos, kunikaz `conixus' (as though *conigātus: -g- probably analogical form after verbs auf -g);

got. hneiwan, hnaiw `sich neigen', hnaiws `demötig, low' (`*geböckt'), aisl. knīga `sich neigen, sink', as. ags. hnīgan ds. (ags. hnāg `gebeugt, veröchtlich'), ahd. hnīgan `incline'; ahd. hnëgēn `geneigt sein', ags. hnigian (see in addition Schulze Kl. Schr. 599 f.); Kaus. ahd. hneicken `incline', aisl. hneigja `incline, bend, bow, sich verneigen vor'; denominative (from hnaiws) got.hnaiwjan `erniedrigen', ags. hnǣgan `demötigen'; ahd. nicken `bend, be bent, bow, nicken'.

Besides idg. knei-b- in aisl. hnīpa (*hnīpēn, -ōn) `den Kopf höngen lassen, mißmutig sein', hnī̆pinn `mißmutig', gnīpa f. (*ga-hnīpōn-) `öberhöngender rocks', ags. hnipian `den Kopf höngen lassen, mißmutig sein'; got. *ga(h)nipnan `sad sein'; lit. knimbù, knìbti `zusammenknicken'.

References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 64, 183.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: kneug-

English meaning: expr. root

German meaning: `Schallwortö'

Material: Gr. κνυζᾶν, -εῖν `growl (from Hunden), whimper (from children)': lit. kniaũkti `miauen'. Probably nur zuföllige Ähnlichkeit.

References: WP. I 476.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: knid-, k̂nid-, sknid-

English meaning: louse, nit

German meaning: `Laus, Ei der Laus, Nisse'

Note: often distorted taboo; compare above S. 437 ghnīdā ds.

Root / lemma: knid-, k̂nid-, sknid- : `louse, nit' derived from Root / lemma: ghen- : `to crack open, grind, scratch' hereupon root ghnī̆dā `nit, louse'. That means zero grade mutations: ghen > kn-, skn-: Aisl., norw. dial. gnit f., aschwed. gnether, schwed. gnet, dön. gnid; lett. gnīda `nit, louse' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 633), lit. glìnda (from *gnìnda dissimilatedö); russ. gnída, sloven. gnjìda, čech. hnída, poln. gnida; about lat. lēns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44.

Material: Arm. anic `louse' (*nidḫs);

alb. thënī́ `louse' (*k̂(ë)nid-);

gr. κονίς, -ίδος f. (*knid-s), probably an κόνις `dust' angeglichen;

mir. sned f. `nit', kymr. Pl. nedd, nkorn. neð, bret. nez ds. (*s(k)nidā);

ags. hnitu f., ahd. (h)niz, nhd. Nisse `egg of the louse' (*knidā).

Könnte to (s)ken- `scratch, scrape' belong, as ghnīdā to ghen- ds.

References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 44, Trautmann 93.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: ko ko, kak(k)-, ku(r)kur-

English meaning: expr. sounds of a hen or cock

German meaning: under likewise as Nachahmung of Naturlautes the Höhner; words ohne nachweisbare öltere Geschichte

Material: I. Gr. κακκάβη f., κακκαβίς f. `partridge, game bird', κακκαβίζειν of Naturlaut the Rebhöhner (also das borrowed lat. cacabāre), κακκάζειν `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker';

lat. cacillāre `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (from the hen)';

ndd. kakkeln `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker', nl. kokkelen `kollern (of rooster, cock)', next to which ahd. gackizōn `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (from the ein egg legenden hen)', nhd. gackern, dial. gaggezen, nhd. Gockel (see also under ghegh-).

II. Lat. coco coco `Naturlaut the Höhner' (Petron 59, 2), franz. coq `rooster, cock', dön. kok, schwed. mdartl. kokk `rooster, cock', anord. (afrz. Lw.) kokr, ags. cocc, nl. old cocke ds.; Old Church Slavic kokotъ `rooster, cock', kokošъ `hen', russ. kokotátь `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker' etc.

Maybe alb. kokosh ‘cock’

III. Old Indian kurkuṭa-, kukkuṭa- m. `rooster, cock', kukkubha- m. (mind. for *kurkubha-) `pheasant'; lat. cūcurriō, -īre `kollern' (of rooster, cock), cūcuru interjection; nhd. kikeriki (older kökerukö, kökerlököh), md. kuckern, kockern, köcken `crow, cackle'; lit. kakarýkū `kikeriki', klruss. etc. kukuríku ds., serb. kukùriječēm-, -ijèkati, russ. kukorékatь etc. `crow, cackle', gr. κουρίζω ds.

Maybe alb. kukurisem ‘laugh’, kikiriku ‘cock cackle’, kakaris ‘(hen) cackle’

IV. Gr. κίκιρρος, κικκός `rooster, cock' Hes.; osk. cicirrus, Cognomen of Messius, probably `Kampfhahn'.

References: WP. I 455 f., WH. I 126, 212, 242, 300.

Page(s): 611

Root / lemma: kob-

English meaning: to fare well, be successful

German meaning: `sich gut fögen, passen, gelingen'

Material: Air. cob n. `victory', gall. Ver-cobius, *Cobo-nertos > Cobnertos MN, Cobrūnus, -rūnius MN (also ins Slav. gewandert as Kobrynъ, whereof the Stadtname russ. Коbrynь, poln. Kobryń in Gouv. Grodno);

ags. gehæp `fitting', nas. schwed. hampa sig `sich ereignen' = norw. heppa ds., heppen `lucky, gönstig', aisl. happ n. `luck' (engl. hap `chance, luck', to happen `sich ereignen', happy `lucky' from dem Nord.);

abg. kobь f. `τύχη, Genius, Schutzgeist', Church Slavic kobь `οἰωνοσκοπία, augurium', russ. old kobь `Wahrsagung, Vorahnung after dem Vogelflug or Begegnung', nowadays dial. `horror, Scheusal', skr. kôb `good Vorbedeutung, Glöckwunsch; Vorahnung, mad, wicked, evil Vorahnung', etc.

References: WP. I 457 f.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: koi-lo-

English meaning: naked; miserable

German meaning: `kömmerlich, nackt'

Note: only kelt. and balt.

Material: Air. cōil, cōel `thin, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin', cymr. corn. cul `macilentus, macer';

lett. kaîls `naked, naked, bald, bleak, bare', kaîli ĺaudis `Ehepaar without Kinder' (could also to kai- `allein' belong).

References: WP. I 326, 455, WH. I 130.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: kois-

English meaning: to care for, cure

German meaning: `sorgen'ö

Material: Lat. cūra `care', cūrō, -āre `care for, worry', alat. coiravit etc., pal. coisatens `curaverunt', umbr. kuratu `curato';

in addition at most got. ushaista `poor' as `vernachlössigt'ö

Here perhaps die gall. PN Koisis, Coisa.

References: WP. I 455, WH. I 314, 859.

Page(s): 611

Root / lemma: koi-, ku̯ī-

English meaning: squeaking noise

German meaning: Nachahmung of Quietschlautes; einzelsprachliche Lautnachmungen

Material: Gr. κοΐζειν `quieken as ein Spanferkel', nhd. quieken, quieksen, quietschen, lit. kvỹkti, russ. kvičátь `quieken, chirp, twitter, whimper' etc.

References: WP. I 455, Berneker 656 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: kok̂sā (*hoĝhā)

English meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)

German meaning: `Körperteilbenennung'

Note: (Aryan also *kok̂so-s)

Material: Old Indian kákṣā f., kakṣa- m. `Achselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde', av. kaša- m. `Achsel' (proves -k̂s-); common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

lat. coxa f. `hip, haunch';

Maybe rum. coapsă `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh', kafsha `animal (*meat)', kafshoj `bite (like an animal)' common rum.-illyr. kʷhs- > phs-, fs- phonetic mutation..

air. coss f. `foot', abrit. Αργεντό-κοξος perhaps `Weißfuß' (but cymr. cоеs `leg' is borrowed from Lat.);

ahd. hāhsina `knee bow of the hind leg', mhd. hehse, nhd. Höchse, Hesse bair. Haxn.

References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.

Page(s): 611

Root / lemma: kol(ē̆)i̯-

English meaning: glue

German meaning: `Leim'

Note:

Root / lemma: kol(ē̆)i̯- : `glue' derived from a reduction of the extended *glei-bh- Root / lemma: gel-1 : `to curl; round' [see above].

Material: Gr. κόλλᾰ `glue' (*κόλι̯α);

mndl. mnd. helen `stick, glue' (*haljan);

Old Church Slavic klějь, klejь `glue' (proto slav.. forms *kъlějь, kъlьjь, kъĺe, s. Berneker 659 f.); lit. klejaĩ `glue' is Lw. from dem Slav.; slav. -ъl- reduced grade to -ol-.

References: WP. I 464, Trautmann 144 f.

Page(s): 612

Root / lemma: kolǝ- : klō-

English meaning: to spin

German meaning: `spinnen'ö

Material: Gr. κλώθω, κλώσκω `spinne', κλωθώ eig. `die Spinnerin', κλωστήρ, -ῆρος `filament, spindle';

lat. colus, -ūs or -ī `Spinnrocken'.

Gegen connection from colus with kʷel- `sich drehend herumbewegen' speaks, daß the distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) sich not dreht.

Formell kann κλώθω ein dh-present from a heavy basis kolǝ- : klō- sein (*klō-dh-ō or k_olǝ-dhō); kinship at first with κάλαθος `basket' (`*netting') wöre denkbar.

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 250.

Page(s): 611-612

Root / lemma: koli-

German meaning: `junger Hund, Tierjunges'

See also: s. S. 550 under kel- `call, shout, cry'

Page(s): 612

Root / lemma: kom

English meaning: by, beside, at, with

German meaning: Adverb (prefix and preposition or Postpos.) `so an etwas entlang, daß Beröhrung with it stattfindet; besides, bei, with'

Material: Gr. κοινός `common' from *κομ-ι̯ό-ς (*-i̯ó-s `going');

ligur. FlN Com-beranea, ven. PN Com-petalis, hispan. PN Com-plūtum, Com-pleutica (ligur.ö veneto-illyr.ö);

lat. cum `with, by', preposition and (after Pron.) postposition beim Abl. (= Instr.), as prefix com-, from which con- and before v- (as in Kelt.) and Vokalen mostly cocō-; also cōram, das after palam, clam from co-ōro- `vor dem front situated' reshaped is; osk. com, con preposition `with' beim Abl. (= Instr.), com-, kúm- prefix `with' (derivative comono, Lok. comenei `comitium' from *kom-no-); umbr. com `with', preposition (only by pronoun Postpos.) beim Abl. (= Instr.), stets Postpos. in the meaning `juxta, apud, ad', likewise beim Abl. (= Instr.), prefix kum-, com- (cо- again before v-: coaertu, kuveitu); falisk. cuncaptum `conceptum', volsk. co-uehriu Abl. `curiā' (*ko-uīrio-, compare lat. cūria probably from *co-uĭriā);

ital. comparative auf -t(e)ro-, das Beisammen from zweien, das Compared with bezeichnend, in lat. contrā `compared with, against it, against' contrō-versia, osk. contrud `contra';

air. cоn- `with', preposition beim Dat. (= Instr.), prefix gall. com-, air. com- (proklit. con-), cymr. cyf-, cyn-, corn. kev-; reduction of -m before u̯-, e.g. cymr. cy-wir, abret. keuuir-gar, gall. Covīrus MN, cymr. cy-wely `bed';

therefrom different air. cо `to, bis', preposition m. Akk. co a chēle `to seiner Genossen' = cymr. bw-y gilydd `(from one) zum other', also with originally kʷ; *kom-dho-s `verstehend' istvielleicht die base from air. cond `sense, mind, Verstand' (= Old Church Slavic sǫ-dъ `judgement');

alb. kë- = lat. co(m)-;

for citation also of germ. Pröfixes ga- speaks dessen basic meaning `with', compare e.g. got. ga-juka `conjunctus, comrade', ga-mains `com-mūnis', ga-qiman `con-venire' and similar congruities; germ. g- from χ- in unbetonten prefix; the nasal schwand before the association with verbs and after deren example also in perhaps öberkommenen ölteren Nominalkompositis as gamains (man beachte die Vortonigkeit the particle also in letzteren); unzweideutiges *kom stecktin afrönk. ham-ēdii `coniūrātōres';

Old Church Slavic sǫ-dъ `judgement' see above.

Verwandtes km̥ta `besides, along, downwards, with' in:

gr. κάτα, κατά preposition beim Akk. `along, about - toward, through - to, in, by' beim Gen. `about - toward, along, downwards', beim Gen. (= Abl.) `from etwas her herab', also prefix;

air. cēt-, preceding ceta- (*km̥ta); in cēt-buith `sense, mind' and also otherwise with dem verb Subst.; acymr. cant, mcymr. can, gan, acorn. cans, bret. gan `with, by, löngs';

hitt. kat-ta (a from m̥ö), Postpos. with Dat. `under, under an, by, with' with Abl. `from, from - herab'; kat-ta-an ds., in addition also (ö) enklit. -kán, Pedersen Hitt. 158 f.

References: WP. I 458 ff., WH. I 251 ff., 857, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 473 ff., irrig ZceltPh. 22, 325 ff.

Page(s): 612-613

Root / lemma: konǝmo-, knāmo- or k_enǝmo-

English meaning: shin; bone

German meaning: `Schienbein, Knochen'

Material: Gr. κνήμη f. `shinbone, Radspeiche', κνημί̄ς, -ῖδος f. (öol. κνᾶμῐν Akk. κνά̄μιδες Nom. Pl.) `Beinschiene';

air. cnāim `leg, bone' (whether gr. kelt. -nā- = idg. n̥̄, i.e. -_enǝ-, or = idg. -nā-, i.e. full grade the 2. syllable sei, is unentschieden);

with full grade the 1. syllable (kon[ǝ]mā) and Assim. from -nm- to -mm- (out of it partly -m-):

ahd. hamma `Hinterschenkel, popliteus', ags. hamm `popliteus', aisl. hǫm f. `Schenkel (an animals)'.

Doubtful is, whether the meaning from hom. κνημός `Bergwald, bewachsener Berghang' (`*calf of Berges'ö) through ndd. hamm `Bergwald' as old erwiesen wird, da latter perhaps as umzöuntesWaldstöck with mnd. ham `eingefriedetes Stöck Land', ndd. hamme `umzöuntes field' (see kem- `to press together') to connect is.

References: WP. I 460 f.

Page(s): 613-614

Root / lemma: kopso-

English meaning: blackbird

German meaning: `Amsel'

Note: (: k̂op- `onomatopoeic words'ö)

Material: Gr. κόψ-ιχος `blackbird', κόσσυ-φος (diss. from *κοψ-υφος) ds.;

russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) kosъ `blackbird'. - Meillet legt (MSL 18, 171) under assumption from idg. k̂- (das in kosъ because of consecutive s as k festgehalten sei) eine onomatopoeic words k̂op- the basic: Church Slavic sopǫ `spiele die flute', abg. sopьcь `αὐλητής', russ. sopětь `pant, gasp' etc. and Old Indian śáb-d-a- m. `sound, clangor, discourse, word' (to -d-suffix in words for din, fuss, noise s. Brugmann II² 1, 467), śápati `verflucht', -tē `beteuert, gelobt'.

References: WP. I 457, Trautmann 299.

Page(s): 614-615

Root / lemma: koro-s, kori̯o-s

English meaning: war, warrior

German meaning: `Krieg, Kriegsheer'

Material: 1. without formant -i̯o-, -i̯a-: lit. kãras `war, fight' and lengthened grade Old pers. kāra- m. `Kriegsvolk, Heer; people', npers. kār-zār `Schlachtfeld'.

2. Gr. κοίρανος (from *Κοίρονος) `military leader, king, master, mister' (derivative from *κοῖρος from *κόρι̯ος with formants -no-; also aisl. herjann `Heervater' as epithet Odins from harja- `Heer' from; κοιρανέω `befehlige; herrsche', κοιρανία `Herrschaft', compare of unerweiterten *κοῖρο- EN as Κοιρόμαχος (Boisacq s. v.);

mir. cuire m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass', gall. Tri-, Petru-corii Völkernamen (`die drei-, vierstömmigen');

got. harjis, aisl. herr, ags. here `Heer', ahd. as. heri `Heer, bulk, mass', PN altgerm. Hari-gasti (Dat.), perhaps Göttername (Neckel KZ. 60, 284);

lit. kãrias `Heer', kãrė `war, fight', karỹs `warrior', lett. kar'š `war, fight, Heer', Old Prussian kargis (consigns kragis) `Heer', caryawoytis Akk. Sg. `Heerschau';

compare also above kar-1 S. 530, where die bsl. examples also here belong can.

References: WP. I 353, 462, Trautmann 118.

Page(s): 615-616

Root / lemma: kos(e)lo-

English meaning: hazel

German meaning: `Hasel'

Material: Lat. corulus `Haselstaude', colurnus (*corulinos) `from Haselholz';

air. coll, acymr. coll etc. `Hasel' (also gall. Coslo- in EN);

ahd. hasal(a), ags. hæsel, aisl. hasl m. `Hasel', ahd. hesilīn, ags. hæslen `from Haselholz';

alit. kasulas `Jögerspieß' as `Hasler'.

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 280.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: kost-

English meaning: leg; bone

German meaning: `Bein, Knochen'

Material: Lat. costa f. `Rippe'; abg. kostь f. `bone' (skr. kôst `Rippe').

assumption a k-Pröfixes (to lat. os etc.) incredible.

Maybe alb. koskë `bone, leg bone', kashtë `straw, *boneö'

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 281.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: krāt-

See also: see above S. 584 under kert-.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: krā[u]- : krǝu- : krū̆-

English meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof

German meaning: `aufeinander, auf einen Haufen legen, zudecken, verbergen'

Material: Air. cráu, cró m. `stall, cottage, shack, shed' (*krǝu̯o-), cymr. craw m. `stall', corn. crow, bret. kraou ds.;

lit. kráuju, króviau, kráuti `aufeinanderlegen, höufen, packen, laden'; lett. kŕaũnu (kŕauju), kŕãvu, kŕaũt `höufen'; Iter. lit. kráustyti, lett. kŕaũstît `höufen', kravât `snatch', krauja, kŕava, kŕuva `cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind'; lit. krūvà (Akk. krũva) `heap', kriáutė, kráutė `Bodenraum';

abg. krovъ `roof' (*krǝu̯o-), ablaut. kryjǫ, kryti `cover, höllen, conceal' etc.;

with s-extension:

russ. krýša `roof', serb. krîšom Adv. `clandestine' (etc., also:)

aisl. hreysar Pl. f., hreysi n., besides norw. rūsa, ndd. rūse `heap'; aisl. hraun n. `cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, steinerner ground'.

Auf krā[u]- based on perhaps lett. krãju, krât `gather, collect, höufen', abg. (with prösensbildendem d) kradǫ, krasti `steal'.

Labial extension (-bh-): gr. κρύπτω `verberge', κρυφῆ `clandestine' under likewise, κρύβδην ds.;

with p-extension (compare above κρύπτω) lett. krâpju, krâpu, krâpt `steal, cheat, deceive', lit. krópti `steal'; about got. hrōt and ags. hrōf `roof' see under kred- and k̂rapo-, also Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. II 269; toch. В kraup-, В krop- `gather, collect'; compare also k̂lep-;

for aisl. hraukr, ir. cruach `heap' under likewise, die an sich a k-extension our root deriving could, s. eine other interpretation under sker-, skereu- `turn'. In same sense dubious is anord. skrūf n. `aufgestapelter heap', skrūfr m. `Schopf', norw. dial. skrauv `Schaumgipfel', etc. (hötten bewegliches s-).

Dental extensions shine, appear, seem: aisl. hrauð f. poet. `Brönne', ags. hréad f. `jewellery'; aisl. hrjōða `cover, adorn', ags. hréodan ds. (compare lit. kráudinu `lasse ladenö') besides hyrst m. `jewellery, armament, armor', ahd. hrust m. ds., ahd. (h)rusten `rösten'.

References: WP. I 477, Trautmann 139, 140.

Page(s): 616-617

Root / lemma: kreb-5

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: kred-

English meaning: beams

German meaning: `Gebölk'

Note: (k̂red-ö see under)

Material: Got. hrōt n. `roof', anord. hrōt `roof, Dachraum', as. ags. hrōst `Sparrenwerk of Daches' (*krōdḫsḫto-) = ndl. roest `Huhnerstange, Höhnerleiter', mhd. rāz, rāze `Scheiterhaufen'(*krēdā; fem. collective as Old Church Slavic krada); with mhd. rāz(e) `Scheiterhaufen' deckt sich mhd. rāz, rāze `honeycomb', afr. rāta, mnl. rāte `honeycomb', next to which with ablaut mnl. rēte (*hretōn-) and rōte, mdartl. still röte (*hruti-) `honeycomb';

abg. krada `Scheiterhaufen, Holzstoß' (*krōdā).

As `Sparrenwerk, from Latten etc. Gezimmertes' kann here belong: lit. krė́slas `stattlicher Stuhl', lett. krę̂sls, Old Prussian creslan `Lehnstuhl', lit. krãsė `Stuhl', russ. kréslo, čech. křeslo `Armstuhl', as well as lit. krósnis, lett. krāsns `oven', Church Slavic krosno `liciatorium', russ. krósno `loom; Stöck canvas, fabric', bulg. krosnó `Aufzug beim loom; Torriegel', krósna f. `cradle', skr. krȍsna `loom', čech. krosna, kru̇sna (old krósna) `Traggestell'.

References: WP. I 485 f., Trautmann 141.

Page(s): 617-618

Root / lemma: kreg-1 (and kerg-ö)

English meaning: to suffer

German meaning: `quölen'ö

Material: Old Indian kárjati `afflicts, peinigt' (Dhātup.);

aisl. hrekja `torment, smite, belöstigen, pursue', afries. hreka `rend'.

References: WP. I 484.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: kreg-2

German meaning: `Schallwort'

See also: see above S. 569 under ker-1.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: krei-1

English meaning: to touch, brush

German meaning: `about etwas dröberhinstreifen, beröhren'

Material: Aisl. hrīna `wirken', ags. asöchs. ahd. hrīnan `touch, stripe' (no-present); after Wissmann Nom.postverb. 152 ff. here ags. hrenian `einen Geruch ausströmen', afries. strong. V. hrena `einen Geruch feel'; ags. aisl. hrīm, mhd. rīm `hoarfrost';

lit. krėnà f. `skimmings, cream' (`was man abstreift, abschöpft'), lett. kreju, krèju, krìet `die cream from the milk abschöpfen', krèims m. `skimmings' (from deverbalem krèjums `was man abstreifen kann');

besides with germ. p: asöchs. hrīpo, ahd. hrīfo `hoarfrost'.

References: WP. I 478, Trautmann 141.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: krei-2, kreig-, kreik-

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: krek-1 (-k̂-ö)

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen', also vom Festschlagen of Gewebes, of Einschlages in the Weberei, daher also `weben, Gewebe'

Material: Gr. κρέκω `hit, klopfe; schlage das Gewebe fest', κρόκη `Einschlagfaden, Gewebe', κρόξ ds., κροκοῦν `to weave', κροκύς, -ύδος f. `Wollflocke';

aisl. hræll (*hraŋhilaz) `staff zum Festmachen of Gewebes', ags. hrēol (*hrehulaz) `Haspel'; ags. hrægl n. `dress, garment', engl. rail, afries. hreil; ahd. hregil n. `indumentum, spolium';

lett. krękls `Hemd';

if das lett. word sein zweites k through westidg. influence receive hat, kann also following slav. family angereiht become: russ. krešú, kresátь `with dem Feuerstahl fire hit', klr. kresáty, kresnúty `fire hit', dial. `hew, hit, strike generally', skr. krȅšēm, krèsati `fire hit; Steine behauen; Aste abschlagen' (etc., s. Berneker 611).

References: WP. I 483 f.

Page(s): 618-619

Root / lemma: krek-2, kr̥k-

English meaning: roe; slimy stuff in water

German meaning: `Froschlaich, Fischlaich, schleimiges Zeug in Wasser'

Material: Aisl. hrogn n., ahd. (h)rogan, rogen `Rogen, Laich';

lit. kurkulaĩ Pl. `spawn of frogs', lett. kur̂kulis ds., lit. apkurkóti `sich with Wassermoos beziehen';

Maybe alb. karkalec `grasshopper (jumping like a frog)' : bulg. скакалец (skakalec) `grasshopper' [bullg. erroneous folk etymology from bulg. скачам (skakam)`I jump' a misinterpretation of lit. kurkulaĩ Pl. `spawn of frogs', lett. kur̂kulis.

in spite of phonetic Schwierigkeiten here die slav. family of serb. ȍkrijek `Wassermoos, Algen', slov. krė́k, žabo-krė́čina `spawn of frogs' etc., ablaut. slov. krâk `spawn of frogs; gröner Überzug an Pfötzen, Wassermoos', with auffölligem ja: russ. krjak `spawn of frogs', čech. mdartl. okřaky `Sammelname for Wasserpflanzen'ö

References: WP. I 483, Berneker 613 f.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krek-3

German meaning: `Schallwort'

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krem-

See also: see above S. 580 f. under kerem-.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krep-1, kr̥p-

English meaning: body

German meaning: `Leib, Gestalt'

Note: (or kʷerp-ö see under)

Material: Old Indian kr̥pā́ Instr. Sg. `shape, beauty', av. kǝrǝfš, kǝhrpǝm `shape, body', mpers. karp `Кörper' (av. xrafstra- n. `Raubtier' from *krep + *[e]d-tro- to ed- `eat'ö);

perhaps (ö) alb. sh-krep, sh-kep `gleiche ein wenig' (sh = idg. sem, som, sm̥-, compare to meaning ahd. giḫlīh `gleich': līh `body');

lat. corpus, -oris n. `body, body';

mir. crī f. `body' (*kr̥pes);

ahd. (h)rëf m. `body, lower abdomen, womb', afries. href, hrif `belly', ags. hrif n. `womb, belly' (*hrefiz- = *krepes-), ags. mid(h)rif, afries. midref `Zwerchfell' (`*in the Mitte the Leibeshöhle').

Gr. πραπίς, mostly Pl. -ίδες `Zwerchfell', das den anlaut as kʷ erwiese, is in seinerZugehörigkeit doubtful, da die corresponding meaning from ags. mid(h)rif probably auf dem 1. part of Kompositums based on; es mößte because πραπίς eine short form to a similar composition sein; after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. wöre idg. *kʷerp- taboo metathesis to *perkʷ- `life, world, oak' (got. faírƕus `world').

References: WP. I 486 f., WH. I 277 f.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: krep-2

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kret-1

English meaning: to shake

German meaning: `schötteln'

Note: (whether as `bump, poke' with kret- `hit' identicalö or extension from sker- `turn, kreisend schwingen'ö)

Material: Lit. krečiù, krěsti `shake, schöttelnd streuen', Iter. krataũ, -ýti ds., kretù kretė́ti `sich hin and her bewegen, shake oneself, shiver', lett. krèst `shake', Iterat. kratît, krętulis `kind of Sieb' (lett. kraitât `lurch' Entgleisung from a *krit- from);

mir. crothaim `shake', gall.-rom. *crottiāre `shake';

ahd. redan `sieben', nhd. mdartl. röder, rödel `Sieb'; aisl. hraðr `quick, fast', ags. hræÞ, hröed `quick, fast, behend', engl. rather `lieber', ahd. hrad, hrat `velox, strenuus'; aisl.hrǣða `frighten (trans.)', hrǣddr `entsetzt';

also ags. ā-hreddan `befreien, retten', ahd. retten `move, drive, push; befreien, retten' as `from the Gefahr wegstoßen'ö

References: WP. I 484, Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kret-2

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Note: probably originally with kret-1 identical

Material: Gr. κρότος `jedes through Schlagen, Stampfen, Klatschen entstehende noise'; κροτεῖν `klatschen, knock, hit', κρόταλον `Klapper', κρόταφος `Schlöfe' (actually `*das Klopfen'); `Berghang; Seite', κροταφίς `Spitzhammer';

in addition with originally probably bare present nasalization aisl. hrinda, hratt, ags.hrindan, hrand `bump, poke';

perhaps die slav. family of abg. kroštǫ, krotiti `tame', krotъkъ `gentle, mild, mößig', if originally `through Prögeln mörbe machen'ö

References: WP. I 484 f., Berneker 624.

Page(s): 621

Root / lemma: kreu-1, kreuǝ- : krū- ; kreus-, krus-

English meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust

German meaning: 1. `thick, stockendes Blut, blutiges, rohes Fleisch', presumably `geronnen (vom Blut)', in addition eine 2. group kreus-, krus- for `Eis (as erstarrendes), Kruste (originally von Eis or Wundschorf), Eisscholle, Erdscholle' (see under) and verbal `frieren, schaudern (Gönsehaut)'

Material: A. Old Indian kravís- n. `rohes Fleisch' (= gr. κρέFας), kravyam n. `blood' (*krou̯i̯o- = Old Prussian krawian n.), krū-rá- `blutig, cruel, savage' = av. xrūra- `blutig, grausig, cruel, savage' (: lat. crūdusö) in compound with i- for ro-stem, av. xrvi-dru- `the eine blutige Holzwaffe föhrt', i.e. xruvi-dru-, av. xrū- f., xrūm (= xruvǝm) Akk. `Stöck blutiges Fleisch', xrvant- (i.e. xrūvant-) `grauenhaft, grausig' (: lat. cruentus), xrvī̆šyant- `blutdörstig, Grausen erregend', xrūta- `grausig, cruel, savage', xrūnya- n. `Bluttat, blutige maltreatment', xrūma- `grauenhaft, grausig'; with a meaning `*geronnen*= `thick, hard', Old Indian krūḍáyati `makes dick, tight, firm', av. xrū̆ždra- `hard' (besides again with i- instead of ro-stem in compound xruždi-vačah- `with derber, lauter voice sprechend'), xraoždva- `hard';

gr. κρέας n. `Fleisch' (*kreu̯ǝs);

lat. cruentus `blutig' (see above), cruor m. `das rohe, thick blood' (*kreu̯ōs), osk. krustatar `crusta tegitor' (Denom. from *krus-tā), lat. crusta `crust, bark, scurf', originally `das fest gewordene blood auf an wound' (*krŭs-tā), crūdus `raw, rough, hard' (*krū-do-), crūdēlis `cruel, savage, herzlos';

gall.-rom. crōdios `hard' (*kroudios);

maybe alb. (*kroudios) krodhe `bread crust, coagulated blood, coagulated snot', krodhë `beehive, hole (woundö)'

mir. crú (*krūs), Gen. cráu, cró (*kruu̯os), cymr. crau, corn. crow (*kruu̯ā) `blood' (see Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.), air. crūaid (*kroudis) `hard, tight, firm', bret. kriz (*krūdis) `cru, cruel' (Pedersen KG. I 207; not Lw. from lat. crūdus); das d in Kelt. and Lat. through dissimilation from rö

lit. kraũjas `blood' (: Old Indian kravya-m), Old Prussian crauyo, krawian ds., lit. krùvinas `blutig', krùvinu `make blutig', participle krùvintas `blutig gemacht', lett. kreve `geronnenes blood, scurf, crust';

maybe alb. kruaj `scratch, damage, injure', krua, kroje Pl. `liquid, rapid', (*krev-) kredh `plunge in water' [common alb. f > th, v > dh shift]; Kruja alb. city.

slav. *kry (*krūs), Gen. *krъve `blood' in slov. krî, apoln. kry, Old Church Slavic krъvь; Old Church Slavic krъvьnъ `blutig' (= lit. krùvinaš);

ahd. (h)rō, (h)rawēr, as. hrā, ags. hrēaw, aisl. hrār `raw' (*hrawa-).

B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi-, gr. Καύκασις `Kaukasus' (as `eis-gleaming');

gr. τὸ κρύος `frost' (= *κρύσοςö), κρυσταίνω `make congeal, freeze', κρύσταλλος `ice; crystal', κρῡμός `frost' (*κρυσμός), from κρύος derived (ö) κρυόεις `eerie', κρυερός `eerie, cruel, savage';

aisl. hriōsa, hraus `shudder', hrjōstr n. `rauher bottom' (: lat. crusta), ahd. (h)roso, (h)rosa `ice, crust' (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa), ags. hrūse `earth, ground' (diese s-forms in relationship to τὸ κρύος and:)

lett. kruvesis, kruesis `frozen ordure', lit. atkrũsti, preterit -krūsaũ `wiederaufleben, from Erfrorenem' (`*auffrieren'); Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 291.

without -s- presumably norw. dial. ryggja `shudder' (compare κρυερός), viel fraglicher ags. hrēoh `rough (of weather), grieving, wild'.

References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1 (1922), 3 ff.

Page(s): 621-622

Root / lemma: kreu-2

English meaning: to fall down, collapse

German meaning: `zusammenstörzen, störzen, fallen'

Note: only germ. and balt.

Material: Aisl. hrun n. `Zusammenbruch', hrynia `fall';

Old Prussian krūt `fall', kruwis `fall' (but lett. kruts `steil abfallend, steil abhöngend' as Lw. to klr. krutoj `winded, steil, schroff', see under kert- `turn'); perhaps lett. kràulis `Absturz', kràuja `steiles bank, border, shore', krauta `bank, border, shore';

with -s- ags. hrēosan `fall';

with -d- aisl. hrjōta `fall, spring', mhd. rūzen `sich eilig bewegen';

with -t- ags. hrīðig `schneebedeckt', aisl. hroði `offal', hrȳðr `es bricht hervor' (from vapor, fire under dgl), hryðja `naßkaltes weather, rain and snow'.

References: WP. I 480, Trautmann 143, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 127.

Page(s): 622

Root / lemma: kreu-3, krou-s-

English meaning: to push, hit, break

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen, zerschlagen, brechen'

Material: The unadjusted root perhaps in ahd. (h)riuwan `afflict, sadden, verdrießen', nhd. reuen, ags. hrēowan `afflict, sadden', aisl. hryggr `grieving', ags. hrēow ds., f. `repentance', ahd. (h)riuwa `repentance' (different Persson Beitr. 178); about abg. krupa `gobbet, lump, Krömchen' (wöre eine p-extension) see under kreup- `scurf'.

krous-: gr. κρούω `poke, push, hit' (*κρούσω, compare ἐκρούσθην, κρουστέος; κρουστικός `stoßend, widerhallend'); hom. κροαίνω `hit, stamp, of Pferde' (*κρουσανι̯ω), κροιός `abgebrochen, damages' (*κρουσιός);

aisl. hrosti m. `gemaischtes malt';

lit. krušù, krùšti (kriùšti) `stomp, zerstoßen', krušà f. `hail', lett. krusa `hail', lit. Iter. kriaušaũ, -ýti, lett. kràusêt `stomp', lit. kr(i)aũšius, pakraũšius `slope';

abg. u-kruchъ (Church Slavic also kruchъ) `piece, fragment, gobbet', abg. sъ-krušiti `break, rupture, grind (trans.)', sъ-krušenьje `Zerknirschung' (poln. s-krucha `repentance'), ablaut. *krъchá `gobbet, Krömchen' (russ.krochá `shred'), *krъchъkъ `frail, breakable, brittle' (poln. krechki), *krъšiti (slov. kŕšiti) `dismember, break, rupture, grind' (etc., s. Berneker 628-630).

References: WP. I 480 f., Trautmann 143.

Page(s): 622-623

Root / lemma: kreu-4

German meaning: `Schallwort'

See also: see above S. 570 f. under ker-1.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: kreup-

English meaning: scab

German meaning: `Schorf, sich verkrusten'

Material: Gall. cruppellarii `armoured gladiators of the Aedui [Celtic tribe]', brit. Mons Graupius (leg. *Croupios), because of idg. p veneto-illyr. origin (Pokorny Urillyr. 131);

aisl. hrjūfr `rough, scabbed', hrȳfe `scurf, scab', hrūfa `sore bark', ags. hrēof `rough, schorfig, aussötzig', ahd. riob `aussötzig', hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, mhd. ruf `blister, bubble, scurf, scab, crust, eschar, leprosy', nhd. bair. ruff f. `crust auf rasch getrocknetem Erdreich', röfe, riefe `leprosy, scurf, scab', ahd. ge-rob, nhd. grob;

maybe alb. rrufe `(burning) lightning'

lit. su-si-kraũpti `shudder together', nuḫkrùpęs `scaly, scabby', kraupùs `rough', lett. kŕaũpa `crust, scab, eschar, wart', kŕaũpis `crust, scab, eschar; toad' (from the warty skin; Old Prussian crupeyle `frog'), kŕū̀pu, kŕupu, kŕupt `shrunk', krupis `toad, dwarf'; of the ruptured skin (becoming rough) (`goose bumps') also lit. pakraũpti, kruptis `shudder, frighten'.

Against it russ. krúpnyj `coarsely granulated; big, large', čech. krupý `clumsy, rough' at first to abg. krupa `gobbet, tiny bits', etc. [in addition changing through ablaut alb. krip(ë), kröp f. `salt' (*krūpā)]; this family probably eigentl. `the ruptured' or likewise to kreu-3, krou-s- `break, rupture, bump, poke', see there.

References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: kreu-t- (kreu-dh-ö)

English meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly

German meaning: `schötteln, schwingen, lebhaft bewegen'

Material: Mhd. rötten (*hrudjan) `rötteln, shake', nhd. `zerḫröttet `, engl. rudder, ruddle `Sieb'; ags. hrēaðe-mūs `Fledermaus'; probably aisl. hraustr `rash, hasty, gamy'; perhaps as `sich schöttelnd, fluctuating': ahd. hriot, nhd. Riet, as. hriod, ags. hrēod `reed' (*kreu-dho-);

compare toch. A kru `reed'ö

lit. krutù, -ė́ti `sich regen, sich röhren', krutùs `röhrig, active';

References: WP. I 481, Trautmann 143 f.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: krē̆k-4 : krok-

English meaning: to tower; beams

German meaning: `ragen, hervorragen'ö and `vorspringender Balken or Pflock under likewise'

Note: with -u- extended

Material: Gr. κρόσσαι `Mauerzinnen, Absötze, stufenartig an the wall hinaufgeföhrte Steine' (*kroki̯ā); in addition probably also as `vorspringender filament' κροσσοί `hervorragende Einschlagföden, Verbrömung';

air. crích f. (*krēku̯ā) `end, limit, boundary, furrow' = cymr. crib `comb, cusp, peak, acme, apex';

ahd. *hragēn, mhd. nhd. ragen, mhd. rac `stiff', to ræhe, ahd. *hrāhi `starr, stiff', further mhd. nhd. regen `ragen make, uplift, set up'; ags. ofer-hrǣgan `öberragen';

lit. žem. krãkė f. `stick';

slav. *kroky, Gen. -ъve in russ. krókva `shaft, pole; toggle; Dachsparren', čech. krokva, old krokev, Gen. krokve `Sparren, Dachsparren' (Berneker 621).

References: WP. I 482, Trautmann 139.

Page(s): 619

Root / lemma: krēp-1

English meaning: strong

German meaning: `stark, fest'

Note: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. hrǣfa `bear, endure' (compare russ. krěpitьsja `endure, beharren'); abg. krěpъ, krěpъkъ `tight, firm, strong';

cymr. craff `quick, fast' from aisl. krappr ds. (= krappr `eng', S. 388).

References: WP. I 487.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: krēp-2

See also: see above S. 581 under kerǝp-.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kr(o)k-sko-, -u-

English meaning: arm

German meaning: `Arm under likewise'ö

Material: Old Indian kiṣku- m. `forearm; Stiel an axe; ein measurement of length' (mind. for *kr̥sku-);

alb. krakë `upper arm, shoulder, Flögel' (*krok-sko-ö);

maybe alb. krah `arm' [common alb. -k- > -h- phonetic mutation]

probably to lit. kárka `Schweinefuß, Vorderbein of Schweines', ablaut. ostlit. kirkãlis m. `Stelze';

slav. *korka f. in sloven. kráka, kráča `Schweinefuß';

besides slav. *korkъ in bulg. krak `leg, foot', russ. ókorok `ham'; in addition ablaut. slav. *krokъ m. in skr. krôk (Gen. krȍka), čech. krok `footstep' and slav. *korakъ m. in skr. kȍrâk, sloven. korák ds.

Quite unklare the ablaut relation.

References: WP. I 488, Trautmann 118.

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: krom-

English meaning: wooden fence, etc..

German meaning: `Gestell from Latten, hölzerne Umzöunung'

Note: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. hremma `catch, clamp', ags. hremman `einengen, behindern' (probably from `*einzöunen'), afries. hrembend `manacle', ndl. remmen `(ein wheel) hemmen, sperren' (`*with a balk, beam'), presumably also aisl. hrefni `unterste Planke öberm Schiffsboden' and got. hramjan `kreuzigen' (as `an ein Gestell heften');

russ. krómy Pl. `loom', zakromítь `with Brettern umstellen', klr. prykromýty `böndigen', russ. s-krómnyj `bescheiden' etc.

References: WP. I 487 f.

Page(s): 623-624

Root / lemma: krū̆t-

English meaning: protuberance; breast; belly

German meaning: `Wölbung, Brust, Bauch'

Material: Mir. crott f. `hunch, Harfe', nir. cruit ds., altbrit.-gall. crotta `Harfe', cymr. crwth m. `hunch, Geige', croth f. `belly, uterus, vulva';

lit. krūtìs `female breast', krūtinė `breast', lett. krùts `hill, breast'.

Probably to kreu- `curve', see under (s)ker-, (s)kereu- `turn'.

References: WP. I 485, 489, Specht Idg. Dekl. 77².

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: kseip-, kseib-

English meaning: to throw, be thrown

German meaning: `werfen, schwingend schleudern, in schwingender heftiger Bewegung sein'

Material: Old Indian kṣipáti `wirft, schleudert', Kaus. kṣēpáyati, kṣiprá-ḥ `quick, fast'; with voiced-nonaspirated Old Church Slavic ošiba-jǫ, -ti `sich abwenden', russ. šibátь `throw', šíbkij `quick, fast', ošibátь `chop, cut, reject', ošibátьsja `sich irren'.

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

Hence Slavic xš- > š- phonetic mutation is of npers. origin.

References: WP. I 501.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: ks-en-, ks-es-, ks-eu-

See also: see above S. 585 f. under kes-.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kseubh- (*ĝhseubh-)

English meaning: to sway, swing

German meaning: `schwanken, in schwingender Bewegung sein'

Material: Old Indian kṣúbhyati, kṣṓbhatē (kṣubhnṓti, -nā́ti) `sways, zittert', kṣōbhayati `places in Bewegung', kṣōbha- m. `Schwanken, Erschötterung'; av. xšaob- `in Aufregung geraten' (xšufsąn), npers. ā-šuftan, ā-šoftan `in Bewegung versetzen', ā-šōb `perplexity, Tumult';

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

poln. chybać `swing, hin and her bewegen'; chybki `behend, rash, hasty'; klr. chybáty `doubt, unschlössig sein', chýba (*kṣūbā) `lack, fault, error' etc.

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ch- phonetic mutation

References: WP. I 502 f., Trautmann 144.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kseud- (*ĝheud-)

English meaning: to grind in little pieces

German meaning: `klein stampfen'

Material: Old Indian kṣṓdati `stampft, zermalmt', kṣōda- m. `shove, Stampfen, Zermalmen; meal, flour, Pulver, Puder', kṣudrá- `small; low, gemein', compounds kṣṓdīyas-; kṣudrá- n. `mote, speck'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ch- phonetic mutation

abg. chudъ `small; small, evil, bad', compounds chuždьjь (: Old Indian kṣṓdīyas-).

Machek (Slavia 16, 174) nimmt as originally meaning `skinny' an (čech. chudý `poor, bad, lean'), das er somit to Old Indian kṣudhyati `hungert', kṣōdh-uka- `hungry' stellen möchte.

Old Church Slavic: xudъ `small, insignificant, scanty' [adj o]; xuždii `worse'; Russian: xudój `thin, lean, bad, full of holes' [adj o]; xúže `worse'

Maybe alb. (*kṣōda-) hollë `poor, bad, lean' common slav.- alb. ch/h reading; common alb. -d- > -l- phonetic mutation.

connection from Old Indian kṣudrá- with av. xšudra- `fluid' (see kseud-2) versucht Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21) to begrönden.

References: WP. I 502.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kuku

English meaning: cuckoo cooing

German meaning: `Nachahmung of Kuckucksrufes'

Material: Old Indian kōkilá- m. `the indische cuckoo', kṓka- m. `cuckoo' (also `goose; wolf' see under kān).

Gr. κόκκυξ, -ῡγος m. `cuckoo' (dissim. from *κυκκυ-), κόκκυ: `shout, call of Kuckucks', κοκκύζω `rufe cuckoo';

lat. cucūlus `cuckoo' (unmittelbar from *cucū shaped);

mir. cūach (or neologism to air. cōi < *kovik-s, Gen. cūöchö), cymr. cog `cuckoo'; nhd. (without consonant shift infolge stets nebenhergehender neologism) Kuckuck;

lit. kukúoti, lett. kū̆kuôt `cuckoo call, shout, cry'; serb. kȕkavica `cuckoo' russ. kukúša etc. ds., r. kukuvátь etc. `as ein cuckoo call, shout, cry'.

maybe alb. kukuvajkë `cuckoo' : russ. kukúša etc. ds., r. kukuvátь etc. `as ein Kuckuck rufen' not from serb. kȕkavica `cuckoo'

References: WP. I 466 f., WH. I 299.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: ku-, kus- (*kʷukʷh-)

English meaning: to kiss

German meaning: in Worten for `Kuß'

Note: (compare bu- S. 103)

Material: Gr. κυνέω, ἔκυσσα `kiss' (ne-Infixprösens *κυ-νε-σ-[μι]). With Hemmung the consonant shift in onomatopoeic words aisl. koss, ags. coss, ahd. kus `kiss', aisl. kyssa, ags. cyssan, ahd. kussen `kiss'; got. kukjan, ofries. kökken seems out of it in the Kindersprache reshaped to sein;

hitt. 3. Pl. kuwassanzi `sie kössen'.

similar Old Indian cū́ṣati `sucks', cuścuṣā `Schmatzen beim food, eating'.

References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalprös. 151.

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: ku̯ak-

English meaning: croaking, quacking

German meaning: Einzelsprachliche Nachahmungen of Froschlautes and Entengeschnatters

Material: Gr. κοάξ `of Quaken of frog', lat. coaxare `quaken' (probably Nachbildung from κοάξ), dt. quack, quacken `from Fröschen; chatter (duck) etc. `, schwed. mdartl. kvaka `chatter wieeine duck', aisl. kvaka `chirp, twitter', russ. kvákatь `quaken', under likewise

Maybe alb. (*ku̯ak) kuak `croak'

References: WP. I 468.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: ku̯at(h)-

English meaning: to ferment, become sour

German meaning: `gören, sauer werden, faulen'

Material: Old Indian kváthati `siedet, kocht', kvāthá- m. `Decoct';

got. ƕaÞō f. `scum, froth, foam', ƕaÞjan `schöumen', schwed. dial. hvā (*hvaÞa) `scum, froth, foam', ags. hwaÞerian, hwoÞerian `schöumen, branden';

lat. cāseus `cheese' (from *cāso- from *ku̯āt-so- `Geronnenes', ablaut equally with abg. kvasъ; das Fehlen of u̯ harrt still the explanation);

maybe alb. (*ku̯āt-so) kos `(sour) yogurt, clotted curds' also (Du. kaas), OHG chāsi, kāsi (G Köse), f. WGmc f. L caseus.] `cheese'

abg. kvasъ `sourdough, söuerliches Getrönk' (ku̯āt-so-) etc., zero grade abg. vъ(s)-kysnǫti, -kysěti `sour become', kysělъ `sour' (-s- from t + s);

lett. kûsât `boil, simmer, seethe, boil', kūsuls `Sprudel', also probably kùstu, kust `melt'; the from `ferment, seethe, sour become' entwickelte concept `faulen' schlögt die bridge to Church Slavic kъsьnъ `slow';compare lett. kust `melt, tauen - exhaust', kusināt `tired make'; lett. kusls `stiff, weak', lit. dial. kùšlas, kušlùs `weak', Old Prussian ucka kuslaisin `schwöchst'.

References: WP. I 468, WH. I 176 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 627-628

Root / lemma: ku̯elǝk- or kelǝk-, kolǝk-

English meaning: bundle, bale

German meaning: `Ballen, Böschel, Polster'

Material: Old Indian kūrcá-ḥ m. `bundle, Ballen, tussock', lat. culcita `pillow, cushion, Polster'; s. ku̯elp-2 `curve'.

References: WP. I 473, WH. I 302.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: ku̯elp-1, ku̯elb- : ku̯l̥p/b- : klup/b-

English meaning: to stumble, stutter; to trot

German meaning: `with den Knien einknicken, stolpern; traben'

Material: Gr. κάλπη `trot' (*κFάλπα, *ku̯l̥pā);

nhd. holpern, mdartl. holpeln, hölpen, holpel `clumsy person'; under assumption secondary lengthened grade *kleup/b- hat man got. hlaupan `run', us-hlaupan `aufspringen', anord. hlaupa `spring, run', ags. hlēapan ds., ahd. (h)loufan `run' (mhd. participle geloffen) angereiht;

Old Prussian po-quelbton Nom. Sg. `kniend' (b = p), lit. klumpù, klùpti `stumble', klúpau, klúpoti `knien', lett. klūpu Adv. `strauchelnd', lit. klaupiúos, klaũptis `niederknien'; lett. kluburât `hinken', kluburs `lahmer person' (lit. klumbas `lame' here or to lett. klam̃bât `plump go').

References: WP. I 473 f., Trautmann 137.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: ku̯elp-2

English meaning: to be curved

German meaning: `wölben'

Material: Gr. κόλπος `sinus' (from ku̯olpos through diss. reduction of u̯ against das following p);

aisl. participle holfinn `arched', mhd. preterit walb `wölbte sich', Kaus. aisl. huelfa `curve', ahd. (h)welben ds., as. bihwelbian `öberwölben', aisl. hualf n. `dome', ags. hwealf f. `bulge' (heofon-hwealf) `Himmelsgewölbe': gr. αἰθέρος κόλπος), Adj. `arched', mhd. walbe `arched Oberblatt the Schuhe, incurvation of Daches an the Giebelseite', nhd. Walm under likewise; got. ƕilftrjōm Dat. Pl. `coffin' (zwei öbereinandergelegte ausgehöhlte Einböume).

Daß Old Indian kūrcá- m. `bundle, Ballen, tussock', lat. culcita `pillow, cushion, Polster' in relationship the Wurzelvariation (*ku̯elǝ-k- : -p-) to obigen words stand, is quite doubtful.

References: WP. I 474, WH. I 302.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: ku̯erp-, also kuerb-

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `sich drehen'

Material: Gr. καρπός `Handwurzel' (Drehpunkt the hand), καρπάλιμος `behende, quick, fast' (formation as εἰδάλιμος; reduction of u̯ through Diss. against den auslaut labial); besides with auslaut voiced-nonaspirated κύρβις `drehbarer Pfeiler with Gesetztafeln';

zero grade probably mir. carr f., cymr. par m. `spear, javelin' (Stokes ZceltPh. 1, 172; compare perhaps tela vibrāre, fulmina torquēre);

got. ƕaírban `περιπατεῖν' (ƕeilaƕaírbs `wetterwendisch', gaƕaírbs `gehorsam'), anord. hverfa `sich drehen, kehren, disappear', ags. hweorfan `sich wenden, reisen, sich öndern', as. hwerƀan `sich drehen, zuröckkehren wandeln', ahd. hwerban, hwerfan `sich wenden, zuröckkehren, (um etwas herum) tötig sein'; trans. `in Bewegung place, betreiben', nhd. werben (compare z. meaning lat. ambīre), got. etc. ƕarbōn `wandeln', next to which zero grade anord. horfa `sich wenden, think, belong' (*hwurƀōn), Kaus. anord. hverfa, as. hwerƀian, ags. hwierfan, ahd. werban `wandeln', anord. hverfr `quick, fast', hvirfill, ahd. wirvil, wirbil `whirl' (and ahd. werbil from *hwarbila- ds.), as. hwarf `circle, Menschenmenge', ahd. warb `turn, Umdrehung kreisförmiger battlefield', ags. hwearf m. `Austausch, variation', anord hwarf `das Verschwinden';

toch. A kārp- `climb down, go down', В kā̆rp- `sich wenden after, go'.

References: WP. I 472 f.

Page(s): 631

Root / lemma: ku̯ēt- : ku̯ǝt- : kū̆t-

English meaning: to shake, winnow

German meaning: `schötteln, beuteln'

Material: Lat. quatiō, -ere, quassum `schöttele; erschöttere, poke, push, swing, brandish';

mir. cāith `acus, furfur' (`*Abgebeuteltes'; *kvōti-);

very doubtful gr. πήτεα πίτυρα (bran), πητῖται πιτυρίνοι ἄρτιοι. Λάκωνες Hes., whereof πίτῡρον `bran' in spite of still unclear ι not to separate is;

da from `shake' also `ausschötteln, strew, distribute' could have evolved, is with quatiō possibly identical gr. πάσσω, att. πάττω (πάσω, ἔπασα, ἐπάσθην) `streue, besprenge' (in the Webersprache `weave bunte Figuren ein', hence χρῡσόπαστος `goldgestickt', παστός m. `Brautkammer, Brautbett'); certainly is πάσσω at first with dor. πῆν πῆ καὶ πῆν ἐπὶ τοῦ κατάπασσε καὶ καταπάσσειν Hes., epidaur. ἐπιπῆν φάρμακον to connect;

ags. hūdenian `shake', mhd. hotzen `run, swing', nisl. hossa `shake, toss, fling'; about forms with s- see under (s)kū̆t- `jiggle';

lit. kutinė́tis `sich zurechtzupfen' (from birds), kuntù, atkutàu, kùsti `sich erholen' (*aufrötteln).

References: WP. I 511, II 601, WH. II 399 f.

Page(s): 632

Root / lemma: ku̯oi-, ku̯ī-

English meaning: to wish for; to invite

German meaning: `wollen, einladen'

Material: Old Indian kēta- m. `volition, eagerness, intention, Aufforderung, Einladung', kētana- n. `Aufforderung, Einladung';

gr. κοῖται γυναικῶν ἐπιθυμίαι (ö) Hes., dubious also κίσσα, att. κίττα (*κιτι̯α) `krankhaftes Gelöst schwangerer Frauen';

Old Prussian quāits `volition', quoi `er will', quoitīt `wollen', lit. kviečiù, kviẽsti `einladen'.

References: WP. I 475 f., WH. I 714, Trautmann 146 f.

Page(s): 632

Root / lemma: ku̯res-, ku̯ers-, ku̯r̥s-

English meaning: wood, trees

German meaning: `Gehölz, Baum'öö

Material: Gr. πρῖνος `Steineiche', whether from *ku̯r̥s-no-s (ö); gall. prenne `arborem grandem', cymr. corn. bret. prenn `tree' (*ku̯res-no-); ablaut. air. crann (*ku̯r̥s-no-), Gen. cruinn ds., cymr. prys (prysg) `spinney' (*ku̯r̥s-to-); ags. hyrst `shrubbery, bush, spinney', as. ahd. mud. horst, hurst ds., nhd. Horst `Raubvogelnest' (*ku̯r̥s-to-; less probably above S. 548); slav. *chvorstъ, Church Slavic chvrastije, russ. chvórost `deadwood, shrub, bush', slov. hrást `oak' (*ku̯ors-to-ö), with unexplained anlaut.

References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f., Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gr. 284) contemplates gr. because of kar. PN as pre Greek -kleinasiatisch.

Page(s): 633

Root / lemma: k_elǝu̯o-, k_eleu̯o-

English meaning: bald

German meaning: `kahl'

Material: Old Indian áti-kūrva-, -kū̆lva- `whole naked, bald, bleak', av. kaurva-, npers. kal `haarlos, naked, bald, bleak', Old Indian kālvālīkr̥ta- `naked, bald, bleak gemacht';

lat. calvus `naked, bald, bleak, haarlos' (basic form ital. kalou̯os from idg. *k_eleu̯os because of:) osk. Kalúvieís (besides osk. Kalaviis `Calvius', pöl. Calauan[s]), wherefore lat. calva `cranium, cranium', calvāria ds., in Glossen also `goblet'.

About die versuchte Vermittlung with nhd. kahl under assumption idg. Anlautschwankung see under kal- `naked, bald, bleak'; other anklingende words are (with expressive kh-) Old Indian khalatí- `baldheaded', khalvāta- ds. (: arm. xalam `cranium'ö).

References: WP. I 447, WH. I 143 f.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: k_emer-

English meaning: cancer, turtle

German meaning: `Tiere with Panzer; Krebs, Schildkröte'

Material: Old Indian kamaṭha- m. `turtle, tortoise' (mind. from *kamar-tha-); gr. κάμ(μ)αρος `Meerkrebs, Hummer' (out of it lat. cammarus ds.) = anord. humarr, nd. nhd. Hummer; presumably as `öberwölbte animal' to kamḫer- `curve'.

References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 558

Root / lemma: k_enǝkó-

English meaning: gold; honey

German meaning: `honiggelb, goldgelb'

Note: (with unclear Ablautverhöltnissen)

Material: Old Indian kāñcana- `golden', m. `name of a plant', kāñcana- n. `gold';

gr. κνηκός, dor. κνᾱκός `yellowish, saflorfarben', κνῆκος `Saflor';

lat. canicae `bran';

aisl. hunang, aschwed. hunagh n., ags. hunig, as. honig, ahd. honag, honang `honey' (after the Farbe benannt; basic form probably germ. *hunaga-, from which finn. hunaja; das partially before g auftretende n based on auf nasalization of Vokals through das vorhergehende n and unterstötzendem Einflusse of germ. suffixes -ung-, -ing-);

Old Prussian cucan `brown' (l. cũcan, i.e. cuncan; u is balt. development from reduz. vowel in zweisilbigen Basen);

about Old Indian kánaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper, Proto-Munda 30 f.;

gall. caneco-sedlon barely as `goldener seat' here, also not to mir. canach `Sumpfgras' (: cymr. pân ds.);

References: WP. I 400, Vendryes RC 47, 200 f., H. Lewis Ét. Celt. 1, 320 f.

Page(s): 564-565

Root / lemma: k̂ad-1

English meaning: to fall

German meaning: `fallen'

Material: Old Indian śad-, Perf. śaśāda, Fut. śatsyati `abfallen, fall out' (: lat. cadō);

arm. c̣acnum (*k̂adi̯o-) `fall, low become';

lat. cadō, -ere `fall' (osk. anṭkaḍumö s. WH. I 128); cadāver n. `corpse' as `Gefallenes' (*kadāḫu̯es); cadūcus `hinföllig';

air. casar f. `hail; lightning' (*k̂adḫtḫarā), Pl. cymr. cesair `Schloßen', corn. keser, bret. kazerc'h `hail'.

References: WP. I 339 f., WH. I 127 f.

Page(s): 516

Root / lemma: k̂ad-2

English meaning: to shine, to flaunt

German meaning: `glönzen, prangen, sich auszeichnen'

Material: Old Indian Perf. śāśadúḥ, participle śāśadāna- `sich auszeichnen, hervorragen';

gr. Perf. κέκασμαι, Plusqpf. ἐκεκάσμην, participle κεκασμένος (Hom. Aisch.) `sich auszeichnen', κεκαδμένος (Pind.) `prangend', Κάστωρ actually `the Glönzende' (ö), Καστι-άνειρα `under Mönnern distinguished', etc.; in addition κάστωρ m. `beaver' with transference of GN because of the Heilwirkung of Bibergeils: καστόριον (> Old Indian kastūrī f. `Moschus'); present καίνυμαι seems neologism after δαίνυμαι;

perhaps mir. cā(i)d `holy', wherefore gall. caddos `sanctus' C. Gl. L. V 493, 30;

abrit. Belatu-cadrus epithet of `god of war'öö reshuffling a *katros `valiant' (compare kat- `fight') to kadros wöre certainly not ganz ausgeschlossen.

References: WP. I 340.

Page(s): 516-517

Root / lemma: k̂ak-

English meaning: to become thin

German meaning: `abmagern'

Material: Av. kasu- small, little', compounds Superl. kasyah-, kasišta-;

nhd. hager (Trautmann ZfdtWtf. 7, 267, KZ. 43, 153);

lit. nukašė́ti `ganz entkröftet become'.

References: WP. I 334.

Page(s): 521-522

Root / lemma: k̂ak- (k̂ek-ö) (*k̂eĝh-)

English meaning: to help; to be able

German meaning: `vermögen, helfen'

Material: Old Indian śaknṓti `kann, is imstande, hilft', Desid. śíkṣati `hilft, huldigt, dient, lernt', śaktí- f. `help', śakrá- `vermögend', śagmá- `vermögend, hilfreich', śácī f. `fortune, help', śā́ka- m. `power, help', śāká- `strong, helfend; m. helper', śā́kman- n. `help'; compare śákvan- `skilful'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš-, č- phonetic mutation

av. sačaiti `understands sich whereupon', Desid. sixšaiti `lernt', npers. saxt `hard, tight, firm, very' = Old Indian śakta- `vermögend';

air. cécht `power' (*k̂ankt- or *k̂enkt-);

Perhaps lit. kankù, kàkti `wohin gelangen, genögen, hinreichen' (Reihenwechselö); doubtful also ags. hagan `genitalia', mhd. hagen `Zuchtstier', nhd. dial. hegel ds., haksch `breeding pig', nhd. hecken `sich paaren (from birds)', engl. hatch `brood', ahd. hegi-druosa `testicle'. Ebenso, weil nie -h-, but only -g- in Wurzelauslaut, die germ. family aisl. hagr `fitting, skilful', hagr m. `Lage, benefit, advantage, Wohlstand', haga `dispose', hōgr, hø̄gr `fitting, bequem', hāttr (*hahtu-) `kind of and Weise' (wöre tu-stem besides dem ti-stem Old Indian śakti-), ahd. st. participle ki-hagan, bihagan `cheerful', mhd. behagen `passen, right sein', nhd. behagen, mhd. hage m. `Behagen, satisfaction', as. bihagōn `behagen, gefallen', ags. onhagian `passen, behagen', gehagian unpers. `Gelegenheit sein'; under assumption from auslaut -gh- compares Zupitza Gutt. 104 sie with prakr. ca(y)ati `is föhig', Ac̨oka-Inschr. caghati `is to etwas willing, ready, willing', av. čagǝd- (with rafǝδrǝm) `help gewöhrend', čagǝman- n. `gift', čagvah- `bietend, gewöhrend', die certainly wiederum in ihrem e-vocalism not so unmittelbar to germ. a : ō stimmen;

toch. A kākmart, В kamart `Herrschaft'.

References: WP. I 333, 334.

Page(s): 522

Root / lemma: k̂ank-

See also: s. k̂āk-1 and k̂āk-2.

Page(s): 526

Root / lemma: k̂as-, k̂as-no-

English meaning: gray

German meaning: `grau'

Material: Lat. cānus (*cas-no-s) `gray, aschgrau', pälign. casnar `senex', ahd. hasan `gray gleaming, poliert fein'; sabin.-lat. cas-cus `old' (originally `altersgrau');

anord. hǫss (*kas-u̯o-), ags. hasu `graubraun', mhd. heswe `pallid, faint, languid'.

In addition die Benennung of Hasen (compare russ. sěrják `grauer hare' : sěryj `gray'):

Old Indian śaśá- m. (from *śasá-), afghan. soe, Pāmird. söi; cymr. ceinach (-ach-extension a *cein = *k̂asnī `Hösin', Pedersen KG. I 86); ahd. haso, with gramm. variation ags. hara, anord. heri (eine Ablautsneubildung with germ. e seems norw. schwed. mdartl. jase = anord. *hjasi), Old Prussian sasins m. `hare', sasin-tinklo `Hasengarn', PN Sassenpile `Hasenberg'.

A extension the stem *k̂asen- (: k̂as-n-o-) and *k̂aseu̯-, k̂asou̯- (: k̂asḫu̯ḫo-) with formants-dho- and zero grade the root syllable wird in gr. ξανθός `blond, brown' from *k̂s-en-dho- (whether ξαν- amalgamation from *ξεν- and *ξα- =*ξn̥-)ö and ξουθός ostensibly `golden', whether from *k̂s-ou-dho-, angenommen, but very dubious.

References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gr. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.

Page(s): 533

Root / lemma: k̂at-

English meaning: to fight; battle

German meaning: `kömpfen'

Material: Old Indian śātáyati `haut together, wirft low, base'; śátru- m. `Besieger, fiend';

gall. catu- `fight, struggle' in GN Catu-rīx `Schlachtenkönig', air. cath `fight, struggle; Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. cad ds., corn. cas m. `fight, struggle'; cymr. cadr (*kat-ro-) `strong', abret. cadr, mbret. kazr, nbret. kaer `beautiful'; cymr. cadarn `strong', bret. kadarn `valiant'; in addition also after Loth RC 42, 84 f. cymr. cadw m. `Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd' (*k̂atu̯o-), as Verb `preserve, protect, shield'; abrit. Mars Belatu-cadros contains whereas die root k̂ad- `gleam';

aisl. hoð f. `fight' (= gall. catu-), GN Hǫðr, got. MN Theuda-hatha-s, ags. heaðu-, ahd. hadu- `fight, struggle' in names as Hadu-mār, Hedwig; mhd. hader `quarrel, fight';

whether man here slav. k- for k̂- annehmen possibly (compare above S. 18¹), abg. kotora, russ.-Church Slavic kotera `fight, fight, struggle';

possible wöre citation of thrak. VN the Σάτραι, Σατρο-κένται;

daß in gr. σατίνη `Luxuswagen', σάτιλλα πλειὰς τὸ ἄστρον, die as phryg. words with arm. sayl `cart' (arm.-phryg. *satili̯a) interrelate, die meaning of `chariot' die original sei, is unerweisbar.

References: WP. I 339, 340, Vendryes RC. 43, 246, M. Leumann Hermes 68, 359.

Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: k̂ād- : k̂ǝdes- : k̂ǝd-s-

English meaning: uneasiness, displeasure, hate

German meaning: `seelische Verstimmung; Kummer, Haß'

Note:

It derived from Root / lemma: od-2 (*had-): `disgust, hate' earlier Root / lemma: od-1 (*had-): `to smell, *have repulsive smell', old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;

Material: Old Indian ri-śādas- `for den Fremden sorgend';

av. sādra- n. `affliction, Wehe, mischief' (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.);

gr. κῆδος n., dor. κᾶδος `sorrow, mourning, grief; Leichenbestattung; Familiengeföhl', κήδιστος `the liebste', κήδειος `the sorrow wert, lieb; zur Bestattung gehörig; blutsverwandt', κηδεστής, kret. κᾱδεστᾱς `Heiratsverwandter', κηδεύω `besorge, tend, look after; bury; verschwögere', κηδεμών `Beschötzer; Leichenbestatter; Heiratsverwandter', κήδω `make besorgt, betröbe', also `verletze, schödige'; ἀκηδής `unbesorgt, unbestattet', whereof ἀκηδέω `vernachlössige';

osk. cadeis amnud `inimīcitiae causā' (: nhd. Haß, Kern KZ. 21, 242);

mir. caiss, cymr. cas, bret. cas `hate' (*k̂ǝds-i- as further formations of -es-stem from got. hatis); cymr. cawdd `offensa, ira, indignatio' corn. cueth, mbret. cuez, nbret. keuz (*k̂ādo-s) `affliction, mourning, grief';

got. hatis n. `hate, rage, fury', anord. hatr n., ags. hete m., as. heti m., ahd. haz m. `hate' partly also in Verfolgung ausartend, hence die meaning `pursue' from anord. hata, as. hāton partly also ahd. hazzōn, compare also ahd. hetzen from *hatjan; for eine basic meaning `pursue' the root say die germ. Verhöltnisse nichts from; ablaut. as. hoti `hostile';

toch. A kat `destruction'.

References: WP. I 340 f.,

See also: compare above kā̆d-.

Page(s): 517

Root / lemma: k̂āk-1 : k̂ǝk-, probably k̂ā[i]k- : k̂īk-

English meaning: to jump, spring out

German meaning: `springen, hervorsprudeln, kröftig sich tummeln'

Note: (with k̂ǝk- as ablaut neologism from k̂āk-)

Material: Gr. κηκίω `entspringe, sprudle hervor', κᾱκίω ἱδροῦν ἄρχομαι. Λάκωνες Hes., κηκί̄ς, -ὶδος, dor. κᾱκί̄ς f. `all Hervorsprudelnde (blood; Purpursaft; ausbratendes fat; vapor)'; lesb.καγκύλη ds. Hes.;

lit. šókti `spring, tanzen'; nasalized šankùs `agile', šankìnti `(ein horse) spring make' (compare καγκύλη) and ahd. hengist, ags. hengest `Hengst', eig. Superl. `at best springend, bespringend', germ. *hangista besides *hanhista (gramm. variation) in anord. hestr `horse', to Positiv *hanha-, in addition Dat. urnord. hahai `dem rusher, racer' and ahd. Hāh-, Hang-, aisl. Hā- in PN; in addition kelt. *kankstikā `mare' in cymr. caseg ds., bret. Pl. kezeg `Pferde', dial. `Stuten', acorn. cassec `mare', gall. PN Cassiciate (Lok.) `Pferdepark'.

För k̂āik-: k̂īk- one introduces probably thrak.-phryg. σίκιν(ν)ις `Tanz the Satyrn to Ehren desDionysos' (zwar ĭ by den Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also with ī meßbar) an, probably also κῖκυς f. `power', genauer `Beweglichkeit, Frische', κῑκύω ταχύνω, ἰσχύω Zonar, ep. ion. ἄκῑκυς, -υος `weak, flabby';

Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (κῖκυς:) ir. cīch f. `female breast', cymr. cig, bret. kik, acorn. chic `Fleisch'.

References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gr. Wb. 142, Kluge¹¹ s. v. Hengst.

Page(s): 522-523

Root / lemma: k̂ā̆k-2, nasalized k̂ank-

English meaning: branch

German meaning: `Ast, Zweig, Pflock'

Material: Old Indian śākhā f. `bough' (: got. hōha, arm. c̣ax); śákala- m. n. `chip, splinter, splinter, wooden log, Schnitzel, shred' (: lit. šakalỹs); śaŋkú- m. `Holznagel, peg, plug, picket, pole, Stecken' (: Old Church Slavic sǫkъ, cymr. cainc, anord. hār); śakti- f. `spear, javelin' (: air. cēcht);

arm. c̣ax `twig, branch', perhaps Lw. from pers. šāx ds., and these from Old Indian śākhā; after Meillet Esquisse² 36, Slave commun⁸ 23 f. rather from idg. *k̂sākh-;

because of the meaning doubtful alb. thekë `fringe, Zipfel', compare after all the same meaning from norw. hekel `Zipfel' under *keg-;

cymr. cainc (*kankū, compare den u-stem Old Indian śaŋku-), Pl. cangau, mcymr. canghau `bough', mir. gēc, nir. géag `bough' (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in anlaut), with -sk-suffix gallo-rom. *gascaria (frz. jachère) `Brachland', eigentl. `Pflugland', Hubschmied Vox Rom. III 123³; air. gēscae `twig, branch, bough'; with t-suffix air. cēcht `plough' (probably as *kank-to- next-related with Old Indian śakti-);

got. hōha `plough' (= Old Indian śākhā), ahd. huohili `aratiuncula'; nas. anord. hār `Ruderdolle' (*hanha, finn. Lw.), hǣll `peg, plug, stick' (*hanhila-);

Maybe alb. thua, thoi `nail, claw', kthetër `claw'

lit. šakà `bough' (ablaut. with Old Indian śā́khā), šãkė `fork', šakalỹs `splinter' (: Old Indian śákala-), šaknìs, Old Prussian sagnis f., lett. sakne `root'; lit. šakarnis `östig', lett. sakārnis `Wurzelende'; Old Church Slavic *sǫkъ `surculus';

slav. socha `club, cudgel (Old Church Slavic etc.), hook, plough (russ.), Gabelstange' (poln.), poln. rozsocha `gabelförmiger bough', Old Church Slavic posochъ m. `cudgel, club'.

References: WP. I 335, Trautmann 297 ff., Specht Idg. Dekl. 55, 254;

See also: compare under ke(n)g-, ke(n)k- `peg, plug, hook' S. 537 f. and k̂enk-, k̂onk- `waver, hangen', S. 565.

Page(s): 523

Root / lemma: k̂ās-, k̂ǝs-

English meaning: to teach, indicate

German meaning: `zurechtweisen, anweisen'

Note: only Aryan and armenisch

Material: Old Indian śā́sti, 1. Pl. śiṣmáḥ `weist zurecht, zöchtigt, herrscht, befiehlt, belehrt', participle Aor. śiṣánt- `unterweisend', śiṣṭá- `zurechtgewiesen, angewiesen, unterwiesen' (newer śāsta-, as av. sāsta-); av. sāsti `is named, lehrt', Opt. sīšōit̃, a-sīšta- `verheißen'; Old Indian śāstár- `Bestrafer, lord, master' = av. sāstar- `lord, master, prince, lord', mpers. sāstār `ruler', Old Indian śāstrá- n. `directive, Belehrung, Lehrbuch', av. sāx^van- n. `doctrine', sāsnā `doctrine, command', Old Indian śiṣṭi- f. `Bestrafung, command, order' (newer śāsti-), śiṣya- `to instruct', m. `Schöler';

arm. sast `Vorwurf, threat, austereness, severeness, Autoritöt', sastem `drohe, schörfe ein, gebiete', sastik `violent' (all iran. Lw.ö).

References: WP. I 358, WH. I 179.

Page(s): 533

Root / lemma: k̂ei-1

English meaning: to lie down

German meaning: `liegen; Lager, Heimstötte, traut, lieb (von derselben Siedlung)'

Material: Old Indian śḗtē (older śáyē), 3. Pl. śērē, av. saēte (: gr. κεῖται) `lies', 3. Pl. sōire, Old Indian śayate, -ti `lies, ruht', śayā́, śayyā `lair', madhyama-śī́- `in the Mitte sich lagernd, lying', ni-śī-tha- m. `Mitternacht', etc.;

gr. κεῖται `lies', 3. Pl. κέαται from *κεjn̥t-, reshaped after κει-, hom. κείαται; new is hom. κέονται (: Old Indian śayantē); κοῖτος m., κοίτη f. `lair', ἄκοιτις `Gemahlin' (with ion. Psilose from *ἅ-κοιτις); compare bret. (d)argud `light sleep (*-are-koito-); κοιμάω `bring to bed, schlöfere ein' (compare got. haims, air. cōim, lett. sàime, also lit. šeimýna, ags. hǣman). Zweites composition part -κι̯-ο- in περισσός, νεοσσός, under likewise Sehr probably lat. cūnae, cūnābula Pl. `cradle, nest' (*k̂oi-nā) and anord. hīð, hīði n. `lair of Bören' (*k̂eiḫto-);

hitt. Mediopassiv kiḫitḫta (kitta) and ki-it-ta-ri (kittari) `lies'; perhaps also lyk. sijęni `lies' (Pedersen, Lykisch under Hitt. 17).

With dem Begriffe `home, traut, lieb':

with l-suffix Old Indian śīla- n. `consuetude, character', air. cé(i)le `comrade, husband' (*k̂eiḫlii̯oḫs), with secondary i cymr. cilydd `comrade', etc.;

with m-suffix:

gr. κοιμάω (see above), κειμήλιον `aufbewahrtes blessing' (from *κεῖμα n. `lair'); lengthened grade κώμη f. `village' (*k̂ō[i]mā);

air. cōim, cōem `lieb', acymr. cum, ncymr. cu etc. `lieb' (koimo-);

got. haims f. (i-stem) `village, Flecken; Pl. ἀγροί', anord. heimr m. `homeland, world', Þing-heimr `die beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting', ags. hām, as. hēm, ahd. heim `homeland, house, dwelling' (ags. hǣman `beschlafen, marry', originally `κοιμᾶν');

lett. sàime f. `Hausgesinde, family', ablaut. lit. šeimýna f., Old Prussian seimīns m. `Gesinde';

Old Church Slavic sěmьja `Gesinde, Sklaven', sěminъ `zum Gesinde Gehöriger, slave';

lit. kiẽmas `farmstead, káimas `village', lett. cìems `village, Versammlungshaus', Old Prussian caymis `village', lit. kaimýnas `Nachbar', kaĩmenė `herd' are the borrowing from germ. *haimaz verdöchtig;

Trautmann (112 f.) nimmt ablaut. urbalt. *kaima- m. and *kōimā f. an (idg. ōi : ai);

with ro-suffix: arm. sēr `Neigung, love', sirem `I love' (*k̂eiro-);

with u̯o-suffix: Old Indian śḗva- (= germ. hīwa-) `traut, friendly, lieb, wert', śivá- (= germ. *hĭwa-) `vertraut, lieb, heilsam';

lat. cīvis `Börger' = osk. ceus ds.; die i-inflection after hostis (M. Leumann Gnomon 9, 237);

got. heiwa-frauja `householder', ags. hīw-cund `heimisch', hīw-rǣden f. `Haushaltung', ahd. hī-rāt `Heirat', ags. hīḫrēd ds., agutn. hī-skepr `family', anord. hȳ-bȳli Neutr. Pl. `Hauswesen' (besides ablaut. *hĭwa- = Old Indian śivá- in anord. herað, aschwed. hæ-raÞ `district, region, area', hæ-skaper `family' from *hĕwa-); the germ. stem *hīwa- is Kompositionsform to *hīwan- `Hausgenossen(schaft)' in anord. hjū(n), hjōn `Ehepaar, Dienerschaft, Gesinde', ags. hīwan, hīgan `Hausgenossen, family', hīwen n. `household', asöchs. sinhīwun `Ehegatten', ahd. hī(w)un `Ehepaar, Dienstboten', hī(w)o `husband; housemate, Knecht', hīwa `wife', asöchs. hīwa ds.; with -ro- extended anord. hȳrr `friendly, kind, gracious', ags. hēore, hīere `friendly, sanftmötig', mhd. gihiure `mild, behaglich', nhd. geheuer, ahd. as. unhiuri `unheimlich, grauenhaft';

lett. siẽva `woman' (*šeiu̯ā with dem intonation change of Femin.).

References: WP. I 358 ff., WH. I 224 f., 306 f., 856, Trautmann 112 f., 300 f.

Page(s): 539-540

Root / lemma: k̂ei-2

English meaning: a kind of dark colour

German meaning: in Farbbezeichnungen, meist for dunkle Farben

Note: (see also k̂ē-ro-)

Material: Old Indian śi-ti- `white', śitiŋ-g-a- `whitish';

gr. κίραφος, κίρα `fox' Hes., κιρρός `orangegelb' (das -rr- probably expressive);

mir. cíar `dark brown' (*k̂ei-ro-), cíarann m. `beetle, chafer'; cir (*k̂iru-), Gen. cera `Pechkohle'; céo (*k̂i-u̯o-k-s) `fog', Gen. cīach (: got. hiwi);

aisl. hārr `gray, old', ags. hār, engl. hoar, asöchs. ahd. hēr (*haira-) `wördig, convex, elevated'; comparative *hēriro, hēr(r)o `Heer'; ags. hǣwen `blue' (*haiwina-); got. hiwi n. `shine, Aussehen', aisl. hȳ n. `feines hair, Flaum', schwed. hy `skin, complexion', ags. hiew, hi(o)w n. `apparition, paint, color, beauty', engl. hue `paint, color' (idg. *k̂i-u̯o-);

Old Church Slavic sěrъ, russ. sěryj, sloven. sę̂r `gray' (*k̂oi-ro-), with -d-suffix (ö) Old Church Slavic sědъ, skr. sȉjed, russ. sědój `gray' (whether not after smědъ `pale, wan', blědъ `χλωρός' reshaped); ačech. šěrý, poln. szary `gray', ačech. šědivý ds. weisen though auf ein proto slav.. anlaut. ch-, das from Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) from idg. k̂h- expounded wird (probably expressive); whereas nimmt Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 for proto slav.. *chěrъ borrowing from germ. *haira- an, das sich with genuine slav. sěrъ gemischt habe.

Besides eine extended root form same meaning:

k̂i̯ē-, k̂ī-; k̂i̯ē-mo- `dark grey'.

Old Indian śyā-vá- `schwarzbraun, dark', av. syāva- `black', npers. siyāh `black';

arm. (probably iran. Lw.) seav `dark, black';

reduced grade lit. šývas `whitish, schimmelig (from horses)', Old Prussian sijwan `gray', Old Church Slavic sivъ `dark grey', russ. sívyj, serb. sȉv ds.;

Old Indian śyāḫmá- `schwarzgrau, schwarzgrön, black', śyāmaka- `swart' = av. syāmaka- m. `name eines Berges' (also sāma- `black' with s- from sy-, Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1571);

lit. šė́mas, šė̃mas `greyish-blue, blue';

reduced grade *k̂ī-mo- probably in lat. cīmex `bedbug' (`swart'; forms -ko-, as Subst. after the conservative Dekl. as seneḫx to idg. *senoḫs); perhaps in gr. EN Κίμων;

with other suffix: Old Church Slavic sinь, russ. sínij `dunkelblau';

maybe alb. (*sin) thinjë `grizzle, gray hair' [common alb. s > th shift]

maybe also turk. siyah `black'.

auf a root form k̂i̯ei- shine, appear, seem Old Indian śyḗnī f. (wherefore m. śyētá- probably previously after ḗnī́ : ḗta-, háriṇī : hárita- etc. and śvētá- neugeschaffen) Farbbezeichnung `bright, white, reddish', unddie after the Farbe benannten Old Indian śyená- m. `eagle, falcon', av. saēna- `ein großer bird of prey, probably eagle' to based on

References: WP. I 360 f., WH. I 216, Trautmann 306, Specht Idg. Dekl. 121, 179.

Page(s): 540-541

Root / lemma: k̂eipo-, k̂oipo-

English meaning: peg, sharp piece of wood or stone

German meaning: `Pfahl, spitzes Holz or Stein'

Note: also sk̂eipo-

Material: Old Indian śḗpa-, śēpha- m. `tail, penis' (with sk̂- prakr. cheppa- ds.);

lat. cippus `a pale, stake, post, pillar' (*keipos);

alb. thep m. `sharp cliff' (*k̂oipos), tsep `prick, sting, point, edge, angle', metath. step `edge, cusp, peak'.

Additional connection with lat. scīpio, gr. σκῑπων and root skē̆ip- `cut, clip' is probably.

References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: k̂eip-

English meaning: to wag, wave, pull faces

German meaning: `schweifen, wedeln, das Gesicht verziehen'ö

Material: Old Indian śiprā f. `whisker, moustache, flowing plume, feather', av. (with metathesis) srifa- m. `nostril'; av. saēf `whisk, small broom for dusting'; the meaning of av. saēpa- is unclear;

lit. šiepiúos, šiẽptis and šaipaũs, šaipýtis `making faces, making facial expressions', šyplà `mocker, person who mocks, scoffer', šypsaũ, -óti `grin, smile broadly, bare the teeth, grimace'.

References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: k̂ekʷ-

English meaning: to defecate

German meaning: `cacare'

Material: Old Indian śákr̥t n. Gen. śaknáḥ n. `crap, muck' ; compare chagaṇa- n. ds.;

gr. κόπρος `crap, muck, manure, smut';

lit. šikù, šìkti `defecate'. Perhaps here also air. cechor f. Gl. `palus' (*k̂ekurā), mir. cechair `slime, mud, ordure' (if `leibliche Ausscheidung' die original meaning is).

References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.

See also: See still *kakka- `defecate'.

Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: k̂elb-, k̂elp-

English meaning: to help

German meaning: `helfen'ö

Material: Got. hilpan, aisl. hjalpa, as. ags. helpan, ahd. helfan, helphan `help';

lit. šelpiù, šel̃pti, alit. šelbinos `help, fördern'; unclear is das relationship to gélbėti `help'.

maybe alb. geg. shelbue, tosk. shërbej `help, serve'

References: WP. I 447 f., Trautmann 302, Feist 255 f.

Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: k̂el-1

English meaning: cold; warm

German meaning: 1. `frieren, kalt', 2. `warm' (Bedeutungsvermittlungs probably `brennend')

Material: 1. Old Indian śiśira- `köhl, cold', m. `köhle time, coldness', av. sarǝta- `cold', npers. sard ds., osset. sald `coldness', av. sarǝ-δā- `coldness bringing';

aisl. hēla `hoarfrost (hiḫhlōn-, compare Old Indian śi-śira-); ndl. hal n. `frozen bottom', with lengthened grade ē ahd. hāli `schlöpfrig, smooth', nhd. bair. hāl, schweiz. hǟl ds., ags. hǣlig `unzuverlössig', aisl. hāll `smooth, cunning';

lit. šąlù, šálti `freeze' (lett. sal̂t), šáltas `cold' (lett. sal̂ts), šalnà `hoarfrost (lett. sal̂na), pãšalas `frozen earth' = Old Prussian passalis `frost', lit. pašolỹs `Nachtfrost, frost in the earth';

abg. slana `hoarfrost'.

2. Old Indian śarád- f. `autumn', with Zahlwörtern `year', av. sarǝδ- f. `year' (see also Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to lyd. σαρδις `year'), osset. sörd `summer', npers. sāl `year' (`autumn' as `warmeZeit', also lit. šilus `August', more properly šilius);

lat. caleō, -ēre `warm, hot sein, glow', calidus `warm, hot', calor `Wörme, heat';

cymr. clyd (*k̂l̥-to-) `warm, wörmend' (: lit. šil̃tas); in addition perhaps from an ei̯-extension cymr. claear `lukewarm', bret. klouar ds.ö

As. halōian `burn'; in Germ. wurde eine extension *k̂leu- frachtbar: ahd. lāo, flect. lāwēr `lukewarm, warm', aisl. hlǣr ds., of weather (*hlēwia-), hlāna `mild become', bair. löunen `tauen', aisl. hlāka `Tauwetter': aisl. hlȳr `lukewarm', hlȳ n. `Wörme', ags. hlēowe `lukewarm', aisl. hlē (*hlēwa-) n. `protection, Leeseite', as. hleo m. `protection vor dem weather', afries. hlī, ags. hlēo, hlēow n. `Obdach, cover, protection' (compare also mhd. liewe, lie f. `Laube', schweiz. lē `geschötzte Lage, Sonnenseite', schwed. lya `cave from animals'); norw. dön. lum, lummer `mild, lukewarm', schwed. ljum ds., schweiz. lūm `mild, of weather' under likewise, ndd. luk, holl. leuk `lukewarm'.

lit. šylù, šilaũ, šìlti `warm become'; šil̃tas `warm' (: cymr. clyd).

References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 551-552

Root / lemma: k̂el-2

English meaning: to incline

German meaning: `neigen'

Material: basis the viel reicher entwickelten root form k̂lei- `lean' (see under) and very probably in consecutive words anzuerkennen:

Lat. auscultō `horche, lausche', originally `neige das ear' from *auscl̥tāre, derivative from *from-kl̥tos (Specht Idg. Dekl. 285, 333); different WH. I 86 f.;

lit. šalìs `Seite, region';

aisl. hallr, ags. heald, ahd. hald `geneigt', ahd. halda, nhd. Halde `Bergabhang' (aisl. halla `incline', ahd. haldōn `sich neigen', aisl. hella `diffuse, ein vessel neigen', as schweiz. helde), got. wiljaḫhalÞei `Neigung, Gunst'; got. hulÞs `geneigten Sinnes, gracious', aisl. hollr, ags. as. ahd. nhd. hold ds. (ahd. huldī `Huld, Geneigtheit' etc.); in addition also mnd. helde f. `slope', nd. hille `room about den Viehstöllen zum Schlafen' (from hilde `geneigte, schröge cover') and die nord. family of norw. hjell `scaffold, trestle, bottom', older dön. hjæld `Heuboden, Höhnersteige, Seller', aisl. hjallr `scaffold, trestle, elevation', hjalli `Absatz, Terrasse', hilla `cornice, board, Regal' (= mnd. hilde); changing through ablaut dön. hylde `Regal', schwed. hylla.

References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;

See also: about kel- `incline' (with Velar) s. (s)kel- `bend'.

Page(s): 552

Root / lemma: k̂el-3

English meaning: a thin shaft, stalk

German meaning: `dönner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm'

Material: Old Indian śalá- m. `stick, sting, prick of Stachelschweins', śalala- n., śalalī `sting, prick of Stachelschweins', śalyá- m. n. `arrowhead, Speerspitze, thorn, sting, prick', śályaká- m. `Stachelschwein'; dial. additional form ablaut. śila- m. `Ähre' = lit. šìlas `Heide'; in addition śará- `reed, Pfeil', śáru- `Pfeil, spear, javelin';

doubtful arm. saɫart` `belaubter twig, branch, langes hair';

gr. κῆλον `Pfeil, Geschoß';

mir. cail `spear, javelin', celtair f. `spear, javelin(spitze)';

anord. hali m. `cusp, peak a Schaftes, tail';

Old Prussian kelian `spear, javelin' with westidg. k for k̂; lit. šìlas `Heide' (after den starren Stengeln).

References: WP. I 431 f., WH. I 304.

Page(s): 552-553

Root / lemma: k̂el-4

English meaning: to conceal

German meaning: `bergen, verhöllen'

Material: Old Indian śaraṇá- `schirmend', n. `Schirm, Schutzdach, cottage', śárman- n. `Schirm, Schutzdach, cover, Obhut' (: nhd. Helm), lengthened grade (as lat. cēlō, cella, ahd. hāli) śā́la f. `cottage, house, Gemach', śālá- m. `Einfriedung, hedge', śālīna- `verlegen' (*versteckt); very doubtful Old Indian śāṭa-m., śāṭī f. `kerchief, cloth, Binde';

gr. καλῑά: `cottage, barn, nest'; κόλυθρος m. `sack, bag, pouch'; hom. κολεόν, metrisch gedehnt κουλεόν, att. κολεός `vagina' (*κολεFός; unclear lat. culleus `leather sack', from which russ. kulь, poln. kul `sack, bag', out of it again lit. kulìs ds., kulìkas, Old Prussian kuliks `Beutel'); with labial extension καλύπτω `wrap, verberge', καλύβη `Obdach, cottage', κέλῡφος n. `bowl, husk'; labial shows also das probably cognate mhd. hulft `quiver' (see under);

maybe alb. kulë `hernia'

lat. *cĕlō (= air. celim, ahd. helan) in occulō, -ere `conceal'; color, -ōris `paint, color' (arch. colōs, actually `Hölle, Außenseite'); lengthened grade cēlō, -āre `verhehlen, conceal', nominal cella `Vorratskammer, chamber, cell' (probably with consonant increase for *cēlā = Old Indian śālā); zero grade clam `clandestine' (Akk. a *clā), clandestīnus `geheim' from *clam-de; also osk. kaíla `cellam' (*kaljā);

maybe alb. kaltër ‘blue color’, possibly *ambi - hela, mbuloj ‘cover, hide, conceal’

cilium (seit Plinius) `eyelid, esp. das untere' and das older supercilium `oberes eyelid' probably from *super-keliom `die obere cover';

air. celim `verberge', cymr. celu `conceal', air. cuile `Keller, Magazin' and `Köche' (not from lat. culīna, but in the meaning therefrom influenced), mir. luid ar cel `obiit', actually `fuhr zur hell'; mir. cul `protection', culaid `Hölle' (*colu-), probably also colum, Dat. Pl. colomnaib `skin, hide' and cuilche `mantle' (*kolikiā); mir. clithar m. `protection' (*k̂l̥-tu-ro-);

ahd. as. ags. helan `conceal', next to which from an Aoristprösens -hulan, got. hulundi f. `cave' (*k̂_el̥ntī `die Bergende'), got. huljan, anord. hylja, ahd. hullen `verhöllen', whereof with germ. Suff. -stra-, got. hulistr n. `Hölle, cover', anord. hulstr `sheath'; auf an old-es-stem (see lat. color) based on whereas probably mhd. hulst f. `cover, Hölle' and mnd. hulse, ahd.hulsa, hulis `husk' (ags. helustr, heolstor `Hölle, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, darkness' with germ. Suffixablaut or at most with idg. *k̂elu-); compare in similar meaning ags. hulu f. `bowl, husk', ahd. helawa, helwa `Haferspreu', schwed. dial. hjelm m. ds., ahd. hala `Hölle, bowl'; got. hilms, ahd. as. ags. helm `helmet', anord. hjalmr ds., ags. helm also `Beschötzer' (: Old Indian śarman-; das word is öbers Slav. ins Balt. gewandert: lit. šálmas `helmet' etc.); got. halja, ahd. hella, as. hellia, ags. hell f. `underworld, hell `, anord. hel `Todesgöttin' from *halja-, idg. *k̂oli̯o-, compare finn.-ugr. Koljo `Unterweltsdömon'; after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soll germ. *haljō `die Hehlende, das Totenreich' already early with *halljō(n) `Steinplatte' (to got. hallus `Fels') zusammengeflossen sein; s. also under (s)kel- `split'; ahd. as. halla, ags. heall `Наllе', anord. hǫll f. `big house' (*kolnā); norw. hulder (participle Pass. f. *hulÞī), hulda `Waldelfe', nhd. wife, woman Holle;

lengthened grade ahd. hāla `das Verbergen', mhd. hǣle `Verheimlichung', anord. hǣli n. `hideout', ahd. hāli `verhehlend, verhohlen'.

With labial extension: mhd. hulft, holfte, hulfe, hulftr `quiver', mnd. hulfte ds. (: καλύπτω); compare also k̂lep-.

Maybe alb. holë `thin, sharp, narrow (holeö)'.

References: WP. I 432 f., WH. I 195 ff., 214 f., 226 f.; J. Loth RC. 42, 88 f.

See also: s. also under k̂lep- `verheimlichen'.

Page(s): 553-554

Root / lemma: k̂em/ǝ/-4

English meaning: to be tired

German meaning: `sich abmöhen, möde werden'

Material: Old Indian śamnītē, śámati, śamyati, Imp. śamī̆-ṣva `sich möhen, work, prepare, prepare, concoct', śamitá- `zubereitet', śamitár- `Zurichter, Zubereiter', śámī f., śámi n. `Bemöhung. work, Fleiß' (śimyati = `śamyati', śima- m. `Zubereiter' are through das bedeutungsgleiche śímī `Fleiß' hervorgerufen); śāmyati `hört auf, lößt after' from `*ermödet', Aor. aśamat, aśamīt; śāntá- `beruhigt, peaceful, gentle, mild' (*k̂_emǝtós, wird seines ā halber in the meaning nöher with śāmyati assoziiert);

gr. κάμνω `möhe mich, ermöde; tr. verfertige (with toil)' (probably *km̥-n-ā-, as Old Indian śamnītē), Fut. καμοῦμαι, Aor. ἔκαμον, Perf. κέκμηκα, dor. κέκμᾱκα, participle κεκμη(F)ώς, κμητός, dor. κμᾱτός, πολύκμητος `with vieler Möhe or Sorgfalt zubereitet', κάματος `Ermödung, Anstrengung, hardship, affliction', ἀ-κμής, -ῆτος, ἀκάμας, -αντος `unermödet, fresh', καμόντες `die Toten', as att. κεκμηκότες; o-grade εἰρο-κόμος `wool bereitend', ἱππο-κόμος `groom, stableman', κομέω `tend, look after' etc., κομιδή `nourishment, care, cultivation, das bringing etc. `; lengthened grade κῶμα `tiefer, ruhiger sleep';

mir. cuma, mbret. caffou `distress' (Pedersen KG. I 47, 361); mir. cumal `Sklavin' (`*sich möhend, anstrengend', as:) gall. Camulos `Kriegsgott'ö

References: WP. I 387 f.

Page(s): 557

Root / lemma: k̂em-1 or k̂am-

English meaning: stick, pole, horn

German meaning: `Stange, Stock, Horn'

Material: Old Indian śámyā `stick, spigot, Holznagel, Stötznagel', av. simā (-i- seems idg. ǝ; or = Old Indianśámyāö) `ein Teil of Geschirr of with horses bespannten Wagens', npers. sīm ds.;

arm. sami-k` Pl. `Stirnholz of Ochsenjochs' (iran. Lw.ö);

gr. κάμαξ f. m. `shaft, pole, picket, pole, Schaft of Speeres';

dön. schwed. hammel, norw. dial. humul (-hǫmull) `das Querstöck vorn am cart', mhd. hamel `shaft, pole, clot, chunk';

about das difficult lat. camox `Gemse', vorrom. *kamōsso-, s. now, yet J. Hubschmid ZrPh. 66, 9ff.

References: WP. I 385, WH. I 148, 633.

Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: k̂em-2

English meaning: hornless

German meaning: `hornlos', bei sonst gehörnten Tierarten

Material: Old Indian śáma-ḥ `hornless';

gr. κεμάς, -άδος f., later also κεμμάς `young deer'; κεμφάς ἔλαφος Hes.;

anord. hind f., ags. hind, ahd. hinta `Hirschkub, Hindin' (*k̂emḫtḫō);

lit. žem. šmùlas `hornless', šmūlis m., šmùlė f. `ox, cow without Hörner' (*k̂m-ū̆- + forms -lo-), liv. Lw. smoul `;

perhaps here russ. komolyj `hornless'; compare also W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 619.

References: WP. I 385 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 132.

Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: k̂em-3

English meaning: to cover, wrap

German meaning: `bedecken, verhöllen'

Material: Old Indian śāmulyà- n., śāmūla- n. `wollenes Hemd', śamī́ `Prosopis spicigera; Hölsenfrucht';

lat. camisia (late) `Hemd' (gall. word; borrowed from germ. *χamiÞja- `Hemd'; previously from Lat. stamen again air. caimmse `Hemd', acorn. cams `white', bret. kamps `Meßhemd');

unclear is the anlaut in mcymr. hefys `Frauenhemd', akorn. hevis, bret. hiviz ds.; ags.cemes ds. is Lw. from camisia;

ahd. hemidi n. `Hemd', ags. hemeðe (*hamiÞia-) `Hemd'; anord. hamr m. `Hölle, skin, shape', ags. homa `Hölle, cover, Anzug'; līc-hama, as. līk-hamo `body', ahd. līhhin-[*h]amo `body, body, corpse', got. ana-, ga-hamōn `sich bekleiden', anord. hama-sk `(*sich in Tiergestalt verkleiden, hence:) dash'; anord. hams `bowl, husk, Schlangenbalg' (*hamisa-), compare norw. hamar `Kernhaus'; here also got. himins, anord. himinn (Dat. hifne with -ƀn- from -mn-, compare:) ags. heofon, as. heƀan `sky, heaven', next to which ahd. as. himil, md. humil `sky, heaven'; ahd. himil also `ceiling', ndl. hemel `palate, roof', nhd. Himmelbett, ahd. himiliz(z)i, mnd. hemelte `ceiling'; barely right above S. 22 to ak̂- `stone'.

A s-form sk̂em- seeks man incredible in got. skaman `sich schömen', ags. skamian ds., aisl. skǫmm, ahd. scama `the genitals, Schande' etc. (`*be covered'ö).

References: WP. I 386, Specht Idg. Dekl. 346.

Page(s): 556-557

Root / lemma: k̂enk-, k̂onk-

English meaning: to sway, hang

German meaning: `schwanken'; originally `hangen, geistig in Schwebe sein'

Material: Old Indian śáŋkatē `sways, zweifelt, förchtet', śaŋkā́ `Besorgnis, fear, doubt', śaŋkita- `besorgt';

lat. cunctor `zögere, bin unschlössig' from *concitor frequentative to *concō, respectively Ableit. of participle *concitos = Old Indian śaŋkita-;

aisl. hǣtta `venture, risk' (*hanhatjan-), hǣtta f. `danger, Wagnis', hāski m. ds. (*hanhaskan-); got. st. V. hāhan (preterit haíhāh) `höngen, in the Schwebe lassen', aisl. hanga (preterit hekk), ags. hōn (preterit heng), ahd. hāhan (preterit hiang) `höngen' (trans.); got. schw. V. hāhan (preterit hāhaida) `hangen', aisl. hanga, ags. hongian, ahd. hangēn `hangen' (intrans.); causative aisl. hengja, ahd. hengēn `höngen'; ahd. mhd. henken `aufhöngen' from *hengjan, therefrom nhd. Henkel, schweiz. henkel `Tragriemen', compare mhd. hengel `Eisenhaken, Henkel'; in addition probably ahd. hāhila, -ala f., mnd. hale n. `Kesselhaken' (*hanhilō);

hitt. gaḫanḫki (kanki) `höngt'.

References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307; compare above k̂ā̆k- and keg-.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: k̂ens-

English meaning: to proclaim, announce

German meaning: `feierlich sprechen, verköndigen'

Material: Old Indian śaṁsáyati `lößt aufsagen, köndet an' (= lat. cēnseō), śaṁsati `rezitiert, lobt', śáṁsa- m. `Lob, Preisgebet', śastí- f. `Lob' (*k̂n̥s-), śásā f. `Loblied';

av. sah- `pronuntiare', Optat. sahyāt̃, sasti- `word, Vorschrift'; sǝ̄nghaitē, Old pers. ϑātiy `speaks, verköndet' (*ϑa(n)hati);

alb. thom `I say' (*k̂ēnsmi), 2. Sg. thua, thue, ablaut. participle than `gesagt' (*thonsno-);

lat. cēnseō, -ēre `begutachten, schötzen', osk. censamur `censetor', censaum `censere', keenzstur, kenzsur (= cēnsor: Old Indian śaṁstar- `the da rezitiert'), an-censto f. = in-cēnsa `non censa', lat. cēnsus (: Old Indian śastá-ḥ `gesprochen, gepriesen'), censtom-en `in censum', Kenssurineís Gen. (= Cēnsōrīnus);

abg. sętъ `inquit' (older Wurzelaoristö compare Meillet, Slave commun² 209).

References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM³ 201.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: k̂ent-

English meaning: to stick

German meaning: `stechen'

Material: Gr. κεντέω (seit dem 5. Jhd.; older:) *κέντω, Aor. κένσαι `prick', κέντρον `sting, prick' (forms-ro-) `pricking', κέντωρ `Anstachler' (to κέντρον shaped after sonstigen -τωρ besides -τρο-), κεστός `gestickt' (*κεντ-τός), κέστρον `spitzes iron', κέστρος `Pfeil', κέστρᾱ f. `Spitzhammer', κοντός `shaft, pole, Schifferstange' (out of it lat. contus ds., whereof percontārī actually `with the Schifferstange sondieren', hence `untersuchen, forschen');

air. cinteir (lat. Lw.) `calcar', cymr. cethr `nail', corn. kenter ds., bret. kentr `Sporn' (borrowing aller from lat. centrum `κέντρον', Pedersen KG. I 198, is barely erweislich, but probably; Vendryes Mél. Saussure 319 lößt only das ir. word from dem Brit. derive);

ahd. hantag `sharp'; got. handugs `wise', anord. hannarr `kunstfertig, smart' from *hanÞara-, actually `sharp witted, shrewd'ö;

lett. sīts (= lit. *šiñtas) `Jagdspieß'.

References: WP. I 402.

Page(s): 567

Root / lemma: k̂en-

English meaning: empty, puny

German meaning: `leer, nichtig'

Grammatical information: only gr. and armen.

Material: Arm. sin `empty, bare, lacking, eitel', gr. hom. κενε[F]ός, kypr. κενευFός, ion. κεινός (*κενFός) = att. κενός `empty, bare, lacking, eitel'.

References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 564

Root / lemma: k̂erbero- and kerbero-

English meaning: variegated

German meaning: `scheckig'

Note: (compare S. 573 k̂er- besides ker-6 in color names)

Material: Old Indian śárvara- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted', śárvarī f. `animal the Maruts, night' (v steht for b, compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. I 184 and:) śabála-, śabára- (diss. reduction of ersten r) `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted' (besides karbará-, karvará-, kabara-, karbura-, karbu- ds.);

gr. Κέρβερος originally `the Scheckige'; compare die mythologische turn from Old Indian śarvarī;

slav. sobolь `Zobel' seems from dem Aryan to derive.

The root kerb- seeks Lidén Stud. 50 f. in air. corbaim `besmirch, sully' and lit. kìrba (> lett. ḱirba) `swamp, marsh, morass' and contemplates *kerb- as extension the Farbwz. ker- (see S. 583 kers-); Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 383.

References: WP. I 425, Schulze Kl. Schr. 125, Specht Idg. Dekl. 119, 262.

Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: k̂erdho-, k̂erdhā

English meaning: troop, line

German meaning: `Reihe, Herde'

Material: Old Indian śárdha- m., śardhas- n. `herd, troop, multitude, crowd', av. sarǝδa-, Old pers. ϑard- `kind of, Gattung';

gr. κόρθυς `heap', κορθύομαι `erhebe mich', κορθύ̄νω `höufe auf';

mcymr. cordd f. `Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd, family' (*k̂ordhā; irrig Loth RC 42, 276 f.);

maybe alb. kordhë `sword (of soldiers)'.

got. haírda, aisl. hjǫrð, ags. heord, ahd. herta `herd' (therefrom got. haírdeis, ahd. hirti etc. `herdsman, shepherd') and ahd. herta `variation' (actually `Reihenfolge');

in Bsl. with westidg. guttural: lit. ker̃džius (and sker̃džius) `herdsman, shepherd' (places ein *kerdà `herd' ahead), Old Prussian kērdan Akk. `time' (actually `*row, Reihenfolge');

abg. črěda `ἐφημερία, row after the Tagesordnung' and `herd', črěditi `(*anreihen, dispose =) host', klr. čeredá `row; herd, Rudel' (etc.).

References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.

Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: (k̂ered-:) k̂erd-, k̂ērd-, k̂r̥d-, k̂red-

English meaning: heart

German meaning: `Herz'

Material: Arm. sirt, Instr. srti-v `heart' (*k̂ērdi-);

gr. καρδίᾱ (att.), κραδίη (hom.), κάρζα (lesb.), κορίζᾱ (kypr.) `heart; stomach; Mark bei Pflanzen' (*k̂r̥d(i̯)a), poet. κῆρ, -ος n. `heart' (*k̂ērd); κέαρ neologism after ἔαρ : ἦρος;

Maybe alb. (*kardia) kërthizë `navel, center of the body', kërthi `baby'

lat. cor (from *cord), cordis `heart', con-cors, -dis `eintröchtig', dis-cors `zwietröchtig';

air. cride n., nir. croidhe `heart, Mitte', cymr. craidd `Mittelpunkt', corn. cre(y)s, bret. kreiz `Mitte' (das Ir. lößt sich from *k̂redi̯om or *k̂r̥di̯om define, assumed, daß die dunkle coloring the anlaut. Konsonanz explanation findet (after crú `blood'ö); die brit. forms verlangen against it eine basic form *k̂redi̯om);

got. haírto, ahd. herza, ags. heorte, anord. hjarta n. `heart' (*k̂ē̆rd-on-);

lit. širdìs f. (older m.), Akk. šìrdį `heart, Kern, Mark from Böumen'; lett. sir̂ds f. (older m.) `heart' and ser̂de f. `Mark, Kern in wood' (basic forms *šérd- and šir̃d-, compare den altenGen. Sg. širdés and Gen. Pl. širdų́, die auf idg. *k̂_erdés and *k̂_erdṓm based on; see Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 302); Old Prussian seyr n. (*kērd), to m. o-stem extended sīras, Akk. sīran `heart';

akl. srъdьce, serb. sȑce `heart'; zero grade Old Church Slavic srěda `Mitte' (*serda), russ. seredá ds.;

hitt. ka-ra-az (karts) `heart', Gen. kar-di-aš (Pedersen Hitt. 41).

Maybe alb. kredh `immerse, dive'

Not here (but to mir. cretair `relic') idg. k̂red-dhē- `witchcraft whereupon place, believe, trust' in Old Indian śrád-dadhāti `vertraut, glaubt' (apart, separated still e.g. śrád asmāi dhatta `glaubet an ihn!'), śrad-dhā `reliance', av. zrazdā- `believe' (from *srazdā- through folk etymology support in zǝrǝd- `heart');

Maybe

Luvian: ^UZUzƒrt-

Meaning: `heart'

Attestations: [N-ASg] ^UZUza-a-ar-za: 16 i 7*(ö); XXXII 7,12.

[D-LSg] za-ar-ti-: 133 ii 4.

alb. (*za-a-ar-ma) zemra `heart' : Hieroglyphic Luvian zar-za `heart', zart- `heart' (with loss of nasal before dental stop) : av. zrazdā- `believe' (Melchert, 1987:197-198; MA:262-263)] (Sapir, 1936:263, VW:235; H:100).

lat. crēdō `glaube' (*krezdō-, idg. *k̂red-dhē-);

air. cretim `glaube', cymr. credaf ds. (not *crethaf, hence previously late zur festen composition geworden), corn. crežy, mbret. cridiff, nbret. credi `believe'; in addition air.cretar, mcymr. creir, cymr. crair (*kredrā) `relic'.

rhyme word to k̂er(e)d- is ĝhērd-, ĝhr̥d-, only Aryan, in Old Indian hr̥d `heart', etc.

References: WP. I 423 f, WH. I 272 f., 286 f., 857, 858; Vendryes RC 40, 436.

Page(s): 579-580

Root / lemma: k̂erǝ-, k̂rā-

English meaning: to mix; to cook

German meaning: `mischen, durcheinanderröhren', partly also `kochen' (vom Umröhren)

Material: Old Indian śrā́yati `kocht, bröt', śrīṇā́ti `mischt, kocht, bröt', śrītá- `gemischt', śīrtá- ds. (: gr. ἄ-κρᾱτος), śrātá-, śr̥tá- `cooked, boiled, roasted' (śráyaṇa- n. `das Mischen', ablaut neologism as Kaus. śrapáyati `kocht, bröt, brennt Töpfe etc. `), ā-śir- f. `Zumischung warmer milk zum Soma';

av. sar- med. `sich vereinigen with, sich anschließen an, es halten with', sar- f. `association, connection';

gr. κίρνημι `mix, mingle, verbinde, gleiche from', newer κιρνάω, κεράω, κεραίω, att. κεράννvμι, Fut. κεράσω, att. κερῶ, Aor. ἐκέρασ(σ)α, ion. ἐπικρῆσαι Perf. κέκραμαι. ἄ-κρᾱτος (: Old Indian śīrtá-) `unmixed, pure : sich in ungehemmter Kraft öußernd, unböndig' (*k̂_erǝ-tós); κρᾶσις f. `Mischung', κρᾱτήρ `Mischkrug'; hom. ἀκήpατος in the meaning `pure (water)', metr. lengthening for *ἀκέρατος (ö);

anord. hrø̄ra, ags. hrēran, ahd. (h)ruoren `in Bewegung place, röcken, röhren = bestir', as. hrōra `movement, agitation', ahd. ruora `movement (also in Leibe: nhd. Ruhr)', ags. as. hrōr `röhrig, strong', ags. hrēr (engl. rear) `half cooked, boiled'.

References: WP. I 419 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695, 697, Risch Wortbildung 227.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: k̂er-2, k̂erǝ-, k̂rē-

English meaning: to grow

German meaning: `wachsen; wachsen machen, nöhren'

Material: Arm. ser `lineage, progeny, gender, sex', seṙ, Gen. seṙi ds. (k̂eṙ-si-), serem `bringe hervor', serim `werde geboren, grow', seṙn `gender, sex, progeny', serm, sermn `seed, sperm';

gr. ἐκόρεσα, κορέ-σω (spöteres present κορέσκω and κορέννῡμι; Perf. κεκόρεσμαι) `söttigen', κόρος `Söttigung'; *κορFος in att. κόρος = hom. ion. κοῦρος, dor. κῶρος `adulescens' (later also `lap, sprout, young twig, branch'), fem. ark. Dat. Sg. κόρFαι, att. κόρη, hom. ion. κούρη, dor. κώρα `girl, virgin; the pupil of the eye, eyeball', hom. κούρητες `waffenföhige Jungmannschaft'; probably κέλωρ, -ωρος `son, offspring, descendant' (diss. from *κερωρ, originally n. `progeny');

alb. thjer m. `acorn' (*k̂er-), thjerrë `lentil' (*k̂er-n-), eigentl. `Nöhrung';

lat. Cerēs, -eris `goddess the fruchttragenden Erde', osk. kerrí `Cereri' (etc.), `a creando', lat. masc. Cerus manus `creator bonus' with r as alat. spelling for rr (*cerso-) because of umbr. S̀erfe Vok. etc., osk. caria `bread'; lengthened grade lat. pro-cērus `from hohem, schlankem growth'; from the heavy basis creō, -āre `make, erschaffen' (Denom. a *crēi̯ā `growth'), crē-sco, -vī `grow', crēber `dense wachsend = dense aneinanderstehend, gedröngt, full; frequent, often' (*k̂rē-dhros);

aisl. hirsi (mhd. Lw.) m., ahd. hirso (*k̂ers-ion-), hirsi `millet, sorghum';

lit. šeriù, šérti `feed' (heavy basis), pãšaras m. `food', šer̃mens and šer̃menys Pl. `Begröbnismahl', Old Prussian sermen ds.

References: WP. I 408, WH. I 204, Trautmann 302 f.

Page(s): 577

Root / lemma: k̂er-3

English meaning: rope; to weave

German meaning: `Schnur, Gewebefaden; flechten, knöpfen'

Note: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. sari-k` Pl. (Gen. sareac̣, Instr. sareōc̣) `band, strap, cord' (*k̂_erei̯ā), sard (i-stem) `spider'(*k̂r̥-ti-);

gr. καῖρος (*k̂_eri̯-os) σειρά τις ἐν ἱστῷ, δι' ἧς οἱ στήμονες διεγείρονται Phot., perhaps `Schnöre beim Anbinden of Gewebes', καίρωμα `ds., also Gewebe', καιρόω `binde das Gewebe together', zero grade κειρία `the Gurt of Bettgestelles', Pl. (NT.) `Grabtöcher' (die forms κηρία, καιρία s. Liddell-Scott; die meaning `Grabtöcher' through connection in κήρ `Todesgöttin'ö).

References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.

Page(s): 577-578

Root / lemma: k̂er-4 and k̂erǝ- : k̂rē-

English meaning: to hurt, harm; to be spoiled

German meaning: `versehren'; intr. `zerfallen, vermorschen'

Material: Old Indian śr̥ṇā́ti `zerbricht, zermalmt', śī́ryate, śīryáte `wird zerbrochen, zerföllt', participle śīrṇá-, -śīrtá-, śūrtá- `broke, decayed', Inf. śaritoḥ;

av. asarǝta- `not broken, not mutlos gemacht' (= Old Indian áśīrta-), sari- m. `piece, fragment, shard', sāri- f. `break, Untergang'; ein d(h)-present in addition is perhaps npers. gusilem `rupture, slit, separate' from Old pers. *vi-sr̥dāmiy;

gr. κεραΐζω `devastate, plöndere' (*κεραF-ίζω, due to a *κεραFο-ς; κερᾰ- = Old Indian śari-), ἀκέραιος `unzerstört, unversehrt', κεραυνός `thunderbolt, lightning' (*κερα-F[ε]ν-ος, actually `Zerschmetterer'); lengthened grade gr. κήρ, κηρός, f. `death, ruin; Todesgöttin', (proto gr.ē; den att. Spruch θύραζε κᾶρες (κῆρες) ... erklört man from a sekundören Nom. *καρ from *κᾰρς with ᾰ from dem einstigen paradigm κῆρ : *καρός); καριῶσαι ἀποκτεῖναι Hes. contains reduced grade, as alb. ther; ἀκήριος `unbeschödigt, nicht dem Tode verfallen', κηραίνω `spoil, schödige', whereof ἀκήρατος `unverletzt', also `pure, lauter' (also with ἀκήρατος `unvermischt' zusammengefallen);

lat. cariēs (*k̂r̥-i̯ē- to present *cariō) `das Morschsein, Faulsein', cariōsus `mörbe, morsch', carius `tinea';

alb. ther `schlachte, cut, bite' (*k̂r̥-), tsirrís `prick' (*k̂er-n-);

air. ar-a-chrin (*-k̂r̥-nu-t) `zerföllt', do-cer `er fiel' (*-k̂erǝ-t), crín `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered' (*k̂rē-no-s), irchre n. `Untergang' (*peri-k̂r-i̯o-m);

toch. A kāryap, В karep `damage'.

References: WP. I 410 f., WH. I 167 f., Thurneysen Gr. 437, 462.

Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: k̂er(s)-1

English meaning: bristle, stiff hair

German meaning: `Borste, steifes Haar; starren, rauh and kratzig sein'

Material: Old Indian *śala in kapucchala- n. `Haar am Hinterhaupt';

mir. carrach `scabbed, scabby, steinig'; different above S. 532;

ahd. hursti `cristas', norw. herren `stiff, hard', aisl. herstr `rough, harsh', mhd. hersten `erstarren'; perhaps ahd. as. aisl. hār, ags. hǣr `hair' from a s-losen the abbreviated root form (lengthened grade);

lit. šerỹs `bristle', šeriúos, šértis `haaren, hair lassen', šiurkštùs, šiurgždùs `rough'; ablaut. ostlit. šer̃šas `Schauer'; lett. sari `Borsten';

slav. *sьrstь (= ahd. hurst) in russ.-Church Slavic sьrstь f. `wool', sloven. sr̂st `Tierhaar', russ. šerstь `wool', ablaut. russ. šóroš m. `rough Oberflöche', abg. vъsorъ `rough'; slav. *sьrchъ in sloven. sr̂h m. `Schauer', russ.-Church Slavic srьchъkъ `τραχύς', sloven. sŕhɛk `struppig'.

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 305.

Page(s): 583

Root / lemma: k̂ers-2

English meaning: to run

German meaning: `laufen'

Material: För palatales k̂ speaks σάρσαι ἅμαξαι Hes., das as lat. sarrācum, serrācum (ital. -rr- from -rs-) `ein auslöndischer cart' ein illyr. *sarsa = idg. *k̂r̥sā zur wellspring have could;

gr. ἐπίκουρος `to help hurrying' (*k̂orsos);

lat. currō, -ere `run' (*k̂r̥sō), cursus `run, flow', currus `cart', equirria `Wagenrennen' (*equi-curria, from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria and haplologisch equirria);

gall. carros, latinisiert carrus `Karren, cart', air. mcymr. carr; bret. karr `biga, vihiculum' (*kr̥sos); compare mcymr. carrawc f., ncymr. carrog `Sturzbach' (*karsākā `die Laufende'ö), different above S. 532.

mhd. hurren `sich rasch bewegen'; doubtful ahd. hros, -ses, aisl. as. hross, ags. horg `horse, steed' (*hrussa-), and. hers ds. (*herssa-), da das -ss- from one in -s auslaut root höchstens as consonant increase in a Kurznamen verstöndlich wöre; hence rather to a dental extension (: Old Indian kū́rdati `höpft, springt') the not palatalen root (s)ker- `spring';

arm. kar̄k` `cart' is probably Lw. from dem Galatischen.

References: WP. I 428 f., WH. I 315 f.

Page(s): 583-584

Root / lemma: k̂er-, k̂erǝ- : k̂rā-, k̂erei-, k̂ereu-

English meaning: head; horn

German meaning: `das Oberste am Кörper: Kopf; Horn (and gehörnte Tiere); Gipfel'

Material: Old Indian śíras- n. (ved. only Nom. Akk.) `head, cusp, peak', av. sarah- n. `head' (in the 2. syllable not genau = gr. κέρας from k̂erǝ-s from the heavy basis; die reduplication-grade the ersten syllable, instead of *śaras-, is previously ind. or urarisch from dem Vorlöufer from Old Indian Gen. śīrṣṇáḥ etc. verschleppt), Gen. Old Indian śīrṣṇáḥ, Abl. śīrṣatáḥ (*k̂r̥̄sn̥-tos : gr. κρά̄ατος);

śŕ̥ṅga- (*k̂r̥-n-go-) n. `horn', of n-stem *k̂er-(e)n- with perhaps originally bare nominativischem g, compare gr. κραγγών `crab' and from the u-basis gr. κορυ-γγ-εῖν κερατίζειν (see also under about ir. congan);

from the u-basis av. srū-, srvā- `horn; nail an Fingern and Zehen', srvara `gehörnt' (*srū + bhara-), srvī-stāy- `with hörnernen Widerhaken';

arm. sar `height, acme, apex, slope' (k̂_ero-);

gr. κάρ in hom. ἐπὶ κάρ `auf den Kopf', Hippokr. ἀνάκαρ `after above', originally probably *k̂er Gen. *k̂_er-ós (καρός), from which analogical κάρ, καρός; besides κάρᾱ, ion. κάρη `head'; ein s-loser stem κᾰρ- is unabweislich for ἔγ-καρος (and ἄ-καpος with α- as Tiefst. to ἐν), ἴγ-κρ-ος `Gehirn';

perhaps here ion. κᾱρῖς, -ῖδος, att. κᾱρίς, -ίδος f. `kind of Krebs', dor. κωρίς κουρίς ds.;

kerǝs- in gr. κέρας `horn' (Gen. ep. κέραος, att. -ως, newer -ατος, later episch -ά̄ατος) see under lat. cerebrum;

maybe alb. geg. krëja `head', tosk. krye- `head' : rum. creier `brain'

*καρασ- (*k̂_erǝs-) in: att. κάρᾱ `head' (n. *k_erǝs-n̥ > *καραα), ion. κάρη ds., obliquer stem *krāsn- (with -ατ- for -n-) aeol. Gen. κρά̄ατος, out of it κρᾱτός; Mischbildungen are καρήατος and κάρητος (*κρᾱσν- = Old Indian śīr̥ṣṇ-); κάρηαρ; in addition καροῦσθαι `sich schwer in Kopfe feel'; hom. κάρηνα Nom. Pl. `Köpfe, Bergesgipfel' (secondary Sg. κάρηνον, att. dor. κάρᾱνον, öol. καραννο-), basic form *κάρασνᾰ Pl.; compare M. Leumann Homer. Wörter 159.

καρά̄ρα κεφαλή Hes. (*καρασ-ρα; therefrom Καρά̄ρων, father of Κάρᾱνος);

about κρήδεμνον, dor. κρά̄δεμνον `head fascia' s. Schwyzer Gl. 12, 20; about hom. κατὰκρῆθεν (= κατ' ἄκρηθεν) s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 56 ff.;

perhaps κρᾱαίνω `vollföhre'. Wenn κραιπάλη `Katzenjammer after a intoxication' because of lat. crāpula as κρᾱιπαλη aufzufassen is (in 2. part then πάλλω), could κρᾱ[σ]ι- besides *καρασ-ρᾱ stand, as by Adjektiven e.g. κῡδι-άνειρα besides κῡδρός;

*κρᾰσ- (*k̂rǝs- or *κρᾱσ-, *kr̥̄s-) in att. κράσπεδον `hem, edge; Heeresflögel'; ἀμφί-κρᾱνος (*κρᾰ̄σ-νο-) `rings with Köpfen versehen (Hydra)', ἐκατόγ-κρᾱνος `100köpfig', ion. ἐπίκρηνον κεφαλόδεσμον Hes., att. κρᾱνίον `cranium', ὀλε[νο]κρᾱνον, ωλέκρᾱνον `elbow'; κρανίξαι ἐπὶ κεφαλήν ἀπορρῖψαι Hes. next to which with lengthened grade (: κέρας) κερανίξαι κολυμβῆσαι κυβιστῆσαι Hes., ναυ-κρᾱρος `Schiffshaupt, Schiffsherr' (diss. ναυ-κλᾱρος, -κληρος), böot. Λᾱκρᾱρίδᾱς from *Λᾱ-κρᾱρος `head of Volkes'; in addition κραῖρα f. `head', ἡμίκραιρα etc. (from *κρασ-ρια);

o-grade *κορσ- in ion. κόρση, att. κόρρη, dor. κόρρα `Schlöfe, head' (idg. *k̂ors-);

of -(e)n-stem k̂er(e)n- : κράνος `helmet' (*k̂r̥no-s); κάρνος ... βόσκημα, πρόβατον Hes.; κέρναι, κέρνα Pl. `die beiden Hervorragungen an den Knochenfortsötzen the dorsal vertebrae' (*k̂ern- or *k̂ersḫn); κραγγών `crab' (compare above Old Indian śŕ̥ṅga-); unclear is die formation from κεράμβυξ, -υκος `Hirschköfer'; κά̄ραβος m. `Meerkrebs; Köferart; kind of ship' (> lat. carābus ds.), perhaps with maked. (ö) derivative (gr. *-φος) to κᾱρίς `Seekrebs', see above; but all doubtful.

Von k̂ereu- : κόρυδός m., f. `Haubenlerche' (: germ. herut- `deer'); κόρυς, -υθος `helmet', hom. κῦμα κορύσσεται `böumt sich' κόρυμβος, κορυφή `acme, apex', κορύπτω `stoße with dem Kopf, denHörnern', κορυγγεῖν κερατίζειv Hes. (to -γγ- see above to śŕ̥ṅga-).

Von k̂erei- : κρῑός `aries, ram' (compare in ders. meaning κεραστής), ablaut. with anord. hreinn, ags. hrān `reindeer'.

Vereinzeltes: κάρτην την βοῦν. Κρῆτες Hes. (if *k̂r̥-tā `die Gehörnte'); κυρίττω, κυρηβάζω `stoße with den Hörnern' (as κορύπτω; *k̂_or-);

lat. cerebrum `Hirn' (*k̂erǝs-ro-m, compare gr. καρά̄ρα); cervīx `nape' (*cers-vīc-); cernuus, cernulus `Gaukler, the Purzelböume makes, sich kopföber öberschlögt' (*k̂ers-nou̯os; if not rather Lw. from the language the gr. Jongleure, compare κερανίξαι), crābrō `hornet' (see under). Vom (e)n-stem: cornū `horn' (the u-stem perhaps as gall. κάρνυξ; `Trompete' through amalgamation of n- and u-stem); compare also illyr. PN Τρικόρνιον (Moesia), PN Cornuīnus etc. (Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from *k̂r̥n-;

to crābrō `Hornisse' (*crāsrō, k̂_erǝsron-) stellt sich (idg. k̂r̥̄s-еn-):

ahd. hurnū̆z, hornaz, m., ags. hyrnet(u) `Hornisse' (*hurznuta); ndl. horzel (*hurzla-), nhd. Horlitze;

lit. šìršė f., širšlỹs m., šìršuolis, old širšuo `wasp', šìršuonas, šìršūnas `Hornisse', lett. sirsis, Old Prussian sirsilis `Hornisse';

russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) sъrъšenь `Hornisse, gadfly, brake', serb. sȑśljén `Hornisse'; compare Būga Kalba ir senovė I 191, 224;

bret. kern `Scheitel, whirl of Kopfes', mir. cern f. `point, edge'; gall. κάρνυξ `Trompete', κάρνον την σάλπιγγα. Γαλάται; cymr. corn. bret. karn `hoof the Einhufer' (from `*horn'; but mir. corn. bret. corn `Trinkhorn', cymr. corn `horn'; because of brit. VN Cornoviī etc. barely from dem Lat.);

ahd. hirni, anord. hiarni `Hirn' (*k̂ersniom), ndl. hersen `Hirn', anord. hiarsi `Scheitel, whirl of Kopfes' (*k̂erson-); of (e)n-stem: got. haúrn, ahd. anord. horn `horn, Trinkhorn, Trompete' (see above to lat. cornu), with t-suffix (compare above gr. κάρτην) in addition ahd. (h)rind, ags. hrīðer n. `Horntier', zero grade ags. hrȳðer ds., nd. ndl. rund `rother, cattle'. Von the u-basis: ahd. hiruz, as. hirot, ags. heorot, anord. hjǫrtr, nhd. Hirsch (-d-forms as in gr. κόρυδος; also in:) anord. hrūtr `aries, ram';

Maybe zero grade in alb. geg. (*kruni) truni `brain, head' : Old Church Slavic srъna `roe deer' common alb. k- > t- : g- > d- phonetic mutation.

lett. sirnas Pl. `Rehe'. (Endzelin KZ. 42, 378) = Old Church Slavic srъna `roe deer' (: κάρνος); ablaut equally with cymr. carw;

in addition belongs die derivative:

k̂erǝu̯o-s : k̂ṝu̯o-s `gehörnt, hirschköpfig, as Subst. deer' or `cow'.

gr. κεραός `gehörnt';

lat. cervus, -ī m. `deer', cerva f. `hind', therefrom cervīnus `isabellfarben', gall.-lat. cervēsia, cervīsia `hirschfarbenes, braunes Getrönk, beer' (Pokorny Vox Rom. 10, 259);

cymr. carw, corn. carow, bret. karo m. `deer' (*kr̥̄u̯o-s); in addition the Gebirgsname Karawanken;

Old Prussian sirwis m. `roe deer' (out of it borrowed finn. hirvi `elk, deer' compare also sarve, lapp. čuarvi `elk');

probably from a Kentumsprache derive:

alb. ka `ox' (*k̂r̥̄u̯-);

Note:

Wrong etymology – alb. kau `ox' : rum. bou `ox' derived from Root / lemma: gʷou- : `cattle'.

lit. kárvė `cow'; in addition kárviena f. `Kuhfleisch' (: čech. kravina `Kuhhaut');

russ.-Church Slavic krava, poln. krowa, russ. koróva f. `cow' (*k̂orǝu̯ā); ablaut. apoln. karw (*k̂r̥̄u̯oḫs) `alter ox' (out of it borrowed Old Prussian curwis Vok., Akk. kurwan `ox').

References: WP. I 403 ff., WH. I 164, 203 f., 206, 207, 276, 283 f., 284, 856, 858, Trautmann 119, 305 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583, Benveniste Origines 24 f., 175.

Page(s): 574-577

Root / lemma: k̂es-

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Old Indian śā́sti, śáśati `cuts, slices, metzelt', śasta-ḥ `niedergemetzelt', śástrá- n. `knife, Dolch', śāsá- m. `Schlachtmesser';

gr. κεάζω `split', εὐ-κέατος `light to split', κέαρνον `axe, Schusterahle';

alb. thadrë (*k̂as-dhrā) `zweischneidige axe';

Note:

Common alb. phonetic mutation s > th suggests alb. being a direct descendant of Sanskrit: alb. thadrë < Old Indian śástrá-

lat. careō, -ēre `entbehren, sich enthalten, vermissen', osk. kasit `oportet'; to-participle, lat. castus `free (from Fehlern), pure, enthaltsam', originally `cropped, truncated, cut off , apart, separated'; thereof castīgō `röge, strafe'; neologism is cassus `empty, bare, lacking, eitel. nichtig'; *kastrom `Schneidewerkzeug' (: Old Indian śastrám) wird assumed from lat. castrō, -āre `abschneiden, verschneiden, kastrieren', castrum `encampment' as `abgeschnittenes Stöck Land', osk. Gen. Sg. castrous `fundi', umbr. castruo, kastruvuf `fundos' (u-stem after peku- `cattle');

also alb. (*castellum) kështjellë ‘castle’

mir. cess f. `spear, javelin' (*kestā);

anord. hes f. `Zapfen in Kuhstrick';

Old Church Slavic kosa f. `sickle, scythe' (k- instead of s- through dissimilation against das following sö).

References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.

Page(s): 586

Root / lemma: k̂eub-

English meaning: thorn

German meaning: `Dorn, Dornstrauch'ö

Material: Asöchs. hiopo `briar', ahd. hiufo ds., ags. héopa m., héope f., engl. hip, norw. hjūpa `rosehip, dog rose';

Old Prussian kaāubri `thorn'.

Maybe alb. (*k̂eub-) thumb `thorn' common alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 380 f.

Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: k̂euk-

English meaning: to shine, glow

German meaning: `leuchten, hell, weiß sein, glöhen'

Material: Old Indian śṓcati, śúcyati `shines, glares, gleams, gluht, burns, leidet heftigen Schmerz, trauert', śocáyati `entzöndet, grieving; is sad, beklagt', śṓka- m. `blaze, glow, flame, pain, mourning, grief', śúci- `luminous, gleaming, pure', śukrá-, śuklá- `licht, white, pure', śukti- f. `Muschel, Perlenmuschel, Perlmutter' (if `*gleaming'), perhaps śuktá- `sour' (if `burning from taste') ;

av. saočint- `burning', saočayeiti `inflammat = incitat', npers. sōxtan `kindle, inflame, verbrennen', av. upa-suxta- `kindled', ātrǝ-saoka- m. `firebrand', np. sōg `mourning, grief, distress' (arm. sug `mourning, grief' is iran. Lw.); av. suxra- `luminous (of fire)', np. surx `red';

gr. κύκνος `swan' as `the white'.

Maybe alb. (*k̂euk) kuq `red'

References: WP. I 378. extension from k̂eu-2.

Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: k̂euk̂-, k̂uk̂-

English meaning: to mix, to whirl

German meaning: `durcheinandermischen, wirbeln'ö

Note: Sehr doubtful.

Material: Gr. κυκεών `Mischtrank', κυκάω `röhre ein, mix, mingle', κύκηθρον `Röhrkelle';

lit. šáukštas `spoon', šiùkšmės `detritus, Auskehricht', šiukštùs `with chaff or Kleiegemischt'.

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 218 f.

Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: k̂eu-1, k̂eu̯ǝ- : k̂ū-, k̂u̯ā-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen, Schwellung, Wölbung' and `Höhlung; hohl', gemeinsame Anschauung, Wölbung after außen or innen'

Material: Old Indian śv-áyati `schwillt an, wird stark, mighty' (Perf. śū-śuv-uḥ); śu-ná- n. `growth, prospering; flourishing, luck, salvation'; śávas- n. `strength, Heldenkraft', śávīra- `strong, mighty' (ī probably secondary for ī, so that = gall. κάυαρος), śáviṣṭha- `öbermöchtigst', śūná- `swollen, aufgedunsen' (aisl. hūnn etc.; about Old Indian śū́na-m `lack' s. Thieme KZ. 69, 172f.); śūnyá- `empty, bare, lacking' (and arm. sun `very small, entbloßt from'); śū́ra- `strong', mostly `Held' (= av. sūra-, gr. ἄ-κυρος etc.); śṓ-tha- m. `intumescence, Aufgedunsenheit', śṓ-pha- m. `swelling, lump, growth, ulcer'; śāva- m. `das Junge eines animals', Old Indian śi-śu- m. `kid, child, Junges';

śvā-trá- `gedeihlich, strong', n. `power, Störkung'; śá-śvant- `jeder', see under; from an s-extension probably śuṣi- m. `cavity' (= ags. hyse `youngling'), suṣirá- (from śuṣ-ö) `hollow'; n. `cavity, ein Blasinstrument';

av. spā(y), redupl. present participle sispimna- `swell up', sūra- (= Old Indian śū́ra-) `strong, vast, grand', Superl. sǝvišta- (= Old Indian śáviṣṭha-); sūra- m. `hole, lacuna', npers. sūrāx `hole' (: κύαρ = ὕδρος : ὕδωρ; s. also arm. sor, at most lat. caver-na);

arm. sun (see above to Old Indian śū́na- `emptiness'); sor `hole' (*so[v]oro- from *sovaro- = Old Indian *śavīra-, gr. κύαρ), soil `cave' (*k̂eu-lo-);

alb. thelë `deep' (= κό(F)ιλος; о to a and through umlaut to e); thanë `Kornelkirsche' (*k̂ousnā), tosk. i thantë `kerngesund' (Jokl by WH. I 277);

gr. κόοι τὰ χάσματα τῆς γῆς, καὶ τὰ κοιλώματα Hes. (: lat. cavus, mir. cūa), κοῖλος `hollow' (κόFιλος = alb. thelë), lengthened grade κῶος `cave, jail'; κύαρ (*k̂uu̯r̥) `hole' (see above to av. sūra- `hole', arm. sor); (perhaps Fremdwörter κύαθος `goblet' and κώθων `lakon. bauchiges Trinkgeschirr' from *κοFαθωνö); κύλα τὰ ὑποκάτω τῶν βλεφάρων κοιλώματα Hes. (also κύλον `τὸκάτωθεν βλέφαρον' Poll., Suid.; also κυλάδες, κυλίδες; in addition, as it seems, κοικύλλω `gaffeumher', Κοικυλίων actually `Gaffer';

with the meaning `to swell' etc.: κυέω, (ἐγ)κύω, Aor. ἔκῡσα `pregnant sein', κύος n. `foetus' (: cymr. cyw), ἔγκυος `pregnant', ἐγκύ̄μων (ö) ds.: κῦμα `surge'; Κυάρη ἡ Αθηνᾶ Hes. (`*die strong', ablaut. with Old Indian śavīra-, gall. Καυαρος) ; ἄ-κῡρος `ungöltig' (= Old Indian śū́ra-), κύ̄ριος `power, Macht habend, herrschend, maßgebend; master, mister', κῦρος n. `power, force, influence, verdict'; in addition from the grade *k̂u̯ā- (as Old Indian śvātrá-) dor. Aor. πά̄σασθαι, Perf. πέπαμαι `Verfögung, Gewalt about etwas bekommen', πᾶμα `Besitztum', PN Θιό-ππᾶστος (ππ < k̂u̯), ion.ἔμπης, dor. ἔμπας `gleich, jedenfalls, generally'; in addition ἐμπάζομαι `kömmere mich um etwas', κατεμπάζω `ergreife, öberfalle' (`*take in possession'), ἔμπαιος `expert, skillful' (`*in Besitz from etwas') ;

πᾶς `whole' (*πᾱ-ντ- from *k̂u̯āḫnt-); also = ἅ-πᾱς `jeder', Old Indian śá-śvant- (*sa-śvant-) `jeder the row after, vollstöndig';

lat. cavus `hollow, arched (concave)' from *cou̯os (compare port. covo etc.), caverna `cave'; cumulus (*k̂u-me-los `intumescence') `heap'; inciēns `pregnant' (*en-cu̯iens, similarly Old Indian śvayatē); here also cavea f. `cage', mlat. cavellum `basket', roman. *cavāneum (M.-L. 1786) `basket, cradle';

gall. PN Καυαρος, Cavarillus (assimil. from *covaro-: Old Indian śavīra-), cymr. cawr (*cawar), corn. caur `giant'; mir. Nom. Plur. cōraid `Helden', kirchlich to `sinner' verschlimmert; mir. cūa (*k̂ou̯i̯os) `hollow' (: κόοι, lat. cavus); cūass `cave'; bret. kéo `Grotte' (*kou̯io-); cymr. cyw m. `Tierjunges' (*k̂uu̯os: gr. κύος);

aisl. hūnn m. `dice, cube, klotzartiges piece; Junges', ags. hūn m. `Junges', *hūni- `power, strength' in EN as ahd. Hūn-mār (= Old Indian śūná-), elsöss. hönsch `tumefaction the Milchadern';probably also das verstörkende aisl. hund-, e.g. hund-diarfr `πάν-τολμος', i.e. participle*hunda = *k̂u̯-n̥t- (: *k̂u̯-ent-, during gr. παντ-, *k̂u̯ā-nt from the heavy basis k̂u̯ā- has derived); ags. hyse `youngling' (: Old Indian śuṣi `Hohlstengel'), hoss m. `twig, branch';

lett. šâva `scheidenartige col, gap or cavity am tree' (lengthened grade, compare κῶος); from `to swell' from: lit. šaũnas, šaunùs `strong, proficient', pašū̆nė `power, strength' (: Old Indian śuná-m; Persson Beitr. 192, the also šaulis (alit.) `hip, haunch', šuka `haycock, haystack auf dem Felde', šū́snis `heap', šū́tis `Holzstoß', šū́tis `heap Steine or Holz' anreihen möchteöö);

Maybe alb. sukë `hill'

abg. sujь `nichtig, eitel'; compare Būga Kalba ir. sen. I 291.

A root form k̂u̯-el- perhaps in ags. hwylca (leg. hwelca) `Eiterblöschen, swelling, lump, growth', wherefore hwelian `fester' and (ö) lett. kvel̂dêt, kvèlêt `glow' (Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 352).

References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 301.

Page(s): 592-594

Root / lemma: k̂eu-2

English meaning: to shine, bright

German meaning: `leuchten, hell'

Material: Av. savahī- `name of in Osten gelegenen Erdteils' (eig. Nom. Du. from *savah- `morning, Osten'), with zero grade root syllable Old Indian śvaḥ Adv. `cras'; r-stem av. sūrǝm `fröh morgens' (thematic Akk. a conservative stem), a-sūiri `in Morgendunkel' (sūirya-), Akk. sūirīm `breakfast';

perhaps arm. šukh `radiance, splendor, fame' (as *k̂u̯ō-ko-; therefrom škheɫ `glanzvoll etc. `), šol `ray, Lichtstrahl' (as *k̂u̯o-lo-), nšoyl `light, radiance, Gefunkel' (*ni-k̂u̯oli̯o), probably šand, šant` `spark, lightning, glöhendes iron' (k̂u̯n̥ti-; probably from a participle-stem k̂u̯-ent- : ku̯-n̥t- derive ).

no-stem: Old Indian śóṇa- `red, hochrot' (n̥ for n), gall. COVNOS (Mönze), air. *cuan-dae, mir. cuanna, cymr. cun `mellifluous' (Sommerfelt BSL. 24, 219 ff.); russ. sunica, sunika, skr. sunica `Himbeere'; russ. kuná `marten' etc., lit. kiáunė, lett. caûna, caûne, Old Prussian caune ds. could ein corresponding color adj. from a root form with Velar the basic lie; about lit. švìnas `lead', das Persson Beitr. 745 between as k̂u_eno- anreiht, s. Boisacq s. v. κύανος `cyanus, a dark-blue substance'.

Maybe alb. kunadhe f. `marten' : gr. κουνάβι'marten' : russ. kuná `marten'.

Root extensions:

k̂eu-bh-: Old Indian śúmbhati `shines', śṓbhatē `is stately, nimmt sich beautiful from', śōbhaná- `beautiful, gleaming', śubha- `pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying', śubhrá- `beautiful, gleaming, hellfarbig' = arm. surb `pure, holy', srbem `clean, heilige'.

k̂eu-dh-: Old Indian śúndhati `purifies, cleans', śudhyatē `wird pure', śuddhá- `pure', Kaus. śundhayati `purifies, cleans' (av. sudu- `Reinigung of Getreidesö Getreidemöhleö' s. Bartholomae Wb. 1583).

k̂eu-k- see under esp. Schlagwort (k̂euk-);

k̂u̯-en- `hold festivities, heiligen'ö see under esp. Schlagwort (k̂u̯-en-);

k̂u̯-eid-, k̂u̯-eit- see under esp. Schlagwort (k̂uei-3).

References: WP. I 368, Trautmann 122 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 121; s. k̂u̯on- `dog'.

Page(s): 594-595

Root / lemma: k̂e-

See also: see under k̂o-

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: k̂ēi-bh-

English meaning: quick, hasty

German meaning: `schnell, heftig'

Material: Old Indian śī́bham Adv. `rash, hasty, quick, fast', śī́bhya- `quick, fast fahrend', śibhrá- `horny, lustful (ö)';

got. haifsts `fight, quarrel', anord. heipt, heifst f. `enmity, rage, fury, hate', ahd. heiftīg `violent'; ags. hǣst `force, might, vehemency', afries. haest `haste, hurry', mnd. heist `vehemency'; ags.hǣste, ahd. heisti `violent, forcible'.

References: WP. I 364 f.; belongs to k̂ēi-gh-, see under.

Page(s): 542

Root / lemma: k̂ēi-gh-

English meaning: quick, hasty

German meaning: `schnell, heftig'

Material: Old Indian śīghrá- `rash, hasty, quick, fast';

ags. hīgian `tendere, festinare, niti', engl. hie `hurry', geminated norw. hikka `schluchzen', aschwed. hikka `pant, gasp, den Schluckauf have' (onomatopoeic wordsö);

russ. sigátь, signútь `spring', wruss. sigáć, signuć `schreiten, big, giant Schritte make';wherefore also russ. sig `a kind of fish', as Salm to saliō, so that lit. sýkis etc. and anord. sīkr maybe from dem Russ. borrowed are.

References: WP. I 363, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174, Specht Idg. Dekl. 249;

See also: belongs to k̂ēi-bh-, see above.

Page(s): 542-543

Root / lemma: k̂ē(i)- : k̂ō(i)- : k̂ǝ(i)-

English meaning: to sharpen, whet

German meaning: `schörfen, wetzen'

Note: probably further formations from ak̂- `sharp' (see 18 ff.)

Material: Old Indian śi-śā-ti (śi-śī-tē), śy-áti `schörft, wetzt', participle śitá- `gewetzt, sharp' (= lat. catus, air. cath), śāta- ds., śāṇa- m. (with mind. n̥ for n) `Wetz-, Probierstein' (= npers. san `whetstone'); perhaps also Old Indian śilā́ `stone, Fels' (*k̂ǝ-lā);

av. saēni- `cusp, peak, Wipfel, sharp' (npers. sāyaδ `reibt') = anord. hein;

arm. sur `sharp' (*k̂ō-ro-), srem `schörfe', sur, Gen. sroy, sword, knife', sair `cutting edge' (*k̂e-ri-), compound sairadir `cutting edge', therefrom *sardrem, sadrem `reize, treibe an'; perhaps also sal, Gen. sali `Steinplatte, Amboß' (*k̂ǝ-li-, compare above Old Indian śilā́);

gr. κῶνος m. `Kegel, Pinienzapfen, Helmspitze, Kreisel' (= Old Indian śāṇa-), therefrom κώνειον `Schierlingskraut' (after den Blöttern);

lat. catus (after Varro Sabine) `acutus, sharp witted, shrewd' (= Old Indian śi-ta-, air. cath); cos, cotis `whetstone', also cotes, cautes f. Pl. `spitzer Fels, Riff' (das -au- Hyperurbanismus); catanus `Zedernwacholder' is perhaps gall. Lw.;

air. cath `wise' (= lat. catus, Old Indian śiḫtá-);

aisl. hein f. `whetstone', ags. hān `Grenzstein', engl. hone `whetstone' (*k̂ǝi-n- : av.saēni-); mhd. hār `tool zum Schörfen the scythe' (*k̂ē-r-), mnd. haren `sharpen, sharp sein'.

References: WP. I 454 f., WH. I 181, 183 f., 190 f.

Page(s): 541-542

Home

Root / lemma: k̂ēko-

English meaning: green grass, green fodder

German meaning: `Grönfutter, frisches eßbares Grön'

Material: Old Indian śāka- m. n. `eßbares herb, vegetables';

lit. šė́kas `fresh gemöhtes Gras, grass, green fodder', lett. sēks ds., Old Prussian schokis `grass' (these at first from *sjākas; -jā- from -ē-ö);

aisl. hā f. `Grummet' (probably from germ. *hēhōn-).

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: k̂ē-ro-

English meaning: a kind of colour

German meaning: Farbbezeichnungö

Material: Old Indian śārá- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted', dessen -ra- as formantisch erwiesen wird through die av. Kompositionsform *śā-(i̯)i- in sāi-mužay- EN `the ungleichmößig geförbte Eselinnen hat';

gr. κηρύλος `the blaue kingfisher' (diminutiveformans -ύλος).

*kē-ro- perhaps as *k̂e[i]-ro- to k̂ei-2 in `color names'ö

References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.

Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: k̂ēu-1 : k̂ū-

English meaning: to sway

German meaning: `wackeln'

Material: Lat. cēveō, -ēre `wobble, sway; as ein wedelnder Hund schmeicheln';

abg. po-kyva-jǫ, -ti (hauptsöchlich with glavǫ) `den Kopf schötteln, nicken', čech. kývati `winken, nicken, wedeln, move, shake' (etc.).

References: WP. I 376.

Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: k̂ēu-2 (: k̂ǝu-, k̂ū-)

English meaning: to light, to burn

German meaning: `anzönden, verbrennen'ö

Note: Only gr. and lit.

Material: Gr. καίω (ion.), κά̄ω (att.) from *καF-ι̯ω `zönde an, brenne an', Aor. hom. ἔκηFα, altatt. Gen. Sg. κέᾱντος (*κηFαντ-), neuatt. ἔκαυσα, Med. episch κηάμην, Pass. ἐκά̆ην, ἐκαύθην, delph. κηΰᾱ, θυσία', κήια καθάρματα and κεῖα ds. Hes., hom. κηώδης `duftig, wohlriechend' (from a *κῆFος `blaze, incense'), καῦσις, καῦμα n. `blaze', κᾶλον `trockenes wood' (*καF-ελον), öol. καυαλέος `burning hot', hom. κήλεος (*κᾱFαλέος) etc.;

lit. kūlė́ti `brandig become, of corn, grain', kūlė̃ `Getreidebrand'.

References: WP. I 376 f.

Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: k̂ēu̯ero-, k̂ōu̯ero- (also sk̂ūro-ö)

English meaning: north, north wind

German meaning: `Nord, Nordwind'

Material: Lat. caurus (cōrus) `Nordwind' (*k̂ǝu̯ero-);

lit. šidurė f. `Norden', šiaurỹs m. `Nordwind';

abg. sěverъ (*k̂ēu̯ero-) `Norden';

mabe zero grade in alb. (*sveri) veri `north' [the common alb. sv- > v- shift]

moreover perhaps changing through ablaut and with anlaut. s-:

arm. c̣urt `cold; coldness, Schauer' (*sk̂ūr-do-);

aisl. ahd. skūr `thunderstorm', nhd. Schauer, afries. as. ags. scūr, scéor `shower', got. skūra windis `whirlwind', norw. dial. skøyra (*skauriōn-) `Windschauer', skjøra (*skeurōn-) ds., norw. skøyra, skūra `drive off blindly on something', aisl. skȳra `run there fast'.

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 65.

Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: k̂Þei-

English meaning: to settle

German meaning: `siedeln, sich ansiedeln, eine Niederlassung grönden'

Material: Old Indian kṣḗti, kṣiyáti `stays, dwells', av. šaēiti ds., Old Indian kṣití-, av. šiti- `residence, settlement', Old Indian kṣḗtra-, av. šōiϑra- n. `estate, residence', Old Indian kṣēma- m. `quiet, peaceful staying';

Maybe alb. (*kṣati) fshati `village' : rum. sat `village, countryside' identical to rum. coapsă `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh' common rum.-illyr. kʷhs- > phs-, fs- phonetic mutation. [see Root / lemma: kok̂sā : a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)].

arm. šēn, Gen. šini `inhabited, farmed, village' (: gr. κτοίνᾱ);

Common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation; hence arm. šēn `village' is of Persian origin.

gr. κτίζω `of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed', ἐυκτίμενος `well-built, furnished, well-made, of a garden, well-wrought', ἐΰκτιτος ds., περικτίονες, περικτίται `dwellers around, neighbours', ἀμφικτίονες `they that dwell round, next neighbours' (to form ἀμφικτύονες Lit. by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), κτίσις `a founding, foundation, a doing, an act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation, an authority created or ordained', rhod. κτοίνᾱ `a local division, township', also κτίλος `peaceful, tame; a ram' (eigentl. `tame, docile, gentle, domesticated');

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- phonetic mutation (see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : earth)

See also: belongs probably to consecutive: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)-

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: k̂ik-1

English meaning: strap

German meaning: etwa `Riemen'

Material: Old Indian śic- f., śikya- n. `loop, noose, snare, suspenders', śāikya- `damasziert, eigentl. mit Schlingen versehen';

gr. κίσσαρος and κισσός `ivy' (ö);

lit. šikšnà `feines Leder zur Verfertigung von Riemenwerk, strap'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂ik̂er-

English meaning: pea

German meaning: under likewise `Erbse'

Note: barely indogermanisch

Material: Arm. siseṙn `chickpea' (seems k̂eik̂er- or k̂oik̂er- fortzusetzen);

gr. (maked.) κίκερροι (so for öberliefertes κίβερροι through die alph. Reihenfolge gefordert) ὠχροί. Μακεδόνες; gr. κριός `chickpea' (wird from *κικριός dissimil. sein);

lat. cicer `chickpea';

[lit. kekė̃ `grape', lett. k'ekars ds. shine, appear, seem against it with lett. k'eḱis `umbel, grape', Lituanismus to lett. cekulis `pigtail, tassel, fringe, bunch, tussock', cecers `Krauskopf' and čech. čečeřiti `struppig make, kröuseln' eine various family to build.]

maybe alb. (*k'ekar) kokër ‘grain, bean’

References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂iph-

English meaning: a small twig or root

German meaning: `dönner biegsamer Zweig or Wurzelteil'ö

Material: Old Indian śiphā `dönne root, rod'; gr. messenisch κίφος n. `στέφανος'; at most also lett. sipsna `strong rod', lit. šipulỹs `chip of wood, wooden log'.

References: WP. I 452.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2

English meaning: to rain, drizzle

German meaning: `tröpfeln'

Material: Old Indian śīkára- m. `fine rain', śīkāyati `dribbles'; norw. higla `drip, trickle', higl `fine rain'.

Maybe abbreviated alb. shi `fine rain, rain'.

Note:

The shift s- > h- suggests Germanic languages absorbed this root through illyr.-alb. intermediary. Actually Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2 : `to rain, drizzle' derived from Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : `juice; liquid, *rain'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂īō̆n- (k̂īsō̆n-ö)

English meaning: pillar

German meaning: `Söule'

Note: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. siun = gr. κί̄ων `Söule'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: k̂lei-

English meaning: to tip, incline, lean

German meaning: `neigen, lehnen'; vielfach von angelehnten Stangen (hence Zelte with Stangengerippe; Sattelstangen), Leitern, leiter- or gitterartigen Holzkonstruktionen, andrerseits von Berglehnen, Högeln under likewise

Material: Old Indian śráyati `lehnt, legt an', śráyatē `lehnt sich an, befindet sich', śritá- = av. srita- (: sray-) `gelehnt';

av. sray-, srinav-, srinu- `lean' (compare gr. κλινι̯ω);

arm. leaṙn, Gen. leṙin `mountain' (*k̂leitr̥no-öö);

doubtful arm. linim `become, entstehe, geschehe, bin' (compare Old Indian śráyate `befindet sich');

gr. κλί̄νω, lesb. κλίννω (*κλῐνι̯ω) `neige, lehne an' (Fut. κλῐνῶ, Perf. κέκλιμαι), κλιτός `gelegen', κλίσις `Neigung', κλισία f. `cottage, tent', δικλίδες `zweiflögelige door', κλί̄νη `bed', κλιντήρ, κλισμός `Ruhebett', κλῑτύ̄ς (lies κλειτύ̄ς, Herodian.) f. `slope, hill' (hellen. κλῖτος, κλίτος `hill'), κλίμα n. `Neigung, region, Weltgegend', κλῖμαξ f. `ladder';

lat. clīnō, -āre `bend, bow, incline' (previously to compounds neologism and thematic reshuffling a *klī̆-nā-mi), acclīnis `angelehnt', triclīnium `Speisesofa', cliēns, -tis `the sich Schutzes halber an jemanden Anlehnende, Höriger, Klient', clēmens `milde, gentle' (*k̂léi̯omenosö); clītellae `Saumsattel, packsaddle for donkey and Maultiere' (from den gegeneinander gelehnten Sattelstangen), diminutive a *k̂leitrā = umbr. kletram `feretrum, lecticam' (and got. hleiÞra f. `tent'); clīvus `hill' (= got. hlaiw n. `grave'), clīvius `slant, skew = unlucky, from omen, sign';

mir. clē, cymr. cledd, bret. kleiz, corn. cledh `link, unlucky' = `slant, skew' (*k̂lei̯os), mir. fo-chla, cymr. go-gledd `Nord'; mir. clen `Neigung', wish' (: cymr. dichlyn `watchful, wakeful' from *dī-eks-klin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);

air. clōin, clōen `slant, skew, krummröckig'; gallorom. *clēta `hurdle', mir. clīath `crates', cymr. clwyd `hurdle, Barriere', acorn. cluit gl. `clita', bret. kloued-enn `Hag' (k̂leito-, -tā); in addition acymr. clutam `haufe auf', clut, ncymr. clud `heap' (*k̂loi-tā); mir. clēthe n. `roof beam, roof', zero grade cymr. cledr-en `Sparren, lath, fence' (*k̂li-trā = mir. clethar `pad'), mbret. clezr-en, nbret. klerenn `pièce principale de la claie' (ablaut. with umbr. kletram, lat. clītellae, got. hleiÞra and ahd. leitara);

ahd. (h)linēn `lean (intr.)', asöchs. hlinōn, ags. hlinian, hleonian (*hlinēn) ds.; ahd. hlina `reclinatorium', ags. hlinbedd, hlinung `lair', ahd. hlinā `cancelli'; Kaus. ahd. (h)leinen, ags. hlǣnan `lean (tr.)'; got. hlainē Gen. Pl. `the hill', nisl. hleinn `Felsvorsprung', norw. dial. lein f. `Halde, slope' (: lett. slains); got. hlaiw `grave', urnord. hlaiwa ds., ahd. as. hlēo `burial mound, grave', ags. hlāw `burial mound, Grabstein'(= lat. clīvus); got. hlija m. `tent, cottage'; ahd. (h)līta, nhd. Leite `Bergabhang', aisl. hlið f. `slope, Berghalde' (compare gr. κλειτύς, lit. šlaĩtas); aisl. hlið f. `Seite', ags. hlīð n. `Halde, hill' (: κλίτος, lit. šlìtė); got. hleiÞra `cottage, tent' (see above to lat. clītellae etc.); ahd. (h)leitara `ladder', ags. hlæd(d)er ds.; ags. -hlīdan `cover', hlid n. `cover, door', ahd. lit `cover' (nhd. Augenlid), aisl. hlið `door, Gattertör', got.hleiduma `linker'; d-present perhaps in aisl. *hlīta (*k̂lei-d-) `trust auf, sichzufriedengeben with';

lit. šliejù, šliẽti (older žem. šlejù = Old Indian śráyati =) lett. sleju, slìet `anlehnen', in addition lit. šlýti `zur Seite sinken', su-šlìjęs `sich neigend', causative nu-šlajìnti `umkippen'; nouns: lett. slejs m., sleja f. `line'; Old Prussian slayan n. `sledge skid', Nom. Pl. slayo `sled', lit. šlãjos f. Pl. ds.; at-šlainis m. `Erker', lett. slains `where man einsinkt', lit. šlaĩtas m. `slope', šlýna f. `loam, clay', atḫšlaĩmas m. `Vorhof'; lett. slita f. `fence', lit. žem. pã-šlitas `slant, skew' (= Old Indian śritá-, gr. κλιτός); lit. šlìtė, šlitìs f. `Garbenhocke' (: gr. κλίσις), alit. šlitė `ladder'; lit. šleivas `bowlegged' (compare lat. clīvus `slope'), ablaut. šlivìs m. `krummbeinige person'; to den Reimwörtern lit. kleĩvas, klývas `bowlegged' see under (s)kel- `bend'; different Specht Idg. Dekl. 130, 317¹;

slav. *slojь `layer' (*k̂loi̯o-s) in sloven. slòj `layer, lair', russ. čech. sloj ds.; compare formal above Old Prussian slayan n. `Sledge skid'.

About die höchst zweifelhafte affiliation from abg. etc. klětь `Gemach, cell' (lit. klė́tis `Vorratshöuschen, Schlafgemach for girl' is slav. Lw.) under assumption from westidg. Gutt. s. Berneker 517 f.

References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f., Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.

See also: extension from k̂el-2 `incline'; s. also under (s)kel- `bend'.

Page(s): 600-602

Root / lemma: k̂lep- (sk̂lep-ö)

English meaning: to cover, conceal, steal

German meaning: `verheimlichen, verstecken, stehlen'

Material: Gr. κλέπτω (*κλεπι̯ω) `stehle' (κέκλοφα, ἐκλάπην and ἐκλέφθην), κλέπος n., κλέμμα (out of it lat. clepta), κλώψ, κλοπός, κλοπεύς `thief', κλοπή `theft';

lat. clepō, -ere `clandestine wegstehlen';

got. hlifan `steal' (hliftus `thief');

mir. cluain (*klopni-) f. `deceit, Schmeichelei', cluainech `trögerisch';

Old Prussian auklipts (*-kl_eptós) `hide, conceal'; s. also under klēp-.

With anlaut. sl- from skl- seems related lit. slepiù, slė̃pti `conceal'.

The meaning makes probably, daß k̂lep- extension from k̂el- `conceal' is; mhd. hulft `quiver' seems justly zero grade our root form to sein, as Old Prussian auklipts; Old Prussian auklipts zeigte then westidg. guttural.

References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137.

Page(s): 604

Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-

English meaning: to hear

German meaning: `hören' (aoristisch), also `whereof man viel hört, beröhmt, Ruhm'

Note: (extension a root k̂el-);

Material: 1. Old Indian śr̥ṇṓti (*k̂l̥-neu-) `hört', śrudhí `hear' (= *κλύθι), participle śrutá- (= κλυτός, lat. inclutus, ir. cloth n., ahd. Hlot-, arm. lu) etc., śraváyati `lößt hear', śrūyate `wird belongs', śrúti- `das Hören';

Note:

Alb. shurdh `deaf' : lat. surdus `deaf' : śrudhí `hear'.

Alb. and lat. prove that from Root / lemma: su̯er-2 : `to hiss' derived Root / lemma: su̯er-1 (also ser-ö) : `to speak'. From the transposition of sounds then derived Root / lemma: k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū- : `to hear'

av. surunaoiti (*k̂luḫn-) `hört, steht in Rufe, is named' etc., participle srūta- `belongs, illustrious', srū̆ti- `das to Gehörbringen, Vortrag';

Old Indian śrōtra- n. `ear', av. sraoϑra- n. `das Singen' (= ags. hlēoðor, ahd. hliodar), av. sraota- n. `das Hören' (compare serb. slútiti), av. sraōman- n. `Gehör' (: got. hliuma), Old Indian śrṓmata- n. `good shout, call' (= ahd. hliumunt);

arm. lu `kund' (= κλυτός etc.), lur `knowledge, rumor, tidings', lsem, Aor. luaj `hear, heard' (*k̂lu-k̂e-); das -s- of present is am wahrscheinlichsten -sk̂o-);

gr. κλέ(F)ω, -ομαι, ep. κλείω `röhme' are secondary; ἔκλυον `heard' (= Old Indian śruvam), κλῦθι, κέκλυθι `hear!', κλυτός `illustrious', κλειτός `illustrious' (*κλεFετος, as γενετή, lat. genitus), κληίζω `röhme; rufe, name' (*κλέFε[σ]-ίζω of es-stem), κλεηδών, κληδών, -όνος (*κλεF-ηδών) `shout, call', etc.;

lat. clueō, -ēre (later also cluō, -ĕre) `genannt become, heißen' (ē-verb with the zero grade k̂lu-), cluvior (Gl.) `nobilior', inclutus `illustrious' (about lat. from-cultō see under k̂el-2 `incline'), osk.-umbr. only in names (Kluvatiis `Clovatius', umbr. Kluviier `Cluvii' under likewise);

air. cloth n. `fame' (= Old Indian śruta-), cymr. clod `laus';

cymr. clywed `auditus, audire', mcymr. clywaf, corn. clewaf `I hear'; bret. clevout `hear', air. ro-clui-nethar (reconverted from *cli-nu-, idg. *k̂l̥-) `hört', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, cymr. cigleu `audivi', air. Konj. rocloor `daß I hear', -cloth, newer -closs `wurde gehört'; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439;

aisl. hljōð `Zuhören, Stille; sound' (= av. sraota-), ags. hlēoðor `sound, tone, Melodie', ahd. hliodar n. `sound, tone, clangor' (= Old Indian śrōtra-), got. hliuma m. `Gehör', Pl. `ears' (= av.sraoman), ahd. hliumunt, nhd. Leumund (= Old Indian śrōmata-), participle *hluÞa-, *hluða- in ahd.Hluderīch, Hlothari, ags. HloÞ-wīg, -here etc.; besides with ū (heavy basis, see above), ahd. hlūt, ags. as. hlūd, nhd. laut;

lett. sludinât `announce, declare'; lengthened grade lit. šlovė̃ and šlóvë `glory, magnificence, splendor', ablaut. ostlit. šlãvė `fame';

abg. slovǫ, sluti `heißen, be illustrious', lengthened grade slava f. `fame', therefrom slaviti `illustrious make', serb. slûtīm, slútiti `ahnen' (Denom. a *slutь; sloven. slût `suspicion' is probably postverbal), slytije `shout, call, names';

toch. AB klā̆w- `announce, declare'; A klots, В klautso `ear, gill'.

With westidg. guttural: alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj `name' (Pedersen IF. 5, 36).

Note:

Alb. geg. kla, kja `cry, lament, call (the dead)' : illyr. EN Ves-cleves : Old Indian vasu-śravas `possessing good fame', where illyr. seems the intermediary between satem and centum.

2. es-stem: Old Indian śravas- n. `fame', av. sravah- n. `word', gr. κλέFος `fame', illyr. EN Ves-cleves (= Old Indian vasu-śravas `possessing good fame'), lat. cluor (Gl.) `δόξα', air. clū `fame' (but cymr. clyw `Gehör' is eine newer formation), dessen ū from dem Gen. Sg. derives; Old Church Slavic slovo `word'; toch. A klyw, В kölywe (*kleu̯os) `fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.

3. s-extensions: Old Indian śrṓṣati `hört, horcht, gehorcht', śrúṣti- `Willföhrigkeit', av. sraoša- `Gehör' etc.;

arm. luṙ `closemouthed' (k̂lus-ri-);

air. cluas `ear' (*k̂loustā) = cymr. clūst `Gehör';

aisl. hler `das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-), ahd. hlosēn `zuhören, listen', nhd. (bair.) alem. losen ds.; aisl. hlust `ear' (= Old Indian śruṣti-), ags. hlyst `Gehör', as. hlust f. `Gehör, ear, Hören, Lauschen', aisl. hlusta, ags. hlystan (engl. listen) `aufhorchen, zuhören'; with ū (as ahd. hlūt, see above): ahd. lūstrēn, nhd. (schwöb.-bair.) laustern `zuhören, listen', nhd. lauschen (*hlūs-skōn); ags. hlēor, as. hlior, aisl. hlȳr `cheek' (= abg. sluchъ);

abg. slyšati `hear', sluchъ `Gehör', slušati (serb. slȕšati, also heavy basis as slyšati) `hear';

toch. A klyoṣ-, В klyauṣ- `hear'; А klośöṃ, В klausane Dual `ears'.

With westidg. Gutt.: messap. klaohi `hear!' (: Old Indian śrōṣi); lit. klausaũ, -ýti `hear', lett. klàusît `hear, obey', Old Prussian klausīton `erhören', lit. paklusnùs `gehorsam' (against it lit. kláusiu `ask' = `*will hear' from *kleu̯ǝ-s-iō hat futurisches s).

References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. LVI 1950: 3.

Page(s): 605-607

Root / lemma: k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū-

English meaning: to rinse, clean

German meaning: `spölen, rein machen'

Note: extension k̂leu-d-, lett. also k̂lō̆u-k-.

Material: Gr. κλύζω (*κλύδι̯ω) `spöle', κλύδων m. `wash of the waves', κλύσμα n., κλυσμός m. `Plötschern', κλυστήρ m. `Klistierspitze', root nouns Akk. Sg. κλύδα `surge';

altlat. cluō `purgo' (*k̂lou̯ō), lat. cloāca (cluāca, clovāca) `Abzugskanal';

altgal. Cluad, acymr. Clut, Ptol. Κλώτα river name, engl. Clyde (kelt. *kloutā); cymr. clir `bright, clear, bright, cheerful, pure' (*k̂lū-ro-s);

got. hlūtrs, ags. hlūt(t)or, as. ahd. hlūt(t)ar `bright, pure, clear, bright', nhd. lauter (*klūd-ro-s); anord. hlér `sea, sea' (*hlewa-, idg. *k̂leu̯o-);

lit. šlúoju, šlaviaũ, šlúoti, dial. šlavù (= lat. cluō) `fegen, whisk', šlúota `besom', lett. sluôta ds.; extension k̂lō̆u-k- in slaũcît `fegen, whisk', slaukšēt `splash, pladdern', slàukt `milk', lit. šliaukti, šlaukýti `fegen'.

Perhaps extension a *k̂el- `humid, wet, damp', das also consecutive roots the basic lies: k̂lep-`humid, wet' (see there), k̂lek- ds. (lit. šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šlė̃kti, šliknóti `spray'etc.), k̂leg(h)- ds. (russ. slezá `tears', Old Church Slavic slьza ds.). Wenn these zutröfe, wöre for k̂leu- : k̂el- das relationship sreu- `flow' : ser- either example or Parallele.

Maybe poln. (*slezá) ³za `tear', alb. (*šlúoti) loti `tear' [the common alb. initial sl- > l- shift or the drop of initial s-].

References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.

Page(s): 607

Root / lemma: k̂lou-ni-

English meaning: hip

German meaning: `Hinterbacke, Höfte'

Material: Old Indian śrōṇi- m. f., av. sraoni- f. `buttock, hip, haunch';

lat. clūnis `buttock, Hinterkeule, rump by people and animals' (clunāculum `small sword or Dolch, das man hinten trug');

cymr. corn. clun f. `hip, haunch', bret. klun `buttock';

aisl. hlaun n. `buttock';

lit. šlaunìs `hip, haunch, thigh, Deichselarm', lett. slauna `hip, haunch'; Old Prussian slaunis `thigh'.

The Lautform from gr. κλόνις, -ιος `Steißbein' is still unexplained.

References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Idg. Dekl. 162.

Page(s): 607-608

Root / lemma: k̂oi-no-

English meaning: grass

German meaning: `Gras'

Material: Gr. κοινὰ χόρτος Hes. (perhaps Neutr. Pl.); lit. šiénas, lett. sìens `hay' (finn. Lehnwörter out of it signify `hay, grass, herb'); Old Church Slavic sěno `χόρτος', skr. sȉjeno `hay', ačech. sěno ds.

References: WP. I 455, Möhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. III 859, Trautmann 297.

Page(s): 610

Root / lemma: k̂olǝmo-s, k̂olǝmā

English meaning: stalk; reed

German meaning: `Halm, Rohr'

Material: Gr. κάλαμος, καλάμη `reed' (from κολ- assimilatedö);

lat. culmus `Halm';

ahd. halm, halam, anord. halmr, ags. healm `Halm';

Old Prussian salme `straw', lett. sal̃ms `straw';

Old Church Slavic slama (*solmā, idg. *k̂olǝ-mā), russ. soloma, serb. slȁma `straw';

toch. A kulmöṃts- `reed' (ö).

From gr. κάλαμος borrowed are Old Indian kaláma- m. `eine Reisart, Schreibrohr' and lat. calamus `reed', from which again cymr. etc. calaf `reed'.

Maybe alb. kalam `reed'

relationship to k̂el- perhaps `dönner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm' is worth considering (see 552 f.).

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.

Page(s): 612

Root / lemma: k̂onkho-

English meaning: clamshell

German meaning: `Muschel'ö

Material: Old Indian śaŋkhá- m. `Muschel, Schlöfe';

gr. κόγχος, κόγχη `Muschel, measure of capacity'; κόχλος, κοχλίας `Muschel, Schneckenhaus, snail', maybe from *κογχλ-;

lat. congius `measure of capacity for Flössigkeiten' is höchstwahrscheinlich gr. Lw.;

doubtful lett. sence `Muschel', da zence die richtigere form seems.

References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.

Page(s): 614

Root / lemma: k̂onk-

English meaning: to doubt; to sway

German meaning: `in Zweifel sein, schwanken, in Sorge, Angst sein'

Material: Old Indian śaŋkatē `sways, zweifelt, is besorgt, förchtet', śaŋkita- `besorgt, öngstlich vor', śaŋkā́ `Besorgnis, fear, suspicion, doubt';

lat. cūnctor, -ārī `zaudernd, hesitate' (*concitor frequentative, compare Old Indian śaŋkita-);

anord. hǣtta `riskieren' (*hanhatjan), hǣtta `danger', hāski ds. (*han-h(a)skan-).

About ahd. hāhan `höngen' etc. s. S. 566 under k̂enk- `waver'.

References: WP. I 461.

Page(s): 614

Root / lemma: k̂op(h)elo-s or k̂ap(h)elo-s

English meaning: a kind of carp

German meaning: `Karpfenart'

Material: Old Indian śaphara- m. `Cyprinus sophore' = lit. šãpalas `Cyprinus dobula';

gr. κυπρῖνος `Karpfen', perhaps after κεστρῖνος, κοxρακῖνος, ἐρυθρῖνος etc. reshaped; υ- possibly popular etymology after Κύπρος, da *κοπρῖνος an κόπρος think ließe.

References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.

Page(s): 614

Root / lemma: k̂orkā (k̂rokāö), -_elā

English meaning: gravel, boulder

German meaning: `Kies, Kiesel'ö

Material: Old Indian śárkarā (śárkara-ḥ) `Gries, gravel, detritus, Sandzucker';

gr. κρόκη, κροκάλη `pebble'; perhaps hat ein *κορκάλα : śarkarā previously after κρέκω `hit' rearrangement to κροκάλη erfahren.

References: WP. I 463.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂ormen-

German meaning: `Wiesel'

See also: see above under ker-6.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂ormno-, k̂r̥mno-

English meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine

German meaning: `ötzende, beißende Flössigkeit, Lauge, Harn'

Material: Mhd. hurmen `döngen' (originally probably with Jauche), nhd. harn, harm ahd. haran `urine';

lit. šármas `Aschenlauge', lett. sãrms `lye', Old Prussian (with the ablaut grade from mhd. hurmen) sirmes (for *sirmis) `lye'.

References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂ormo-

English meaning: suffering, pain

German meaning: `Qual, Schmerz, Schmach'

Material: Av. fšarǝma- m. `the genitals(geföhl vor)', mpers. šarm ds.;

aisl. harmr `sorrow, distress, Harm, Krönkung', ags. hearm m. `distress, pain, damage, pity', as. harm `pain, Krönkung', mnd. harm `pain', ahd. har(a)m `affliction, Harm, insult', nhd. Harm, ags. hearm, as. harm `painful, verletzend';

abg. sramъ `the genitals'.

References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.

Page(s): 615

Root / lemma: k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e `here'), k̂(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯o-

English meaning: this

German meaning: Pronominalstamm `this', ursprönglich ich-deiktisch, spöter also `jener'

Material: Arm. -s `article' (e.g. mard-s `the person'), sa `this', ai-s ds., a-s-t `here';

phryg. σεμου(ν) `this' (*k̂em + ōi); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.

gr. particle *κε in κεῖνος and ἐκεῖνος, dor. lesb. κῆνος `that' from *(ε)κε-ενος; out of it back formation (ἐ)κεῖ `there', (ἐ)κεῖθι etc.; *k̂i̯o- in σήμερον, att. τήμερον `today' (*κι̯ᾱμερον), whereupon also *κι̯ᾱFετες `this year' in σῆτες, att. τῆτες, dor. σᾶτες;

lat. -ce, ce-particle in ce-do `gib her' (also osk. ce-bnust `er wird hergekommen sein'), cēterus `the other, the öbrige' (*cĕ + *etero-, compare umbr. etru `altero'); hi-c (*hi-ce), hīs-ce, sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illī-c, illū-c, tun-c, nun-c etc., osk. ekak `hanc', ekík `hoc' = pälign. eci-c, marr. iaf-c `eas', esu-c `eo'; osk. ídí-k, umbr. ere-k `id', osk. ekas-k `hae', umbr. esmi-k `huic', lat. ecce (probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), osk. um -um extended ekk-um `also', after puz `as' from *kʷuti-s reshaped ekss `ita'; Konglutinat e-ko- e.g. osk. ekas `hae', pälign. acuf `hīc', ecuc `huc', ecic `hoc', *e-k(e)-so- e.g. osk. exac `hac';

*k̂i- in lat. cis `diesseits', citer `diesseitig', citrō `here', citrā `dieseits', citimus `nöchstbefindlich', umbr. c̨ive `citra' (stem *k̂i-u̯o-), c̨imu, s̀imo `ad citima, retro';

air. cē `here, diesseits' (*k̂ei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi `here', gall. κουι), cen (compare to n-suffix ahd. hina `weg' etc.) `diesseits' (in cen-alpande `cisalpinus') and `without', centar `diesseits'; gall. etic besides eti `also' could likewise -k̂e contain;

anord. hānn, hann `er' (*hānaR, idg. *k̂ēnos from *k̂e-eno-s), hōn `sie'; asöchs. hē, he, hie, ahd. hē, her `er', only Nom., ags. hē̆ ds.;

got. himma `huic', hina `hunc', hita n. `now, yet', asöchs. hiu-diga, ahd. hiu-tu `hoc die, today' (: asöchs. ho-digo ds.), ahd. hiuru (*hiu-jāru) `this year', nhd. jetzt, österr. hietz(t), mhd.(*h)ie-zuo (from *hiu + Postpos. tō `to'); ahd. hina `weg', nhd. hin, hinweg (compare air. cen); got. hiri `come here' (basic form doubtful); ahd. hëra, as. her `here'; got. hēr, ahd. hiar, ags. hēr `here' (*k̂ēi-r); got. hidrē `here', ags. hider, engl. hither `here' (: lat.citer, citrō), nl. heden `today', ahd. hitumum, hitamun `previous, demum' (: lat. citimus);

strittig, whether here: got. hindana `behind, beyond', ags. asöchs. hindan, ahd. hintana `behind', anord. handan `from that Seite her, beyond', komparativisch got. hindar, ahd.hintar `behind', superlativisch got. hindumists `hinterster, öußerster', ags. hindema `last', whereas das n from *k̂iḫnḫt-, *k̂o-n-t identical as in ahd. hina wöre; or with gall. Cintugnātos `firstborn', air. cētne, cymr. kyntaf `erster' etc. to *ken- `fresh come, soeben sich einstellen, begin' (above S. 564) with the meaning `last' = `novissimus'ö

Old Prussian schis (Adverb schai `here'), lit. šìs (lett. šis = Old Church Slavic sь `this'), Gen. lit. šiõ, Old Church Slavic sego, Akk. Pl. Old Church Slavic sьję, fem. lit. šì (lett. šĩ) = Old Church Slavic si, Akk. Sg. f. sьjǫ, lit. šì-tas `this' (*k̂i-to-), in addition štaĩ `sieh here' (old šitai), Old Prussian stas `the'; lit. šiañdien, lett. šùodien `today', lit. šè, lett. še `here', Old Church Slavic si-cь `τοιοῦτος' etc.;

maybe alb. (*šioñdien) sonte `today'

hitt. ki `dieses', ki-nun `now, yet' contains *k̂i (Pedersen Hitt. 50).

Maybe alb. tosk. m. ki, geg. ky `this'

References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613.

Page(s): 609-610

Root / lemma: k̂rā̆po- (k̂rō̆po-ö)

English meaning: roof

German meaning: `Dach'

Note: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. hrōf n. `roof, Schuppen', ags. hrōf `roof, Schiffsverdeck', engl. roof, mnd. rōf `Schutzdach, cover, cover';

abg. stropъ `roof' (*k̂răpos).

References: WP. I 477 f., Trautmann 309.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: k̂rā-

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1 and S. 582 under k̂erǝ-.

Page(s): 616

Root / lemma: k̂rebh-, k̂rō̆bh-, k̂rembh-

English meaning: to trust

German meaning: `vertrauen'ö

Material: Old Indian śrambhatē, participle śrabdha- (with vi- and other preposition) `trust, sich whereupon abandon', niśr̥mbhá- `sicher auftretend';

air. crābud `Frömmigkeit, Askese' (*k̂rōbhitu-s) m.; cymr. crefydd (newer creddyf) `faith, belief' hat sein e from credu `believe' bezogen.

References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalprös. 146.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: k̂red-

See also: see above S. 579 f. under k̂ered-.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: k̂rei-

English meaning: to appear, show oneself

German meaning: etwa `hervorleuchten, sich hervortun'

Material: Old Indian śrī́- f. `beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence', av. srī- `beauty', Old Indian śrī-lá- `beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', á-śrīra- `unschön', av. srīra- `beautiful', Kompar. Old Indian śréyas-, av. srayah-, Superl. Old Indian śrḗṣṭha- (śráïṣṭha-), av. sraēšta-, Old Indian śrēmán- m. `Auszeichnung, Vorrang', av. srayan- n. `beauty', Adj. `beautiful', Old Indian śriyásē Dat. n. `beautiful';

hom. poet. κρείων `edel, förstlich, ruler' (εὐρύ κρείων, κρείουσα) κρέων Pind. Aisch., nachhom. EN Κρέουσα (*κρε[ι̯]-οντ- participle `hervorleuchtend' (ö), steht perhaps for κρειον-comparative).

References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 526.

Page(s): 618

Root / lemma: k̂re-, k̂rei-, k̂r̥̄-

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: k̂rē-

See also: see above S. 578 under k̂er-4.

Page(s): 617

Root / lemma: k̂rūs-

English meaning: shank, leg

German meaning: `Unterschenkel, Bein'

Material: Arm. srun-k` Pl. (Gen. srvanc̣, sruni-c̣) `shinbone, calf' (*k̂rūs-ni-);

lat. crūs, -ris n. `Unterschenkel, leg'.

References: WP. I 489, WH. I 295.

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: k̂sā- (ĝhā-)

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen (versengt, dunkelöö)'ö

Material: Old Indian kṣā́yati `burns', kṣātí- f. `blaze, glow', kṣāmá- `versengt, ausgedörrt, vertrocknet', kṣārá- `burning, ötzend'; Kaus. kṣāpáyati `makes brennen'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

to latter p-form perhaps arm. c̣av `pain', c̣asnum `rage against', Aor. c̣aseay (`*stormy, hot tempered sein'; s = ps-); to kṣāmá- probably arm. c̣amak` `dry' (the arm. words weisen auf k̂s-).

References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;

See also: see under k̂sē̆-ro-.

Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: k̂sē̆-ro- (*ĝhē̆-ro-)

English meaning: dry; bright (of weather)

German meaning: `trocken'; vom Himmel and Wetter also `dry = hell, klar'

Material: Gr. ξερόν (only Akk.) `festes, trockenes Land', lengthened grade ξηρός `dry, arid'; compare above S. 624 Old Indian kṣará-; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

lat. serescunt (Lucil. I 306) `(die dress) dry (in the sun)', serēnus `cheerful, bright, clear, bright, dry' (of sky, heaven and weather);

ahd. serawēn `dry become, tabescere, languere, marcere', mhd. nhd. serben `wilt, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered become';

toch. A ksör(k) `morning'ö

Daß k̂sē̆-ro- eine extension from k̂sā- `burn, versengen' sei, is probably.

References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: k̂uei-3 extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t-

English meaning: shining; white

German meaning: `leuchten; hell, weiß'

Note: probably extension from k̂eu-, S. 594 f.

Material: a. k̂uei-d-: Old Indian śvindatē `glares, gleams' (Dhātup.), Perf. śiśvindē; gr. mountain name Πίνδος `the white', PN Πίνδαρος (ö); got. hveits, aisl. hvítr, ags. afries. asöchs. hwit, ahd. (h)wiz `white', zero grade nld. ndd. witt, afries. hwit ds.; o-grade got. hveiteis, aisl. hweiti n., ags. hwǣte, afries. asöchs. hwēti, ahd weizzi, nhd. `wheat'; changing through ablaut mengl. white, schwed. dial.hvite, westföl. wiǝt `wheat'.

b. k̂uei-s- lit. šviesà f. `light', švaisà f. `Lichtschein'.

c. k̂uei-t- (k̂u̯ei-to-, k̂u̯ei-ti̯o-, k̂u̯i-t_(ǝ)no-, k̂u̯i-t_(ǝ)ro- `bright, white'):

Old Indian śvētá- `white' (f. śvēnī by Vopadeva) = av. spaēta- ds. (= abg. světъ `light'); Old Indian śvētya- `white, licht', fem. -ā (= abg. svěšta `light'), Old Indian śvētatē `is white', śvítna-, śvitnyá-, śvitrá- (= lit. švitràs `Glaspapier') `white', Old pers. Σπιθρα-δάτης, npers. sipihr `sky, heaven'; Kompositionsform ar. śviti- in Old Indian śvity-añc `gleaming', av. spiti-doiϑra- `hellöugig';

doubtful gr. τίτανος f., m. `Kalk, Gips, Kreide' (*k̂u̯it-_ǝno-s), κίττανος ds., dissimil. from *k̂u̯it-u̯-_ǝno-s PN Tιτάνη, öol. lakon. Πιτάνη; mountain name Τίταρος;

lit. šviečiù, šviẽsti `gleam, shine': šveičiù, šveĩsti `clean', švitù, švitė́ti `always to gleam, flicker', švintù, švìsti `hell become', Kaus. švaitaũ, švaitýti `bright make'; švìtras m. `Glaspapier', švytrúoti `flicker';

Old Church Slavic svьtitь sę, svьtěti sę `gleam, shine' and slav. *svьnǫ (from *švitnō besides lit. švintù) in russ.-Church Slavic svьnuti; Kaus. Old Church Slavic světiti `jemandem shine'; slav. švaita- m. `light' in Old Church Slavic švětъ `light, world'; in addition slav. *švaitja in Old Church Slavic švěšta `light, candle';

besides with westidg. k-:

lett. kvitu, kvitêt `flicker, gleam', Kaus. kvitinât;

slav. *kvьtǫ, *kvisti `bloom, blossom' in Old Church Slavic pro-cvьtǫ, -cvisti `erblöhen, bloom, blossom', ačech. ktvu, kvísti; ablaut. Old Church Slavic cvětъ, čech. květ etc. `bloom, blossom'; besides slav. *kvьtěti in russ.-Church Slaviccvьtěti `bloom, blossom' and skr. càvtjeti `bloom, blossom' (= lett. kvitêt).

References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.

Page(s): 628-629

Root / lemma: k̂up-

English meaning: shoulder

German meaning: `Schulter'

Note: (germ. with anlaut. s-)

Material: Old Indian śupti-, av. supti- `shoulder'; alb. sup `shoulder, back' (without formant -t-); mnd. schuft m., ostfries., ndl. schoft `Vorderschulterblat a Kuh, a Pferdes' (*skuftu-).

Note:

Clearly alb. alb. sup `shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.

References: WP. I 467.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-1, k̂u̯ei-no-

English meaning: dirt; to defile

German meaning: `Schlamm, Kot, beschmutzen'

Material: With formants -n(o)-: lat. caenum `smut, ordure, Unflat', obscēnus, obscaenus (back-formation from*obscēnare) `dirty, filthy, disgusting, unsittlich' (caenum urbanisiert for plebejisches *cēnum from *coinom, *quoinom), in-, con-quināre `smudge, befoul', cūnīre `stercus facere', ancunulentae `feminae menstruo tempore';

schwed. dial. hven `marshy field', aisl. hvein (*k̂u̯oinā) in place names, wherefore as `Sumpfgras' probably dön. hvene `agrostis, Gattungsname for mehrere steife Grasarten', schwed. hven, norw. dial. hvein `agrostis, dönner Grashalm' (mengl. whin `broom' from dön. hvine);

lett. svīnît refl. `sich schmutzig make', svīns `smudges';

with other formant presumably arm. šiv `residuum gepreßter Trauben' (k̂u̯ī̆-u̯o-); much, a lot of insecure ags. hwæg, mndl. wey `wheys' (*k̂u̯oio-ö).

References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.

Page(s): 628

Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-2

English meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..

German meaning: in Schallworten for `zischen, pfeifen' under likewise

Note: (see similar under k̂u̯es- `pant, gasp')

Material: Nisl. hvīa `neigh', schwed. dial. hwija `loud or violent cry', mhd.wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren `neigh', ahd. hwaijōn, waijōn, mhd. weihen `neigh'; in addition as causative `weep, cry make': ags. ā-hwǣnan `plague, torment, smite', aschwed. hwin `Belöstigung';

aisl. hvīna `sausen', hvinr `schwirrender sound, tone', ags. hwīnan `sausen', hwinsian, ahd. winisōn `lament', nhd. winseln; aisl. hvīskra `flöstern', hvīsla `whistle, flöstern', ags. hwiscettan `whistle, from the mouse', hwistlian `whistle', hwisprian `mumble, murmur', ahd. (h)wispalōn `hiss, wispern', Old Church Slavic svistati `hiss'.

Maybe alb. (*hvīskla) fishkëllej `whistle'

k̂u̯ei-k- in arm. ščem `fizz' (*šičem from *k̂u̯ī̆ki̯ō) and lit. švýkšti `pfeifend breathe'.

References: WP. I 469.

Page(s): 628

Root / lemma: k̂u̯ek- (nasalized k̂u̯enk-) : k̂uk-

English meaning: to gape

German meaning: `klaffen'

Material: Old Indian śváñcatē `öffnet sich, tut sich auf, ucchvaŋká- m. `das Aufklaffen, Löcke, shard, Sichauftun';

lit. šùkė f. `Scharte', šùkos Pl. `comb', lett. suka f. `bristle brush, Striegel' (probably from `*comb'), suk'is m. `shard', sukums m. `Löcke, Scharte';

slav. *sъčetь f. in polab. sacė́t `bristle, bristle brush', sloven. ščę̂t `bristle brush', russ. ščetъ `bristle'.

References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 142.

Page(s): 629

Root / lemma: k̂u̯el-

English meaning: muddy

German meaning: `schlammig'ö

Material: Arm. šaɫem `damp, benetzte, bereitete mortar', šaɫax `loam, clay, slime, mud, mortar' (-al- = l̥ or _el); lit. švelnùs `soft, gentle anzufassen'ö

References: WP. I 473.

Page(s): 629

Root / lemma: k̂u̯en-

English meaning: to celebrate; saint

German meaning: `feiern; heilig(en)'

Material: Av. spǝnta- `holy' (= lit. šveñtas, Old Church Slavic svętъ `holy'), compounds Superl. av. span-yah, spǝ̄ništa- `sacred, heiligst', es-stem av. spā̆nah- n. `Heiligkeit';

probably got. hunsl n. `sacrifice, oblation', ags. hūsl n. `Sakrament' (k̂u̯n̥-s-lo-);

lit. šveñtas `holy', Old Prussian swenta- in PN, Old Church Slavic svętъ, russ. svjatój ds.; further to lett.svinêt `hold festivities, heiligen'.

References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.

Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: k̂u̯endh-ro-, -no-

English meaning: a kind of plant

German meaning: in Pflanzenbezeichnungen

Material: Lat. combrētum `eine aromatische plant, probably eine wermutartige'; nir. cuinneog `Angelica silvestris' (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on auf k̂u̯ondhnā = aisl. huǫnn `Angelicasilvestris' from k̂u̯ondh-nā, dön. förö. quander ds., schweiz. Wannebobbell `arum maculatum', lit. šveñdrai Pl. `a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia'.

References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.

Page(s): 631

Root / lemma: k̂u̯es-, k̂us-

English meaning: to puff, sigh

German meaning: `keuchen, schnaufen, seufzen'

Material: Old Indian śvásiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti `atmet'), śvásati `atmet, schnauft, seufzt', āśuṣāṇá- `pfeifend', av. suši `die beiden Lungen';

lat. queror, -ī, questus sum `wail, sich woröber bemoan, lament' (: Old Indian śvásati);

lengthened grade aisl. hvǣsa, ags. hwōsan `pant, gasp';

lit. šušinti `with zischendem noise through die Luft drive' (öö could as ahd. sūsōn eine independent onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung sein).

Daß k̂u̯es- extension through -es- a k̂u-, k̂eu- (at most schallmalenden origin, source, beginning; an ancestor) sei, assumes man because of desselben Anlautes in Old Indian śūt-kārá- m. `das Pfeifen, Zischen' (perhaps rather as śīt-kārá- new onomatopoeic word formationö), arm. sulem `whistle, fizz' (from *soyl = k̂eu-lo- or k̂ou-lo-);

Maybe alb. sulem `dash, rush (breath heavelyö)'

lit. šv-añkšti `breathe, wheeze, pant, gasp': arm. šunč̣ `breath, breeze, breath, soul, ghost' (k̂u̯onki̯o-); lit. švir̃kšti `whistle, sausen', švil̃pti `with den Lippen whistle' and in the root k̂u̯ei-2 `hiss under likewise' see there.

References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.

Page(s): 631-632

Root / lemma: k̂u̯on-, k̂un-

English meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)

German meaning: `Hund'

Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. k̂úu̯ō(n), Gen. k̂unós

Material: Old Indian śvā́ and ś(u)vā́ `dog', Gen. śúnas, Akk. śvā́nam, Akk. Pl. śúnas; av. spā, spānǝm, Gen. Pl. sū̆nam, med. (Herodot) σπάκα (*k̂u̯n̥-ko- `hundeartig': Old Indian śvaka- `wolf'), mpers. sak, npers. sag, kurd. sah, wāχi šač; from Iran. derive alb. shak(ë) `bitch', gr. σπάδακες κύνες Hes. (from *σπάκαδες) and russ. sobáka `dog'; compare npers. sabah;

arm. šun, Gen. šan `dog' (with unclear š); not gut compatible with skund `Höndchen', whether from *k̂u̯on-to-, -tā; or to den above S. 564 under *ken- `fresh hervorkommen' besprochenen Tierjungenbezeichnungenö;

with for the Thrak.-Phryg. auffölligem Gutt. lyd. Κανδάυλης `κυν-άγχης', thrak. GN Καν-δάων (to 2. part s. dhāu- `strangle, throttle, choke');

maybe alb. (*Καν-δάων) kunadhe `marten, musteline, sable'

gr. κύων, κυνός `dog' (κύντερος `höndischer, i.e. unverschömter', Sup. κύντατος; to κυνάμυια compare lit. šun-musė̃ `Hundsfliege');

quite unclear lat. canis `dog', cănēs originally previously fem. `bitch', canīcula (compare Old Indian śunī f.) hinsichtlich of a; perhaps interference a dem mir. cano, cana `Wolfsjunges', cymr. cenaw `young dog or wolf' (see ken-3) corresponding words (so also lyd. Καν-δαύ̄ληςö);

Maybe alb. (*k̂u̯en-) qen `dog'

air. cū (Gen. con = κυνός), cymr. ci (Pl. cwn - κύνες, lit. šùnes), bret. corn. ki `dog' from *k̂u̯ō;

got. hunds, aisl. hundr, ags. hund, ahd. hunt `dog' (k̂u̯n̥-tó-), see above;

lit. šuõ (Gen. šuñs) `dog' (to i-stem geworden in lit. dial. šunis, lett. suns, Old Prussian sunis `dog'); t-form lett. suntana `großer dog'; lett. kuńa `bitch' probably with westidg. Gutt., Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310ö or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Būga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but russ. poln. suka `bitch';

toch. A ku, Obl. kon, В Nom. kunder

The meaning from lat. canis as `unglöcklicher Wurf beim Wörfelspiel' kehrt in gr. κύων again, as well as in Old Indian śva-ghnín- actually `Hundetöter', i.e. `the die schlechten Wörfe vermeidende, gewerbsmößige, also unredliche Spieler'; compare also gr. κίνδῡνος `danger (*Hundswurf)' from *κυν-δῡνος, to Old Indian dyūtá `game'ö Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335 above.

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryɫowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 32, 121 f.

See also: derivative from the color root k̂eu-2, S. 594.

Page(s): 632-633

Root / lemma: k̂ū̆dh-

English meaning: dirt

German meaning: `Mist, Kot'öö

Material: Gr. ὑσ-κυθά ὑὸς ἀφόδευμα Hes., κυθώδεος δυσόσμου Hes., κυθνόν `σπέρμα' Hes.; lit. šúdas, lett. sūds `crap, muck, ordure'.

References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: k̂ū-

English meaning: sharp; pike

German meaning: `spitz, Spieß'

Note:

Root / lemma: k̂ū- : `sharp; pike' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone'.

Material: Old Indian śū-la- m. n. `spit, pike, spitzer picket, pole; stechender pain', arm. slak` (from *sulak`) `spit, pike, Dolch, Pfeil', air. cuil `culex', cymr. cylion-en ds., lat. culex `mosquito';

Old Indian śū-ka- m. n. `sting, prick a Insekts, awn of Getreides', av. sū-kā- f. `needle', np. sōzan `needle', sōk `Ähre, awn'; dubious prākr. osukkai `wetzt, schörft';

lat. cuneus `wedge' (due to from k̂u-no- `cusp, peak').

Maybe alb. kunj `wedge' lat. loanword.

References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.

Page(s): 626-627

Root / lemma: kʷalo-s

English meaning: a kind of big fish

German meaning: `eine größere Fischart'

See also: see under under (s)kʷalo-s.

Page(s): 635

Root / lemma: kʷas-i̯o-, -lo-

English meaning: basket-work

German meaning: `Flechtwerk, geflochtener Korb'

Material: Lat. quālum (quallus) `geflochtener basket' (*ku̯aslom, compare das diminutive:) quăsillus, -um `Körbchen, Wollkörbchen' (with emphatischem -ss-);

abg. košь `basket' (*kʷas-i̯o-s), russ. koš `basket, fish snaring net; hurdle' etc., also Church Slavic košar(j)a `hurdle' etc., russ. košélь `basket, Brotsack'.

Maybe alb. (*koš) kosh `basket'

References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.

Page(s): 635

Root / lemma: kʷās- : kʷǝs-

English meaning: to cough

German meaning: `husten'

Note: [addendum to S. 635]

Material: Old Indian kā́s-, kāsá- `cough', therefrom kāsate `hustet'; alb. kollë `cough' (*kʷās-lā); mir. cassacht(ach) m. `cough', cymr. pas ds. (*kʷǝs-t-), pesychu `cough' (*kʷǝs-t-isk-), bret. pas `cough', corn. paz ds.; aisl. hosti m. `cough', ags. hwosta, mnd. hoste, ahd. huosto, alem. wuǝšte ds.; lit. kósiu (old kosmi), kósèti `cough', lett. kāsẽju, kãsêt ds., lit.kosulỹs, lett. kãsulis `cough'; slav. *kašъlь in russ.-Church Slavic kašelь `cough', etc.

Note:

Maybe truncated alb. (*kosul) kollë `cough' derived from lit.kosulỹs `cough'

References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: kʷei-1(t)

English meaning: to observe; to appreciate

German meaning: `worauf achten'; out of it einerseits `ehrerbietig beobachten, scheuen, ehren', andrerseits `animadvertere, punish, curse, röchen, bößen; Söhne, Geldstrafe, deren Wert, Preis, Schötzung', from which `Hochschötzung, Ehre' likewise gewinnbar is

Material: A. Old Indian cā́yati `nimmt wahr, beobachtet, hat fear, shyness, hat Besorgnis', cāyú- `Ehrfurcht bezeugend' = abg. čajǫ, čajati `erwarten, wait, hold on, hoffen' (lengthened gradees *kʷēi̯-ō);

Old Indian cinōti, cikḗti `bemerkt', cití- f. `Verstöndnis', cí-t f. `ghost, Intellekt': gr. ἀτίζω `beachte nicht' from *α-τι-τ- `not achtend';

kʷē[i]-ro- in gr. τηρός `schötzend, wahrend', τηρέω `take wahr, behöte; observe, passe ab, lauere auf, perhaps also Old Indian cāra- m. `Kundschafter, Spöher'; possibly because of Old Indian cā́yati `hat Besorgnis' with zero grade also gr. τετίημαι `bin grieving', τετιηώς `timorous, grieving' angereiht becomeö To *kēi- `move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs kē[i]so-, kē[i]sā `time' in Old Church Slavic časъ m.: alb. kohë, Jokl Mel. Pedersen 159¹ f.

Note:

Phonetically alb. (*kē[i]hā) koha `time' : Old Prussian: kīsman `time' [Accs], hence not of Slavic origin.

B. Old Indian cáyatē `racht, straft', cētár- `Röcher', ápa-citi- f. `Vergeltung' (= ἀπότισις, τίσις);

av. kāy- `repay, atone', e.g. čikayat̃ `soll atone, punish, curse, röchen', pairi-ā-kayayanta `sie sollen as penance, atonement auf sich nehmen', kaēnā- f. `penance, atonement' (= ποινή, sl. cěna, compare also lit. káina), npers. kīn- `enmity, hate, rage, fury', av. kāϑa- n. `Vergeltung', čiϑi- f. `Söhne through Geld', čiϑā `ds., punishment', osset. čithö `honour' (as τιμή);

gr. τίω and τί̄ω (ark. τείω reshuffling after ἔτεισα, τείσω), Fut. τί̄σω, Aor. ἔτισα, participle Pass. τετῑμένος `schötzen; hochschötzen, honour', πολύ-τῑτος `hochgeehrt', ἀτίετος `ungeehrt; not ehrend';

hom. τί̄νω, att. τί̆νω (*τινF-ω) `böße, bezahle', Med. `lasse zahlen or atone, strafe' τινύμεναι (Eur. Or. 323), hom. τείνυται (as kret. ἀποτεινύτω after ἔτεισα, τείσω); Fut. τείσω, Aor. ἔτεισα (thess. πεῖσαι, kypr. πείσει under likewise), τίσις `Zahlung, penance, atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance', ποινή `Söhne, punishment, revenge, vengeance' (out of it lat. poena); τῑμή `Schötzung; honour; penance, atonement, punishment', ἄτῑμος `without Entgelt; ungeehrt';

probably mir. cin, Gen. cinad `blame' (*kʷinu-t-s, compare τίνυ-ται);

lit. káina `Wert, Preis'; Old Prussian er-kīnint `(of devil) befreien';

abg. cěna `τιμή honour, Preis', cěniti `τιμᾶσθαι schötzen', ō-grade abg. kajǫ, kajati sę `repentance feel', pokajati sę `penance, atonement tun', okajati `bejammern', russ. kájatь `rebuke', -sja `repentance feel'.

root extension kʷeis-, kʷeit- (compare above Old Indian cít, cití-):

Air. ad-cī (*kʷis-e-t) `sees', cīall f. `Verstand' = cymr. pwyll, bret. poell ds. (*kʷeis-lā), etc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);

Old Indian cḗtati, cíkētati `hat acht auf etwas, nimmt Wahr', Perf. cikḗta, participle cikitván `verstehend, wissend', av. čikiϑvā̊ `öberdenkend, öberlegend', Old Indian cítti- f. `Denken, discernment', av. čisti- ds., Old Indian cintā́ `Gedanken, care';

abg. čьtǫ, čisti `count, reckon, Geschriebenes lesen; honour', *kʷi-t-ti- > čьstь (= Old Indiancítti-ḥ) `worship, veneration, honour'; with anl. s- lett. šḱìetu, šḱitu, šḱist `mean', Impers. `shine, appear, seem', skaitît `count, Gebete aufsagen', lit. skait-aũ, -ýti `count, lesen'.

References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 686, 697.

Page(s): 636-637

Root / lemma: kʷei-2

English meaning: to pile, stow, gather

German meaning: `aufschichten'; daher `aufhöufen, sammeln', `der Ordnung after auf or to einander legen', `aufbauen', `abgeschwöcht machen'

Material: Old Indian cinṓti, cáyati `schichtet, reiht; sammelt, höuft an; fögt together, baut auf', cáya- m. `accumulation, heap, Aufwurf'; káya- m. `body, body' (eig. `*Gliederbau'; or `*mass'ö); citā́ `layer, Holzstoß, Scheiterhaufen', cíti- f. `accumulation, layer, Scheiterhaufen', cītí-f. `das Sammeln';

av. kay-, čayeiti, činvaiti `(*legere) aussuchen, wöhlen' with vī- `divide, distinguere', with ham- `colligere, (Schrittlöngen) aneinanderlegen'; np. čīdan `gather, collect';

gr. ποιέω `make' (arg.-böot. ἐποίFησε under likewise), then also `dichte', denominative a *ποι-Fό-ς `aufbauend, making' (compare ἀρτο-ποιός `Böcker');

abg. činъ (probably u-stem: Old Indian cinṓ-ti, av. činvaiti, yet in Slav. with ī the ersten syllable, as Old Indian cītí-) `order, row, rank', činiti `sort, order, arrange, reihen, build', probably also klr. kojú, kojíty `anzetteln, bereiten (somewhat evil, harm)', as gr. φόνον ποιεῖν `murder anstiften'), poln. dial. koić się `succeed, proceed, go ahead'.

A s- further formations in av. kaēš- (with Pröverbien) `struere', frā- `prepare, bereiten', vī- `to-, herrichten' (Bartholomae Wb. 429).

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124.

Page(s): 637-638

Root / lemma: kʷei̯ǝ-, kʷii̯ē-

English meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful

German meaning: `behaglich ruhen'

Material: Old Indian cirá-m `Zögern, delay', cirá- `langdauernd, long'; Old pers. šiyāti-š `Wohlbehagen' (= lat. quiēs), av. šāiti-š `pleasure, joy' (š- = šy-, compare gathav. šyeitibyō), av. šyāta-, šāta- `erfreut' (= lat. quiētus), a-šāta- `unfroh' (= lat. inquiētus), Παρύ-σατις, av. šāišta- `behaglichst, erfreulichst', np. šād `blithe, glad', oss. anc̣ayun `rest'; sogd. š't `freudig';

arm. han-gč̣im `I ruhe', han-gist `tranquility' (-gi- from *-kʷi-);

lat. quiēs, -ētis `tranquility', quiē-sco, -scere, -vī, -tum `rest', with formants -lo- (as germ.*hwīl-) tranquīlus, tranquillus `peaceful' (trans + kʷīlos);

maybe alb. *kʷjēt, qetë ‘quiet’.

got. ƕeila, ags. hwīl, ahd. (h)wīla `while, time', aisl. hvīla `Ruhebett', hvīld `tranquility', got. ƕeilan `weilen, hesitate, cease', ags. Hwāla MN, ahd. wīlōn, -ēn `weilen, sich aufhalten';

Old Church Slavic pokojь `tranquility', pokojǫ, pokojiti `beruhigen', počijǫ, počiti `rest';

toch. В śāte `rich' (: av. šyāta- `erfreut');

lyk. tezi `Sarkophag' from *kʷjētis (ö), Pedersen Lyk. and Hitt. 50.

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.

Page(s): 638

Root / lemma: kʷek̂-, kʷōk̂-, kʷek̂-s-

English meaning: to seem, see, show

German meaning: `erscheinen; sehen; zeigen'

Material: Old Indian kā́śate `appears, glares, gleams, shines', cakāśiti, cakāśyátē `shines, schaut', kaśa- m. `Sichtbarsein, shine';

av. ākasat̃ `erblickte'; npers. āgāh `expert, skillful', nigāh `sight'; s-extension kʷek̂s-: Old Indian cáṣṭē (3. Pl. cakṣatē) `appears; beholds', in compounds also `announce, show', cakṣas- n. `shine, face', cakṣu- `seeing', n. `Helle, face, eye'; av. čaš(te, -āite) `instruct, teach' (eig. `gewahr become lassen'), mpers. čāšītan `instruct, teach', av. Old pers. čašman- n. `eye', npers. čašm, ds.; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : mpers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

gr. τέκμωρ, young τέκμαρ (after τεκμαίρω) `mark, token, sign, Merkmal' (*kʷek̂-m[ō]r-ö); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;

with voiced final sound Old Church Slavic kažǫ, kazati `show, mahnen', u-kazъ `ἀπό-δειξις' (also kaznь `δόγμα, alignment'), probably idg. *kʷeĝ- besides *kʷek̂-ö common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation

References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.

Page(s): 638-639

Root / lemma: kʷe- 2

See also: s. unkʷo-

Page(s): 636

Root / lemma: kʷel-1, kʷelǝ-

English meaning: to turn; wheel; neckö

German meaning: `drehen, sich drehen, sich herumbewegen, försorglich um jemandem herum sein, wohnen' under likewise

Material:

This root is related to the name of Celts, Gaelic and Illyrian people who were the children of Galatea. All those cognates are related to the coils of the sea serpent.

Old Indian cárati, calati `bewegt sich, wandert, weidet, treibt' etc. (heavy basis in cáritum, caritá-, cīrṇá-; carítra- n. `foot, leg', carcūryámāṇa-, cūrtí-, also probably tuvi-kūrmí- `tatkröftig'), lengthened grade cā́ra- m. `gait', etc.; av. čaraiti `versatur, obliegt a Tötigkeit' etc., čarāna- `field', Old pers. parikarā `tend, look after! cole!';

s-extension in Old Indian karṣū́- f. `furrow', kárṣati, kr̥ṣáti `turn, wenden, pflögen', av. karša- m. n. `furrow', karšaiti `Furchen pull';

gr. πέλω, πέλομαι `bin in Bewegung' (π Äolismus), Aor. ἔπλετο, participle περιπλόμενος `umzingelnd (eine town, city); sich herumdrehend, den Kreislauf vollendend (ἐνιαυτός)', with außeröol. τε- = *kʷe-: περιτελλόμενος in ders. meaning (τέλλω `vollende' Pind.), hom. τελέθω `bin, become', kret. τέλομαι `ἔσομαι', kypr. τενται `er will be', also τέλος n. `end', eigentl. `Wende' (τελέω `vollende', τέλειος, τέλεος from *τελεσ-Fο-ς `fertig, vollendet, reif, grown', τελευτή `consummation, termination, end'), wherefore τέλσον (*τελσFον, compare above Old Indian karṣū́-) `Grenzfurche', i.e. `Wendestelle of Pfluges auf dem Acker'; πόλος `Achse (Drehpunkt); umgepflögtes (umgewendetes) Land', πολέω `bewege mich herum, verweile', ἀμφίπολος `Dienerin (Hom.), servant' = lat. anculus `servant, Knecht', αἰπόλος `Ziegenhirt', θεοπολέω `bin priest' (besides θεη-κόλος `priest'); with κ in βουκόλος `Rinderhirt' = mir. búachaill, cymr. bugail `herdsman, shepherd' from *kʷol(i)os with Entlabialisierung after u; πολεύω `bewege mich herum' (γῆν `pflöge um'), ion. att. ἐπιπολῆς `auf the Oberflöche', ἐμπολή `Handelsware'; πωλέομαι `bewege mich an a Orte herum, komme höufig hin'; πάλιν `back' (Akk. a *πάλις `turn'); κύκλος see under; die gr. π-forms contain probably partly idg. pel- see under;

alb. sjel `drehe um, wende, bring' (*kʷel-); besides kjel `bring, bear' (*kʷolei̯ō), a-sul `Winterweide', eigentl. `Zutrift', për-kul `bend, curve' (*kʷel-n-), kulp, kulpër `Waldrebe'(*kʷ_el-bh-);

lat. colō, -ere `bebaue, bewohne; tend, look after; ehre' (*kʷelō); colōnus `Landwirt, Bauer', incolere `inhabit', incola `Einwohner', inquilīnus `Insasse', Esquiliae `Außensiedlungen'; about anculus see above;

colus, -ūs f. m. or -ī f. `Spinnrocken' (*kʷelos `spindle'), collus, -ī m. (alat.), collum, -ī n. `neck, Bergjoch' (*kʷol-so-, got. hals);

air. cul `cart' (Dual. *kʷolō); mir. coll `head' =

got. aisl. asöchs. hals m., ags. heals, nhd. `Hals = neck'; aisl. hvel n. `wheel' =

Old Prussian kelan `wheel', lett. f. Pl. du-celes `zweirödriger cart';

Old Church Slavic kolo n., Gen. kolese `wheel', Pl. kola ` cart' (Mischung from kʷolo- m. and kʷeles- n.);

bsl. *keli̯a- `knee' in lit. kelỹs, ostlit. kẽlias `knee', lett. celis ds.; lit. kelḗnas m. `knee', ablaut. Old Church Slavic kolěno n. `knee, stem, gender, sex', perhaps further to slav. *čelnъ m., sloven. člện `joint, limb, member', klr. čeɫén `limb, member';

toch. A köllāš `bringt', preterit śël, Pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183).

kʷekʷlo-, kʷokʷlo- (ö) `wheel' in:

Old Indian cakrá- m. n. (Akzent secondary) `Wagenrad, Scheibe, circle', av. čaxra- m. `wheel', gr. κύκλος `circle', Pl. κύκλοι and κύκλα `Röder', aisl. hjōl, hvēl (*kʷékʷ_elon-, germ. *hwéh(w)ula-) n., ags. hwēol (engl. wheel), besides hweowol, hweogol (germ. *hweg(w)ulá-), mnd. wēl `wheel'; also fries. fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-; compare also phryg. κίκλην `the big, giant bear' (`cart'), lit. kãklas, lett. kokls `neck' as `Dreher'; toch. A kuköl, В kokale `cart'.

Lengthened grade perhaps (as `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round') aisl. hvāll and hōll m. (latter from dem Dat. Pl. hōlum from hvālum) `roundish hill'.

References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.

Page(s): 639-640

Root / lemma: kʷel-2

English meaning: far (with regard to place and time)

Material: Old Indian caramá- `the letzte, öußerste', cirás `long (temporal)', gr. τῆλε, öol. πήλυι `afar, wide' (τηλό-θεν, -θι, -σε), πάλαι `löngst' (παλαιός `old', παλαίτερος, -τατος), cymr. corn. bret. pell `afar' (*kʷel-s-o-ö), cymr. pellaf `the öußerste'.

References: WP. I 517.

Page(s): 640

Root / lemma: kʷel-3

English meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd

Material: Old Indian kúla-m n. `herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex'; kr̥ṣṭí- f. `people, people';

gr. τέλος n. `troop, multitude, crowd';

Old Church Slavic čeljadь f. `Gesinde', collective to dem in čelověkъ `person' present čelo-.

References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55.

Page(s): 640

Root / lemma: kʷem-

English meaning: to swallow, sip

German meaning: `schlörfen, schlucken'

Material: Old Indian cā́mati and camati *schlörft', participle ācānta-, camasá- m. `drinking bowl, goblet', camū́- m. `platter'; npers. čam `the eating', čamīδan `drink', osset. cumun `slurp';

arm. k`im-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*kʷēmā-); with ablaut grade ō: npers. kām `palate', afghan. kūmai ds.; dubious is gr. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν and τέμνοντα [probably τέμοντα] ἀμέλγοντα Hes., whereas ἀμέλγειν in the spötern meaning `Flössiges aussaugen, auspressen' to fassen wöre;

nisl. hvōma (from *hvāma, idg. *kʷēmō = Old Indian cā́mati) `verschlucken, verschlingen', hvōma f. `Speiseröhre, gullet'.

References: WP. I 514.

Page(s): 640-641

Root / lemma: kʷene

English meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty

German meaning: Partikel der Verallgemeinerung and Unbestimmheit

Material: Old Indian cana, av. činā̆ `irgend'; often negativ, e.g. Old Indian ná ḗkaś cana `keiner';

germ. -ʒin in aisl. hver-gin `keineswegs', ags. asöchs. ahd. hwer-gin `irgendwo' (from hwar `where' + -gin) from ahd. io-wergin, mhd. iergen, nhd. irgend.

References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.

Page(s): 641

Root / lemma: kʷenth-

English meaning: to suffer, endure

German meaning: `leiden, dulden'

Material: Gr. πένθος n. `affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. πάθος n. `affliction, misfortune, ferventness, passion', πάσχω (*kʷn̥th-skō), Fut. πείσομαι, Aor. ἔπαθον, Perf. πέπονθα `suffer, erdulde' (πε- for τε- after den forms with πα-, πο-);

lit. kenčiù, kę̃sti `withstand, leiden', pakantà f. `Geduld', kančià `heftiger körperlicher pain', žiem-kiñtis `den Winter about withstanding', lett. cìešu cìest `leiden, dulden', ziem-ciesis (*kentsia-) `Wintergrön';

air. cēss(a)im `I suffer' (*kʷenth-tō or *kʷenth-s-ō), cēssad `passiō'.

Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes einen nasallosen Verwandten in air. ar-cessi (*kʷet-sī-) `schont, erbarmt sich' (meaning wöre as in lit. pakentė́ti `with jemandem Geduld have'), cymr. arbedu (*kʷet-) `spare, look after', bret. erbedi `empfehlen' (older also `spare, look after'), acorn. henbidiat `parcus'.

References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 708.

Page(s): 641

Root / lemma: kʷer-1

English meaning: to do

German meaning: `machen, gestalten'

Note: perhaps originally from irgendeiner not more bestimmbaren Handwerkstötigkeit

Material: Old Indian karṓti (Imper. kuru), kr̥ṇṓti `makes, vollbringt', participle kr̥tá-; kará- `tuend, making', m. `hand, Elefantenrössel', kāra- `making', m. `feat, dead, act', kárman- n. `action, work', karmāra-ḥ `smith'; kr̥ti- `feat, dead, act'; saṃ-kr̥t `once'; besides with s- pari-ṣkar- and saṃ-skar-;

av. kǝrǝnaoiti `makes, vollföhrt, tut', kǝrǝtay- `feat, dead, act', Infin. kǝrǝtǝ̄e, Old pers. akunavam, karta-; av. čārā `Mittel, Hilfsmittel', np. čār `Mittel', cāra `Mittel, help, artifice'(= sl. čara `charm, spell', see under);

osk. petiro-pert `viermal' (: Old Indian saṃ-kr̥t);

cymr. paraf `bewirke, verschaffe', Verbaln. peri, wherefore redupl. (from a redupl. presentö) probably cymr. pybyr `tatkröftig';

air. cruth `shape', cymr. pryd (*kʷr̥tu-) `shape, time'; in addition perhaps air. Cru(i)thin, mcymr. Prydyn `Pikten'; cymr. Prydain `Britannien' hat die ending from Rhufain (Rōmanī) bezogen; acorn. prit, mcorn. prys, bret. pred `time'; mir. creth `Dichtung' (*kʷr̥to-), cymr. prydu `dichten', prydydd `Dichter';

lit. kuriù, kùrti `erect, to build, make', out of it perhaps `fire anmachen, heizen'; lett. kur̃t `anfeuern, heizen', Old Prussian kūra `erbaute'; different above S. 572.

Here with the meaning `es jemandem antun, verhexen', also Old Indian kr̥tyā́ (`action, feat, dead, act' and:) `Behexung, charm, spell' under likewise, gr. τέρας n. `Wunderzeichen', πέλωρ n. `Ungetöm, Ungeheuer', τελώριος μέγας, πελώριος Hes.; das π- is Äolismus; πέλωρ, τέλωρ from *πέρωρ, *τέρωρ dissimilated; lit.keriù, kerė́ti `jemanden enchant, in the Gesundheit injure, hurt', kẽras `charm, spell', slav. čara f. `charm, spell' in abg. čarodějь `magician', čari f. Pl. `charm, spell, Reiz' etc.;

perhaps with anlaut. s- (compare Old Indian saṃ-skar-) Old Indian ā-ścarya- `seltsam, wonderful', n. `wonder, miracle', aisl. skars n. `ein Ungeheuer; giantess', skersa f. `giantess', skyrse m. `(öbles) omen, sign, Phantom' (welche die suffixale zero grade of es-stem τέρας enthielten).

References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.

Page(s): 641-642

Root / lemma: kʷer-2

English meaning: a kind of dish or pot

German meaning: in Worten, die etwas Schössel-, Schalenartiges bedeuten

Material: Old Indian carú- `Kessel, pot, pan', wherefore probably karkarī `water jug', karaŋka- `cranium';

air. co(i)re (though not from *kʷerijo-, but from *kʷ_erijo-), cymr. pair, corn. pêr `Kessel';

altn. hverr m. `Kessel', ags. hwer, ahd. (h)wer ds.

n-extension lies before in: mir. cern f. `platter', nisl. hvörn `bone in Fischkopf', norw. dial. hvann ds.; got. ƕaírnei f. `cranium', aisl. hverna f. `Kochgeschirr'.

References: WP. I 518.

Page(s): 642

Root / lemma: kʷeru-

English meaning: to chew; to grind

German meaning: `kauen; zermalmen, mahlen (meal, flour and out of it Bereitetes)'ö

Material: Old Indian cárvati `chews up, zermalmt', participle cūrṇa-s, m. `fine dust, powder, meal, flour' (in -ū- wirkt the zweite vowel the basis kʷeru- afterö); different about cárvati above S. 576, 582;

gr. τορύνη σιτῶδές τε Hes. (assimil. from *τερύνᾱ), πορύναν μαγίδα Hes. (development from ablautendem *kʷorunā or öol. form from τορύνη), πύρνον n., Pl. πύρνα (Hom.) `Weizenbrot' (-υ- in still to untersuchendem connection with dem second vowel from *kʷeru-).

References: WP. I 519.

Page(s): 642

Root / lemma: kʷetu̯er-, kʷetuō̆r-, kʷ_etur- m., kʷetes(o)r- f.

English meaning: four

German meaning: `vier'

Note: (containsöö *sor `wife, woman')

Material: Old Indian catvā́raḥ m. (Akk. catúraḥ), catvā́ri n., cátasraḥ f.; av. čaϑwārō m. (Gen. čaturąm), čataŋrō f., npers. čahār;

arm. čork` from *č̣orek` < *kʷetu̯ores (Akk. č̣ors);

gr. hom. τέσσαρες, att. τέτταρες, böot. πέτταρες (with secondary Schwachstufe); ion. ark. hellen. τέσσερες (*kʷetu̯eres); reduced grade hom. πίσυρες (Akk. πίσυρας = Old Indian catúraḥ, lesb. πισύρων = av. čaturąm), lesb. also πέσσυρες; dor. wgr. τέτορες (*kʷetu̯ores);

lat. quattuor (a seems, as hom. πίσυρες, _e fortzusetzen); osk. pettiur; petora n. (compare petiro-pert `viermal' from *petri̯ā-, das after *triā in umbr. triiuper `dreimal');

air. ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir after tēoir `3'), acymr. petguar, ncymr. pedwar (fem. pedair), corn. peswar (abrit. Stadtname Πετουαρία);

got. fidwōr, nord. and westgerm. due to an assimilation form *ku̯eku̯or (bis auf die Kompositionsformen salfr. fitter-, ags. fyðer-, aschwed. fiæÞer-: got. fidur-): aisl. fiōrer m., fiōrar f., fiogor n., ahd. feor, fior, as. fiuwar, fior, ags. fēower;

lit. keturì (Akk. kêturis = Old Indian catúraḥ), fem. kêturios; lett. četri; aksl -četyre m., -i f. n.

toch. A śtwar (*kʷetu̯_er-), В ś(t)wār, ś(t)wer (*kʷetu̯ores) `4', A śtwarāk `40'.

In compounds (and derivatives) kʷetur-, kʷetu̯r̥-, kʷetru-: Old Indian cátur- [aŋga-ḥ `viergliedrig'], with Schwundst. the 1. syllable av. ā-xtūirīm `viermal' Old Indian turīya-, túrya-ḥ, av. tūirya- `vierter'; av. čaϑwarǝ-aspa- av. čaϑru-[gaoša-]; from *τετFρα (idg. *kʷetu̯r̥-): gr. τετρα-[κόσιοι], -πους; contaminated from τρυ- and τετρα-: gr. τράπεζα; τρυ-φάλεια `helmet' (compare τετρά-φαλος `with vier Schirmen versehen') probably zero grade *[kʷ]tru-, as osk. trutom (if es `quartum' stands for); lat. quadru-[pēs]; umbr. petur[-pursus `quadrupedibus']; gall. Petru-corii `die Vierstömmigen', petru-deca-metos `vierzehnter', cymr. pedry- `vierfach' (gall. petor-ritum `vierröderiger cart' probably with dem vowel from *kʷetu̯ores), `viereckig, strong'; got. fidur-dōgs (Westgermanisches see above); lit. ketur-[kõjis `vierfößig']; arm. k`taṙ-a-sun `40' (from *twr̥-, compare Old Indian turīya- `vierter').

ordinals:

Old Indian caturthá-, turī́ya-, túrya-, av. tūirya-; arm. č̣orir, č̣orr-ord, kaṙ-ord; gr. att. τέταρτος, hom. τέτρατος (for *τυρτος `vierter' in Τυρταῖος), böot. πέτρατος; lat. quārtus, prön. Quorta, osk. perhaps truto- (see above); air. cethramad (*kʷetru-metos); gall. petuarios = acymr. petuerid; ahd. fiordo, ags. féorða, aisl. fiōrði; lit. ketvir̃tas (lett. cetur̃taĩs as Old Indian caturthá-ḥ), Old Church Slavic četvrьtъ; toch. A śtört (*kʷetu̯r̥tos), В śtwerne.

Von other Zubehör sei berausgehoben lat. quattuordecim, got. fidwōrtaíhun, ahd. viorzëhan `14'; dor. ion. delph. τετpώκοντα (*kʷetu̯_orǝ-k̂omte) = lat. quadrāgintā `40'; av. čaϑruš `viermal', Old Indian catúḥ = lat. quater (*kʷetrus); Old Indian catvará- m. `viereckiger place', lit. ketverì `je vier', Old Church Slavic četverъ, četvorъ ds., air. cethorcho `40' (*kʷetru-k̂omt-s).

References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394, 400 f., F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.

Page(s): 643-644

Root / lemma: kʷe 1

English meaning: and (encl.)

German meaning: enklit. `and'

Note: from *'irgendwie', as also to Pron.-stem kʷo-, kʷe- of Interrogativums and Indefinitums in same relationship stehend, as *k̂e `here' to k̂o-, k̂e- `this'. Damit identical kʷe behind forms of Interrogativ-Indefinit-stem zur Verstörkung of indefiniten Sinnes.

Material: Old Indian ca, av. ča, ар. čā enklit. `and'; lyd. -k `and'; gr. τε `and'; venet. -ke, lepont. -pe, piken. -p; lat. -que; ne-que = osk.-umbr. nep, neip `not; and not, nor; rarely not even' = air. na-ch, mcymr. etc. nac `not' (to a from e see under ne `not'), compare lat. atque `and in addition' (ad + que) = umbr. ap(e) `ubi, cum'; got. niḫh (etc., see under ne) `not'; (see also ahd. etc. noh under *nu `nun'); bulg. če `but, and, daß, weil', čech. old a-če, ač `if', poln. acz `obgleich, although';

Maybe alb. geg. (*ne-que) nuk, tosk. nuku `not'

den indefiniten sense, mind intensifying e.g. Old Indian káś-ca, av. čiš-ca `wer irgend, welcher irgend', in relative clause with dem Rel.-Pron. ya-; av. čiš-ca also `jeder beliebige';

arm. -k` e.g. o-k` `whoever' (if drop of e from *kʷe before the Palatalisierung; from Junker with dem k` of Plurals gleichgesetzt);

gr. ὅσ-τε (here behind dem Relativum; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 575 f.);

lat. quom-que, cunque, umbr. pumpe originally `*when also always', then with coloring of Zeitsinnes (as in nhd. wer immer ’whoever’) bare verallgemeinernd, e.g. quīcumque, umbr. pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *quī quisque: Old Indian yáḥ káś-ca) in Sötzen relativen Sinnes, quisque (mostly angelehnt) `jeder beliebige';

got. -h, -u-h in ƕaz-u-h, ƕō-h, ƕa-h `jeder, -e, -es beliebige';

hitt. ku-iš-ki (= lat. quis-que) = lyk. tiḫke; ni-ik-ku (: lat. neḫque) = lyd. niḫk.

In similar meaning also other forms from den stems kʷo-, kʷā, kʷi-: lat. quis-quam; Old Indian cit (cid), av. čit̃, ар. čiy Verallgemeinerungspartikel (z. В. Old Indian kaś-cid `wer nur immer') = idg. *kʷid in osk. -píd, -pid, umbr. -pe, -pei (e.g. osk. pútúrús-píd `utrisque', umbr. putres-pe `utrius-que') = arm. -č (in-č `irgend etwas'); s. also *kʷene.

References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 573 ff., 648² f.

Page(s): 635-636

Root / lemma: kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d-

English meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen

German meaning: etwa `stacheln (Stachel, Spitz), bohren, wetzen, schörfen; antreiben, anreizen'

Note: (older keu̯ed-ö)

Material: Aisl. hvatr `quick, fast, gamy, sharp', hvǫt f. `Anreizung', hvata, -aða `antreiben, beschleunigen', ags. hwæt `quick, fast, gamy', as. hwat ds., ahd. (h)waz `sharp, violent', got. gaƕatjan `antreiben, whet', aisl. hvetja `sharpen, anreizen', ags. hwettan ds., mnd. wetten `whet', ahd. (h)wezzen, mhd. wetzen `stir, tease, irritate, anfeuern, whet'; to-participle got. ƕassaba Adv. `sharp, stern' (ƕassei `vehemency, austereness, severeness'), aisl. hvass `sharp, rash, hasty', ags. hwæss `sharp', ahd. (h)was, mhd.was(ser) `sharp, spiky, violent, stern'; ablaut. aisl. hvāta `durchstoßen'; aschwed. hø̄ta `Löcher bohren'; with a öbertragenen meaning as. for-hwātan, ahd. far-hwāzan `verfluchen' and got. ƕōta f. `threat', ƕōtjan `threaten', aisl. hōt n. `threat', hōta `threaten';

probably lat. tri-quetrus `dreieckig' (`dreispitzig'; probably from *triḫquedros); possibly also Old Indian cṓdati, cōdáyati `treibt an, throngs' (*keud-).

References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.

Page(s): 636

Root / lemma: kʷÞei-

See also: s. more properly above S. 487 under gʷhðei(ǝ)-.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā; kʷei-

English meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base

German meaning: die betonten Formen sind Interrogativa, die unbetonten Indefinita

Grammatical information: (presumably einst only in Nom. Akk. Sg.); kʷu- (only in Adv.);

Note: einzelsprachlich partly Relativum geworden

Material: 1. stem kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā-; Gen. kʷeso, Instr. kʷī, Zeitadverb kʷom.

A. Kasuelle forms and nur einzelsprachlich belegbare Ableitungen:

Old Indian ká-ḥ (= phryg. κος `irgendeiner', got. ƕas `werö'), fem. kā `werö' and indefinit; idg. kʷos probably the old Nom. Sg. m.;

av. kō (Gen. gthav. ka-hyā, ča-hyā), fem. kā `werö, who, what, which, the one thatö', Old pers. kaš[-čiy], as Indef. with -čī̆t̃, or in Doppelsetzung, or in neg. or rel. Sötzen; av. kā `asö'; Old pers. ada-kaiy `damals' = gr. ποι by Pindar `ποῦ' placed;

arm. о `werö' (*kʷo-, Meillet Esquisse² 189), indef. o-k` `whoever' (-k` = lat. que), o-mn `wer' (relative o-r `who, what, which, the one that'); k`ani `how much', k`an `as, after the comparative' (= lat. quam), k`anak `quantita' under likewise; lat. quantus `as big, large', umbr. panta `quanta' is from quām with formants-to- derived;

gr. Gen. Sg. hom. τέο, att. τοῦ `wessenö' (= abg. ceso, ahd. hwes; idg. *kʷes(j)o); Dat. Sg. f. dor. πᾳ, att. πῇ, ion. κῇ (*kʷā-) `wheretoö, whereforeö, asö'; Instr. f. ion. att. πῆ `whereto'; Instr. Sg. m. n. kret. ὀ-πῆ `where, whereto', dor. πή-ποκα, πώ-ποκα, att. πώ-ποτε `je einmal, noch je', πω, ion. κω `(*about einen Zeitraum hin, irgendwann =) still' and modal `irgendwie' in οὔ πω `noch nicht' and `nicnt irgendwie, keinesfalls' (compare got. ƕē as well as lat. quō `whereto', if not ablative); πῶς, ion. κῶς `as'; ποδαπός `from woher stammend' (neutr. *kʷod + forms -ŋ̣kʷo-, compareἀλλοδ-απός above S. 25 under *alios `other'); att. etc. ποῖ `whereto', dor. πεῖ `where' (Lok.); att.ποῦ, ion. κοῦ `where' (Gen.); πόθεν `from whereö'; hom. πόθι, ion. κόθι `where'; πότε `whenö' (dor. πόκα `when', compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629), ποτέ, lesb. πότα, ion. κοτέ `irgendeinmal, einst', wherefore also ποτέ after Interrogativen, e.g. τί ποτε `was then' and - with previously gr. reduplication - τίπτε ds. (see in addition under poti-s), πόσε `whereto' (-σε from -τε) = got. ƕaÞ, ƕad `whereto'; kret. τεῖον ποῖον Hes., att. ποῖος `qualis' from *kʷo- + oiu̯o- = Old Indian ḗva- `kind of and Weise', ahd. ēwa, compare got. laiwa `asö', see under ei- `go'; to variation from π- (: ion. κ-): τ- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f.

alb. kë `wenö' (*kʷo-m), se `wasö' (Abl. *kʷōd with analogical Palatalisierungö), si `asö' (*kʷeiö);

lat. quī (alat. quoi from *kʷo + Demonstr. -ī), quae, quod Rel. and Indefinitum, osk. pui, paí, púd `qui, quae, quod', umbr. po-i, -e, -ei `quī', puře, porse `quod', lat. cuius, cui, quō, quā etc., umbr. pusme `cui'; Adv. lat. quō `whereto' (Abl.) = umbr. puḫe `quō' (u = ō, das before Enklitika not abbreviated is); lat. quam `as, as' (Akk. Sg. f.) = umbr. [pre-]pa `[prius-]quam', osk. pruter pam ds. (av. kąm-čit̃ `in irgendeiner, jeder Weise', alat. quam-de = umbr. pane, osk. pan `quam'; lat. quantus see above;

lat. quom, cum `if, as; so oft as' (Akk. Sg. n. as primum etc. = av. kǝm `as', got. ƕan `when', Old Prussian kan, lit. (dial.) ką `if'; Old Church Slavic ko-gda from *ko-g(o)da, Meillet Slave commun² 470;

with -de extended umbr. pon(n)e, osk. pún `quom'; lat. quandō `when' (*quām Akk. the Zeiterstreckung + dō), umbr. panu-pei `quandōque', mnd. wante `bis'; lat. quantus, umbr. panta `quanta' (see 644);

air. nech, adj. (proklit.) after `aliquis; ullus, quisquam', cymr. corn. bret. nep (*ne-kʷo-s, with coloring the negation in neg. Sötzen with wiederholte negation, also lit. kaz-ne-kàs `somewhat', kadà-ne-kadà `zuweilen', abg. někъto `jemand'); air. cāch, connected cach, mcymr. pawp, connected pop, corn. pup, pop, pep, bret. pep `jeder' (*kʷā- or kʷō-kʷo-s; to abg. kakъ `who, what, which, the one thatö'), ir. cech `jeder' (das e after nech); air. can, mcymr. pan (*kʷanā), mbret. ре-ban `whenceö'; air. cuin `whenö', mcymr. etc. pan, pann `as, if' (*kʷaniö), air. caḫni, mcymr.po-ny `nonne' (*kʷā-);

got. ƕas (*kʷo-s) `werö' and indefinit (Gen. ƕis, ahd. hwes = abg. ceso, gr. τέο), aschwed. hvar, har, adön. hvā, ags. hwā `wer', with dem e of Gen. as. hwē, ahd. hwer (*kʷe-s) `wer'; neutr. got. ƕa (*kʷo-d), ahd. hwaz, an. hvat, ags. hwæt, as. hwat `was'; fem. got. ƕō `werö welcheö' : got. ƕan `when, as', as. hwan, ahd. hwanne `when' (close comparison to air. can `whence' is because of the meaning doubtful), as. hwanda `weil', ahd. hwanta `warum'; got. ƕē `wherewithö' (Instr.); afries. hō, as. hwō, ahd. hwuō `as' to lat. quō `whereto' (Ablat.), gr. πω, κω `irgendwie';

lit. kàs `werö, wasö' also indefinit, fem. kà, Old Prussian kas m., ka n. `werö', kas f. quai, quoi, n. ka (Akk. also kan, kai) `who, what, which, the one that, -e, -es'; lit. kad `if, daß, with it' (Konjunktion as lat. quod, from dem fragenden Gebrauch, compare Old Indian kad, av. kat̃ adv. Fragewort `nun, ifö'); lit. kaĩ, kaĩ-p, Old Prussian kāiḫgi `asö' (= abg. cě; but about gr. καί see under *kai `and');

abg. kъ-to `werö' (Gen. česo), kyjь, f. kaja, n. koje `qui, ποῖοςö', cě `καίτοι, καίπερ, εἴπερ' (see above).

B. derivatives, die sich through mehrere Sprachen pursue lassen: kʷo-tero- `wer from zweienö'; kʷā-li- `asö'; kʷo-ti-, kʷe-ti- `as vieleö'.

Old Indian katará-, av. katāra- `wer from zweien', gr. πότερος, ion. κότερος ds., osk. Lok. pútereí-píd `in utroque', umbr. podruh-pei adv. `utroque', putres-pe `utriusque', got. ƕaÞar, aisl. hvārr, ags. hwæÞer `wer from beiden' (ahd. hwedar, nhd. still in weder, with e, as hwer `wer' : got. ƕas), lit. katràs `welcher from beiden, who, what, which, the one thatö', abg. koteryjь, kotoryjь `who, what, which, the one that' comparative formation (Beschrönkung auf die Wahl between zwei Gegensötzen); superlativisch Old Indian katamá- `welcher from mehreren'; compare of stem kʷu- : lat. uter.

Old Indian kadā, av. kaδa `whenö'; but lit. kadà `whenö' from *kadā̀n; to ending see above S. 181 ff. (also for abg. kǫdǫ, kǫdě `whence', lat. quan-do).

Gr. πηλί-κος `as big, largeö as oldö', lat. quālis `as beschaffen', lit. kõlei, kõl' `as long'; of stem kʷo- from: abg. kolikъ `as big, large', kolь `quantum' (Trautmann 111).

Old Indian káti `as viele' = hitt. kuwatta, lat. quot ds. (of apokopierten quot from: quotus `the wievielte'), Old Indian kati-thá- `the wievielte' = lat. *quotitei (Lok. m.) diē > cottī-diē `amwievielten Tage also always, daily'; gr. lesb. πόσσος (hom. ποσσῆμαρ), att. πόσος, ion. κόσος `as big, large' (*kʷoti-os; πόστος `the wievielte' from *ποσσοστός; besides with idg. e av. čaiti `as viele', bret. pet in pet dez `how many days', petguez `quotiēns'.

Old Indian kár-hi `whenö' = got. ƕar, aisl. hvar (*kʷor) `whereö' and relative (therefrom got. ƕarjis, aisl. hverr `who, what, which, the one that', eig. `where er', as from lit. kur̃ [*kʷū̆r] `where' + jìs `er' das lit. Rel. kurìs, kur̃s `who, what, which, the one that' erwuchs); ē-grade ags. hwǣr, ahd. as. hwār `where'; ō-grade lat. cūr `warum, wherefore', old quōr.

A parallel formation to lat. quis in alat. quirḫquir `ubicunque'.

2. stem kʷei-, same form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.:

Old Indian kím `wasö was', kíḥ `werö', ná-ki-ḥ `niemand' (with k instead of c; latter lautgesetzlich in:) Old Indian cit (cid), av. cit̃, Old pers. čiy `sogar, jedenfalls' (originally Nom. Sg. n. *kʷi-d; s. also under kʷe `and'); av. čiš `wer', čišca = lat. quisque, gr. τίς τε, Old pers. čiš-čiy ds.; av. čī `as' (Instr.);

arm. -č in in-č `somewhat' (= Old Indian kim - cid), das also in ersten part here, with drop of kʷ- as i (z-i) `wasö' (*kʷid-), Instr. i-v `wodurch, wherewith', (see also above to arm. о `wer'); to Alb. see above under 1;

gr. τίς (*kʷis) m. f. (thess. κίς, ark. kypr. σίς), n. τί (*kʷid) `werö who, what, which, the one that, -e, -esö' and τὶς, τὶ `(irgend) wer, was', Akk. m. *τιν (*kʷim) extension to τίνα, whereupon τίνος, τίνι, Pl. n. *kʷi̯ǝ in megar. σά μάν `wiesoö' τὶ μην; böot. τά `warum' = lat. quia; also in ion. ἄσσα, att. ἄττα, `τινὰ Nom. Pl. `(through false separation from ὁποῖά σσα) and with dem relativen ἅ connected ἅσσα, att. ἅττα;

lat. quis, quid `wer, was' (fragend, indefinit, relative), quī Adv. `wodurch, whereof (rel.); as for, warum (frag.); irgendwie (in Wunschformeln)' (could Abl. *kʷīd sein, but yet probably due to an Instr. *kʷi = av. čī, sloven. či `if', čech. či `if', ags. etc. hwī `as, wherefore, warum'); quī-n (from -ne) `as nicht; daß nicht, without', quia-nam `warum', quia `daß, weil' (Akk. Pl. *kʷiǝ) see above;

osk. pis, píd `quis, quid' (fragend, indefinit, unbestimmt-relative), umbr. sve-pis `sī quis', pisḫi `quis, quisquis'; doubled osk. pispis, lat. quisquis, argiv. τίστις in verallgemeinernd indef. sense;

air. cid `wasö' with dem i from cḫid `obwohl es sei'; originally as das adj. ced from *ce ed;

air. cia `wer', cymr. pwy, corn. pyw, bret. piou `wer' (*kʷei); connected cymr. py, pa, p- etc. (air. cote, cate `was is', `where is' is unclear);

got. ƕi-leiks, ags. hwilc `as beschaffen'; ags. hwī, as. hwī, hwiu, aisl. hvī `as, wherefore, warum' (kʷī Instr.);

abg. čь-to `was'; Instr. kʷī (see above) in sloven. či `if; also interrogative particle', čech. či `if', poln. czy `if', russ. old či `if', abg. či-mь Instr. out of it extended;

about toch. A kus, В kuse `who, what, which, the one that' s. Pedersen Toch. 121;

hitt. question- and relative pronoun kuiš `wer, who, what, which, the one that', verallgemeinernd kuiš kuiš etc. (= lat. quisquis) `whoever', Indefinitum kuiš-ki (= lat. quisque) `irgend jemand', n. kuit-ki (= lat. quidque); lyk. ti-ke (= hit kuiš-ki); s. P. Tedesco Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn Lang. 22, 68 ff.

3. stem kʷu-:

Old Indian kū́, av. kū `whereö'

Maybe alb. ku `where', kë `whom'

ved. kuv-íd `if, whether, perhaps', av. čū `as, in welchem Maßeö' (č- after čī `asö'); Old Indian kúva, kvá `where, whereto'; Old Indian kútra, av. kuϑra `whereö wheretoö'; Old Indian kútaḥ `whence'; Old Indian kúha = gathav. kudā `where' (= abg. kъde; idg. *kʷu-dhe; see under lat. ubi); av. kuϑa `as'; here also ar. ku as 1. Zsglied to verbalism of Schlechten, Mangelhaften (eig. `was for ein...!'), e.g. Old Indian ku-putra- `bad son', av. ku-nāiri `Hure', compare böot. πούλιμος `Heißhunger' (*πυ-), aböot. Πυλιμιάδᾱς, also from den stems kʷo- and kʷi-: Old Indian ka-, kā-, kad-, kim-, e.g. kā-puruṣa- `Wicht', ka-pūya- `öbelriechend', kiṃ-puruṣa- `fairy demon, ghost, dwarf' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.);

kret. ὄ-πυι `whereto', syrak. πῦς (*πυι-ς), rhod. ὅπῡς `whereto' (*πυι neologism to ποῖ);

alb. kur `as, when' (see under 1. В by den r-formations = lit. kur̃, arm. ur), kurrë `je' (*kur-nei), ku `where', ku-sh `wer', kö-sh `as' (ö from idg. ū);

lat. ubī̆ `where' (in addition unde shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cubī in nē-cubi, sī-cubi, ali-cubi, nesciō-cubi, nun-cubi (nē-cunde etc.); es is das through die stem lat. quo-, quā, quī before the Entlabialisierung through u bewahrte qʷ- before u to qw- geworden and qwu- hat anl. wu-, u- ergeben, during in *nē-qwubi etc. infolge the Silbentrennung nēq-wubī the Gutt. erhalten blieb; is ubī̆ after Lok. auf -ī (*ei, *oi) from *ubĕ = Old Indian kúha, av. kudā, abg. kъde reshaped = osk. puf `ubi' (umbr. extended to pufe `ubi')ö; after Pedersen Hitt. 50 f. contain ubi, ibivielmehr die idg. adverbial ending -bhi (gr. -φι), compare hitt. kuḫwaḫpi (kwabi) `where, whenö'; correspondingly lat. ut `as, with it, daß' (uti-nam, -que) and utī, alat. utei (reshuffling as in ubī) from *kʷu-ti (us-piam, -quam `irgendwo' from ut + adv. s = osk. puz, umbr. puz-e from *kʷut-s-), uter, utra, -um `welcher from beiden' from *kʷu-teros (parallel with πότερος etc.), unquam, umquam `irgendeinmal' (kʷum- temporaler Akk.); whether umbr. pu-e (-o particle) `where' = Old Indian kū is or *kʷō, is doubtful;

mcymr. cw, cwd (= ð), cwt (= d) `where, whereto' (*kʷu-) = air. со `asö';

got. -hun zur formation unbestimmter pronoun: ni ains-hun `not irgendeiner', etc.; ags. hū `as', engl. how, afries. hū, mnd. wū;

lit. kur̃ `where' (see above 1. B); also lit. dial. kũ `wasö' from *kunö Old Prussian quei `where' from *kʷu-ei and probably the originator of qu- instead of k- in fem. Nom. quai, quoi etc.;

References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f., 120 f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun² 442 ff., 469, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f., 615 ff., Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff.

Page(s): 644-648

Root / lemma: kʷrei-

English meaning: to buy

German meaning: `kaufen'

Grammatical information: present kʷri-nā-mi

Material: Old Indian krīṇā́ti `kauft' (ī after krītá- participle; ved. also krĭnā́ti according to Metrums, as also Pāli kiṇāti), Infin. krētum, krayá- `Kauf, Kaufpreis'; npers. xarīdan `buy';

gr. πρίαμαι `kaufe';

air. cren(a)im (*kʷri-nǝ-mi) `I kaufe', Konj. ni-crïa (*kʷrii̯āt), crīth `payment, Kauf', crīthid `emax'; cymr. prynu `emere, redimere' (3. Sg. acymr. prinit), corn. prenne, perna, bret. prena `buy', cymr. prid (= ir. crīth) `oppigneratio'; mir. tochra `Umwerben' (`*Brautkauf'), t-ind-s-cra n. `Kaufpreis for die bride' (seems *kʷroi̯o- = Old Indian krayá-), cymr. g(w)o-br `Preis, Belohnung', corn. gober, bret. gobr ds., cymr. also go-brwy ds. (-wy-suffix); Verbaln. Akk. mir. creicc (formal after reicc `sell', whereat s. Thurneysen Gr. 454), air. fochr(a)icc f. `Belohnung';

alit. (Gen.) krieno `pretium pro sponsis', lett. kriens, krienis `gift an die Braut', also lit. kraĩtis `Brautschatz, dowry the bride';

aruss. krьnuti, krenuti `buy', Infin. kriti, russ.-Church Slavic once also u-kri-jenъ (*u-krьjenъ) `gekauft' without den present nasal;

toch. A kuryar `trade', kuryart `Höndler', В karyor `Kauf', kǝryorttau `Kaufmann'.

References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalprös. 197.

Page(s): 648

Root / lemma: kʷr̥mi-

English meaning: worm, grub

German meaning: `Wurm, Made'

Material: Old Indian kŕ̥mi- `worm, Made'; np. kirm `worm';

alb. krimp (krim-bi), geg. kröm ds.;

air. cruim `worm', urir. kʷrimi-, cymr. pryf, corn. ds. `worm', bret. préñv ds.; gall. FlN *Primia > nhd. Pfrimm, Primantia > nhd. Prims;

Old Prussian girmis (leg. kirmis) `Made'; lit. kirmìs m. f. etc. ds., lett. cirmins m. ds., lett. cḕrme f. `Spulwurm' Möhlenbach-Endzelin I 378 under 386;

sloven. čr̂m `Karbunkel, Fingerwurm', poln. czerń (for *czerḿö compare skr. cr̂n `robigo' for *cr̂mö) `Wörmer in faulenden Fleisch', czermień `Schlangenkraut', czermiówka `Natternkraut';

in addition Adj.-formation sl. *čьrmьnъ `red', abg. črъmьnъ `red', črъmьnovati sę `feuerrot become' etc.;

die e-lengthened grade seems in lett. cèrme f. `Regenwurm', cer̂me `worm' vorzuliegen; besides sl.*čьrmь findet sich *čьrvь with eigenartigem vi-suffix: abg. črъvь `worm', russ. červь etc.; compare lit. *skirvis `Ameise'ö

References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., Idg. Dekl. 45, 181.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: kʷsep- (ö) (*ĝʷhsep-)

English meaning: dark

German meaning: and einigermaßen anklingende words for `Dunkel'

Material: Old Indian kṣáp, kṣapā́ `night', av. xšap- `darkness'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

gr. ψέφας, ψέφος n. `darkness', ψεφαρός, ψεφηνός `dark'; κνέφας `darkness';

Maybe alb. geg. mshef, tosk. fsheh `hide (in the dark)' common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : alb. kʷh- > ph- > f- phonetic mutation

δνόφος `darkness', later γνόφος ds., hom. δνοφερός `dark', ἰοδνεφής `dunkelviolett'; ζόφος `darkness', ζοφερός `dark'.

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : illyr.-alb. - hom. ĝh- > d-, z- phonetic mutation

Der wechselnde gr. anlaut based on auf taboo -Vorstellungen.

References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht Idg. Dekl. 11.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: labh-

English meaning: to grab, hold

German meaning: `fassen, ergreifen'

Material: Old Indian lábhatē, lámbhatē, rábhatē (Perf. lalābha) `erfaßt, ergreift', lābha- m. `Erlangen, profit, gain, benefit, advantage', rábhas- n. `Ungestöm, force, might', rabhasá- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand';

gr. λάφῡρον `booty', ἀμφι-λαφής `umfassend, big, large';

lit. lõbis m. `blessing, possession, richness', lõbti `rich become', ablaut. lãbas m. `blessing', also `gut', lett. Old Prussian labs `gut'.

References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalprös. 148 f.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lab- and labh- (ö), lap(h)-

English meaning: to sip, chaw, etc..

German meaning: `schlörfend, schnalzend, schmatzend lecken'

Note: schallmalend (compare das similar lak-)

Material: Arm. lap'el `lick';

gr. λαφύσσω `verschlinge' (-ph-ö or *labhukḫi̯ō, dem slav. lobьz-ati nöherstehendö); λάπτω `lecke schlörfend' is secondary besides old λάψειν, λάψαι;

alb. lap `lecke water';

lat. lambō, -ere `lick';

ahd. laffan (luof) `lick', ahd. leffil `spoon', mnd. lepel ds. (: got. *lapins, from which Old Prussian lapinis borrowed); ags. lapian `drink, slurp', aschwed. lapa ds. (*lapōn), nisl. norw. lepja `schlörfend lick as ein Hund' = mhd. leffen `lick, slurp', ahd. gilepfen ds.; intensive. mhd. nhd. lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken `lick' to schlecken;

besides nhd. dial. labbe `lip', labern `slow, oafish talk; leckend drink', skr. lȁbati `swig as Hunde or Katzen' under likewise;

here perhaps russ. dial. lopa `devourer', lopatь `devour'; bulg. lápam `devour, schlinge', etc.; also abg. lobъzati `kiss' (`*schmatzen')ö

Maybe alb. lopë ‘cow (eating a lot of grassö)’

References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 72 f.

Page(s): 651

Root / lemma: laidh-, lidh-

English meaning: to cut, hurt

German meaning: `schneiden, verletzen'ö

Material: Gr. λίστρον n. `Schörfeisen, spade; spoon', λιστρεύω `hacke um', λιστρόω `ebne', λιστρίον n. `spoon'; λισγάριον `hack, mattock, hoe' (*λιδ-σκο-);

lat. laedō, -ere `injure, beschödigen';

lett. lîdu, lîst `roden', lit. lýdymas, lydìmas `Rodung, Neuland'.

Maybe alb. *laedō, lëndoj `hurt' contaminated also by lat. lento -are `to bend'.

References: WP. II 379, WH. I 749.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lai-

English meaning: fat

German meaning: `fett'

Note: Only gr. and lat.

Material: Gr. λᾱρῑνός `gemöstet, fat' (*lai̯esḫrḫīnosö); lat. lāridum, lardum `bacon, gepökeltes Schweinefleisch' (*lai̯es-idomö); lārgus `rich, rich schenkend' (*laies-agos); lae-tus `fat, luscious, fertile, freudig, cheerful', laetāre `döngen'.

References: WP. II 379, WH. I 750, 764 f.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lai̯uo-

English meaning: left

German meaning: `links'

Note: originally `crooked'ö

Note:

Root / lemma: lai̯uo- : `left' derived from Root / lemma: seu̯i̯o- : `left' common illyr.-alb. su̯e- > de-, le- phonetic mutation. (see alb. dergjem `lie sick' of Root / lemma: su̯ergh- : `to take care of; to be ill').

Material: Gr. λαιός `link'; illyr. PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc.; lat. laevus ds.; gloss. laevi boves `with downwards gekrömmten Hörnern' point at in association with lit. išlaivóti `make bent' in `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped' perhaps in sense from `crooked = weak, left' as basic meaning; abg. lěvъ `left' etc.

References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: laku-

English meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea)

German meaning: `Wasseransammlung in einer Grube, Lache, sea'

Material: Gr. λάκκος (*λακυ̯ος) `cistern, pond, pool';

lat. lacus, -ūs m. (ahd. lahha `puddle', mnd. lake `puddle, slop', ags. lacu f. `river, stream, brook' etc., are lat. Lw.) `pit, pothole, sea, trough', lacūna `Vertiefung, pit, pothole, puddle' (therefrom lacūnar n. `Felderdecke', as laquear ds. direkt from lacus from);

air. loch n. `sea, pond, pool' (*laku), out of it borrowed cymr. llwch, etc.; acorn. bret. lagen `sea, pond, pool'; södostfrz. loye probably from venet.-illyr. *loku̯ā; unklares о also in gall. PN Penne-locōs (Gen. *-ous);

ags. asöchs. lagu (*lakú-) `sea' (in addition the nordwestd. FlN Leine from Lagina), aisl. lǫgr m. `sea, water, Flössigkeit'; in addition lā, lǣ f. `Strandwasser, sea' (*lahō), mhd. lā `stream, brook, Sumpfwasser';

abg. loky f. (*lakū), Gen. -ьve `puddle, cistern', serb. lȍkva `puddle, pool, slop', etc.

References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: lak-

English meaning: to lick, lap

German meaning: `schnalzend lecken'

Material: Arm. lakem (from *kk) `lick';

lit. làkti, lett. lakt `leckend devour';

Church Slavic loču, lokati `lick'.

Similar to onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung as lab-, lap(h)-.

References: WP. II 380.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: lak̂- (*laĝh-)

English meaning: to be spotted; salmon

German meaning: `sprenkeln, tupfen'

Material: Ahd. lahs, ags. leax, aisl. lax m. `salmon'; Old Prussian lasasso f.; lit. lašišà f., besides lãšis and lett. lasis m.; russ. losośь `salmon'; after Löwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as `the Getupfte' to lit.lãšas `drip', lašė́ti `drip, trickle', lett. lā̆se `Sprenkel, Tupfen', lãsaîns `punktiert, dappled', etc.; toch. В laks `fish'. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also (ö) Old Indian lākṣā `Lack' (*`lachsartig, *red') and (ö) lakṣá- `unöbersehbare bulk, mass'. common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 31, Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: las-

English meaning: willing, active, covetous

German meaning: `gierig, lasziv, mutwillig, ausgelassen sein'

Material: Old Indian laṣati `begehrt' (*la-ls-ati), lālasa- `begierig, violent, verlangend', ullasita- `ausgelassen, bratty', lasati `strebt, plays, shows, is vergnögt';

latter stands for also `seems, shines', compare gr. λάω `blicke', wherefore also ἀ-λαός `blind'; perhaps originally various group;

gr. λιλαίομaι `begehre, sehne mich' (*λι-λασι̯ομαι), Perf. λελίημαι (analogy after τετίημαι `bin grieving'); λάστη πόρνη Hes., λάσθη `ludibrium' (etc.), λᾶσθαι (*λα[σ]-εσθαι) παίζειν, λοιδορεῖν Hes., ληναί βάκχαι. ᾽Αρκάδες Hes. (*λασ-νο-), ληνίς `Bacchantin' (out of it lat. lēna `Kupplerin');

lat. lascīvus `bratty, ausgelassen, zögellos, luscious, horny, lustful' (further formations an Adj. *las-ko-s); in addition also (ö) Lār, Lăris, alat. Larēs `Geister' (eig. `die Gierigen, Lechzenden'), lārua, lārva (*lāsou̯ā) `ghost, Larve, mask' (Lār hat nominativische lengthened grade);

air. lainn `greedy' (*las-ni-s);

got. lustus, ahd. as. ags. lust `lust', aisl. losti m. `pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness' (reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from mnd. lust;

lit. lokšnùs `zörtlich' (*lāsknus);

serb. lȁska `Schmeichelei', čech. láska `love'; compare russ. lásyj `erpicht, naschhaft', lasovatь `naschen', etc.; lasko-sérdyj `lustful, greedy', lásitь `schmeicheln', lástitь ds., etc.

References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.

Page(s): 654

Root / lemma: lat-

English meaning: wet, damp; swamp

German meaning: `feucht, naß; Sumpf, Lache'

Material: Gr. λάταξ, -αγος `drip, Weinrest' (compare das Lw. lat. latex, -icis), λαταγέω `schleudre klatschend die Neige Wein', λατάσσω ds.;

mir. laith `beer, Flössigkeit; swamp, marsh' = gall. Are-late town, city `eastern of Sumpfes', corn. lad `liquor', acymr. llat ds., cymr. llaid (*lati̯o-) `slime, mud', mir. lathach ds.;

aisl. leÞja (*laÞjōn-) `loam, clay, smut', ahd. letto `clay, loam', nhd. Letten (dessen e, although in bair.-alem. Mundarten open, yet umlaut e- is);

lit. FlN Lãt-upė, Latuvà, lett. FlN Late (Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 425).

References: WP. II 381 f., WH. I 770.

Page(s): 654-655

Root / lemma: lauk(o)- (lǝuk-)

English meaning: throat, jaw

German meaning: `Kehle, Schlund', `schlucken, schlingen'ö

Material: Hom. λαυκανίη `throat, gullet', lit. ра-laũkis `die dewlap of Rindes', wruss. ɫkać (*lъkati), Iter. ɫýkać `schlucken, drink' etc. (klr. ɫýhati `schlucken' with h from proto slav. g, compare die probably cognate root (s)leug- `schlucken').

References: WP. II 380.

Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lā̆gh-

English meaning: to cut, a cutting instrument

German meaning: `schneiden, schneidendes Geröt (Spaten, Klinge)'

Material: Gr. λαχαίνω `grabe', λάχανον `Gartenkraut, vegetables'; ir. lāige `spade' (*lāgjā), lāigen `Lanze'(*lāginā), cymr. llain `blade' (*lăgīnā).

References: WP. II 381, WH. I 757 f., different O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 152.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lāgʷh-

German meaning: `fassen'

See also: see under (s)lāgʷh-.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lā-1 and lē-

English meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc..), onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzeln

Grammatical information: present lāi̯ō and lēi̯ō

Material: Old Indian rā́yati `barks' (possibly also to rē- `cry'); osset. raïn `bark, bay';

arm. lam `cry, weep'; unclear lor `Wachtel' (see under gr. λάρος);

gr. λῆρος m. `gossip, prank, Tand' (contains lā- or lē-), ληρέω `schwötze'; unclear is the vocalism (onomatopoeicö) in λάρος `seagull' (compare arm. lor `Wachtel');

alb. leh `bark';

lat. lāmentum `lamentation', lāmentāri `lament', lātrō, -āre `bark, bay'; perhaps osk. lamatir `soll verflucht sein';

air. līid (*lēi̯eti) `klagt an'; cymr. edliw (*ateḫlīu̯-) `rebuke';

got. laílōun `sie schmöhten' (present *laian, idg. *lē-); anord. lō f., `Brachvogel', Pl. lør; lōmr `Meertaucher, loud schreiender bird', compare isl. lōmur `clamor, lamentation';

lit. lóju, lóti `bark, bay', lett. lāju, lāt `bark, bay, fluchen', lādēt `verfluchen'; lādēt `verfluchen';

Old Church Slavic lajǫ, lajati `bark, bay, inveigh' etc. (lajati for *lati after dem preterite stem, compare lit. lójo).

Reduplicated lal(l)a-: Old Indian lalallā `Lallen'; gr. λάλος `gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering', λαλία `gossip', λαλέω `babble', λαλαγή `leichtes murmur'; lat. lallō, -āre `in den sleep sing', lallus `das Tröllern the wet nurse' (compare die PN Lalla, Lallia, Lallō, Lollia); nhd. lallen; lit. laluóti `lallen', russ. lála `babbler', etc.

similar lel-, lul- `einlullen, einwiegen, swing' in:

Old Indian lṓlati `bewegt sich hin and her', lulita- `fluttering', lálati `tönzelt, plays, shows', lēlā́yati `sways, swings'; lat. lolium `darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant';

Maybe alb. lule `flower, narcotic plant, dizziness exciting plant', luanj `play, swing, move'.

mnd. lollen, nhd. lullen; lit. leliúou, leliúoti `lull, craddle, swing', lett. leluoju, leluot `lull, cradle children'; in addition lit. lė́lis, lėlỹs m. `Nachtrabe'; lett. lēlis ds. and `clumsy person'; serb. léljati `lull, swing, cradle, dangle', ljûljati `lull, swing, cradle', russ. ljuljú `little poplar = (traditional in lullabies)', lelja `aunt', etc.; in addition russ. lelek, poln. čech. lelek `Nachtrabe' (see above lit. lė́lis).

Alb. laluc, lalë `derogatory remark, southern people', lal, lali `relative'

Perhaps here with k-extension:

gr. λάσκω (*λακ-σκω), Aor. ἔλακον, Perf. λέληκα, dor. λέλᾱκα `rede loud, cry', ληκέω dor. λᾱκ-) ds., λακερός Hes. `gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering';

after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to alb. laikatis `flatter, beschwatze'.

References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38, 49 f.

Page(s): 650-651

Root / lemma: lā-2

English meaning: to be concealed, covered

German meaning: `verborgen, versteckt sein'

Note: also lāi- and lā[i]-dh-

Material: Gr. λῇτο, λήιτο ἐπελάθετο Hes., due to a *λᾱ-Fός `hide, conceal' perhaps λεωργός, πανοῦργος, frevlerisch' (*ληFο-Fεργός `in verborgenen tuend, was das light scheuen muß');

from the dh-extension (dh-presentö) λήθω, dor. λά̄θω `lateō', λήθη `das oblivion', dor. λᾶθος n. ds., ἀληθής, dor. ἀλᾱθής `not verhehlend, veritable', λανθάνω (λήσω, ἔλαθον, λέληθα) `binverborgen', λαθρός `clandestine', ion. λάθρη, att. λάθρᾱ Adv. `clandestine', hom. λαθι-κηδής `den Schmerz vergessen making';

lāi-dh- in λαίθ-αργος besides λήθ-αργος;

lat. lateō, -ēre `hide, conceal, versteckt sein' (from a participle *lǝ-tó-s);

aisl. lōmr `betrayal, deceit', mhd. luo `pestering, temptation; snare'; ahd. luog `cave, lair', luoga `Lagerwilder animal';

abg. lajati `nachstellen', čech. (due to a *lā-kā = ahd. luoga) lákati `Nachstellungen bereiten, pursue';

toch. A löt-, lönt-, В löt-, lant- `hinausgehen', preterit 3. Sg. A löc, В lac (: gr. ἔλαθε), 3. Pl. A löntseńc, В lateⁿ (Pedersen Hitt. 173, 189).

References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.

Page(s): 651

Root / lemma: lāmā

English meaning: swamp, puddle

German meaning: `Pfötze, Sumpf'ö

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Lat. lāma f. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', probably barely genuine lateinisch; as Appellativ still today in Spanien, Södfrankreich, Oberitalien, frequent, often in PN in N Portugals and Spaniens, Korsika, Oberitalien and Apulia, also in venet.-illyr. Gebiet; illyr. FlN Λάμητος (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; lett. lãma `puddle, slop, pit, pothole', lit. lomà (man erwartet lóma), Akk. Sg. lõmą ds.; bulg. lam m. `pit, pothole, hole'.

Maybe alb. llomë, llohë, ‘dirt, mud’.

References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59, 202 ff. Unclear is das relationship to finn. lampi, Gen. lammen `pond, pool', estn. lomm `puddle, slop, lowland, depression', etc.

Page(s): 653-654

Root / lemma: lāp-

English meaning: cow

German meaning: `Kuh'

Material: Alb. lopë `cow' (*lāpā), lett. luõps `Vieh'; also schweiz. loobe, lioba `cow' (influenced from`lieb').

References: WP. II 383.

Page(s): 654

Root / lemma: lāu-

English meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

German meaning: `erbeuten, genießen'

Material: Old Indian lṓtam, lṓtram n. `booty, geraubtes blessing' (uncovered);

gr. ἀπολαύω `genieße', dor. λᾱίᾱ, ion. ληΐη and ληΐς, att. λείᾱ `booty' (*lāu̯i̯ā), ληΐζοoμαι `erbeute', ληΐστωρ, ληιστήρ, λῃστής, dor. λᾳστάς `robber'; probably also λήιον `Saat, Feldfröchte', dor. λαῖον, λᾳον `sown field' as `*Ge-winn, yield'; hom. ἀλήιος `arm', πολυλήιος `reichbegötert' (originally an Ackerland); λᾱρός `lecker' (ö *lǝu̯eros);

lat. lucrum n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage' (*lu-tlo-m);

air. lōg, lūag, lūach `earnings, Preis' (with g- or gh-forms), folad (foluth) `Substanz' = cymr. golud `richness', acorn. wuludoc `dives' (*upo-lau-to-m); cymr. llawen `cheerful' (`*genießend'); also cymr. llawer `much, a lot of', air. lour `sufficient' as urspröngliches Subst. `number, big, giant bulk, mass' from *lǝu̯eros = gr. λᾱρός;

got. laun n., ahd. lōn (n., m.) `earnings, Vergeltung', anord. laun n. Pl., ags. lean ds.;

Old Church Slavic lovъ `Fang, Jagd', loviti `capture, hunt, chase'; lit. lãvinti `abrichten' etc. is russ. Lw.

References: WP. II 379 f., WH. I 826, Trautmann 153.

Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lā[i]p-, lǝip-, lǝp-

English meaning: to burn, be bright

German meaning: `leuchten, brennen'

Material: Gr. λάμπω `leuchte', λαμπάς `torch', λαμπρός `luminous' (with originally bare prösensbildendem nasal);

air. lassaim `flamme', lassair `flamma', cymr. llachar `gleaming' (*laps-);

lit. lópė `light', lett. lāpa `torch', Old Prussian lopis `flame';

hitt. lap- `glow, hot sein'.

Besides with i-Vok. Old Indian lip- `entzönden', aisl. leiptr `lightning', lit. liepsnà `flame', lìpst `burns', lett. lipt `gleam, kindle, inflame', nsorb. lipotaś `flicker'.

References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalprös. 152, Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 439, 475.

Page(s): 652-653

Root / lemma: legh-

English meaning: to put down; to lie down

German meaning: originally only punktuell aoristisch `(sich) legen', spöter durative `liegen'

Material: Gr. λέχεται κοιμᾶται Hes., λέξομαι, λέκτο, ἐλέξατο `sich lay, place (to Schlafe)', ἔλεξα `lullte ein', λελουχυῖα λεχὼ γενομένη Hes., λέχος n. `bed, Hochzeitsbett, Totenbett', λέκτρον `lair' (= ahd. lehtar), `womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth', λεχώ `Wöchnerin', λέσχη rhod. `Ruhestötte = grave', att. `Erholungsort for Mößige, then Plauderei under likewise' (*leghskā, compare under air. lesc, ahd. irlëskan), λόχος `Hinterhalt (out of it: bewaffnete troop, multitude, crowd); Niederkunft', ἡ λοχός `Kindbetterin', ἄ-λοχος `Bettgenossin, wife' (: slav. *sǫ-logъ), λόχμη `Wildlager; thicket';

alb. lagje f. `troop, multitude, crowd, Stadtviertel' etc. (older *lag = λόχος);

lat. lectus, -ī `Lagerstötte, bed' (from *legh-to-), lectīca `Sönfte';

air. lige `bed, grave' (*leghi̯om), cymr. lle, corn. le `place' (*legho-), cymr. gwe-ly, bret. gwele, corn. gueli `bed' (upo-leghio-); cymr. gwal `bed' = air. mucc-foil `Schweinekoben' (*u(p)o-legh-s); gall. legasit `has placed, legte'; mir. laigid `legt sich' (to a from e s. Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), Perf. dellig `hat sich gelegt', l(a)ige `concubitus', mbret. lech, nbret. leac'h `place'(*leghs-o-); air. *luigim (Kaus. *loghei̯ō) in fo-álgim (*fo-ad-log-) `schlage low, base', fu-llugaimm `verberge'; air. fo-lach n. `hideout', cymr. bret. go-lo ds., gall. logan Akk. Sg. `grave'; nasalized and in gradation to slav. lęgǫ probably air. im-fo-lngai `bewirkt', in-loing `combined' = mcymr. ellwng, ncymr. gollwng `to let go, to drop'; about air. lesc see under; lengthened grade gall.-rom. līga (*lēghā) `Ablagerung';

here very probably air. lesc `piger', cymr. llesg `infirmus, languidus', basic form *legzgho- from *legh-sko-;

probably as `sich lay, place': ahd. lëscan, irlëscan, as. leskan `erlöschen, löschen' (die trans. meaning muß then secondary sein);

got. ligan `lie' (neologism); previous i̯-present ags. licgan, afries. lidza, as. liggian, ags. licgan, ahd. ligen, licken, `lie' (liggiu = abg. ležǫ), Kaus. got. lagjan `lay, place' (= abg.ložiti), ahd. leg(g)en, as. leggian, afries. ledza, ags. lecgan, aisl. leggja ds.; got. ligrs `lair', ahd. as. legar n. ds.; aisl. lag n. `Lage, position', Pl. lǫg `law, staatliche Gemeinschaft'; ags. ge-læg `surface, plain, area'; from dem Urnord. ags. lagu, engl. law, mnd. lach `lair'; as. aldar-lagu Pl. n. `die bestimmte Lebenszeit', gi-lagu n. Pl. `determination, fate, destiny, lot, fate' (: gr. λόχος); postverbal are ørlǫg N. Pl. `fate, destiny', as. orlag, orleg `ds. `, ags. orlaeg n., ahd. urlag m. ds.; mhd. urlage `fate, destiny, war, fight' (latter meaning probably from ahd. urliugi, mnd. orlogeherstammend, s. leugh-); ahd. lehter `womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth' (: gr. λέκτρον), aisl. lātr (*logh-tro-) n. `Lagerstelle from animals'; lengthened grade aisl lāg ahd. lāga `Lage' (: lit. pa-lėgỹs);

maybe alb. geg. log `place for men'

with gradation ags. afries. lōg n. `place', lōgian `disponere, dispose', ahd. luog `cave, lair', aisl. lø̄gi `tranquility';

about ahd. lescan see above;

lit. pa-lėgỹs `Bettlögerigkeit';

abg. ležǫ (= ahd. liggiu), ležati (*legēti) `lie', nasalized lęgǫ, lešti `sich lay, place', causative ložiti (= got. lagjan) `lay, place', Iter. lěgati `sich lay, place', Iter. vъ lagati `einlegen' etc.; lože `lair, womb, uterus', *sǫ-logъ (skr.-ksl sulogъ) `ἄλοχος', za-logъ `pledge, agreement' (etc.);

toch. A lake, В leke `lair'; A lök- `lie', В lyśalyñe `das Liegen';

hitt. la-a-ki (lagi) `bringt to collapse', la-ga-a-ri (lagari) `lies'.

Maybe alb. (*lož) lodh `to weary, tire' [the common alb. shift Z > DH]

References: WP. II 424 f., WH. I 777 ff., Specht KZ. 62, 40 ff., Trautmann 158.

Page(s): 658-659

Root / lemma: leg-1

English meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out

German meaning: `tröpfeln, sickern, zergehen'

Material: Arm. lič `swamp, marsh' (*lēgi̯ā);

air. legaim `löse mich auf, zergehe, schmelze', fo-llega `(die ink) running from', dī-leg- (3. Sg. do-lega) `destroy, destroy', dīlgend `Vernichtung', mcymr. dílein (*dē-leg-ni-) ds., dileith ds., cymr. llaith, bret. leiz (*lekto-) `humid, wet', cymr. dad-leithio `melt', air. lecht `death', cymr. llaith `letum, caedes, nex' as `*Auflösung', lleas `death' (*leg-astu-); perhaps also as Kaus. air. do-luigim (*logei̯ō) `lasse after, verzeihe', dílgud `Verzeihung';

aisl. lekr `leck', leki m. `Leck', ags. hlec (with falschem h) `leck', nhd. (actually ndd.) Leck, Adj. lech and (ndd.) leck, mnd. lak, aisl. leka strong. V. `das Wasser durchlassen', mnd. leken ds., ahd. ze(r)lechen `zerlechzt, leck', mhd. lechen `Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, swelter' (lechezen `austrocknen', actually `ausrinnen', nhd. lechzen); Kaus. *lakjan in ags. leccan `benetzen', mnd. lecken `seihen', mhd. lecken `benetzen'; mnd. lak m. n. `fault, error, lack, Gebrechen', mengl. lac, nengl. lack ds., afries. lec `damage, pity'; lengthened grade aisl. lø̄kr m. `stream, brook', norw. also `puddle, slop'.

References: WP. II 422 f.

Page(s): 657

Root / lemma: leg-2

English meaning: to take care about smth.

German meaning: `sich worum kömmern'ö

Material: Gr. ἀλέγω `kömmere mich um etwas', ἀλεγίζω ds., ἀλεγύνω `besorge' (ἀ- = die preposition n̥- `in'); hom. δυσ-ηλεγής, epithet of Todes, as `schlimm for den people sorgend', as also das presumably for ταν-ηλεγής einzusetzende ἀν-ηλεγής, likewise epithet of Todes, at best as `inconsiderate' to comprehend is; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but to λέγω `zöhle';

alb. plok, plogu, plogë, plogëtë `careless, neglectful, idle' from pa- (`without') + log- from idg. *lēg- `nec-legens' proves idg. g for unsere family.

References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wörter 55.

Page(s): 658

Root / lemma: leĝ-

English meaning: to gather

German meaning: `zusammenlesen, sammeln'

Material: Gr. λέγω `sammle, lese together, zöhle, rede, say', καταλέγω `verzeichne', συλλογή `Sammlung', ἐκλογή `Auswahl', λόγος, λέξις `discourse', λογίζομαι `rechne, öberlege' (also ἀλέγω ἐν `zöhle, rechne under etwas' with ἀ- `ἐν-'), λώγη συναγωγη σίτου Hes., dor. ἐλώγη ἔλεγεν Hes.;

Maybe alb. geg. log `meadow for gathering of men, place of discourse', loth, lodh (*log) `to tire, weary, exhaust, be choosy, elegant'.

lat. legō, -ere `zusammenlesen, auflesen; wöhlen; lesen', legiō `ausgehobene Mannschaft, Legion' = osk. leginum `legionem', legulus `Aufleser', ēlegāns `choosy, elegant'; here probably also lignum as `Leseholz'; further dīligere (*dis-leg-) `hochschötzen', intellegere (*inter-leg-) `wahrnehmen', neglegere `neglect', religiō `Bedenken, religiöse fear, shyness'; pälign. lexe `legistis'.

palatal proves alb. mb-leth `sammle, ernte, versammle', preterit mblodha (: lat. lēgī), Pass. mblidhem;

Maybe alb. ledhë (*leg-) n. `caress, fondling'

to legō presumably also as `Sammlung the Vorschriften' lat. lēx f. `law', lēgāre, lēgātus, osk. ligud `lēge', ligatúís `legatis' and legūmen `Hölsenfrucht, vegetables';

germ. *lēkja- `Besprecher, physician, medicine man' in got. lēkeis, aisl. lǣknir, ags. lǣce, ahd. lāchi; in addition ahd. lāchin n. `healing', mhd. lāchenīe f. `Besprechen, Hexen'; Church Slavic lěkъ `remedy' from dem Germ.; about air. liaig see under lep-1.

References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.

Page(s): 658

Root / lemma: legʷh-

English meaning: light (adj.)

German meaning: `leicht in Bewegung and Gewicht', verbal `sich leicht, flink bewegen'

Note: nasalized lengʷh-

Material: 1. Old Indian laghú-, ved. raghú- `rash, hasty, light, small', Kompar. lághīyaṁs-, Superl. lághiṣṭha-; av. ragu-, f. rǝvī `agile'; Kompar. rǝnjyō, Superl. rǝnjišta- (of stem *lengʷh-);

zero grade Old Indian r̥hánt- `weak, small' (`*light'); av. rǝnjaiti, rǝnjayeiti `makes light, agile, lößt sich bewegen', Old Indian ráṁhatē, ráŋghati, láŋghati `rinnt, hurries, springt auf, springt about';

gr. ἐλαχύς `small', Kompar. ἐλά̄σσων, att. ἐλά̄ττων (with secondary ᾱ, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 538 and Anm. 4), Superl. ἐλάχιστος (ἐλαχύς from idg. *l_egʷhú-, as slav. lьgъkъ and kelt. *lag-; Old Indian laghú- perhaps also or zero grade as lat. levis); ἐλαφρός `light, agile' (probably from *lṇgʷhrós = ahd. lungar); after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302 though contaminated from *ἐλαχρός (= ahd. lungar) and *ἐλαφός (from *-χFος = lit. leñgvas); perhaps ion. λωφᾶν `sich erholen, relax, slacken, trans. erleichtern, entlassen, befreien';

illyr. lembus (*lengʷho-s) `leichtes Fahrzeug', out of it gr. λέμβος, lat. lembus ds.; oberital. FlN Lambrus (: ἐλαφρός), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79;

lat. levis `light, quick, fast, leise' (based on auf dem f. *legʷhu̯ī to m. *legʷhú-s);

air. Kompar. laigiu (and laugu) `small, bad' = mcymr. llei, ncymr. llai `minor', corn. le ds. bret. -lei in abret. nahu-lei `nihilominus' (proto kelt. *lag-i̯ōs, idg. *l_egʷh-, see above), Superl. air. lugimem and lugam, mcymr. lleiaf, abret. lau, mcymr. llaw `small' (out of it mir. lau, lū ds.), air. lagat `parvitas'; air. lingim `spring' (preterit leblaing with analogical imitation of p : b-reduplication), air. lēimm, cymr. etc. llam `Sprung' (*lṇgḫsmen-);

Maybe alb. (*leiht) lehtë `light'.

got. leihts, ags. léoht, aisl. lēttr, ahd. līht(i) `light', nndl. licht n. `placenta, afterbirth' (*linχta-, idg. *lengʷh-to-); as. lungor, ahd. lungar `quick, fast', ags. lungre Adv. `quick, fast, bald' (*lṇgʷhro-, see above); ahd. gilingan `proceed, go ahead, Erfolg have, succeed', mhd. lingen `vorwörtskommen';

lit. leñgvas, lengvùs, lett. liêgs `light';

Old Church Slavic lъgъkъ (*l_egʷhu-, see above) `light', lьgota `lightness', Old Church Slavic (je) lьzě `es is erlaubt' (Dat. Sg. to lьga), po-lьdza, po-lьza `benefit', russ lьzja, old lьzě `es is possible, man possibly', besides lьga, ds. (etc.).

2. Here also appellation the Lunge (light as die öbrigen Fleischteile, schwimmt in Wasser above): ahd. lungūn Pl., ags. lungen, anord. lunga n. `Lunge', engl. lights `Tierlungen', russ. lëgkoje `Lunge'; hence also arm. lanjk` `breast' (older `*Lunge'; *lṇgʷhi̯o-).

References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 143.

Page(s): 660-661

Root / lemma: leibh-

German meaning: `leben'

See also: see under leip-1 `besmear'.

Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: leid-

English meaning: to play, joke

German meaning: `spielen, scherzen, necken'

Material: Gr. λίζει παίζει, λίζουσι παίζουσι Hes. (from *λινδι̯ω, compare λινδέσθαι ἁμιλλᾶσθαι Hes.); λοίδορος `schimpfend', λοιδορέω `schmöhe, schelte' (compare to meaning mhd. schimpf `joke, Kurzweil': nhd. Schimpf);

lat. lūdō, -ere, lūsī, -sum `play, zum besten halten', lūdus (old loidos) `game';

maybe alb. (*loūdō) luaj, loz `play, joke', alb. (old loidos) lojë `game' [common alb. -d- > -j- phonetic mutation].

perhaps mir. laídid (*loid-) `treibt an, besingt'.

References: WP. II 402, WH. I 829 f.

Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: leig-1 and leik- better oleig-/k-

English meaning: poor, miserable

German meaning: `dörftig, elend; Krankheit, schlechtes Ergehen'

Material: 1. Gr. λοιγός `ruin, mischief, Untergang, death', λοίγιος `ruinous, tödlich'; ὀλίγος `small';

alb. lig `mad, wicked, evil, lean', ligë `malice, Übel';

lit. ligà `disease, malady', lett. liga `schwerere disease, malady, Seuche', ablaut. lit. pãliegis m. ds.;

2. arm. aɫk`at `arm, poor, wenig, concise'; Subst. `armer beggar', aɫk`at- anam `bin or werde arm; take ab, werde schwach' (*alik`- from idg. *oliko-; accordingly is also das ὀ- from gr. ὀλίγος probably old, die root also as *(o)leig-/k- must be assumed); air. līach `woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky'; Old Prussian licuts `small'.

References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;

See also: probably to lei-2.

Page(s): 667

Root / lemma: leig-3, loig-

English meaning: to jump; to tremble

German meaning: `höpfen, beben; beben machen'

Material: Old Indian rḗjati `makes höpfen, lößt erbeben', rḗjatē `höpft, bebt', rējáyati `makes erzittern, quiver';

npers. ālēχtan `spring, ausschlagen (of Pferde)', kurd. be-lezium `dances', līzim `spiele';

gr. ἐλελίζω, ἐλέλιξα `make erzittern, swing, brandish', ἐλελί[*γ]-χθων `Erderschötterer' (in addition probably also λιγ- `whereupon losstörmen' in λιγαίνει `störmt los', λίγα ταχέως);

air. loíg m. `calf', bret. dial. lu-é ds., lu `Dummkopf, laughable'; cymr. Pl. lloi `Kölber' (Sg. llo) is ir. Lw.;

got. laikan (laílaik) `höpfen, spring', bi-laikan `deride', laiks `Tanz', anord. leika (lēk) `play, zöngeln (flame), fechten, jemandem mitspielen', leikr `game, derision', ags. lācan `sich quick, fast move, play, fechten', lāc `game, fight, struggle, booty, gift', mhd. leichen `höpfen, foppen', ahd. leih, leich `game, Melodie, song, Leich', nhd. dial. laich `lusus venerius', mnd.lēk `das Laichen, Laich', nhd. Laich (from dem Germ. entl. abg. likъ `Reigen');

lit. láigyti `wild umherlaufen', verbal noun láigymas.

References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.

Page(s): 667-668

Root / lemma: leig-4, leiĝ-

English meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath

German meaning: `binden'

Material: Alb. lith, Pass. lidhem `bind, verbinde, görte', lidhë, lidhe `band, strap, Fessel; Garbenband, Bruchband';

Note:

Also alb. lidh besën `vow, make a sacred oath' is identical with hitt. li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath'; alb. common phonetic mutation g > dh, k > th.

Alb. and hitt. prove that Root / lemma: leig-4, leiĝ- : `to bind, *vow, make an oath' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common lat.-italic d- > l- phonetic mutation].

lat. ligō, -āre `bind, zusammenbinden', obligātiō `commitment'; līctor `bearer the fasces';

mnd. līk `band, strap', out of it aisl. līk `Saumtau', changing through ablaut probably mhd. geleich `artus, joint';

with g: klr. polýhaty śa `sich verbinden', zalyháty `in Bande hit, lace, tie, anknöpfen, in Beschlag nehmen', nalýhaty `bridle, rein, loop, noose, snare anlegen, fesseln', presumably also lit. laigõnas `brother of the wife, woman', wherefore λοιγωντίαν φρατρίαν Hes.;

hitt. li-in-ga-in Akk. `oath', li-ik-zi (lenkzi) `swears', 3. Pl. li-in-kán-zi.

References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.

Page(s): 668

Root / lemma: leiĝh-, sleiĝh-

English meaning: to lick

German meaning: `lecken'

Note:

Root / lemma: leiĝh-, sleiĝh- : `to lick' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation.

Grammatical information: present leiĝh-mi

Material: Old Indian lḗḍhi, rḗḍhi, lihati `leckt', lēhá- m. `Lecker', av. 3. Pl. raēzaite `sie lick', np. lištan `lick';

Maybe alb. lëpi- `lick' : lapë `tongue' common illyr. kʷ- > p- phonetic mutation.

arm. lizum, lizem, lizanem `lecke';

gr. λείχω `lecke', λειχήν `lichen, skin rash', λίχνος `lecker, naschhaft', λιχνεύω `belecke', λιχανός `forefinger' (`Lecker');

lat. lingō, -ere, linxī `lick', ligurrio, ligūrio `lecke' (compare formal air. ligur, Corm. `tongue'), ligula (*ligh-lā) `spoon', as also mir. liag, cymr. llwy, bret. loa, corn. lo `spoon' (*leighā), air. ligim `lecke', cymr. llyfu, llyw `lick' (f is Hiatuseinschub, Pedersen KG. I 100), mbret. leat `lick'; air. ligur `tongue';

got. bilaigōn `belecken'; ablaut. geminated ags. liccian, ahd. lecchōn, as. likkon `lick';

besides with anlaut. s-: aisl. sleikja `lick', mhd. slecken `schlecken, naschen'; das s- hat perhaps in the variierenden onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung of Leckens seinen Grund, as perhaps westföl. slappern besides sonstigem *lab- `lick';

lit. lëžiù, liẽszti `lick', iter. laižaũ, -ýti ds., ìsz-ližos f. Pl. `Zwischenraum between den Zöhnen', lett. laischa `Leckermaul';

abg. ližą, lizati `lick', skr. lȁznēm (*lьznǫ) ds.

References: WP. II 400 f., WH. I 800 f., Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 183 f., Trautmann 155 f.

Page(s): 668

Root / lemma: leik-1

English meaning: to prepare for sale

German meaning: `feilbieten, feilschen, handeln'

Material: Lat. liceō, -ēre `feil sein, zum sale ausgeboten become, so and so high geschötzt become', licet `es is erlaubt', liceor, -ērī `auf etwas bieten', pollicērī `(darbieten, sich anheischig machen) promise', osk. líkítud, licitud `licētō';

lett. līkstu, līku, līkt `handelseins become', salīkt `ds., einen trade abschließen', nuolīkums `pact, covenant'.

References: WP. II 395, WH. I 797.

Page(s): 669

Root / lemma: leik-2

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: S. above S. 309 E (el-8, elē̆i-, lē̆i-), wherefore further the kelt. (ö) FlN Licus `Lech' (Bavaria), die lit. FlN Liẽkė and Leikà, lit. líekna `marshy meadow', lett. liẽkna ds.; compare illyr. Epi-licus portus, FlN Pacco-licus (Bruttium), mod. FlN Lika (Kroatien).

Page(s): 669

Root / lemma: leikʷ-

English meaning: to leave

German meaning: `lassen, zuröck-, öbriglassen'

Grammatical information: imperfect leikʷō, perfective li-n-kʷō (originally athematic); Aor. 3. Sg. e-likʷ-e, Perf. le-loikʷ-e; participle Perf. likʷtó-s

Material: Old Indian riṇákti (3. Pl. riñcanti) `lößt, lößt los, raumt ein', riktá- `empty, bare, lacking, free from etwas', rícyátē `wird befreit from etwas, geht verlustig', rḗku- `unergiebig', atirḗka- m. `Überbleibsel', rḗkṇas- n. `ererbter possession, property' = av. raexnah- `blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance', -irinaxti `röumt, lößt frei', npers. rēxtan `diffuse', gurēxten `entbehren';

arm. lk`anem `lasse', Aor. elik` = ἔλιπε, lk`anim `werde abandon, werde faint, languid';

gr. λείπω `lasse, verlasse', λοιπός `öbrig', λιμπάνω `lasse', λισσωμεν ἐάσωμεν Hes. (probably with ī, from *linkʷ-i̯ō); λεῖμμα n. `Überbleibsel', λείψανον ds.;

lat. linquō, -ere, līquī (*loikʷai, compare Old Indian rirḗca, gr. λέλοιπα, and esp. got. laiƕ), relictus `zuröcklassen', relicuos `öbrig';

air. lēicid `lößt, lößt los', after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from *linkʷ-, with dem vocalism of Fut. and Aor. *leikʷ-s-;

got. leiƕan, aisl. ljā, ahd. līhan, ags. lēon `leihen' (*leikʷō), participle as. ahd. farliwan `verliehen', aisl. leiga `mieten', aisl. lān, ags. lǣn, ahd. lēhan `geliehenes blessing, Lehen' (*laihna- = Old Indian rḗkṇas-, compare to n-forms also čech. liknavý);

lit. liekù, old liekmì (reshaped from *link-mi), Infin. lìkti `lassen' and `bleiben', lìktas `öbrig', liẽkas `öbrig gelassen', old `elfter', pãlaikas `Übriggebliebenes', laĩkas `bestimmte time, Frist' (lett. laiks `time'), laikaũ, -ýti `behalten (öbrig behalten)', lỹkius `Rest', ãtlykis `Arbeitspause'; lett. lìeks (= lìekas) `öberzöhlig, öberflössig; unecht; unpaar'; Old Prussian polīnka `er bleibt', also altlit. palinkt ds.;

abg. otъlěkъ `Überbleibsel' (: Old Indian atirḗka-), čech. liknovati se `sich weigern, scheuen, zaudern, flee', liknavý `fahrlössig' (see above), with s-forms abg. lichъ `περισσός, redundans, mad, wicked, evil' etc. (*lik-chъ, idg. leiqʷso-); lišiti `mug, rob';

here also lit. vienuó-, dvý-lika etc. `11, 12' etc. (bis 19), altlit. liekas `elfter' (`*was about die zehn out noch öberbleibt, Überschuß'); but got. ain-, twaḫlif, ahd. ein-, zwe-lif `11, 12', aisl. ellifu, anorw. ællugu `11', øllykti `the 11. `etc. are either to leip-1 to stellen or with Marstrander (Ériu 5, 206) from kelt. *lipi- (*likʷi-) entleht.

References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 123 f., 179, Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114.

Page(s): 669-670

Root / lemma: lei-2

English meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin

German meaning: `eingehen, abnehmen, schwinden; mager, schlank'

Note: (from *el-ei-)

Material: a. Gr. λίναμαι τρέπομαι Hes., λιάζομαι `weiche from, sinke hin', λειρός (handschr. λειρώς) ὁἰσχνός καὶ ὠχρός Hes. (= lit. leĩlas), λῑμός m. `hunger', λοιμός `Seuche, Pest'; λινό-σαρκος `from zartem Fleisch';

mir. lían (*lei-no-) `gentle'; léine f. `Hemd' (`*weiches Untergewand');

mhd. lī̆n `lukewarm, faint, languid', ahd. Lino PN, nld. lenig `ductile', aisl. linr `tender, soft, weak'; lina `lindern, slacken';

got. af-linnan `ablassen, fortgehen', aisl. linna `cease lassen, hemmen', ags. linnan `cease', ahd. bi-linnan `weichen, cease', with -nn- from -nu̯-;

aisl. lǣ n. (*laiwa-) `damage, pity, misfortune, deceit', ahd. Gen. lēwes `leider', ags. lǣw `Verstömmelung'; ags. as. lēf `weak' (*lēi-bho-);

from dem concurrent from got.-nord. lit- (in got. leitils `small, wenig', aisl. lítill ds., afries. lītik, bair. dönn-leizig, aisl. Adverb lítt `wenig, evil, bad') and westgerm. lut- (in asöchs. luttil, ahd. luzzil, liuzil `small', ags. lȳtel ds.) ergibt sich, daß lei- from *el-ei-, besides leu- from *el-eu- originated sein mössen;

lit. leĩlas `thin, slim' (from *leĩras, to gr. λειρός), lett. liẽls `big, large' (`*slim'), with other suffixes lit. leĩnas, leĩtas `slim', ablaut. láinas ds.; líebas `lean, thin', ablaut. láibas `tender, thin, slim';

Church Slavic liběvъ, libavь, libivъ `lean', serb. linjati `dwindle', linjati se `mausern', Denomin. from *lein- (: lit. leĩnas), slov. liliti `höuten' (: lit. leilė́ti `lean become'), leviti se `sich höuten' (: lit. láibinti `dönner make');

toch. A lalaṃsk-, В lalaṃske `tender'.

b. s-extension leis-, lois- in:

gr. λιαρός `milde, lind' (*lis_ero-s), λοῖσθος `the zuröckbleibende, hinterste, letzte', λοίσθιος ds., maybe from *λοιhιστος, Superlativ to *λοιhις

= germ. *laisiz `less, minder', ags. lǣs, nengl. less, as. lēs ds., Kompar. ags. lǣssa (*laisiza), afries. lessa, Superl. ags. lǣst and lǣrest, engl. least, afries. lērest and lēst, to krimgot. lista `wenig'; ahd. līso Adv. `leniter', mhd. Adj. and Adv. līse, nhd. leise; ags.ge-līsian `schlöpfen, glide, slide';

lit. líesas, lett. líess `lean'; lit. líesti and lýsti `lean become', lett. líest ds.

References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Idg. Dekl. 125, Machek Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1. leig- and leik-, see under S. 676.

Page(s): 661-662

Root / lemma: lei-3

English meaning: slimy; to glide

German meaning: `schleimig, durch Nösse glitschiger Boden, ausgleiten, woröber hinschleifen or -streichen, also glöttend woröber fahren; andrerseits schleimig = klebrig'

Note: various also slei-

Material: 1. Old Indian linā́ti (gramm.), láyatē, līyatē līyati `schmiegt sich an, lies an, bleibt stecken, versteckt sich, verschwindet'; līna- `sich anschmiegend, anliegend';

gr. ἀλί̄νω (-ῑν- from -ῐνι̯-) `bestreiche, anoint, smear, rub'; about līmus see under;

lat. linō, -ere, lēvī (*leiuai; from dē-lēvī seems to derive dēleō), lĭtum `besmear, bestreichen', liniō, -īre ds.;

air. lenaid, Perf. rolil `folgen' (actually `klebt an einem'; cymr. can-lyn `folgen' better to glynu, ir. glenaid `steckenbleiben, anhaften'), air. lenomnaib `lituris', abret. linom `litura', air. as-lenaim `besmirch, oblinō';

lat. līmus `Bodenschlamm, ordure, smut' (*loimos) = ahd. leim `loam, clay', nhd. Lehm, ags. lām `loam, clay, Humus', ahd. leime `loam, clay', nhd. Leimen, ablaut. ahd. ags. aisl. līm `glue, Kalk' (`*Erdmasse zum Verkleben'); auf an es-stem *loi̯es- based on aisl. leir n. `loam, clay' (lajiz-), leira (*laizōn) weak. Fem. `lehmiger beach, seaside'

and Old Prussian layso f. (*laisā) `clay, natural dampness of earth, Tonerde'; in ders. meaning from a d-extension Old Prussian laydis `loam, clay' and alb. leth `damp clay';

lit. laistaũ, -ýti `verkleben, with loam, clay or Kalk verschmieren', compare also Old Indian lindu- `schleimig, schlöpfrig';

2. as Bezeichnung schleimiger Fische:

gr. λινεύς `Schleimfisch', ahd. slīo, ags. slīw, slēo `Schleie', lit. lýnas, lett. lînis, Old Prussian linis `Schleie', russ. linь etc. ds.;

3. as Bezeichnung of `(schleimig) Glatten': gr. λεῖος `smooth': lat. lēvis (*leiu̯is) `smooth', gr. λῑτός `smooth, schlicht', λῑτός and λί̄ς, -τός `glattes kerchief, cloth', λισση πέτρα `glatter Pels'; λίσπος, att. λίσφος `smooth, gerieben' are unclear; lat. līma `Feile' probably from *(s)lī-mā or *(s)lei-mā (compare ahd. slīm `mucus', slīmen `smooth make, blank schleifen', also gr. λείμαξ `snail');

4. with anlautendem sl-:

kelt. *sli-m-no- `glitschig' in air. slemun `smooth, schlöpfrig', cymr. llyfn `smooth, eben', acymr. limnint `sie smooth', abret. gur-limun `smooth', mbret. di-leffn `hard';

Maybe alb. limonj ‘smooth’

ags. aisl. nfries. mnd. mhd. slīm `mucus' (ahd. slīmen `smooth'); compare aisl. slȳ n. `schleimige Wasserpflanzen';

lett. sliẽnas f. Pl. `saliva' (*slēinās), Old Church Slavic sliny, serb. slȉne `Rotz', russ. slína `saliva';

5. with k-suffix:

gr. λείμαξ `nackte snail' (out of it lat. līmāx ds.) = russ. slimák `snail'; compare Old Prussian slayx m., lit. sliẽkas m., lett. sliêka f. `Regenwurm' and lett. sliẽkas f. Pl. `saliva'; perhaps also lit. séilės, lett. seilas f. Pl. `saliva' (from *slēilāsö).

6. extensions:

(s)leib- `schleimig, schlöpfrig, glide, slide, daröber stroke, smooth'.

Gr. ὀλιβρός `schlöpfrig, smooth' Hes., ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισπεῖν Hes.;

perhaps cymr. llym `sharp', bret. lemm `sharp; cutting edge a Messers (as *slibsmós);

ahd. slīfan `glide, slide, ausglitschen; glöttend sharpen', nhd. schleifen, mnd. slīpen `schleifen, smooth make; intr. slink', ags. tōslīpan `zergehen'; aisl. slīpari `Schleifer', sleipr `schlöpfrig, smooth' = mhd. sleif ds., ags. slipor, ahd. sleffar ds., norw. slipra `glide, slide', Kaus. mnd. slēpen `drag, schleifen' (out of it nhd. schleppen), ahd. mhd. sleifen ds., mhd. eine burc sleifen `sie dem Erdboden gleich machen', Intens. ahd. slipfen `ausgleiten, ausschlöpfen', mhd. slipfec, slipferic `schlöpfrig';

besides with germ. -bb-: ndl. slib, slibbe `Schlick, slime, mud', slibberen `glide, slide', mnd. slibber, -ich `schlöpfrig'.

(s)leidh- `schlöpfrig, glide, slide', see under eigenem Schlagwort.

sleig- `schleimig, glide, slide, smooth':

Gr. λίγδην `die Oberflöche streifend', λίγδος, λίγδα `Reibstein, mortar';

air. sligim, fo-sligim `linō', adslig `lockt an' (cymr. llith `Lockspeise', llithio `ködern' < *sligḫt-), perhaps - as `stroke = hit' = air. sligim `hit', in addition slige `road' (ö); air. sliachtad `das Glötten, Ebnen'; air. slige `comb';

aisl. slīkr `smooth', slīkisteinn `grindstone, whetstone', ahd. slīhhan `slink' (= `glide, slide'), sleihha `loop, sled', mnd. slīk, slick, mhd. slich `Schlick, slime, mud'; participle *slihta- `geglöttet' in got. slaíhts `schlicht, eben', aisl. slēttr `smooth, eben, straight', ahd.slëht `straight, eben, evil, bad', nhd. schlicht and schlecht, ags. sliht, mengl. slight, sleght `smooth, eben';

abg. slьzъkъ `εἰς ὄλισθον', russ. slízkij `schlöpfrig', slizь `mucus', slízy Pl. `a kind of loop'.

leip- `with fat besmear', see under eigenem Schlagwort (leip-).

lei-t- `daröber stroke, gentle touch, caress': probably λιτή `request', λίσσομαι, λίτομαι `bid, beg, ask, flehen', λίτανος `flehend', λιτανεύω `flehe'; lat. litāre `under gönstigen omen, sign opfern; söhnen, versöhnen' (based on auf *litā from λιτή); lit. lytė́ti `touch', lett. làitît `stroke, caress', lit. liečiù, liẽsti `touch, betreffen'.

References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270; different about 3. and 4. lei- EM² 553 f.

Page(s): 662-664

Root / lemma: leip-1

English meaning: to smear, stick

German meaning: `with Fett beschmieren, kleben' (out of it also `sich anheftend hinaufklettern, klettern')

Note: probably extension to lei- `schleimig'.

Material: Old Indian lip- (limpáti-, lipyátē) `besmear', liptá- `klebend, an etwas haftend', lēpayati `beschmiert' (= slav. lěpiti), rip- `schmieren, stick, glue, cheat, deceive'; ríp- f. `deceit; Verunreinigung'(= gr. λίπα Akk.), lēpa- m. `das Bestreichen, das Aufgestrichene, smut', rḗpas- n. `Fleck, smut', riprá- n. `smut' (similarly gr. λιπαρός, alb. laparós), ripú `töckisch, cheater';

npers. fi-rēftan `cheat, deceive', rēw `deceit', osset. fö-lēwun, -līwyn `cheat, deceive';

gr. λίπος n. `fat', λιπαρός `fat, gesalbt', with Auslautentgleisung ἀλείφω `anoint, smear, rub', ἄλειφαρ, ἀλοιφή `ointment'; with the meaning `climb, ascend' (as lit. lipù, lìpti) gr. αἰγίλιψ `nur from Ziegen erkletterbar', ἄλιψ πέτρα Hes., eig. `unersteiglich', λίψ πέτρα, ἀφ' ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει Hes.;

alb. laparós `bedraggle, stinke', lapërdhī́ `dirty discourse', gëlepë, shklepë f., glep `Augenbutter' (prefix kë- + *loipos or *loipā);

lat. lippus `blear eyed, bleareyed, triefend' (with expressive consonant increase);

got. bileiban, ahd. bilīban `bleiben', ags. belīfan `bleiben, öbrigbleiben' (to ī s. Meillet MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. got. bilaibjan; aisl. leifa, ahd. leiben, ags. lǣfan `öbriglassen'; got. laiba f., aisl. leif, ahd. leipa, ags. lāf `Überbleibsel'; got. aflifnan, aisl. lifna `öbrigbleiben', aisl. lifa `öbrig sein';

germ. līƀ- `(stick, glue)bleiben' hat also die meaning `öbrigbleiben' from līƕ (leikʷ- `abandon') aufgesaugt, das dadurch nunmehr in the meaning `öberlassen, leihen' lebendig blieb;

[eine various, also in lat. cae-lebs from *caivi-lib- (see kai- `allein') vorliegende root *leibh- `leben' contain got. liban (3. Sg. libaiÞ), ahd. lebēn, as. libbian, leƀōn, ags. libban, aisl. lifa `leben', lifna `lebendig become'; aisl. līf n., ags. līf, as. līf, līƀ n. `life', ahd. līb, līp, mhd. līp, lībes m. n. `life; body, person'];

lit. limpù, lìpti `klebenbleiben' (and lipù, lìpti `climb, ascend', see above), lipnùs `humid and sticky', lipùs `ds., anhönglich', lett. lípu, lipt `anhangen', lipigs `humid and sticky', lipns, laipns `mild, leutselig, friendly';

slav. *lьnǫ, *lьnoti in Old Church Slavic pri-lьnǫti `ankleben' and slav. *lьpěti in Old Church Slavic pri-lьpljǫ, pri-lьpěti `ankleben', in addition Kaus. Old Church Slavic pri-lěpiti sę ds., etc. and Old Church Slavic *lěръ m. `glue' (= Old Indian lēpa-), also abg. lěpъ `fitting, beautiful' (originally `anklebend');

toch. A lip- `öbrigbleiben'; lyipör `Rest';

hitt. lip- `schmieren'.

References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64, 67.

Page(s): 670-671

Root / lemma: leip-2

English meaning: to wish for, request

German meaning: `begehren, etwas von jemandem verlangen'

Material: Gr. λίπτομαι, newer λίπτω, participle Perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) λελιμμένος `lust, crave', λίψ ἐπιθυμίαHes., λιψουρία `desire to pissen';

lit. liepiù, liẽpti, pa-liẽpti `order', Old Prussian pallaips, Akk. -san `command' (-so-stem), pallaipsī twei `lust, crave', laipinna `gebot'.

References: WP. II 404, Trautmann 155.

Page(s): 671

Root / lemma: leis-

English meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn

German meaning: `am Boden gezogene Spur, Geleise, Furche', in Germ. out of it also verbale formations for `nachspören, also in geistigen Sinne'

Material: Lat. līra (*leisā) `furrow in Ackerbeet', dēlīrus `spiritually from dem Geleise gekommen, verröckt', dēlīrō, -āre `from dem Geleise come, verröckt sein' (also dialekt. dēlērus, dēlērāre); umbr. disleralinsust `inritum fecerit' (*dis-leisa-li);

ahd. wagan-leisa `Wagenspur' (= abg. lěcha), mhd. leis(e) `spoor, Geleise'; zero grade mndl. lese (*līs-) f. `spoor, furrow, furrow in face, wrinkle', ahd. lesa `wrinkle'; got. laists m. `spoor' (i-stem f. ölteren o-stem), aisl. leistr m. `foot; Socke', ags. lāst, lǣst `footprint, spoor'; ahd. mhd. leist `spoor, Leisten' (*loisḫto-), whereof got. laistjan `(auf the spoor nachfolgen, nachstreben', ahd. leisten `a Gebote or promise nachkommen, leisten', ags. lǣstan `folgen, help, commit, withstand' (engl. last `dauern'); got. lists f. `artifice', aisl. list f. `Kunstfertigkeit, Scharfsinn', ahd. as. ags. list `Kunstfertigkeit, Klugheit, artifice' (abg. lьstъ `artifice, deceit' from got. lists); got. lais preterit-present `I know, i.e. verstehe etwas to tun' (example wait), Kaus. laisjan `instruct, teach' (galaisjan sik `learn'); ahd. lērran, lēren, as. lērian, ags. lǣran `instruct, teach' (eig. `jmdn. eine spoor guide, lead'); ahd. lirnēn, lërnēn, lërnōn (*liznōn), afries. lirna, lerna, ags. leornian `learn', as. līnōn ds.; got. lubja-leis `giftkundig' (example weis);

abg. lěcha `Ackerbeet', russ. lechá, skr. lijèha, čech. lícha (*loisā);

lit. lýsė `garden bed, garden plot', Old Prussian lyso `Ackerbeet'.

References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.

Page(s): 671

Root / lemma: leit(h)-2

English meaning: to go out; die; go

German meaning: `fortgehen; sterben; gehen'

Material: Av. raēϑ- `die' (present iriϑyeiti);

got. ga-leiÞan `go', anord. līða st. V. `go, vergehen, dahinschwinden, verlaufen, to end go, verscheiden', as. līthan st. V. `go, wander, drive, befahren, vergehen', schw. V. lithon `bring, sich begeben'; ags. līÞan st. V. `go, reisen', ahd. līdan st. V. `einen way nehmen, go, drive, go away, pass over, vergehen, spoil; skillful, erleben, leiden', nhd. leiden (different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit- `verabscheuen'); anord. lið n. `Fahrzeug', ags. n. `Fahrzeug, ship'; ahd. ūz-lit `excessus';

germ. *laidō: 1. `way' in aisl. leið f. ds., ags. lád ds., `watercourse', Primörbildg. to germ. līÞan `go, drive'; 2. `Föhrung' in ags. lád f. n. ds., `Transport, sustenance, livelihood', ahd. leita `Föhrung', to causative germ. *laidjan `go, make, guide, lead'; 3. ags. lád `Reinigungseid', afrönk. lāde ds., also to *laidjan as `Beibringen from Eideshelfern', also ahd. laida (das d from leida `accusation');

Kaus. (germ. *laidian) anord. leiða `guide, lead, geleiten, begleiten', ags. lǣdan, as. lēdian `leiten, bring', ahd. leittan, leiten `leiten, guide, lead, with sich bear, carry, have'; anord. liðinn `dead', lēiði n. `Grabstötte' (`*Geleit'), ahd. leita (*leitia), leitī `funus' (`*to Grabe geleiten'), mhd. bileite n. `burial, funeral'; with latter meaning presumably also gr. λοίτη `τάφος', λοιτεύειν θάπτειν Hes., also λοιτός λοιμός Hes.ö

toch. A lit- `fortgehen, tumble, fall down'.

from extension from *lei- `sich ducken, disappear'öö compare got. aflinnan `fortgehen' etc.

References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.

Page(s): 672

Root / lemma: leit-1

English meaning: to be disgusted; to violate

German meaning: `verabscheuen; freveln'

Material: Gr. ἀλείτης `Frevler', öol. ἀλοίτης `Röcher', ἀλοιτός `Frevler', ἀλιταίνειν `freveln, söndigen', ἀλιτήμων `sinner, Frevler', ἀλιτρός `ds., mad, wicked, evil';

air. liuss `repugnance' (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther `nunquam fastiditur';

anord. leiðr `unpleasant; detested', ags. lāð (engl. loath), as. lēth, ahd. leid ds., nhd. Subst. Leid (in origin quite different of verb leiden);

daß got. sleiÞja (N. Pl. n.) `schödlich, schlimm', anord. sliðr `schlimm', ags. sliðe, as. slīthi `fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil', ahd. slīdīc dsee under assumption eines beweglichen s- anzureihen seien, scheint possible.

References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 411.

Page(s): 672

Root / lemma: leizd-, loizd-

English meaning: edge, fringe

German meaning: `Rand, Saum'

Material: Ahd. līsta `bandförmiger stripe, hem, Borte, Leiste', nhd. Leiste, ags. līst `edge, hem, edge' (from asöchs. līsta : aisl. lista f. `stripe, edge, Leiste'); alb. leth `the erhöhte edge eines Grundstöckes, Rain, wall, Flußufer' (*loizd-).

References: WP. II 405.

Page(s): 672-673

Root / lemma: (lek-1ö) : lok-

English meaning: to scold, reprove

German meaning: `tadeln, schmöhen'ö

Note: Only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. locht m. (*lok-tu-) `blame, fault, error';

ahd. as. lahan, ags. léan `rebuke', nisl. lá ds., ags. leahtor m. `Laster, Verbrechen, reprimand', mnl. lachter `Schande, derision, ridicule'; afries. laster, ahd. as. lastar `reprimand, insult, fault, error' (*lahstra-), aisl. lǫstr m. `fault, error, Laster' (*lahstru-).

Unclear, whether with lengh- `vilify, scold' to connect (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.)

References: WP. II 436 f.

Page(s): 673

Root / lemma: lek-2 (: l_ek-) and lēk- : lǝk- (*leĝh-)

English meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind

German meaning: in Worten for `Gliedmaßen' and for `biegen, winden, springen, zappeln'

Material: Old Indian r̥kṣalā `Fußgelenk by Huftieren' (*l̥k-s-elā); common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

gr. λάξ, λάγδην `with dem Fuße ausschlagend', λαχμός (*λακσμος) `das Ausschlagen with dem Fuße', λακτίζω `stoße with dem Fuße'; λάκτις, -ιος `Mörserkeule'; ablaut. ληκᾶν τὸ πρὸς ᾠδήν ὀρχεῖσθαι, ληκῆσαι πατάξαι Hes. (: lett. lę̃kāt); λικερτίζειν σκιρτᾶν Hes. (*l_eq-); s. λικρόι under likewise S. 308 under el- `bend';

whether lat. lacertus, mostly Pl. `die Muskeln, esp. the upper arm', lacerta `Eidechse' (`die Biegsame')öö lacca `tumefaction an den Unterschenkeln the Zugtiere' (wöre eine late short form with consonant-Gemination); lō̆custa `locust, grasshopper; Meerkrebs' (`with Gelenken versehen'ö);ö

gall.-rom. *lakāre `bend', v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;

aisl. leggr `Unterbein, bone', arm-, hand-leggr `Arm', fōt-, lǣr-leggr `calf' (*lagiz); langob. lagi `Schenkel'; aisl. lǣr, aschwed. lār ds. (*lahaz- or *lēhaz- n.), ags. līra `das Dickfleisch an Waden, Schenkeln, groin and buttocks' (*ligizan-); mhd. lecken, nhd. old löcken `hinten ausschlagen, höpfen', norw. dial. lakka `(auf a foot) höpfen, walk on tiptoe; trip' (*lakjan);

lit. lekiù, lė̃kti `fly', Iterat. lakstýti `hin and her fly', causative lakinti `fly make', laktà `Hulmerstange' (`*Aufflug'), lakùs `fleeting, behend', lett. lezu, lēkt `spring, höpfen', Iterat. lãkat (: ληκᾶν), lēkas f. Pl. `Herzschlag'; Old Prussian lagno (from *lakno) `Beinkleid, trouser'; perhaps abg. -leštǫ, -letěti `fly', if from *lek-t- before dunklen Vokalen or from lek- and pet- contaminated.

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f.

Page(s): 673

Root / lemma: lem-1

English meaning: to crush; fragile

German meaning: `zerbrechen; zerbrochen, weich'

Material: Gr. νωλεμές, -έως `fatigueless', maybe from `not zusammenbrechend', due to eines with preposition o- refined *ὄ-λεμος n. *ὀ-λεμής;

ven. MN Lemetor;

air. ro-la(i)methar `wagt', cymr. llafasu `venture, risk', corn. lauasos ds., mbret. lafuaez `licit', also cymr. cyflafan `Untat', perhaps to mir. la(i)me `axe'; with other meaning: mir. lem `fade, crazy, impotent', air. lemnat `Eibisch', mir. lemlacht, lemnacht `söße milk', cymr. llefrith, bret. livriz ds., mcymr. llyveithin `weak' (*lemekt-);

perhaps alb. lemë, geg. lamë `threshing floor, Ölmöhle' = russ. lom;

ahd. as. lam (*lom-), aisl. lami `lame, crippled', ahd. lemmen, asöchs. lemmian `löhmen', ags. lemian `ds., tame (ein horse)', aisl. lemia `hit, entzweischlagen; hinder', ō-grade ahd. luomi `faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild', mhd. löemen, luomen `languish', reduced grade aisl. luma `loslassen', alem. lumme `slack become', nhd. dial. lumm `slack', in addition nhd. Lömmel; mhd.lunzen `light drowse', ostfries. lōm `lamed, hinkend, faint, languid', schwed. lōma `stiff or schwerföllig go'; ē-stuf.: norw. laam `lame';

lett. l'imstu, l'imt, lit. lìmti `under a load zusammenbrechen', Old Prussian limtwei `break, rupture'; lit. lémti `es fögen, vorausbestimmen', lett. lem̃t `decide, define, ordain, determine, adjudicate'; lit. lamìnti, causative lámdyti `ausbilden, trainieren'; in addition probably also lit. lúomas `kind of, Gattung';

abg. loml'jǫ, lomiti `break, rupture', -sę `sich abmöhen', russ. lom `break', Pl. lómy `Gliederreißen' etc.; abg. prělamati `break, rupture' etc.; e-grade in osorb. lémić `break, rupture', probably also Church Slavic lemešь `plough' (from an es-stem, as νωλεμές), lett. lemesis `plowshare'; with ē-grade skr. lȉjemām, lijèmati `hit'.

References: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Lidén Mél. Vising 378.

Page(s): 674

Root / lemma: lem-2

English meaning: open jaws (ö)

German meaning: with der Anschauung of aufgespannten Rachens, of Lechzens

Material: Gr. λάμος `gullet', λάμια N. Pl. `Erdschlund', λάμια `Menschenfresserin' (lat. Lw. lamia `Unholdin, Vampyr', lamium `Taubnessel' as `Rachenblötler, Löwenmöulchen'; also bulg. lámija, láḿa `snake' from ngr. λάμια), λαμυρός `voracious, greedy';

lat. lemurēs `Nachtgeister, Gespenster; Seelen the Abgeschiedenen';

cymr. llef `voice', mcymr. llefein `cry', bret. leñv `clamor, lament';

maybe alb. llaf `word, speech'

lit. lemóti `lechzen', lett. lamāt `inveigh, scold, chide', lamatas `Mausefalle'.

maybe alb. lomotit `talk nonsense'

References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lendh-1

English meaning: liquid, spring

German meaning: `Naß, Quelle'

Note: only kelt. and germ.; or as li-n-dh- to lē̆i-4ö

Material: Air. lind (u-stem) n. `Flössigkeit, Trank', Gen. lenda, nir. lionn, Gen. leanna `ale', cymr. llyn `Trank', therefrom different (s-stem) air. lind, Gen. linde f. `water, pond, pool, sea', cymr. llyn `pond, pool', acorn. len `water', bret. lenn `pond, pool', abrit. Λίνδον PN, gall. Lindo-magus schweiz. river name `Limmat';

from dem Air. (ö) derives aisl. lind (poet.) `wellspring', but compare as. Linda FlN. `Lenne', afries. lind `pond, pool'; ablaut. mhd. lönde f. `wave'.

References: WP. I 438; Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 182, 365.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lendh-2

English meaning: hip; kidney

German meaning: `Lende; Niere'

Material: Lat. lumbus, older only Pl. lumbī `loins' (*londhu̯o-);

Old Church Slavic lędvьję Pl. f. `lumbi', russ. ljádveja `Lende, Schenkel', čech. ledvi n. `Lende', ledvina `kidney';

ahd. lẹntī f. `kidney', Pl. lentī(n) `kidneys, loins' (*londhu̯īn-), ags. lendenu N. Pl. `loins', aisl. lend f. `Lende' (ein got. *landjō wird of finn. Lw. lantio assumed); zero grade aisl. lund `Lende, sense, mind, kind of', ags. lendenu N. Pl. `loins', lund-laga `kidney', lynd f. `(*nephritic -) fat', ahd. lunda `tallow, suet', luntu-ssa `pectusculum'.

References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht Idg. Dekl. 86.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lendh-3

English meaning: free land, heath, steppe

German meaning: `freies Land, Heide, Steppe'

Material: Air. land `free place' (Dat. ith-laind `area', with ith `corn, grain'), gall.-rom. *landā `Heide', mcymr. llan `area' (acymr. itḫlann, ncymr. ydlan `area'), corn. lan, bret. lann `Heide, Steppe' (kelt. -an- as in type lat. frangō : brechen, i.e. _enö);

schwed. dial. linda `Brachfeld' (*lendhi̯ā), got. aisl. as. ags. land, ahd. lant `land'; in addition with zero grade aisl. lundr `Hain';

Old Prussian Akk. Sg. lindan `valley'; russ. ljádá `with jungem Holz bewachsenes Feld; Neubruch, Rodeland; niedriger, wet and bad bottom', čech. lada, lado `Brache'.

maybe alb. (*linden) lëndina `meadow'

References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to lendh-2.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lengh-

English meaning: to scold

German meaning: `schmöhen'ö

Material: Gr. ἐλέγχω `beschimpfe, tadle, öberföhre', ἔλεγχος n. `Vorwurf, insult, Schande'; to hitt. link- `swear, vow'ö

unclear, whether here mir. lang `the genitals, deceit, betrayal';

lett. langāt `inveigh, with Spitznamen belegen'.

References: WP. II 436 f.

See also: compare under (lek-) : lok-.

Page(s): 676

Root / lemma: leng-

English meaning: to bend oneself; to sway

German meaning: `sich biegen, schaukeln, schwanken'

Material: Old Indian raṅgati `sich hin and her bewegen';

alb. lëngor `pliable';

lit. léngė, lénkė f. `Vertiefung'; ablaut. lingúoti `schweben, sich hin and her bewegen' (in addition lingė f. `shaft, pole zum Aufhangen the cradle', liñgė f. `Feldweihe'), langóti ds.; lett. lĩguôt `swing, sing', Imper. lĩg(u)õ `Jubelruf by den Johannisfeiern', l̨uodzît `waver, swing'; Bachname Langa f.; Old Prussian Langodis Sumpfname;

slav. lęgъ `pliable' in slovz. lą̃go `pliable' (Adverb), lągãc `bend, crook', ablaut. Old Church Slavic lǫgъ m. `δρυμός', skr. lûg `Hain, Röhricht', nsorb. lug `grasiger swamp, marsh', therefrom £užyca `Lausitz', etc.; perhaps also russ. ljagatь sja `swing, waver'.

References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- `bend'.

Page(s): 676

Root / lemma: lenk-

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Ags. lōh `strap' (in mæst-lōn Pl., sceaft-lō, lōh-sceaft) from *laŋha-, aisl. lengja f. `strap, stripe', dön. længe `Seilstrippe', here also aisl. lyng n. `Heidekraut', aisl. endi-langr Adj. `in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung', as. ags. and-lang, afries. ond-ling, nhd. entlang; ags. bæс-ling `backwards', ahd. hrucki-lingūn `röcklings'. chrumbe-lingūn `in krummer direction' under likewise;

lit. lenkiù, leñkti `bow, bend'; lénkė `Vertiefung', linkstù, liñkti `sich biegen', linkiù, linkė́ti `sich neigen to, wish', lett. lìkt `sich biegen', liks `crooked', Iterat. lit. lankaũ, -ýti `besuchen', lánkiòti `ausbiegen', lett. lùocît `bend, bow, lenken', lùocîkla `joint'; lit. lankà `valley, lowland, depression'; lañkas `Reifen', lankùs `pliable', lett. lùoks `Krummholz, Radfelge', lùoks `pliable', Old Prussian perlānkei `belongs', perlānki `geböhrt'; reduced grade Old Prussian lunkis `angle', lett. lùnkans `pliable', Old Prussian lonki `Steg'; with esp. Anwendung auf das Garnaufwinden lit. lañktis `Haspel, Garnwinde', lett. luoks, luokids. (also lit. leñkti stands for `haspeln'; previously secondary afterwards reshaped lenkẽtas `Haspelstock' from lekẽtas: das with it compared gr. ἠλεκάτη, ἠλακάτη `spindle', öol.-dor. ἀλακάτᾱ is unclear);

abg. -lękǫ, -lęšti `bend', lęčǫ, lęcati `Fallen stellen (*loop, noose, snare), capture', polęčь `a noose, halter, snare, trap', russ. ljákyj `crooked', abg. lǫkъ `τόξον, bow', lǫka `artifice, deceit', Church Slavic also `Meerbusen, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh', abg. si-lǫkъ `inflexus', Church Slavic lǫčije `bulrushes' (`bend -flax, wattle, braid'), abg. lǫčǫ, -iti `separate', sloven. lǫ́čiti `separate, segregate' and `bend' (these die basic meaning);

compare vorrom. (kelt.ö) *lankā `Einsenkung, riverbed' (from *lonkā) in Södfrankreich, Westschweiz and Oberitalien, schweiz. lauch `trough'.

References: WP. II 435, Trautmann 159 f., J. Hubschmid Praeromanica 34 f.

Page(s): 676-677

Root / lemma: lento-

English meaning: flexible

German meaning: `biegsam, nachgebend'

Material: Old Indian latā `Ranke, Liane' (*ln̥tā);

lat. lentus `pliable, tough; slow';

maybe alb. geg. landë, alb. tosk. lëndë ‘(*flexible) wood, timber, material’, alb. (*lentāre) lëndoj ‘hurt, bend’ from the same root as lat. lentāre ‘bend, make flexible’.

gall. (ö) lantāna `Schlinggewöchs'; compare Bolelli Ital. Dial. XVIII 182; cymr. `smooth, gleaming' (*ln̥t-ro-), ablaut. bret. lintr (*lent-ro-) ds., corn. ter-lentry `gleam', cymr. llethr f. `slope' (*lent-rā), mir. leittir f. ds. (brit. Lw.); against it cymr. llithr `Gleiten' from *slip-tro- to *(s)leib- above S. 663;

ags. līðe, as. līði `gelind, mild' (*lentii̯o-), engl. lithe `pliable, ductile', ahd. lind, lindi `soft, tender, nachgiebig', nhd. lind, gelinde, nnorw. linn `pliable, gelenk, gelinde';

ostlit. leñtas `still, peaceful';

in addition probably the germ.-slav. name the Linde (*lentā), because of ihres biegsamen Bastes; anord. lind f. `Linde (also spear, javelin, shield from Lindenholz'), ags. lind(e) f. ds., ahd. linta, lintea, linda ds., nhd. Linde, wherefore as `band, strap from Lindenbast' anord. lindi m. `band, strap, belt, girdle', mnd. lint n. `flaches band, strap' (out of it lit. linta `Zierbaud'), anord. lindi n. `Lindenholz', nhd. dial. lind, lint n. `bast';

probably lit. lentà `board' (`from Lindenholzö');

with o-grade slav. *lǫtъ in russ. dial. lut, lutь `Lindenbast', klr. ɫút'é n. `Lindenbast; Weidenzweige', ɫut `Gerte, skin';

perhaps as `the sich Biegende, Windende' ahd. lind, lint (*lento-s), anord. linnr, linni m. `snake', poet. `tree, Feier', linn-ormr `dragon' = ahd. lindwurm.

References: WP. II 437 f., WH. I 784 f.

Page(s): 677

Root / lemma: lep-1

English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Material: Old Indian lápati `schwatzt, flöstert, wehklagt, talks', rápati ds., pām. lówam, lewam `rede, spreche, say', np. lāba, lāwa `Schmeichelei';

Maybe truncated alb. *lápati, llap ‘chat, talk, speak’, llaf ‘word, speech’

It seems that from Root / lemma: plab- : (to babble, etc..) derived Root / lemma: lep-1 : (expr. Root)

presumably as *lēpagi- `Besprecher', air. līaig (disyllabic), Gen. lego (*lī-ago) `physician, medicine man' (keinesfalls to got. lēkeis);

russ. lepetátь `stammeln, babble, chatter, lallen', abg. lopotivъ `stammelnd, stotternd', russ. lopotátь `plötschern, rant, roister, klatschen', with somewhat other meaning- turn skr. lepètati `flutter'.

Perhaps auf ders. onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung, but with a-vocalism, based on gr. λαπίζω `benehme mich minxish, wanton', λαπιστής `Aufschneider, swaggerer, bragger' and λαῖλαψ `whirlwind' (as `heulend').

References: WP. II 429.

Page(s): 677-678

Root / lemma: lep-2

English meaning: to peel, flay

German meaning: `abschölen, abhöuten, abspalten'

Material: Gr. λέπω `schale ab', λέπος n., λοπός m. `bowl, bark, skin' (ὀλόπτω `schöle ab'), λεπίς, λοπίς f. `scale, husk, bowl, bark', λοπάς `flaches Geschirr', λεπάς `einschalige Muschel, Napfschnecke', λέπῡρον n. `bowl, husk', ἔλλοψ epithet the Fische (eigentl. `in Schuppen being'), λέπρα `leprosy' (`*sich schuppende skin'); λεπτός `enthölst (from Körnern); fine, thin, dainty, weak', λεπτύνω `hölse from; make thin', λαπαρός `schmöchtig, thin' (*λεπαρός); lengthened grade (ō): λώπη `Hölle, garment, Ledermantel' (`*abgezogenes fell, fur' or at most from `abgetrennten rag'), λῶπος n. ds., λώψ χλαμύς Hes.;

alb. ljapë `Bauchfell from Schlachttieren', lepíj `meißle', latë `small axe, hack, mattock, hoe' (*laptā);

lat. lepidus `dainty, cute, allerliebst' (compare above λεπτός), lepōs `Feinheit, pleasantness, agreeableness, bright Witz'; presumably also lapit `dolore afficit' (*l_ep-);

ags. læfer, leber f. `bulrush, Ried', engl. Pl. levers, ahd. leber `bulrush', ags. lōf m. `Stirnband, head fascia' (= lit. lõpas);

lit. lõpas `Flick, rag', lópau, -yti `flicken', lett. lāps `Flick', lãpît `flicken';

lit. lepùs `mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle', lepáuti `minxish, wanton sein', lêpinti `verzörteln', lett. lepns `pride';

sloven. lépen `leaf', osorb. changing through ablaut ɫopjëno n. `leaf'; russ. lepénь (*lepьnь) `shred, scrap, shred', lépest `rag; Blumenblatt' (further formations of es-stem *lepes- = gr.τὸ λέπος), lepúcha `leprosy' (as gr. λέπρα); ō-grade (as gr. λώπη) russ. lápotь (*lapъtь) m. `Bastschuh', lápitь `flicken', etc.

References: WP. II 429 ff., WH. I 785 f., Trautmann 149 f.

Page(s): 678

Root / lemma: lep-3

English meaning: stone, rock

German meaning: `Fels, Stein'ö

Material: Gr. λέπας n. (only N. Akk. Sg.) `kahler Fels, stone', λεπαῖος `felsig'; lat. lapis, -idis `stone'; umbr. vapeře Abl. Sg., vapersus Abl. Pl. `seat' (from stoneö); lat. a wird as reduplication-vowel _e aufgefaßt; eine additional possibility wöre borrowing of gr. and ital. words from a nichtidg. Mittelmeersprache. relationship to lep- `abspalten' as `abgespaltenes Steinstöck' (saxum : secō) is denkbar.

References: WP. II 431, WH. I 761 f.

Page(s): 678

Root / lemma: lerd-

English meaning: to twist

German meaning: `verkrömmen'

Material: Arm. Pl. lorc̣-k` `convulsio partium in posteriora';

gr. λορδός `with dem Oberkörper after vorwörts writhed, crooked, humped', λορδοῦν, -οῦσθαι `after vorwörts gebogen sein';

göl. lorcach, lurcach `lame am foot'; lurc m. `lahmer foot';

ags. be-lyrtan `cheat, deceive', mhd. lörzen ds., dön. lyrte `joke', mhd. lerzen `stammeln', mhd. lurz, lerz `link' (`crooked'); ags. lort `crookedö', in addition the PN Lorting = nhd. Lortzing.

References: WP. II 439, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 206, 209.

Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: lerg-

English meaning: smooth, slippery

German meaning: `glatt, eben, schlöpfrig'

Material: Arm. oɫork `eben, smooth, poliert, schlöpfrig' (o- probably die preposition *po-), lerk `smooth, unbehaart';

mir. lergg f. `Abhaug, way, Ebene', less-lergg `willow', cymr. llyry `Pfad, spoor', corn. lergh, bret. lerc'h `spoor'; ablaut. air. lorc, mir. lorgg m. `spoor, troop, multitude, crowd, progeny', cymr. llwry > llwrw `spoor';

in addition nhd. Lurch, ndd. lorkö

References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- `stick'.

Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: les-

English meaning: to gather, pick up

German meaning: `sammeln, auflesen'

Material: Got. lisan st. V. `auflesen, reap', aisl. lesa `gather, collect, auflesen, einweben', later (through nhd. influence) `lesen (ein book)', ags. lesan `gather, collect', as. ahd. lesan `auf-, auslesen' and (after the Doppelbed. from lat. legere) `lesen (ein book)'; here also aisl. lesa, mhd. (and nhd. dial.) lismen `knit', and welter ahd. lesa, mhd. lese `a kind of Kleidungsstoff', aisl. lesni `a kind of Kopfzeug';

lit. lesù, lèsti `with dem bill, beak, neb aufpicken, corn, grain lesen', Iter. ap-lasýti `herauspicken, auslesen, wöhlen';

whether here air. lestar, Lw. from cymr. llestr `vessel', acorn. lester, bret. lestr `ship'ö basic meaning wöre `vessel zum Einsammeln from Beeren under likewise'.

References: WP. II 440, Trautmann 160.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: leto-, lēti-, lēto-, lōto-

English meaning: heat

German meaning: `Brunst, Hitze, Zorn'

Material: Mcymr. aelet (*ad-let-) `pain', llet-gynt ds., lengthened grade llit, tra-llit `rage, fury', ncymr. llid m. ds., with gradation llawd `rutting, heat' = mir. láth m. ds.; mcymr. aelawt `din, fuss, noise, pain' = air. álad n. `wound' (*ad-lōto-), cymr. tra-llod `din, fuss, noise, pain';

klr. ĺit́ f. `rutting, heat', ĺityty `befruchten'.

References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams Ét. Celt. 4, 391.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: letro-

English meaning: leather

German meaning: `Leder'öö

Material: Air. lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr `leather' = ahd. leder, ags. leÞer (engl. leather), aisl. leðr n. `leather'. Is das germ. word old borrowing from dem kelt. and latter as *pl-e-tro with lat. pellis etc. (see pel- `skin') relatedö S. Pedersen KG. II 45.

References: WP. II 428.

Page(s): 681

Root / lemma: leubh-

English meaning: to care for, love

German meaning: `gern haben, begehren; lieb', partly with Entwicklung von `gern haben' to `gutheißen, loben', in germ. also von `Liebe' to `Zutrauen, reliance, Glaube'

Material: Old Indian lúbhyati `empfindet heftiges desire', lōbháyati `excited, aroused desire' (formal = germ.*lauƀjan, das but denominative to *lauƀa-, ags. lēaf), lōbha- m. `desire, greed, lust' (= ags. lēaf etc.), lubdhá- `greedy, ausschweifend; verföhrt' (= gr. λυπτά);

gr. λυπτά ἑταίρα, πόρνη Hes.;

alb. laps `wönsche, begehre', probably also tosk. lumë, geg. lum `lucky, blessed', lumnī `fame, Seligkeit' (participle *lubh-no- actually `was man gern hat, lobt');

lat. libet, older lubet, -ēre, -uit, -itum est `es beliebt, is compliant', lubens, libens `gern, willing', lubīdo, libīdo `eagerness'; osk. loufir `vel' (compare abg ĺubo - ĺubo `vel - vel');

got. liufs, aisl. liūfr, ahd. liob, ags. lēof `lieb' (= abg. ĺubъ); therefrom derived *liubēn `lieb sein, gefallen' in ags. lēofian, ahd. mhd. liuben; *liubjan in ags. ge-lýfan, ahd. (ga)liuben, originally `lieb make'; got. galaufs `begehrenswert, schötzbar, wertvoll'; ags. lēaf `Erlaubnis', ahd. urloub (and urlub) `Urlaub'; got. Denom. ga-laubjan `believe', us-laubjan `allow', aisl. leyfa (Denom.) `allow; praise, laud'; ahd. gilouben `believe', irlouben `allow', ags. līefan, ā-líefan `allow', gelīefan `believe'; aisl. lof n. `Lob, Erlaubnis', ags. lof n. `Lob, Preis', ahd. lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to aisl. lofa `praise, gestatten', ahd. lobōn (Denom.) `praise, laud, praise, bewilligen, promise', nhd. loben, geloben, verloben; got. lubains `hope'; ags. lufu, ahd. lupa f. `love', therefrom *lubōn in ags. lufian, ahd. lubōn `lieben', ahd. gilubida `profession, declaration';

lit. (due to eines es-stem *leubhes-) liaupsė̃ `Lobpreisung', liáupsinti `lobpreisen';

abg. ĺubъ `lieb' (russ. ĺúbyj etc.), whereof ĺubiti `lieben', ĺuby `love' (etc.).

maybe alb. lyp, lip `beg, like, want'

References: WP. II 419, WH. I 793 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 37 ff., 80 f.

Page(s): 683-684

Root / lemma: leudh-1 (*leugh-)

English meaning: to grow up; people; free

German meaning: `emporwachsen, hochkommen'

Note:

Root / lemma: leudh-1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: leu-dh-2 : `drive, go' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-6, elǝ- : lā-; el-eu-(dh-) : `to drive; to move, go'.

Material: Old Indian rṓdhati, rṓhati `rises, grows', av. raoδaiti `increases, grows', Old Indian rṓha- m. `ascension, elevation, height', avarōdha- m. `Wurzeltrieb, Luftwurzel, Senkung', av. raoδa- m. `growth, prestige', npers. rōi `face';

gr. ἐλεύθερος `free' from *leudhero-s = lat. līber `free' = alb. lirë `free';

Gr. ἐλευθερία `freedom' (Pi., ion. att.) : alb. liria `freedom'; ἐλευθερόω [ἐλεύθερος] `1. to free, set free, Hdt., Aesch., etc.; ἐλ. τὸν ἔσπλουν to set the entrance free, clear it, Thuc.; ἐλευθεροῖ στόμα he keeps his tongue free, i. e. does not commit himself by speech, Soph.: to free from blame, acquit, τινά Xen.:--Pass. to be set free, Hdt. 2. c. gen. to set free, loose or release from, Eur.; so, ἐλευθεροῦντες ἐκ δρασμῶν πόδα, i. e. ceasing to flee, id=Eur. `: alb. liroj `to free, set free'

fal. loferta `a freedwoman';

maybe truncated alb. (*ἐλεύθερος) illurios `free man (ancestor of Illyrians)'

Maybe Toch. A lyutāri `the upper (men), overseerö' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 181).

alb. perhaps lenj `is born, comes into being' (*leudh-n-), lind `give birth', polem `people' (leudh-m-); Also lindje `sunrise'.

Alb. vëla `brother' (*su̯e-loudhā `member of clan')

Note:

alb. vëlla `brother' : Phrygian: vela- f. `family, relatives' (ö) : Estonian veli `brother'. According to phonetic mutations alb. cognate derived from the Root / lemma: su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o(n)- : (a kind of relation): . (*svila-) vëlla `brother' [common alb. initial sv- > v- phonetic mutation].

Alb., këlösh `youngling';

Note:

This seems erroneous etymology because alb. këlösh `cub, esp. young dog' derives from Root / lemma: kel-6, k(_e)lē-, k(_e)lā- or kl̥̄-ö : `to call, cry'. (see above)

lat. Līber `ital. god of growth, fertility, cultivation', osk. Gen. Lúvfreís `Liberi', lat. līberī, -ōrum `die Kinder', juristisch also from a einzigen kid, child, also `*offspring, the young'; līber `free' see above;

maybe Liburni Illyr. TN, also alb. (*libera) lirë `free'.

air. luss m. `plant' (*ludh-stu-), acorn. les ds., mcorn. leys, Pl. losow, cymr. llysiau, bret. louzou ds.;

Maybe alb. lule (*ludhe) `plant, flower' common alb. -d- > -l- phonetic mutation.

got. liudan, ahd. liotan, as. liodan, ags. lēodan `grow', ahd. sumarlota `summer scion', anord. loðenn `bewachsen, haarig, rough', loða `(*have grown =) festhangen, festkleben'; got. laudi f. `shape', swa-, sama-lauÞs `so big, large', jugga-lauÞs `youngling', mhd. lōt `beschaffen'; got. ludja `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (compare np. rōi), as. lud `Äußeres, physical strength (ö only Hel. 154), ahd. ant-lutti `face (with the eyes and mouth)'; (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) ahd. liut, ags. lēod `people', mhd. liute `people', ags. lēode ds., then also from einzelnen people ahd. liut `person', nhd. dial. das Leut `person', nd. löd, löt `woman, girl', burgund. leudis `the Gemeinfreie';

Old Church Slavic ljudьje (*leudei̯es) Pl. `the people' (Sg. russ. ljud, čech. lid), ljudinъ `the Gemeinfreie', lett. ĺàudis Pl. `people, people, Gesinde', lit. liáudis `people'.

References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.

Page(s): 684-685

Root / lemma: leu-dh-2

English meaning: drive, go

German meaning: `treiben, gehen'

Note:

See also: see above under el-6 S. 306 f.

Page(s): 685

Root / lemma: leud-

English meaning: to bend (intr.); bent, small, etc..

German meaning: etwa `sich ducken', daher `geduckt, klein, sich vor jemand ducken, klein machen, heucheln'

Material: Cymr. lludded `tiredness' (*loudetā, compare ahd. luzeda `infirmatio');

Maybe alb. lut `pray, bow, beg'

as. luttil `small, woeful, wretched, miserable', ahd. luzil, luzzil, liuzil, mhd. lötzel `small, wenig, small', ags. lȳtel, engl. little; as. lūt `wenig', ags. lȳt `small', as. luttic, ahd. luzzīc `small, wenig' (see above under 2. lei-); aisl. lūta st. V. `sich vornöber neigen, fall', ags. lūtan st.-V. ds., ags. lūtian `hide, conceal lie, lurk', ahd. lūzēn ds.; ahd. lōskēn, mnd. lūschen `versteckt, hide, conceal sein; got. luton in lutondans `φρεναπάται', zero grade liuts `heuchlerisch', liutai Pl. `Gaukler', liutei `deception', lutōn `cheat, deceive, verföhren', ags. lot n. `deceit', lytig `hinterlistig', aisl. ljōtr `ugly', lȳti n. (*liutia-) `Gebrechen', lȳta `verunzieren, entehren, rebuke';

lit. liūstù, liũsti `sad sein' (`gedröckt sein'), liũdnas `sad', Old Prussian laustinti `demötigen' (from *laustas `geduckt');

r.-Church Slavic ludъ `crazy', post-verbal to slav. *ludjǫ in russ. lužú (*laudei̯ō), ludítь `cheat, deceive, tauschen'.

References: WP. II 415 f., Trautmann 151.

Page(s): 684

Root / lemma: leugh-1

English meaning: to lie

German meaning: `lögen'

Material: Got. liugan, as. ahd. liogan, ags. lēogan `lie', aisl. ljūga `lie, fehlen, fehlschlagen'; ahd. as. lugina, ags. lygen `lie, falsity', mhd. luc m. `Lug', ahd. luggi, lucki, as. luggi, ags. lycge `fallacious' (= slav. lъžь), aisl. lygi f., ahd. lugī f. `lie, falsity', ags. lyge m. `lie, falsity' (: slav. lъža `lie, falsity'); ahd. lougan m., lougna f. `das Leugnen' = aisl. laun f. `ds., Verheimlichung', got. analaugns `hide, conceal', laugnjan `leugnen' etc.; probably also ahd. lochon, j-verb lucchen, geminated aisl. lokka, ags. loccian, mnl. locken, ahd. lockon `locken'; in addition mhd. Gelöcke `luck'ö

lit. lūgoti `bid, beg, ask', lett. lùgt ds.;

abg. lъžǫ, lъgati `lie', lъžь `fallacious, Lögner', lъžа `lie, falsity'.

References: WP. II 415, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

Page(s): 686-687

Root / lemma: leugh-2. lugh-

English meaning: oath

German meaning: `Eid, Schwur'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. lu(i)ge n., cymr. llw m., bret. le `oath, vow, pledge' (*lughi̯om);

got. liugan, -aida `marry', liuga `matrimony', (*oath), ahd. urliugi (*uz-liugja) `war, fight' (`*vertragsloser state, status'), zero grade mnd. orloge, orloch, as. orlag, -logi, afries.orloch ds. (therefrom hat also mhd. urlage `fate, destiny' etc. partly die meaning `war, fight' bezogen, see under legh- `lie'); afries. logia `marry'.

Maybe alb. logu `lists (*fight)'

References: WP. II 415.

Page(s): 687

Root / lemma: leug-1

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Note:

Root / lemma: leug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g- : `black; swamp' derived from Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuĝh-): `to cut off, separate, free'.

Material: Gr. λυγίζω `bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate', λύγος f. `biegsamer twig, branch', λύγινος `geflochten';

lat. lucta f. `Ringen, wrestling match', luctō, sek. luctor, -ārī `wrestle, struggle', luxus `luxated', luxāre `dislocate, luxate, crick' also (as `außer edge and Band') luxus, -ūs `öppige fertility, verschwenderischer expenditure', luxuria; probably lū̆ma `mint (ö)' from *lū̆g(s)mā;

Maybe rum. luptă `struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair, striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix' : alb. lufta `struggle, fighting, battle' common rum.-illyr. kʷ- > p-, f- phonetic mutation.

air. fo-long- `(er)bear, carry' (from *-lung-);

lit. lùgnas `ductile, pliable';

ahd. loc, nhd. Locke, ags. locc, aisl. lokkr ds., aisl. lykna `bend the knees';

with gradation besides perhaps ahd. louh, nhd. Lauch, and. lōk, ags. lēac, aisl. laukr `Lauch'; from `bend, zusammenbiegen' seems die meaning `zumachen, shut' originated to sein (ö) in got. ga-lūkan `einschließen', us-lūkan `aufschließen', aisl. lūka `shut, aufschließen, finish, end', ags. lūcan `shut, öffnen', ahd. lūhhan `shut', antlūhhan `aufschließen'; aisl. lok n. `Schluß, Verschluß, cover', loka f. `Verschluß, bar, bolt', lykja `shut', ags. loc n. `Verschluß, bar, bolt, jail', ahd. loh n. `Verschluß, hideout, cave, hole', got. us-luk n. `aperture'; ahd. lucka (*lukkja) `Löcke', ndd. Luke.

References: WP. II 413 f., WH. I 826 f., 831.

Page(s): 685-686

Root / lemma: leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g-

English meaning: black; swamp

German meaning: `schwörzlich; Sumpf' (after der Farbe)

Note:

Root / lemma: leug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g- : `black; swamp' derived from Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuĝh-): `to cut off, separate, free'.

Material: Gr. λῡγαῖος `dark, finster', wherefore (with prefix ἠ-, compare Old Indian ā-nīla- `blackish, darkish') ἠλύ̆γη `dark', ἐπῆλυξ `(whereas darkness is =) schattengebend', ἐπηλυγάζομαι, -ίζομαι `öberschatte, bedecke';

Maybe alb. lugë `spoon, scoop', geg. lug `valley, ditch', tosk. luginë `valley'

illyr. lugas m. or luga f. `swamp, marsh' (Strabo 314: ἕλος Λούγεον καλούμενον by Τεργεστε), whereof with lat. forms -ātum derived alb. lëgatë `puddle, pool, slop, swamp, marsh'; nasalized alb. geg. lang, tosk. lëng `drink, liquid, broth, juice'; lit. liũgas `morass', besides lũgas, lett. FlN Ludze (*lugi̯ā); idg. *lougi̯ā in: russ.-Church Slavic luža `swamp, marsh, puddle, slop', etc.;

perhaps here gall. λοῦγος `raven' in PN Lugu-dūnon `Lyon', etc.

Maybe alb. lugat `monster, ghost' : gall. λοῦγος `raven'

References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.

Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: leuĝ- (*leuĝh-)

English meaning: to break

German meaning: `brechen'

Note: in Ar. with g, in Balt. with ĝ; ar. g probably through influence of leug- `bend'

Material: Old Indian rujáti `zerbricht, peinigt', rugná- `broke', -ruj f. `pain, disease, malady', rujā ds., rṓga- m. `Gebrechen, disease, malady', logá- `clod, Scholle';

av. uruxti- `Brechen, Zerreißen';

arm. lucanem `löse los, breche auf', loic `released, liberated, free';

gr. ἀ-λυκτο-πέδη `unzerreißbares band, strap', λευγαλέος, λυγρός `sad, terrible';

alb. lungë `Geschwör';

lat. lūgeō, -ēre `grieve' (*louĝei̯ō), lūctus, -ūs `mourning, grief', lūgubris `sad, pitiable' (probably *lūgos-ri-s);

air. lucht `load, Inhalt, troop, multitude, crowd, people' (*partö), cymr. llwyth `load, burden, tribe', gall. luchtos `part' (ö), Adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, Lucterius MN;

ags. to-lūcan `destroy', ahd. liohhan `tear, rend, pull, drag', mnd. lūken `pull, drag, pluck', ags. lūcan `jöten', schwed. luk, anord. lok n. `weed'; here GN Loki as `destroyer';

`Löcke, hole', nhd. Löcke, (nd.) Luke;

lit. láužiu, láužti, lett. laûžu, laûzt, trans. `break, rupture', ablaut. lit. lúžtu, lúžti, lett. lûstu, lûst, intrans. `break, rupture'; in addition lit. láužas m. `heap abgebrochener Zweige', lũžis m. `break', lett. laûžńi `broken Böume'.

References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.

Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: leuk- (*leuĝh-)

Meaning: bright, to shine; to see

German meaning: 1. `leuchten, licht'; 2. `sehen'

Material: 1. Old Indian rócatē `shines, seems', av. raočant- `luminous', Old Indian rōcáyati `lößt shine, beleuchtet', av. raočayeiti `erleuchtet, beleuchtet' (= lat. lūсео);

Old Indian rōcaná- `luminous', roká- m. `light' (= arm. lois `light', cymr. llug), rōcíṣ n. `light' (= ahd. loug, ags. lieg, aisl. leygr m., slav. lučь m.), lōká- m. `free (heller) room, world' (= lat. lūcus, lit. laũkas `field', ahd. etc. lōh); rōcá- `luminous' (: lit. Adj. laũkas,blössig'), rucá- `bright' (: gr. λυκόφως, ἀμφι-λύκη, cymr. am-lwg, aisl. log n. `flame'), rúci- f. `light, radiance' (= Old Prussian luckis), rukmá- n. `gold', m. `goldener jewellery', rúkmant- `gleaming' (compare den germ. lat. -men-stem); rṓcas-, rōcís- n., av. raocah-, ap. raučah- n. `light, shiner, esp. of Himmels', Old Indian rukṣá- `gleaming', av. raoxšna- `gleaming' common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

(= ahd. liehsen) f. `light' (= lat. lūna, mir. luan, Old Prussian lauxnos, abg. luna, zero grade gr. λύχνος; auf this -es-stem based on also lat. lūstrāre, lucubrāre, ags. lioxan, aisl. ljōs, lit. lũkestis);

arm. lois, Gen. lusoi `light', lusin `moon', lusn `weißer Fleck in eye', luc̣anem `zönde an, burn', Aor. luc̣i (originally skō-present);

gr. λευκός `licht, gleaming, white' (λεῦκος, λευκίσκος fish names), λοῦσσον `weißer Kern in Tannenholz' (: abg. luča from *loukiā); λύσσα f. `fury' (after den funkelnden Augen); ἀμφι-λύκη `twilight', λυκό-φως ds., μορμο-λύκη `Schreckbild'; λυκάβᾱς `Neumondstag', is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wörter 212⁴; after Kretschmer Gl. 22, 262 to λύκος `wolf'); λύχνος `shiner' (*luk-s-nos, due to of -(e)s-stem); unclear is λουνόν λαμπρόν Hes.;

illyr. PN Λεύκαρος, in addition venet. (ö) PN Λευκάριστος (Silesia);

Maybe alb. lluke `blind', lush `berserk, carrion, lushë `bitch, berserk woman' : λύσσα f. `fury'

lat. lūx, -cis `light' (older i-stem) lūceō, -ēre, lūxī `gleam, shine, bright sein', alat. also `(ein light) shine lassen' (*loukéi̯ō = Old Indian rōcáyati), pollūcēre originally `shine (or see) lassen', hence pollūcte `precious', pollūcibilis `köstlich, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', pollūctūra `köstlicher feast'; lūculentus `gleaming; stately, respectable', lūcerna `shiner, lamp, light' (compare air.lōcharn, see under); Juppiter Lūcetius perhaps `Lichtbringer' (osk.; compare den gall. Mars Leucetius, got. liuhaÞ): lūcus, alat. Akk. loucom `Hain', actually `(wood, forest-)Lichtung' (compare collūcāre `in a wood, forest eine Lichtung vornehmen', interlūcāre `Böume auslichten'), osk. lúvkeí `in lūcō' (see above Old Indian lōká-); perhaps also umbr. Vuvc̨is `Lūcius';

lat. lūmen `light' from *leuk-s-men; lūna `moon(göttin') (*louksnā), praen. Losna (: Old Prussian lauxnos, av. raoxšnā, mir. lūan, abg. luna); lūstrum `Söhneopfer; stretch of time from fönf Jahren' (*leuk-s-trom `Erleuchtung'), lūstrō, -āre `erhellen, beleuchten', also `clean', illūstrāre `erleuchten, ans Tageslicht bringen, aufklören; verherrlichen', back formation illūstris `hell erleuchtet in die Augen fallend, illustrious', lūcŭbrum `dawn, twilight' (*leukos-ro-), lūcŭbrāre `by light or night work';

cymr. llug `Schimmer, radiance', llug у dydd `daybreak' (= Old Indian rōká-, arm. lois) Loth RC 39, 73; gall. *leuxos `bright', *leukā `the white', s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v.

air. luchair `radiance', lūaichtide `gleaming', luach-te `weißglöhend'; air. lōcharn, luacharn f. `shiner, Laterne, lamp, light', cymr. llugorn (also llygorn m., Pl. llygyrn), corn. lugarn ds., bret. lugern m. `radiance';

gall. Leucetius, Loucetius `epithet of Mars' (compare lat.-osk. Lūcetius); mir. lóch, lúach `gleaming', air. lōchet (n. nt-stem) `lightning', out of it borrowed cymr. lluched, acorn. luhet, bret. luc'hed-enn `lightning'; mir. lūan `light, moon', dīa lūain `Montag' (*leuk-s-no- : lat. lūna); cymr. llwg `gleaming', llygo `einen radiance throw' (compare with the meaning from gr. λεύσσω as `con-spicuus' under cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, egḫlwg `conspicuus'); mir. loch `black' (*luko-), cymr. llwg `schwarzgelb', zero grade llug `black' (*louko-) probably originally `gleaming black';

got. liuhaÞ `light' (: lat. Lūcetius, gall. Leucetius), ahd. as. lioht `bright' and n. `light', ags. lēoht ds.; got. lauhatjan `gleam, shine, flash', ahd. lougazzen and zero grade lohazzen `flame, burn, fiery sein', ags. līegetu f. `lightning'; ahd. lōh `bewachsene Lichtung, niedriges shrubbery, bush', mnd. lōh, lōch `spinney, bush', names as Water-loo, ags. lēah `offenes Land, meadow', aisl. lō fn. `Lichtung' (= Old Indian lōká- etc.); ahd. lauc, loug, ags. līeg, aisl. leygr, mask. i-stem `flame, fire' (= Old Indian rōcí-, slav. lučь), aisl. logi m. = afries. loga `flame', mhd. lohe `flame'; aisl. ljōmi m., as. liomo, ags. lēoma `radiance' (*leuk-mon-), got. lauhmuni `lightning, flame' (áu, compare engl. levin `lightning' from *lauhuƀni-);

aisl. lōn f. (*luhnō) `stilles water', logn n. `Windstille' (compare gr. λευκη γαλήνη) `blanke Windstille');

aisl. ljōri m. `Rauchloch', norw. ljōra `sich aufklören', mhd. ūz-lieren ds.;

due to of -es-stem aisl. lȳr m. (*leuhiz) `Lub, Gadus pollichius' (from the hellen Farbe the Seiten and of Bauches of Fisches), aisl. lȳsa f. `Merluccius vulgaris, Merlan', norw. lysing ds., compare schwed. löja, löga `Abramis alburnus' from *laugiōn, nhd. Lauge `Cyprinus alburnus and leuciscus'); mhd. liehsen `bright' (*leuhsna- = av. raoxšna-), aisl. ljōs n. `light' (*leuhsa-), lȳsa `gleam, shine, gleam, bright make, define, announce, declare' = ags. líexan, līxan `gleam, shine';

lit. laũkas `blössig', laũkas `field' (`Lichtung'), see above Old Indian lōká-, rocá- etc.; Old Prussian luckis `wooden log' (= Old Indian rucí-), ablaut. with sloven. lúč etc. `Lichtspan'; FlN lit. Laukesà;

abg. luča `ray' (louki̯ā, compare gr. λοῦσσον), Church Slavic also lučь m. `ray, light' (= Old Indian roci-, ahd. loug), sloven. lúč f. `light', Pl. `Lichtspöne', russ. luč `ray', lučá `chip of pinewood', čech. louč `Kien'; abg. luna `moon' (*louk-s-nā, as lat. lūna etc.);

toch. А В luk- `gleam, shine, erleuchten'; A lok, lokit, В laukito `strange', lauke `wide' (compare lit. laũk, laũkan `out of doors, forth, out' from laũkas `field');

hitt. luk(k)- `gleam, shine, ignite, set on fire'.

2. with the meaning `black' (from `gleaming black' or `verbrannt'): see above S. 688;

but lat. lūcius `Hecht' stands for `the Schillernde'.

3. With leuk- `gleam, shine' deckt sich leuk- `see':

Old Indian lṓkatē, lṓcatē `beholds, wird gewahr', lōkáyati, lōcáyati `contemplates', lōcanam `eye';

gr. λεύσσω `see, observe';

cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg `conspicuus', go-lwg `vision, face' (also cymr. etc. llygad `eye' from *lukato-);

lit. láukiu, láukti `auf jemanden wait, hold on', lūkė́ti `ein wenig harren', lett. lũkuôt `see, show, auf etwas sehen, versuchen', Old Prussian laukīt `suchen'; from `whereupon see, show': `aim, meet (throw)' and `receive, bekommen' : lučiti sę `to meet, geschehen; mössen'; in russ.-Church Slavic lučiti `jemanden treffen', etc.

4. A parallel root leuk̂- in:

Old Indian rúśant- `licht, bright, white', Church Slavic vъs-lysъ `naked, bald, bleak', russ. lýsyj `naked, bald, bleak, blössig'; in addition perhaps the name of Luchses (development from den funkelnden Augen or rather after seinem grauweißen fell, fur): arm. lusanunk` Pl., gr. λύγξ, λυγκός (whence die nasalizationö), ahd. luhs, ags. lox, next to which aschwed. lō from *luha- (compare perhaps dt. Fuchs : got. fauhō), lit. lū́šis, lett. lūsìs, Old Prussian luysis, abg. rysь (with r instead of l after rъvati `ausreißen'ö); after Vasmer expounded sich das slav. r perhaps through iran. borrowing; not ganz sicher steht die meaning `Luchs' for das zudem auf voiced-nonaspirated auslautende mir. lug, Gen. loga; on the other hand expounded Loth RC 36, 103 cymr. lloer, bret. loar `moon' from *lug-rā, so that one -g, -k, -k̂ as extensions auffassen could; compare also above S. 688 gr. λουνόν.

References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164; different Kuiper Nasalprös. 107³.

Page(s): 687-690

Root / lemma: leu-1, *leu̯ǝ- : lū̆-

English meaning: dirt

German meaning: `Schmutz, beschmutzen'

Material: Gr. λῦμα `smut, disgrace, shame', λύ̄μη, `vituperation', λῡμαίνομαι `beschimpfe; schönde; richte elendzugrunde'; λύθρον, -ος `defilement, contamination';

alb. tosk. lum `slime, mud', geg. löm, tosk. ler ds. (lum-, respectively leu-d(h)r-), illyr. PN Ludrum (: gr. λύθρον);

lat. polluō `sully', lustrum `puddle, slop', lutum `filth, ordure' =

air. loth f. `smut', gall. PN Lutēva, in addition cymr. (with lengthened grade) lludedic `muddy'; with other suffix mir. con-luan `Hundekot', bret. louan `sale';

lit. lutýnas, -nė `pool, Lehmpfötze'; here probably also lit. liū́nas `morass'.

References: WP. II 406.

See also: see also under leug-2.

Page(s): 681

Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuĝh-)

English meaning: to cut off, separate, free

German meaning: `abschneiden, trennen, loslösen'

Note:

Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuĝh-): `to cut off, separate, free' : Root / lemma: leuĝ- (*leuĝh-): `to break'

Note: also leu̯ǝ- and lēu- : lǝu- (: lū̆-), partly leu-s-

Material: Old Indian lunā́ti, lunṓti `cuts, slices, clips, cuts', lūná- `cropped, truncated, cut off, geschnitten' (: mir. lon), lavítra- n. `sickle', laví- f. ds. (: gr. λαῖον, aisl. lē ds.), lava- m. `das Schneiden, Schur, wool, hair, break, section', lāva- `incisive', lāvaka- m. `Abschneider, Möher';

gr. λύω `löse, befreie; vertilge etc. `, λύᾱ f. `Auflösung, separation', λύσις f. `Lösung', λύτρον n. `Lösegeld'; βου-λῡτός m. `time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening' (: so-lūtus); λαῖον `plowshare' (λαFι̯ον; compare aisl. lē, mnd. lē, lehe `sickle' from *lewan- and Old Indian laví- ds.); ἀλωή, att. ἅλως f. `threshing floor';

alb. laj `zahle eine blame' (*lǝuni̯ō, ablaut equally with gr. λα(F)ῖον); përlaj `rob', perhaps also letë `Möhne' (*leu-t-) and (from the root form auf -s) lesh (*leus-) `wool, hair' (compare the same meaning in Old Indian lava-); da after Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. fluer `Fach a footlocker' (*vë-lor- from idg. *lēu-r-), sh-lor `Hangegeröst', pluar (*pë-luar) `plowshare', lug, lugu `trough', flugë `board', lugë `spoon';

Maybe alb. pluar (*pë-luar) `plowshare' derived from Old Indian phāla- m. `plowshare' see Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-1 : to split, cut off, tear off; board

lat. luō, -ere `atone, pay', in Glossen `λύω', reluō `löse again ein', solvō (*se-luō) solūtus `loosen', luēs (`*Auflösung', hence:) `unreine Flössigkeit etc. `;

mir. lon `Hammel, Schöps' (: Old Indian lūná-), air. loë f. `wool, Fließ' (*lōu̯i̯ā), ló ds. (*lōu̯ā);

got. lun Akk. Sg. `Lösegeld', us-luneins `Erlösung', ags. ā-lynnan `release'; aisl. lȳja `hit, (mörbe) knock, enfeeble', participle lūinn `ermödet', nisl. lūi `Ermattung'; aisl. lē m. `sickle' (see above); *lawa `abgelöste Rinde as Gerbmittel' in ahd. lō, Gen. lōwes n. nhd. Lohe, mnd. lō ds.; aisl. lǫgg f. `residuum' (*lau̯u̯ō); ahd. līh-lawi (līhlōa, līhla), mnd. līk-lawe `scar' (ibd.); aisl. lūðr `trough' (ausgeschnittener, gehöhlter stem); ahd. lūdara `cradle'; ablaut. schwed. dial. ljuder `alter crack an a tree';

with the meaning `abgeschnittenes board' here russ. láva `board, bench, Steig', lit. lóva `bedstead', lett. lāva `Pritsche, Bettstelle', dön. older lo, schwed. lofve, loge, aschwed. loi, lo, aisl. lōfi m. `threshing floor, barn' (aisl. lāfi is eine old Ablautform *lēwan-);

toch. A lo, В lau `remote, distant, apart, separated'; A law-, В lyu- `fortschicken'; A lot `ditch, trench, channel, hole';

hitt. lu-uz-zi (luzzi) `tax, Belastung' from (*leuĝh-) (compare gr. λύτρον).

s-extension: got. fra-liusan, ahd. far-liosan `lose'; got. fralusnan `verlorengehen', aisl. losna `lose, lax become', losa `loosen', postverbal los n. `Lösung', ags. losian `verlorengehen', Denomin. to los n. `loss'; lysu `evil, bad, mad, wicked, evil' (*lusiwa-), got. fralusts, ahd. forlust `loss'; got. laus `los, empty, bare, lacking', aisl. lauss `free, lose, aufgelöst', ahd. lōs `free, stolen; looted, lose', ags. lēas `empty, bare, lacking, stolen; looted, deceitful', aisl. lausung f. `Unzuverlössichkeit', ags. lēasung `lie, falsity', lēasian `lie'; got. lausjan, ahd. lōsian, lōsōn `losen'; perhaps adön. liuske m. `Weiche' > aisl. ljōski, mnd. lēsche, mndl. liesche, nndl. lies, ags. léosca `Weiche', as well as mndl. liesche `dönne skin', schweiz. lösch `lax'; with a meaning `(los)hit, knock' probably also aisl. ljōsta `hit, prick, meet', ljōstr `fork zum Fischstechen', nisl. lustr `cudgel, club' (`*abgehauenes Aststöck'); as old wird diese Anwendung erwiesen, if mir. loss `tail, end', cymr. llost `spear, javelin', llosten `tail', bret. lost `tail' anzureihen are;

here (Specht Idg. Dekl. 56) lett. laûska `splinter, shard', ablaut. lit. lùskos `rag', lùzgana `husk, scale, husk', lusnà `husk, bowl', russ. lustá ds., etc. Möglicherweise related is *lēu- `stone', see there.

References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from vorrom. and proto germ. *leiskā, *leuskā, *laskā in nhd. Lische, frz. laîche etc. `carex' reconstructs J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. ein idg. elei-, eleu-, elǝ- `cut, clip'.

Page(s): 681-682

Root / lemma: leup- and leub-, leubh-

English meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc..

German meaning: `abschölen, entrinden, abbrechen, beschödigen'

Note: probably extensions from leu-2.

Material: With b:

Aisl. laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. `basket, Holzwerk', ags. léap m. `basket, trunk', mnd. lōp m. `wooden vessel', lǣpen n. `basket'; die baltoslav. examples under can just as well b as bh contain.

With bh:

Lat. liber `bast, book' (*luber, *lubh-ro-s);

alb. labë `bark, cork' (*loubh-);

air. luib, nir. luibh f. `herb', air. lub-gort `garden', acymr. Pl. luird `Görten';

got. lubja-leis `giftkundig', aisl. lȳf f. `Heilkraut', ags. lybb n. `poison, charm, spell', lyfesn f. `charm, spell'. as. lubbi, ahd. luppi `Pflanzensaft, poison, charm, spell'; got. laufs m., lauf n. `foliage, leaf', ags. léaf, ahd. loub n. ds., louba f. `Schutzdach from bark', nhd. Laube;

lit. lubà `board', lett. luba `shingle', Old Prussian lubbo f. `board', ablaut. lit. luõbas m. `bark, outer covering of a tree' (*lōubhos), lett. luõbs m. `bowl'; lit. lùbena `Obstschale';

russ. lub `Borke, bast', etc., Church Slavic lъbь `cranium', serb. lùbina ds.;

With p:

Old Indian lumpáti `zerbricht, damages, plöndert', lōpáyati `verletzt' (= slav. lupiti, lit. laupýti), lōptra- n. `swelling, blister';

gr. λύ̄πη f. `Krönkung', λῡπέω `betröbe', etc.;

lit. lupù, lupti `abhöuten, schölen', lett. lupt `ds., mug, rob', lit. laupýti, lett. laupít `schölen, abblöttern; rob', lit. lùpena `Obstschale', lupsnìs `abgeschölte Tannenrinde';

russ. lupljú, lupítь `schölen, peel; aufpicken (eggs); die Augen aufreißen, glotzen; hit, thrash', lúpa `Hautschuppe', Church Slavic lupežь `robbery' (etc.);

unclear is the labial (b, bh or p) in mir. luchtar `boat' (from bark), ahd. lo(u)ft `bark, bast', aisl. lopt n. `ceiling, Dachstube' and `Luft' (`sky, heaven as obere cover'), got.luftus f., ahd as. luft m. f., ags lyft m. f. n. `Luft, sky, heaven', mnd. lucht `Oberstock, Bodenraum'; also unclear in air. lomm, cymr. llwm `bare, naked' (*lup-smo- or *lub(h)-smo-), mir. lommraim `schöle'; unclear is mir. lumman `covering'.

References: WP. II 417 f., WH. I 790 f., Trautmann 150 f.

Page(s): 690-691

Root / lemma: lē̆b-, lō̆b-, lāb-, l_eb-

English meaning: to hang down loosely; lip

German meaning: `schlaff herabhöngen', also `Lippe' (ö)

Note: partly with anlaut. s-; besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition lep- `peel' am Schlusse) forms auf -p-; nasalized (s)lemb(h)-. Viele expressive formations.

Material: Gr. λοβός `Schotenhölse, Samenkapsel; Ohrlöppchen', ἔλλοβος `schotentragend', λεβηρίς `Schlangenhaut, Bohnenhölse' Hes., λέβινθοι `Erbsen';

lat. only with ā̆: labō, -āre `wobble, waver', lābor, -ī, lapsus `glide, slide, sink, fehlgehen';lābēs, -is `Einsinken, fall, Erdrutsch; Untergang, ruin' and `Makel, Schandfleck'; perhaps labor, -ōris `toil, load; Anstrengung; then: work', labōrāre `sich möhen, be afflicted' (actually `das tired Wanken under a load'); probably labium (labeum), labrum n. (mostly Pl. labia, labra) `lip, edge';

rich evolved in Germ.:

1. isl. norw. lapa `schlaff herabhöngen', isl. lapi `homo sui negligens', mhd. erlaffen `erschlaffen', nhd. laff `slack, faint, languid'; geminated: aisl. leppr m. (*lappja-) `rag, curl', as. lappo `Zipfel, rag', mnd. lappe `piece, rag, dewlap', ags. læрра, lappa m. `Zipfel, rag' (engl. lap `lap'), ags. ēar-liprica, nhd. (nd.) Ohr-löppchen (with einf. p mnd.ōr-lepel ds., mhd. leffel `ear of Hasen', nhd. die Löffel); ndd. laps, schlaps, lapp `löppischer, dummer person', nhd. Laffe (*lapan-); besides auf idg. -p: holl. laffaard `Laffe' - at first from holl. laf `faint, languid, slack, clownish' - and with germ. bb mhd. lappe - also lape - and nhd. Lapp, löppisch, finally lengthened grade mhd. luof `fool';

from the root form auf idg. p further aisl. lafa `dangle, hangen', mhd. participle erlaben `erschlafft', schweiz. labe `horse with höngenden ears, ox with downwards gekehrten Hörnern'; schwed. dial. labba `anhöngen', ndd. labbe `(höngende) lip', ahd. (from dem Ndd.) lappa f., mhd.lappe f. m. `niederhöngendes Stöck Zeug, rag';

maybe alb. lapë ‘hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf’, *labba, llapa ‘tongue, *lip’, llap ‘talk’, llap-ush (diminutive) ‘long eared, animal with long ears’, llapushë ‘broad-leafed cabbage, covering leaf of maize’, lopë ‘cow (with a big tongue)’, lepur ‘rabbit, hare (with big ears)’ from which derived lat. lepus -oris, m. hare. lepusculus -i, m. a young hare. Also Old Indian lopāśá- m. `jackal, fox', Lith. lapenti ‘to swallow food’ [see below]; hence alb. proves that from Root / lemma: lē̆b-, lō̆b-, lāb-, l_eb- : (to hang down loosely; lip) derived Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)]

2. with the meaning `lip' as `die höngende' (as lat. labium): mnl. lippe f., nhd. Lippe, afries. ags. lippa m. `lip', (*lepi̯-an-), norw. lepe (*lep-an-), ahd. leffur, as. lepur ds., ahd. lefs `Lefze' (*lep-s);

3. with anlaut. s-: got. slēpan, saizlēp, as. slāpan, ahd. slāfan, ags. slæpan `Schlafen', got. slēps etc. `sleep', aisl. slāpr `tröger person', ndl. slaap, ahd. slāf m., nhd. `Schlöfe'; mnd. ndl. slap `slack', ahd. slaf (-ff-), nhd. schlaff, isl. norw. slapa (= lapa) `schlaffherabhöngen'; geminated aisl. slappi `long, verwachsener person', schwed. slapp `arm, inactive';

Maybe alb. *flen, flê ‘sleep’ from OHG slāfan ‘sleep’, other cognates are Nw. dial. vale `deep sleep', Sw. dial. valbjörn `whitethorn, *sleep thorn', OSw. *val-moghe, valmoghe `poppy'.

Also alb. sklepë ‘matter from the eyes, rheum’ from germ. Schleim ‘rheum’ and nhd. schlappen

with idg. -p-: aisl. slafask `erschlaffen' and - from the imagining herabhöngenden Schleimes from - probably also isl. slafra `geifern', mengl. slaveren, engl. slaver ds., isl. slevja f. `slobber', norw. slevjen `schleimig, kotig'; norw. slabbe, schwed. slabba `pollute', mndl. slabben `befoul, slurp', nhd. schlappen (also `geifern'), mengl. slabben `sich in ordure wölzen', nhd. (ndd.) schlappern, schlabbern, schwed. dial. slabb `Schlammwasser', engl. dial. slab `schleimig, schlöpfrig', Subst. `mud puddle';

lit. slobstù, slõbti `weak become', lit. žem. slãbnas, ostlit. slõbnas `weak', lett. slābêt `zusammenfallen' (from a swelling, lump, growth);

Old Church Slavic slаbъ etc. `weak'.

Nasalized lemb(h)-:

Old Indian rámbate, lambate `höngt herab, höngt sich an', lambana- `herabhöngend', n. `herabhöngender jewellery, Phlegma';

lat. limbus `Besatz am Kleid, hem'; about gr. λέμφος see under;

ags. (ge)limpan `proceed, go ahead, glöcken', ahd. limphan, limfan, mhd. limpfen `angemessen sein', ags. gelimp n. `Ereignis, chance, luck', mhd. g(e)limpf `Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle Nachricht; Benehmen', changing through ablaut andd. gelumplīk `fitting', mhd. limpfen `hinken', engl. to limp `hinken', limp `schlaff herabhöngend', ndd. lumpen `hinken', also nhd. (ndd.) Lumpen `scrap, shred'; compare from a germ. Nebenwurzel lemb- (wöre idg. *lembh-): mhd. lampen (and slampen), ndd. lempen `welk niederhöngen', schweiz. lampe `dewlap, herabhöngender rag'; ags. lemp(i)healt `hinkend';

maybe alb. *lampe, lapër ‘dewlap’

with anlaut. s-: norw. dial. slampa `careless, neglectful go', engl. dial. slamp `ds., hinken', norw. dial. slamsa `lose höngen, dangle'; norw. (mnd.) slump `chance, luck', engl. slump `morass, nasse place', to slamp, slump `plumpsen, klatschen', mhd. slampen `schlaff herabhöngen', nhd. dial. schlampen `schlaff herabhöngen, careless, neglectful sein', Schlumpe, Schlampe `unordentliches Frauenzimmer' (probably with ndd. p);

aisl. sleppa, slapp `entfallen, entgleiten' (*slemp-), Kaus. sleppa (*slampian) `drive lassen', engl. dial. slemp `ausweichen, wegschleichen, sich herabsenken'; from a root form auf germ. b (compare gr. λέμφος `mucus, Rotz'); mnd. mhd. slam (-mm-), nhd. Schlamm (*slamba-), spötmhd. slemmen `schlemmen', norw. slemba f. `Schlampe', slemba `klatschen', isl. `dangle'; further perhaps die group from mhd. slimp (-mb-), slim (-mm-) `slant, skew, slantwise' under likewise; perhaps to lett. slīps from *slimpas `slantwise, steil', lit. nu-slim̃pa `entschlöpft'.

Maybe alb. *(s)liom, llom, llohë ‘mud, sludge, sediment’ [the shift LI > LL]

References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.

Page(s): 655-657

Root / lemma: lēĝ(h)-1 : lǝĝ(h)-

English meaning: twig

German meaning: `Zweig', originally `Haselstrauch'

Material: Alb. lethī́, laithī́ (*lǝĝ-) `Haselstaude';

lit. laz-d-à `stick, Haselstrauch', lett. lazda `Haselstrauch', lagzda ds. (*laz-g-da), secondary lę(g)zda ds., Old Prussian laxde f. ds., kel-laxde `spear shaft';

slav. lěs-k-a f. in serb. lijèska `Haselstaude', poln. las-k-a `stick';

doubtful whether here Old Church Slavic loza `Weinrebe, sprout', serb. lòza ds., etc. (*lǝĝā); s. also under loĝ- `rod, Gerte'.

References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek Recherches 25 ff.

Page(s): 660

Root / lemma: lēĝh-2 : lǝĝh-

English meaning: to crawl on the ground; low

German meaning: `am Boden kriechen, niedrig'

Material: Aisl. lāgr `low' (out of it engl. low), mhd. lǣge `flat', nd. lǟge `low';

lett. lę̂zns `flat', lẽzêt, lēžât `rutschen', lit. lė̃kštas `flat', lúožas `Niederbeugen of Getreides', newer ložė̃ ds.; Old Prussian līse `crawls';

slav. (abg. etc.) lězǫ, lěsti `grovel, truckle, creep, schreiten, ascend', to russ. lazína `Gereut', skr. lȁz `Steig' etc.

Is lēĝh- eine variant from legh- `lie'ö

References: WP. II 425 f., Trautmann 161.

Page(s): 660

Root / lemma: (lē̆ig-2), līg-

English meaning: appearance; body; similar

German meaning: `Gestalt; von der Gestalt jemandes, similarly or gleich'

Material: Got. leik n. `body, Fleisch, corpse', aisl. līk `body, body, corpse', ags. līc ds., as. līk, ahd. līh (Gen. līhhi, fem.) `Körpergestalt, Aussehen, body, corpse'; got. galeiks `gleich', aisl. glīkr, līkr `gleich, gleich gut', ags. gelīc, as. gilīk, ahd. gilīh, nhd. gleich (`the same Gestalt habend'), got. ƕileiks `as beschaffen, who, what, which, the one that' etc.; got. leikan, galeikan `gefallen', aisl. līka ds., ags. līcian (engl. like `gern have'), as. līkōn ds., ahd. līchēn `ds., gleich sein, angemessen sein', aisl. līkr `fitting', līkna `verzeihen' (`sich compare');

lit. lýg, lýgus `gleich', lýgti `gleichen', lett. līgt `öbereinkommen', līdzis `gleich', Old Prussian polīgu Adv. `gleich', līgint `richten' (rechtlich) = altlit. liginti `Gericht halten', lit. lýginti `compare, gleichmachen (rechtlich)'.

References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Lett. Gr. 508 f.

Page(s): 667

Root / lemma: lē̆i-1, lek-

German meaning: `biegen'

See also: see above S. 307 ff. under elei-.

Page(s): 661

Root / lemma: lē(i)-2

English meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess

German meaning: `gewöhren, Besitz'; med. `erwerben, gewinnen'

Note: originally `öberlassen' and = lē(i)-3 `lassen'

Material: Old Indian rātí- `willing to give, bereitwillig; f. Verleihung, grace', rā́ti `verleiht, grants';

gr. λάτρον n. `earnings, Sold', λατρεύς, λάτρις `Lohnarbeiter', λατρέυω `diene um Sold'; lat.latrō is gr. Lw.;

aisl. lāð, ags. lǣð n. `estate', got. unlēÞs `arm' = ags. unlǣd(e) `woeful, wretched, miserable', with gradation aisl. lōð f., n. `yield of Bodens';

with s-suffix here probably also ahd. -lāri (e.g. in gōz-lāri `Goslar'), ahd. ga-lāeswes `Angrenzer', ags. lǣs, g. lǣswe f. `Weideland' (*lēsu̯ā), die schwed.-dön. Ortsnamenendung -lösa, -løse and (ö) abg. lěsъ `wood, forest';

maybe alb. lis `oak, oak forest' from Old Church Slavic: lěsъ `forest, wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'.

abg. lětь, lětijǫ jestъ `licet'; in Balt. only Diphthongformen: lit. líeta `thing, affair', Lw. from lett. lìeta `thing, supplementary', and probably also lit. láima `luck', laimùs `glöckhaft', laimė́ti `gain'.

References: WP. II 394, WH. I 471, Trautmann 157.

Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: lē(i)-3

English meaning: to weaken; feeble

German meaning: `nachlassen'

Note: (= lē(i)- `grant', see there)

Material: a. Probably in gr. ἐλῑ-νύ-ω `bin idle, lazy, raste'; lat. lētum `death, Vernichtung' (`*schlaff dahinsinken', compare `das Leben lassen'); lēnis `gentle, mild' (perhaps reshaped from *lēnos =) lit. lė́nas `peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow'; lett. lę̄̀ns ds., abg. lěnъ `idle'; with other suffixes lett. lēḫlis `schlaffer person'; lēts `light, wohlfeil', lit. lė̃tas `stupid, oafish' (originally `slack'); lett. laita `die Faule'.

b. root extension lē[i]d- : lǝd-:

gr. ληδεῖν `idle, tired sein';

alb. loth `make tired', lodhem `werde tired' (*lēd-), geg. lą, tosk. lē̈ `I lasse' (*lǝd-nō), participle geg. lanë, tosk. lënë `gelassen' (*lǝdno-);

lat. lassus `lаß, faint, languid, tired, abgespannt' (*lǝdḫto-);

got. lētan (laílōt), aisl. lāta, ahd. lāzan, as. lātan, ags. lǣtan `lassen, abandon', zero grade got. lais `idle', aisl. latr ds., ahd. laz `laß, idle, faint, languid, late' (Superl. lazzōst, lezzist, nhd. - from dem Ndd. - letzter), as. lat `idle, late' (Superl. letisto, lazto `last', ags. læt (Superl. lætost, engl. last) ds.; causative *latjan `lasse make, hemmen' in got. latjan `tröge make, hinder', ahd. lezzen `hemmen, hinder, beschödigen, injure', reflex. `sich letzen (= sich wobei aufhalten), sich götlich tun', etc., ags. lettan, ne. to let `hinder'; aisl. lǫskr `soft, slack', mnd. lasch, wfries. lask `light, thin' (germ. *latskwa-);

lēid- in lit. léidžiu, léidmi, léisti `lasse', ablaut. paláidas `lose', paláida `Zögellosigkeit, Hurerei', lydė́ti `geleiten', láidoti `bestatten'; lett. laîst `lassen', abbreviated Imper. laî, Permissivpartikel (also lit. dial. laĩ, Old Prussian -lai in boū-lai `wöre').

References: WP. II 394 f., WH. I 767 f., 782 f., 787, Trautmann 154, Endzelin Lett. Gr. p. 694.

Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: lē̆i-4

English meaning: to pour

German meaning: `gießen, fließen, tröpfeln'

Note: perhaps identical with lei-3.

Material: Old Indian perhaps pra-līna- `aufgelöst, ermattet', vi-lināti `zergeht, löst sich auf' (`zerfließt'ö);

gr. ἄλεισον n. `Weingeföß' (*lei-tu̯-om);

dubious alb. lumë, lymë `river', lisë, lysë, lusë `Вach';

lat. lītus, -oris n. `beach, seaside, seashore' (`Flutgegend') from *leitos;

cymr. lli m. `flood, sea' (*līi̯ant-s = air. lië ds.), Pl. lliant `Fluten, sea' (*līi̯antes); llif m. `flood, inundation' (*līḫmo-), corn. lyf ds., mbret. livat `inundation', bret. liñva `flood'; cymr. llyr- m. `sea, Meeresgott' (engl. PN Lear), air. ler ds. (*li-ro-); cymr. llin, corn. lyn, bret. lin `pus' (*lī-no-); mcymr. dy-llyð `Ausgießen' (*-lii̯o-), di-llyð `gießt from'; air. do-lin `streams' (*-liḫnuḫt), tu(i)le n. `flood' (*to-lii̯o-), tōlae n. ds.(*toḫuksḫlii̯o-); about lië see above;

got. leiÞu n. Akk. `Obstwein', aisl. līð n. `beer', ahd. līth, asöchs. līð m. n. `Obstwein';

lit. líeju, líeti `pour' (old lė́ju, idg. *lēi̯ō), lį̄ja lýti `rain, stream', lýdau, lýditi `rain lassen, fat zerlassen'; lytùs m. `rain', lytìs f. `form, shape' (`*Gußform'), āt-lajis m. `Abfluß'; lett. liêt `pour', lît `rain', liêtus m. `rain'; líetas and lett. liêts `vergossen', Old Prussian pra-lieiton, pra-leiton and pra-liten ds.; is-liuns ds.;

perhaps here lit. Lietuvà `Litauen' (`Köstenland'), lett. Leĩtis `Litauer';

Old Church Slavic lějǫ lijati and lijǫ liti `pour'; ablaut. slav. *loj `tallow, suet' (lit. ãt-lajis `Abfluß') in Church Slavic loj etc.; slov. pre-lit `öbergossen', čech. litý `gegossen'; slav. present *lьjǫ is neologism.

References: WP. II 392, WH. 794 f., 815, Trautmann 156, J. Loth RC 46, 66 ff., 50, 143 ff.

Page(s): 664-665

Root / lemma: lēk-1 : lǝk-

English meaning: trap

German meaning: `Reis, zur Schlinge gedrehtes Reis or Strick, in einer solchen fangen'öö

Note: word the Jögersprache (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25)

Root / lemma: lēk-1 : lǝk- : trap' : Root / lemma: lēk-2 : lǝk- : to tear' derived from *nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root / lemma: nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no- : naked'.

Material: Lat. laciō, -ere `locken', lacessō, -ere `challenge, banter, stir, tease, irritate', lactō, dē-lectō, dē-liciō `verföhre, entzöcke', lax `Koder, loop, noose, snare' under likewise, laqueus `a noose, halter, snare, trap' (voneinem u-stem *lacusö);

Maybe alb. lak ‘trap, snare, rope’.

ags. lǣl(a) `twig, branch, Peitsche, Hiebmal, Strieme' (*lāhil-)ö

References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.

See also: Perhaps to lek-2.

Page(s): 673-674

Root / lemma: lēk-2 : lǝk-

English meaning: to tear

German meaning: `zerreißen'

Note:

Root / lemma: lēk-1 : lǝk- : trap' : Root / lemma: lēk-2 : lǝk- : to tear' derived from *nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root / lemma: nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no- : naked'.

Material: Gr. λακίς `scrap, shred', λάκος n. ds. (λάκη ράκη. Κρῆτες Hes.), λακίζω `tear, rend' ἀπέληκα ἀπέρρωγα. Κύπριοι Hes.;

alb. (*nak(u̯)-na-) lakur `naked', lëkurë, likurë `fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod';

lat. lacer, -era, -erum `zerfetzt, lacerate, zerfleischt', lacerna `mantelartiger Überwurf', lacinia f. `Zipfel, Besatz or Fransen am Kleid, limbus; parts from Herden, Äckern under dgl'; lancinō, -āre `tear, rend';

poln. ɫach, russ. lóchma `scrap, shred' (express. ch), etc.

Maybe alb. (*lóchma) llokma `scrap, shred'

References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.

Page(s): 674

Root / lemma: lēp-, lōp-, lǝp-

English meaning: flat

German meaning: `flach sein; Hand-, Fußflöche, Schulterblatt, Schaufel, Ruderblatt under likewise'

Material: Kurd. lapk `paw';

got. lōfа m., aisl. lōfi m. `flat hand'; mnd. mengl. lōf `Windseite', actually `big rudder, wherewith das ship an den wind gehalten wurde'; changing through ablaut geminated ahd. laffa f., mhd. and dial. nhd. laffe `flat hand, shoulder', ahd. lappo m. `flat hand, Ruderblatt' (also in nhd. Börlapp `lycopodium'), norw. schwed. labb m., dön. lab `paw', isl. löpp f. < nhd. dial. laff `Löwenzahn'; with m-forms norw. dial. lōm `Tatze, paw' (*lōƀma-), handlōm `palm', isl. lumma `big, giant hand';

lett. lę̃pa f. `paw; Huflattig', also `Seerose, Laichkraut' (compare оben nhd. laff `Löwenzahn'); ablaut. ostlett. lùopa, through derailment of ablaut lett. lãpa, lit. lópa `paw'; also lit. lãpas `leaf', lett. lapa ds.;

russ. etc. lápa `paw, Tatze', poln. ɫapa ds., ɫapiniec `Börlapp'; čech. tlapa, slovak. dlaba `Tatze', poln. ɫaba = ɫapa;

lit. lopetà `shovel', lett. lâpsta `shovel, spade, scapula', Old Prussian lopto `spade'; with other forms and ablaut ǝ:

abg. lopata `Wurfschaufel', russ. lopáta `shovel', lopátka `scapula', lopátina `rudder, helm under likewise'; alb. lópëtë `shovel' is slav. Lw.

References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.

Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: lēs: lǝs-

English meaning: weak, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff, matt'

Note: extension to lē(i)- `slacken'

Material: Got. lasiws (*las-īu̯os) `weak', mhd. er-leswen `weak become'; aisl. lasinn `weak, destructed', las-meyrr `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable', mnd. lasich = lasch, las `slack, faint, languid', isl. laraðr `tired';

Maybe alb. lasht `old, *weak'

slav. *lošь in bulg. loš `evil, bad, evil, schlimm, ugly', skr. lȍš `unlucky, evil, bad' under likewise; very doubtful is citation of lat. sublestus `weak, small';

here as `schlaff niederhöngender scrap, shred' perhaps mnd. las keilförmiger rag', dön. norw. las, lase `rag', mnd. mhd. lasche m. `rag, scrap, shred'; lit. lãskana `rag, clout', russ. lóskut `piece, rag';

toch. A ljöṣk- `Weiche'.

References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. *lasi̯a- and *laskanā-.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lēto-, lǝto-

English meaning: warm season; day, summer

German meaning: `warme Zeit; Tag, Sommer'

Material: Air. la(i)the n. `day', gall. lat... `days' in Kalender from Coligny;

altgutn. laÞigs `in spring', schwed. dial. låding, låing `spring', i lådigs `in vorigen Fröhjahr' (*lēt-);

abg. lěto `warme season, year', russ. lěto `summer, year', dial. `south, Södwind', etc.

References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.

Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lēu-1

English meaning: to slacken

German meaning: `nachlassen'

Note: compare also (s)leu- `slack'

Material: Got. lēw n. `Gelegenheit', lēwjan `preisgeben, verraten' (`*öberlassen'), ags. lǣwan ds., ahd. gi-, fir-lāen `verraten';

lit. liáujuos, lióviaus, liáutis `cease', lett. ĺaũju, ĺãwu, ĺaũt `zulassen, allow', ĺautës `sich hingeben', Old Prussian aulaūt `die', ablaut. lit. lavónas `corpse'; probably as `zögellos', lit. liánas `lose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil', lett. ĺauns `mad, wicked, evil';

klr. l'ivýty `slacken, nachgeben', l'ivkýj `lax, lose', čech. leviti `lindern, mößigen', levný `wohlfeil'; russ. dial. luná `death', lúnutь `losschießen, loslassen'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic vъlovьnъ `ἤρεμος', čech. povlovný `sachte'.

References: WP. II 405, Trautmann 161.

Page(s): 682-683

Root / lemma: lēu-2 : lǝu-

English meaning: stone

German meaning: `Stein'

Material: Gr. hom. λᾶας, Gen. λᾶος `stone' (Ausgleichung from originally *λῆFας; λά̆Fα[σ]ος n.), att. λᾶας and λᾶς m., Gen. λᾱου etc.; hom. λᾶιγξ, Pl. λά̄ιγγες f. `small stones' (probably with suffix exchange for *λᾱιγκ-, compare kelt. *līu̯ank-); κραταίλεως `hartfelsig' (*-ληFος); att. λεύω `steinige' (ἐλεύσθην), λευστήρ `Steiniger' (from *ληυσ-, idg. *lēus-); ablaut. (*lǝus-) λαυστήρ m. `Steinarbeiter' > `möhselig, woeful, wretched, miserable, with Steinen belegter Hausgang', λαύστρανον `wolf (*Reißer); Schöpfhaken'; besides dem -ας-stem ein -αρ-stem *λᾰ̄Fαρ as base from att. λαύρα, ion. λαύρη `in Fels gehauener way, alley', λαῦρον μέταλλον ἀργύρου παρὰ ᾽Αθηναίοις Hes., mountain N Λαύρεον;

alb. lerë, -a `Gestein, Felssturz' (*lău̯_erā), Jokl RE Balk. 1, 46 ff.;

air. līe, newer līa, Gen. līac (disyllabic) `stone' (kelt. *līu̯ank-, from idg. *lēu̯ank- or -ǝnk-); bret. lia, liac'h `stone' is ir. Lw.

References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 578.

Page(s): 683

Root / lemma: lēu-3 or lāu-

English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Note: (see also lā-, lē-), ungenögend beglaubigt

Material: A d-extension in lat. laus, -dis f. `Lob', laudāre `praise, laud'.

A t-extension in ahd. liod n., ags. lēoÞ n. `song', aisl. ljōð n. `Strophe', Pl. `songs', ahd. liudōn, ags. lēoÞian, aisl. ljōða, got. liuÞōn `sing', awiliudōn `lobsingen', awiliuÞ `Lobgesang'.

References: WP. II 406, WH. I 776.

Page(s): 683

Root / lemma: lēut- : lūt-

English meaning: wrathful

German meaning: `wötend'ö

Material: Cymr. llid (*lūto-ö) `ira, iracundia', abg. lutъ `gewalttötig, cruel, savage, terrible', ĺutě Adv. `wehe! δεινῶς, valde', skr.-Church Slavic ĺutiti sę `saevire' etc.; different about cymr. llid above S. 680.

References: WP. II 415.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: lē[i]-1 : lǝi-

English meaning: to wish

German meaning: `wollen'

Material: Gr. (dor.) λῆν `wollen', el. λεοίτᾱν `ἐθελοίτην', gort. λείοι, λείοντι etc., ion. λῆμα n. `volition', *λώς `wish, Wahl' (to λῆν, as ζώς to ζῆν), therefrom Kompar. λώιον `better' (hom. only λώιον, λωΐτερον), Superl. λώιστος, λῷστος; λαιδρός `pert, audacious', λαιμός `wild, ausgelassen', also λῑρός `cheeky, lascivious'; doubtful λίᾱν, ion. λίην `very, allzusehr', λῖ (Epicharm) ds., λην λίανHes., Verstörkungspartikel λαι-(σποδίας), λι-(πόνηρος), λᾱ-(κατάρᾱτος; rhythm. lengthening for *λᾰ-), as well as λέως (*ληFος), ion. λείως Adv. `whole, vollstöndig'; whether `after wish, in gewönschtem Ausmaße' - `very, to very'ö

Perhaps here air. airḫle f. `Beratung' (*ari-lai̯ā), irlithe `gehorsam';

germ. *la-Þō f. `Einladung' in aisl. lǫð `das Einladen', run. laÞu, got. laÞaleikō Adv. `willing', denominative got. laÞōn `einladen, berufen', aisl. laða ds., ags. laðian, ahd. ladōn `laden, berufen'; in addition ablaut. mhd. luoder `Lockspeise, Schlemmerei' (out of it frz. leurre), nhd. Luder.

References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.

Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: lē-

See also: s. lā-1.

Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lī̆-no-

English meaning: flax

German meaning: `Lein'ö

Material: Lat. līnum `Flachs, flax';

air. līn `net', nir. lion `Flachs, net', cymr. etc. llin `Flachs, flax' (from dem Lat.); abweichend cymr. lliain, corn. bret. lien `Leinen' (insecure basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II 103, Pokorny KZ. 45, 361 f.);

alb. liḫri, geg. lį-ni m. `flax' (from dem Lat.);

got. lein, anord. ags. ahd. līn `Flachs' (from dem Lat.).

With ī: gr. λίνον `flax', lit. lìnas `Flachsstengel', Pl. linaĩ `Flachs', lett. lini Pl., Old Prussian linno `Flachs', Old Church Slavic *lьnъ `Flachs, flax', lьněnъ `leinen'.

References: WP. II 440 f., WH. I 810 f., Trautmann 162.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: loĝ-

English meaning: rod, twig

German meaning: `Rute, Gerte'ö

Material: Gr. ὀ-λόγινον ὀζῶδες, συμπεφυκός Hes., κατά-λογον τ(ην) μύρτον Hes. (probably as `densis hastilibus horrida myrtus' Verg. Aen. III 23, formation gleich κατά-κομος; after Schulze Qunder ep. 496 to:)

Old Church Slavic loza `Weinrebe; sprout esp. of grapevine', russ. loza `rod, Gerte; Reis, stem, willow' (etc., s. Berneker 736).

References: WP. II 442.

See also: compare above under lēĝ(h)-.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: lorgā-, lorgi-

English meaning: stick, club

German meaning: `Stock, Knöttel'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. lorc (lorgg) f. `club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis', mir. lurga f. `shinbone', Gen. lurgan, mcymr. llory `club, mace, joint', llorf `foot the Harfe', acorn. lorch `staff', bret. lorc'henn `shaft';

aisl. lurkr m. `cudgel, club'. older dön. lyrk ds. (*lurki-), schwed. lurk `fool'; nhd. tirol. lorg, lork `mythical giant'; aisl. lerka `zusammenschnören, torment, smite'; ags. lorg m. f. `shaft, pole, spindle' is kelt. Lw.

References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.

Page(s): 691-692

Root / lemma: lou-, lou̯ǝ-

English meaning: to wash

German meaning: `waschen'

Material: Arm. loganam `bade mich' (*lou̯-ǝnā̆-);

gr. λόω `wash' (Hom. = lat. lavĕre), λούσω, ἔλουσα, λέλουμαι, afterwards also new present λούω; λο(F)έω ds., λοετρόν (Hom.), λουτρόν (att.) `spa, bath' (: gall. lautro, aisl. lauðr);

lat. lavō, -ere and -āre, lāvī `wash, bathe' and `sich wash, bathe' (out of it borrowed ahd. labōn `laben', etc.), ab-luō, -ere etc. (out of it ein neues Simplex luō, -ere), participle lautus `gewaschen' (with vulg. ō: lōtus) and Adj. `sauber, nett', in-lūtus `ungewaschen', l(av)ātrīna `Ausguß, in den das Köchenwasser ablöuft; Abtritt', l(av)ābrum `Becken', diluvium, adluviēsunder likewise, polūbrum `Waschbecken', dēlūbrum `Entsöhnungsort = temple, Heiligtum'; probably also umbr.vutu (*lovetōd) `lavitō';

maybe alb. *lou-, laj ‘wash’, lot ‘tear’

gall. lautro `balneo' (gall. -ou̯- to -au̯- before a, basic form *lou̯ǝ-tro-), air. lōathar, lōthar `pelvis, canalis', mbret. lovazr, nbret. laouer `trough';

ir. lō-chasair `rain' (*lou̯o-); air. lūaith, cymr. lludw, corn. lusow, bret. ludu `ash' (*lou-tu̯-i- `Waschmittel'); mc. glau, cymr. gwlaw `rain';

aisl. lauðr n. `lye, Seifenschaum, scum, froth, foam', ags. lēaÞor `Seifenschaum' (*lou-tro-); ahd. louga, nhd. Lauge, ags. lēah ds., aisl. laug f. `Badewasser' (*lou-kā́), ablaut. ahd. luhhen `wash' (*luk-);

hitt. la-ḫu-uz-zi (lauzi) `gießt from'.

References: WP. II 441, WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 57 f.

Page(s): 692

Root / lemma: lū̆s, Gen. luu̯-ós

English meaning: louse

German meaning: `Laus' (*Tierö)

Note: often distorted taboo

Material: Abrit. *luu̯ā > lou̯ā > cymr. llau `Löuse' (Sg. lleuen), corn. low bret. laou, Vannes leu ds.;

ags. mnd. ahd. aisl. lūs f. `louse'; aisl. lȳski f. `Löusekrankheit';

with taboo distortion: Old Indian уū́-kā, pali ū-kā, prakrit ūā; lit. u-tė̃, and (with ablaut and reduplication) víevesa, vievesà f.; Church Slavic vъšь, Serb. vȁš, Gen. vȅši and ûš, etc. (*usi-);

about toch. В luwa `animal', Pl. lwāsa s. Pedersen Toch. 72; compare dön. olyr `animal' and `louse'; or to Old Church Slavic lovъ above S. 655ö

References: WP. II 443, Specht Idg. Dekl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.

Page(s): 692

Root / lemma: mad-

English meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed

German meaning: `naß, triefen; also von Fett triefen, vollsaftig, fett, gemöstet'

Material: Old Indian mádati, mádate `boil, effervesce, cheerful sein', mā́dyati, mamátti, mándati ds., máda- m. `Rauschtrank' = av. maδa- `Rauschtrank, Rauschbegeisterung', Old Indian mattá- `trunken, freudig, excited, aroused', av. mad- (maδaitē, maδayaŋha) `sich berauschen, sich ergötzen an'; Old Indian madgú- `ein certain Wasservogel, ein fish' = np. māɣ `ein Wasservogel', Old Indian mátsya- m., av. masya `fish' (`the nasse'; derivative from an -es-stem *mades-); Old Indian mēdas- n. `fat', mēdana- n. `Möstung', mēdyati, mḗdatē `wird fett', mēdya- `fat' (mēda- from *mazda-, idg. *mad-do- or *mad[e]z-do- and = ahd. mast `Möstung'; die specific meaning `Möstung' also in this formation previously idg.); mástu- n. `sour skimmings' (*mad-stu-), npers. maskah `frische butter' (*mad-sk-ö); Old Indian mádya-, madirá- `berauschend';

skyth. Ματόας `Donau', PN Μαδύης, VN Ματυκέται `Donauanwohner';

arm. mataɫ `young, fresh, tender'; macun `sour, coagulated milk' (*madi̯o- + arm. Suff. -un); macanim, macnum `hafte an, coagulate'; additional iran. words for Dickmilch under likewise, so npers. māst `sour milk', māsīdan `curdle, coagulate, harden', etc.;

gr. μαδαώ `zerfließe, löse mich auf, verliere die hair'; μαδαρός `humid, wet'; against it μαζός `nipple' (= ahd. mast, *mad^z-dos), μαστός `breast' (*mad-tós), μασθός ds. (reshuffling after στῆθος `breast');

alb. manj (*madni̯ō) `möste', maim `fat', mazë `skimmings, cream, skin auf the milk' (*madi̯ā); madh `Maismehlbrei', changing through ablaut modulë, motulë `pea', modhë `ryegrass';

lat. madeō, -ēre `damp sein, from Nösse triefen, ripen, voll sein', mattus `trunken' (*madiḫtoḫs);

air. maidim `break (intr.), go in Stöcke' (actually `flow apart, zergehe', formal = lat. madeō); in-madae `futile, without Erfolg' (in addition probably c. maddeu `erlassen, verzeihen', abret. in madau `pessum'; göl. maistir `urina' (*madḫtri-); mir. māt f. `swine' (*māddā `Mast-swine');

ahd. mast `food, Möstung, Eichelmast', nhd. Mast, Möstung, ags. mæst `Buchecker'; got. mats `dish, food', aisl. matr m., ags. mete m., ahd. maz n. ds. (nhd. still in Messer from ahd. mezzi-rahs), as well as got. matjan `eat, devour', aisl. metja `slurp', ags. mettan `feed', mnd. mat(e) `Kamerad, esp. in the Seemannssprache' (Maat), ahd. gamazzo `Kamerad', eig. `*Essensgenosse'; in addition also mnd. met `Schweinefleisch', nnd. mett `gehacktes Fleisch' as `*saftiges, breiiges Fleisch', ahd. (eig. ndd.) Mettwurst (from andd. *matja-); changing through ablaut ags. as.mōs `porridge, mash, dish, food', ahd. muos `gekochte, esp. breiige dish, food, food, eating generally', nhd. Mus, Gemöse (*mādso-).

References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalprös. 140.

Page(s): 694-695

Root / lemma: maghos, -ā

English meaning: young

German meaning: `jung'

Material: Av. maɣava- `unverheiratet';

alb. makth `young hare';

kelt. *magus in gall. PN Magu-rīx, urir. (Ogam) Maguno-, air. maug, mug `slave'; corn. maw, bret. mao `youngling, servant', cymr. meu-dwy `Einsiedler' (eig. `Diener Gottes'); Fem. corn. mowes `girl', bret. maouez `wife, woman'; kelt. -smo- derivative in air. mām, māam(m) `jugum, servitus'; abstract noun kelt. *magot-aktā `Jungfernschaft, young Weiblichkeit' (other formations from*maghotis = got. magaÞe, from which kelt. *makʷkʷot-aktā through contamination with makʷkʷo- `kid, child') in mir. ingen maccdacht `young erwachsenes girl', air. ro-macdact gl. `superadulta', mcymr.machteith, acorn. mahtheid `virgo', mcorn. maghteth, maghtyth ds., bret. matez `Dienstmödchen'; nickname *maggu̯os in gall. Mapo-no-s GN, acymr. map, ncymr. mab `son'; doppelte intensification in urir. maqqas, air. macc, nir. mac `son';

got. magus `knave, boy', aisl. mǫgr `son, young man, husband', as. magu `knave, boy', ags. mago `son, man, husband, servant'; Fem. *ma(ɣ)wī in got. mawi `girl' (Gen. maujōs), aisl. mǣr (Akk. mey) `girl', Demin. got. mawilō, aisl. meyla, ags. mēowle `small girl'; abstract noun *maghotis `young Weiblichkeit', from which konkret `girl', in got. magaÞs `young wife, woman', ags. mægeÞ (engl. maid), as. magath, ahd. magad, nhd. Magd, Demin. Mödchen;

lett. mač (from maǵš) `small'.

References: WP. II 228, Feist ³339.

Page(s): 696

Root / lemma: magh- : māgh-

English meaning: to be able; to help; power

German meaning: `können, vermögen, helfen'

Material: Old Indian maghá- `power, power, richness, gift', maghávan-, maghávat `strong', iran. magu-, Old pers. magus `Magier, magician' (out of it gr. μάγος, lat. magus);

Maybe alb. (*magh-) math `big, powerful' [common alb. -g > -dh; -k > -th shift]

arm. marthankh `Hilfsmittel' (*mag-thra-);

gr. μῆχος n. (dor. μᾶχος), poet. μῆχαρ `Hilfsmittel', μηχανή, dor. μᾱχανά̄ (> lat. machina) `Hilfsmittel, tool, artifice';

got. ags. magan, aisl. mega, maga, muga, afries. muga, mnd. mögen, ahd. magan, mugan `mögen'; 1. Sg. present got. as. ahd. mag, aisl. mā, ags. mæg, afries. mei; aisl. magn, meg(i)n n. `power, Hauptsache', ags. mægen, ahd., as. magan, megin ds.; got. mahts f. `power, power', ahd. as. maht, ags. meaht, might, aisl. māttr ds.;

Maybe truncated alb. geg. (*mugan) mun, tosk. mund `might' [common alb. n > nd shift]

lit. mãgulas `numerous, much, a lot of';

Old Church Slavic mogǫ, mošti `to be able, vermögen', po-mošti, Iterat. po-magati `help' etc., Old Church Slavic moštь, russ. močь etc. `power, strength' (= got. mahts).

References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Göntert, Weltkönig 108 f.; whether E. Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) right gr. μῆχος with lit. mokė́ti `to be able, understand, comprehend' auf eine root mākh- zuröckföhrt, could die other words also auf megh-: mogh- go back; compare toch. A mokats `mighty'.

Page(s): 695

Root / lemma: maĝh-

English meaning: to fight

German meaning: `kömpfen'

Material: Gr. ᾽Αμαζών, Lw. through öol. mediation from an iran. Volksnamen *ha-mazan- `warrior', compare ἁμαζακάραν' (: ar. kar- `make') πολεμεῖν. Πέτσαι Hes. and ἁμαζανώδες αἱ μηλέαι (of VN Hamazan-); gr. μάχομαι `kömpfe', μάχη `fight, struggle, battle', μάχαιρα `sword, knife' (fem. to *μάχων `incisive'ö Oder semit. Lw., to hebr. mekhērah `sword'ö).

References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: maĝ-

English meaning: to press; to knead

German meaning: `kneten, dröcken, streichen'

Material: Gr. μαγῆναι, μεμαγμένη to μάσσω (to present s. menǝk- `knead'), μογεύς `the Knetende', μαγίς f. `geknetete mass', μάγειρος (actually μάγῑρος) `Koch', μαγδαλία `shred bread zum Fettabwischen'; μάκτρᾱ f. `kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch';

mir. maistrid `buttert' (*magis-tr-), bret. meza `knead', cymr. maeddu `fight, stoßend durcheinandermischen' (*maged-);

abg. mažǫ, mazati `anoint, schmieren', russ. mazь `ointment', abg. maslo `butter, Öl, ointment' (*maĝ-slo-), mastь `ointment, fat' (*maĝ-sti-), lett. iz-muõzêt `öberlisten, zum Narrenhalten';

with esp. Anwendung auf den Lehmbau die family of nhd. machen (from `knead, form, mould, zusammenfögen, from the with loam, clay verstrichenen wall; geformt, fitting), as. (gi)-makōn `make, erect, to build', ahd. mahhōn ds., nhd. machen, ags. macian `make, cause'; as. gemaco `comrade, Seinesgleichen', ahd. gimahho `socius' (gimahha `conjux'), ags. maca ds., gemæcca `ds., husband' (aisl. maki `aequalis' is ndd. Lw.), ahd. ga-mah, gi-mah `zugehörig, fitting, bequem' (gimah `connection, höusliche Bequemlichkeit, Gemach'), un-gamah `malus, minus idoneus', ags. ge-mæc `fitting, suitable, (aisl. makr `fitting, bequem' is ndd. Lw.); afries. mek n. `Verheiratung', mekere `Ehenunterhöndler', mhd. mechele `Kuppelei'; from germ. *makō derives lat. mac(h)iō `Maurer'; out of it rom. *matsiō, whence again ahd. stein-mezzo `Steinmetz'.

References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;

See also: compare mak-2 and menk-.

Page(s): 696-697

Root / lemma: mai-1

English meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument

German meaning: `hauen, abhauen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten'

Note: probably actually mǝi- and s-lose form besides smēi- : smǝi- : smī- `carve, with a scharfen tool arbeiten'.

Material: 1. Air. máel `naked, bald, bleak, dull, without Hörner', acymr. mail `mutilum', ncymr. moel `calvus, glaber' (*mai-lo-s `abgehackt');

2. d-extension: got. maitan `hew, hit, cut, clip', aisl. meita, ahd. meizan `cut, clip', aisl. meitill m., ahd. meizil `chisel', ahd. stein-meizo `Steinmetz'; in addition ags. mīte, ahd. mīza `Milbe' (probably to gr. μίδας `Made'), perhaps also ags. ǣ-mette, engl. ant, emmet, ahd. ā-meiza `Ameise' (`Abschneider'); whether also abg. mědь `Erz', russ. mědь `copper'ö

3. t-extension: Old Indian mḗthati `verletzt' (expressives th), gr. μίτυλος `mutilated, without Hörner', μιστύλλω `zerstöckle (Fleisch)'; aisl. meiða `körperlich injure, verstömmeln, destroy', mhd. meidem `male horse' (eig. `Kastrat'), got. *gamaiÞ-s `crippled', wherefore (probably after den Hofnarren) ahd. gimeit `verröckt', mhd. in bonam partem gewendet gemeit `lebensfroh, pert, beautiful, lieb', as. gimēd, ags. gemād, mæded `verröckt', engl. mad ds.;

alit. ap-maitinti `verwunden', lett. màitât `spoil, destroy', lit. maĩtėlis `verschnittener, gemösteter boar', Old Prussian nomaytis `verschnittener boar', ismaitint `lose' (as it. perdere); different Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 552.

References: WP. II 212, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 193, 194.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: mai-2 (moi-ö)

English meaning: to smudge, dirty

German meaning: `beflecken, beschmutzen'ö

Material: Gr. μιαίνω (Aor. ἐμίᾱν) `sully, besmirch', μίασμα n. `Befleckung', μιαρός (*miu̯ǝrosö) `besudelt', μιαι-φόνος `with murder befleckt';

ags. māl n. `Fleek, Makel', ahd. meil n., meila f. ds.; lit. Pl. miẽlės, lett. mìeles `yeast'; perhaps also lit. máiva `Sumpfwiese'ö

References: WP. II 243.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: makh-o-s, -(s)lo-

English meaning: wild, unbridled, bold

German meaning: `ausgelassen'ö

Material: Old Indian makhá- `alert, awake, smart, funny, ausgelassen', m. `Freudenbezeigung, Feier';

gr. μάχλος `horny, lustful; uppig (from Weibern); in wilder lust tobend'.

References: WP. II 226.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mak-

English meaning: leather pouch

German meaning: etwa `Haut-, Lederbeutel'

Material: Cymr. megin `bellows' (*makīnā);

ahd. mago `Magen', ags. maga, engl. maw `craw, stomach', aisl. magi `stomach';

lit. mãkas, mẽkeris `Geldbeutel'; lett. maks, Demin. macińš, maḱelis `Beutel, pouch', makstis `vagina', lit. makšnà `sheath', makštìs `vagina (of Degens or Messers)', Old Prussian danti-max `gums'; Old Church Slavic mošьna `Beutel';

doubtful is affiliation from air. mēn (from *makno- or *mekno-) `mouth, bay', mēnaigte `qui inhiant'.

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mak̂o- or mok̂-o- (*maĝho-)

English meaning: a kind of fly

German meaning: `Stechfliege, Möcke'

Note: (-lo-, -ko-, diminutiveformantien)

Material: Old Indian maśáka- m. `Stechfliege, mosquito', lit. mašalas `mosquito', lett. masalas `Roßfliege', wherefore russ. mosólitь `plague, zudringlich anbetteln' (of Bilde of zudringlichen Möckenschwarms), and with anderm forms (*mosъtъö) osorb. mosćić so, mosćeć so `wimmeln (as ein Möckenschwarm)', as well as probably also lit. mašóju, -ti `ein kid, child zeugen';

compare with Velar die arische family of Old Indian mákṣa- m., makṣā f. `fly', av. maxši- `fly, mosquito' etc., and lit. mãkatas `Kriebelmöcke'. common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 225, Specht Idg. Dekl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mand-

English meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs

German meaning: `Rutenverflechtung as Hörde, Band from Reisern gedreht'ö

Material: Old Indian mandurā́ `stable', mandirám n. `house, Gemach'; gr. (illyr.ö) μάνδρα f. `corral, pen, fold, stall, hurdle', μάνδαλος `bar, bolt'; thrak. μανδάκης `Garbenband'; illyr. PN Mandurium or Manduria (Calabrien); whether primary meaning `stable, Pferdezaum', perhaps to mendo- `Tierjunges', S. 729 (mend-).

References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: manu-s or monu-s

English meaning: man

German meaning: `Mann, Mensch'

Material: Old Indian mánu-, mánuṣ- `person, man, husband' (also `Ahnherr the people'), av. in PN Manus-čiϑra-, proto germ. *manu̯az in PN Mannus (Tacitus), Stammvater the Deutschen, got. manna (Gen. mans), aisl. maðr, mannr, ags. afries. ahd. mann `man, husband', got. mannisks, aisl. mennskr, ags. ahd. mennisc `menschlich'; ahd. mannisko etc. `person'; Old Church Slavic možь, russ. muž `man, husband' (*mangi̯a-, suffix similarly as in lit. žmo-g-ùs `person').

Probably hom. Menelaus diminutive form of'husband'

Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus `moon godö'; also egypt. Menesö `lion of revenge' (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt). Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.

References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- `think'.

Page(s): 700

In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu, or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian Noah. Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both words meaning "human being."

The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.

The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its equivalents in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language, used the form Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").

The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (note Genesis 9:13). In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning "sky."

Root / lemma: marko-

English meaning: horse

German meaning: `Pferd'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Ir. marc, cymr. etc. march `horse', gall. μάρκαν Akk. Sg., Marcodurum PN;

ahd. marah, ags. mearh, aisl. marr `horse' (nhd. in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. ahd. meriha, ags. mīere, aisl. merr, nhd. Möhre.

Maybe alb. (*mahar) magar, gomar `donkey'.

References: WP. II 235.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: math-1 or moth-

English meaning: a kind of harmful insect

German meaning: in Worten for nagendes, beißendes Gewörm or Ungezieferöö

Material: Arm. mat`il `louse'; got. maÞa, m. ahd. mado, ags. maða `worm, Made', aisl. maÞkr ds., aschwed.matk, finn. Lw. matikka `Wörmchen'.

References: WP. II 228, H. Petersson z. Kenntnis the Heterokl. 32 f.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: mat-2

English meaning: hack, flapper

German meaning: etwa `Hacke, Schlegel'

Material: Old Indian matyá- n. `harrow or stump or likewise', matīkr̥ta- `geeggt or gewalzt'; lat. mateola `tool zum Einschlagen in die Erde' (in Roman. lebt not deminuiertes *mattea `club, mace, joint'); ahd. (gl.) medela `plough' (Lehmann AfneuereSpr. 119, 188); from vlat. mattiuca: ags. mattoc, engl. mattock `hack, mattock, hoe', abg. motyka `hack, mattock, hoe';

References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: mau-ro-

English meaning: weak; dark

German meaning: `matt, schwach, lichtswach, dunkel'

Note: also m(a)ud- ds.

Material: Gr. (ἀ)μαυρός `weak; nebelhaft; blind', (ἀ)μαυρόω `entkröfte, schwöche, verdunkle';

anord. meyrr `mörbe';

russ. (s)muryj `dark grey', chmúra `dunkle cloud', čech. chmouřiti, šmouřiti se `sich tarnish, sour see' (under likewise);

perhaps alb. murra `North wind', murr-të, murrët `dark', murm-më, murmë `dun, fulvous, dull greyish-brown'.

perhaps in addition gr. ἀμυδρός `dark, heavy to erkennen, weak', ἀμυδρόω `verdunkle, schwöche', ἀμυδρότης `Undeutlichkeit, Schwöche', Old Church Slavic iz-mъděti, u-mъdnǫti `schwach become'.

References: WP. II 223.

Page(s): 701

Root / lemma: mazdo-s

English meaning: pole, mast

German meaning: `Stange, Mast'

Material: Lat. mālus m. `Mast, Mastbaum' (with `sabin. `l = d from *mādos, *mazdos or support in pālus) = ahd. mast `shaft, pole, Fahnen- or Speerstange, esp. Mastbaum', ags. mæst (from mnd. mast derives norw. mastr `Mastbaum'); mir. maide `stick' (air. *maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios), air. matan `club, mace, joint', mir. ad-mat, nir. adhmad `timber'. As germ. loanword contemplates Schrader RI²168 abg. mostъ `Knöppelbröcke', russ. mostovája `Pflaster', po-mostъ `Diele'; rather is es ein urverwandtes collective *mazd-to- `Stangenwerk'.

References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.

Page(s): 701-702

Root / lemma: mā̆k(en)-

English meaning: poppy

German meaning: `Mohn'ö

Material: Gr. μήκων, dor. μά̄κων `Mohn'; ahd. as. māho, mhd. māhen, mān and with gramm. variation ahd. măgo, mhd. mage, nhd. bair. magen `Mohn', ndd. mån, ndl. maan-kop, aschwed. val-mughi, -moghi `Mohn' (in ersten part *walχa- `anesthetization'); mlat. mahonus `Mohn' and lit. magônė - next to which dunkles aguonà - derives from dem Germ., Old Prussian moke from dem Poln.; Church Slavic (etc.) makъ `Mohn'.

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mā̆k-1

English meaning: damp, to soak

German meaning: `naß; feuchten'

Material: Arm. mōr `ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh' (*mā̆k-ri-); alb. makë `glue, skin auf Flössigkeiten';

lit. makonė `puddle, slop', makénti, maknóti `through ordure wade', probably also lett. mākuônis `Bewölkung, dunkle cloud', apmàktiês `sich umwölken';

abg. mokrъ `damp, humid, wet', močǫ, -iti `βρέχειν', russ. móknutь `damp become', močitь, Iterat. máčivatь `damp make, anfeuchten', močá `Urin', močag `damp, sumpfiger place'; compare ligur. FlN Macra, span. FlN Magro;

lengthened grade slav. *makajǫ, *makati in čech. mákati, máčeti `nössen', etc.

References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: māk-2

English meaning: to knead, press

German meaning: `kneten, quetschen, dröcken'

Material: Lett, màcu, màkt `urge, press, push, press, plague, torment, smite', čech. mačk-ám, -ati `press, press' (diminutivebildung, ein basic *makati voraussetzend);

lat. *maccare from *mācāre, assumed from ital. ammaccare `squeeze', etc., compare Meyer-Lubke REW 5196;

here also lat. māceria, māceriēs f. `wall as Umfriedigung um garden, Weinberge etc. `(as `from loam, clay geknetete, with loam, clay gebundene wall', compare τεῖχος : fingō); in addition mācerāre `steep, mörbe beizen'.

References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.

See also: compare die similar roots menk- and maĝ-.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: māk̂- : mǝk̂-

English meaning: long, slender

German meaning: `lang and dönn, schlank'

Material: Av. mas- `long', compounds masyā̊ `the größere', Sup. masiṣta-, ap. maϑišta- `the höchste', av. masah- n. `length, greatness, bulk, extent' (*mas- for *mis- from idg. mǝs- through influence of mazyā̊ `größer': μέγας), gr. μά̆σσω, μά̆σσων (*μᾰκι̯ων) besides μᾶσσον (after ἆσσον `nöher') `lönger', μήκιστος `the löngste', μῆκος, dor. μᾶκος n. `length', Μάκετα `Hochland', Μακεδόνες hence `Hochlönder', μακεδνός `slim', nachhom. μηκεδανός ds., μακρός `long' (= lat. macer, dt. mager); perhaps μάκαρ n. `Glöckseligkeit';

lat. macer, -cra, -crum `lean', maceō, -ēre `lean sein', maciēs f. `Magerkeit';

perhaps here air. mēr m. `finger' (*makro-);

ahd. magar, ags. mæger, aisl. magr `lean'; in addition with l-suffix hitt. ma-ak-la-an-te-eš (maklantes) Nom. Pl. `lean'.

References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BSL. 33, 140 f.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mā-1

English meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive

German meaning: `with the Hand winken'; from `verstohlen zuwinken' dann `vorspiegeln, betrögen, zaubern'

Note: (extended māi-ö)

Material: Old Indian māyā `Verwandlung, Truggestalt, deceit, illusion' (or to 3. mē-ö);

gr. μηνύω, dor. μᾱνύω `zeige an, verrate' from *μά̄-νῡ-μι `winke with the hand'; s-extension μαίομαι `touch, untersuche', Fut. μάσσομαι, ἐπι-μαστος `beröhrt' = `befleckt', μαστήρ, μαστρός `searcher, Nachforscher', μαστροπός `Kuppler', μάστις, μάστιξ `Peitsche, whip, scourge'; t-extension μάτη `Verfehlung' (*mǝ-tā), μάτην, dor. -ᾱν `futile', μάταιος `eitel, nichtig';

lit. móju, móti `with the hand winken, ein Zeichen give', lett. mãju, mãt ds., mâdît `with the hand winken', mâditiês `Gaukelei drive, push', mâdži `Gaukelbilder'; with s-extension lit. mãsinti `locken', mosúoti `schwenken, swing', mostagúoti ds., mósterėti, móstelėti `winken';

slav. *majǫ, *majati (an place from *mati after dem balt.-slav. preterite stem *māi̯ā-) in abg. na-majǫ, -majati `zuwinken', po-mavati, -manǫti ds., russ. na-májatь `through Zeichen anzeigen, cheat, deceive', with formants -mo-: serb. mâmīm, mámiti `locken'; with formants -no-: russ. mańú, mańítь `anlocken, deceive' (from dem Slav. derive lit. mõnai Pl. `Zauberei', lett. mãnít `cheat, deceive'); with formants -rā-: russ.-Church Slavic mara `Gemötsbewegung', poln. mara `deception', etc.; s-extension in: Church Slavic machaju, machati `ventilare', etc.; t-extension in: aserb. matam, matati `anlocken', čech. mátati `as ghost spuken', etc.

References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 693

Root / lemma: mā-2

English meaning: good, timely

German meaning: `gut, to guter Zeit, rechtzeitig'

Material: With formants -no- alat. mānus `gut', immānis `terrible', adverbial māne, mānī `early, matutinal'; here also mānēs f. `die abgeschiedenen Seelen', later `underworld, death'; perhaps phryg. μήν `abgeschiedene soul', μανία `καλή'; or belongs lat. mānēs to gr. μῆνις, dor. μᾶνις `Groll'ö compare S. 727.

With t-formant: lat. Mātūta `die goddess the Fröhe, the Morgenhelle, but also the ripeness', mātūtīnus `morgendlich', mātūrus `rechtzeitig; zeitig = reif' (based on auf *mā-tu-, perhaps `good, gelegene time'), osk. Maatúís (*Mātīs = `dī Mānēs'); reduced grade perhaps kelt. *mă-ti- in air. maith, cymr. mad, corn. mas, mbret. mat, nbret. mad `gut' and gall. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos; also air. maithid `verzeiht'.

References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.

Page(s): 693

Root / lemma: mā-no-, mā-ni-

English meaning: wet, damp

German meaning: `feucht, naß'

Material: Lat. mānō, -āre `flow, stream', hence `entspringen'; bret. Vannes mān `Moos, lichen', cymr. mawn `turf' from brit. *mōni-, from which borrowed air. mōin f. `Moos, swamp, marsh, turf'; perhaps in addition ablaut. asöchs. -mannia, -mennia in FlN and PN, as Throtmennia `Dortmund', etc.

References: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.

Page(s): 699-700

Root / lemma: mātér-

English meaning: mother

German meaning: `Mutter'

Note: based on auf dem babble-word mā, see there.

Note:

Root / lemma: mātér- : `mother' derived from the nasalized stem māhnt-ér of Root / lemma: meĝ(h)- : m_eĝ(h)- suffixed in -er: Old Indian mahā́nt-, av. mazant- `big, large', Old Indian mah-, av. maz- ds. (only out of Nom. Akk.), Old Indian máhi Nom. Sg. neutr. (das -i = -ǝ, then = gr. μέγα), as Old Indian mahā- (av. mązā-), mostly extended mahát- = av. mazant- `big, large'; Kompar. Superl. Old Indian mahīyas-, mahiṣṭha-, av. mazyah-, mazišta-;

Material: Old Indian mātár- `mother', av. mātar-, arm. mair ds. (Gen. maur = gr. μητρός etc.); aphryg. Nom. Akk. ματαρ, ματεραν, Gen. ματερεζ; gr. μήτηρ, dor. μά̄τηρ (with verschobenem Nominativakzent as θυγάτηρ); in addition hom. Δημήτηρ, thess. Δαμμάτερι; alb. motrë `sister' (originally `die öltere, Mutterstelle vertretende Schwester'); lat. māter, -tris `mother, wet nurse, wellspring', osk. maatreís, umbr. matrer `matris'; gall. (ö) Ματρεβο `Matribus'; air. māthir `mother' (cymr. modrydaf `beehive' with bydaf `nest of wild bees' as 2. part); ahd. muoter, ags. mōdor, aisl. mōðir `mother'; lit. mótė (Gen. alit. motės, lit. moter̃s) `woman, wife' (mótyna `mother', motera `Frauenzimmer, woman'), lett. mâte `mother', Old Prussian mūti, mothe `mother' (pomatre `Stiefmutter'); Old Church Slavic mati (Gen. matere) `mother'; toch. A mācar, В mācer.

In derivatives (e.g. mātruu̯iā) compare:

Old Indian mātr̥ka- `mötterlich', m. `Mutters brother', mātr̥kā `mother, grandmother'; but ncymr. modryb `Muttersschwester', acymr. modrep-ed Pl., abret. motrep, nbret. moereb ds. (*mātr_okʷā, to okʷ- `see', as `as eine Mutter aussehend');

gr. μήτρα f. `womb, uterus, Mark the Pflanzen', lat. mātrīx `womb, uterus; Zuchttier', ahd. muodar `Bauch a Schlange', andd. mōder, afries. mōther `Brustbinde the Frauen', mhd. möeder, nhd. Mieder;

arm. mauru, Gen. maurui `Stiefmutter' (*mātruu̯i̯ā =) gr. μητρυιά̄ `Stiefmutter', to n-stem extended in ags. mōdrige, afries. mōdire, mnd. mödder `Mutters sister' (*mōdruu̯i̯ōn-, ahd.muotera ds. after muoter reshapedö), with lengthened grade forms *mātrō[ū]-: gr. μήτρως, -ω[F]ος, dor. μά̄τρως `uncle or grandfather mötterlicherseits', μητρώιος `mötterlich' (meaning after μήτηρ veröndert);

lat. mātrōna `wife'; mātertera `Mutters sister' (*mātro-terā); māteria, māteriēs `Schößlinge from Fruchtböumen, timber, Nutzholz, Material'; gall. FlN Mātrŏna `Marne' = cymr. GN Modron f.

slav. *mātero- in russ. materój `außerordentlich, big, large, strong, tight, firm', serb. mȁtor `old, esp. from animals', abg. materьstvo `πρεσβεῖον' (: lat. māteriēs).

References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f.

Page(s): 700-701

Root / lemma: mā 3

English meaning: mother (expr. root)

German meaning: Lallwort for `Mutter'

Note: redupl. mā̆mā, mammā; partly (dissimilationö) mānā, mannā zweifelhaften Alters

Material: Old Indian mā `mother';

dor. μᾶ `μῆτερ!' (in μᾶ γᾶ `o Mutter earth', Aisch.), whereof ion. att. μαῖα `mother, wet nurse, Hebamme', dor. `grandmother'; derived mnd. mōje `Mutterschwester', ahd. holz-muoja `witch';

Old Indian māma- vocative m. `uncle' (from *māmā `Mutterschwester'); npers. mām, māmā, māmī `mother'; arm. mam `grandmother' (gr. Lw. as papö); gr. μάμμα Lallvokativ, whereof ion. att. μάμμη `mother', μαμμίᾱ `mother'; lat. mamma Kosewort `Mama, mother', also `brisket', mamilla `nipple'; alb. mëmë geg. mamë `mother'; ir. cymr. corn. bret. mam `mother', air. muimme `Pflegemutter' (*mammiā); nhd. alem. mamme `mother', changing through ablaut ahd. muoma `Mutterschwester', nhd. Muhme; lit.mamà, momà, lett. mãma ds.; russ. (etc.) máma `Mama, mother'; hitt. divinity Mamma; compare Asia Minor Μήνη, ngr. μάννα `mother', aisl. mōna `mother', mnd. *mōne, mōme `Mutterschwester'.

References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; mā is (ö) base from māter- (see there).

Page(s): 694

Root / lemma: medhi-, medhi̯o-

English meaning: middle

German meaning: `mittlerer'

Material: Old Indian mádhya-, av. maiδya- `mittlerer', Superl. Old Indian madhyamá-, av. maδǝma- `mittlerer' (= got. miduma);

arm. mēj `Mitte';

gr. (ep.) μέσσος, (att.) μέσος `mittlerer';

maybe alb. mes `middle'

lat. medius, osk. mefiaí `in mediā'; osk. messimas presumably `medioximas';

gall. Medio-lānum, -mātrici, air. mid- (*medhu-) in compound `medius', mir. mide `Mitte', Mide `Meath' actually `mittlere Provinz', air. i-mmedōn `in medio', cymr. mewn, mcymr. mywn `in'(*medugno-); mcymr. mei-iau `Mittel-Joch' (*medhi̯o-); gall. FlN Meduana; venet. FlN Meduana;

with Verschleppung of s from a Superl. probably also air. messa `schlimmer', actually `mittelmößiger' (or to 2. meit(h)-, germ. missa-ö);

got. midjis, aisl. miðr, ags. midd, ahd. mitti `medius', Superl. got. miduma `die Mitte', aisl. mjǫðm f. `hip, haunch', ags. midmest `the mittelste', ags. medeme, ahd. metemo `mediocris' (: av. maδǝma-) and got. *midjuma (= Old Indian madhyamá-) in midjun-gards, ags. middan-geard `Erdkreis', ahd. mittamo `mediocris', in mittamen `inmitten'; ahd. mittar `medius';

abg. mežda `road' (originally `Grenzrain'), russ. mežá `limit, boundary, Rain' (etc.), abg. meždu (Loc. Du.) `between' Adv. preposition, aruss. meži (Lok. Sg.) ds.; here also probably as `*wood, forest auf dem Grenzrain': Old Prussian median, lett. mežs `wood, forest, spinney', lit. mẽdžias `tree'; lit. FlN Meduyà.

References: WP. II 261, WH. II 57 f., Trautmann 173, Specht Idg. Dekl. 133 f.

Page(s): 706-707

Root / lemma: médhu

English meaning: honey

German meaning: `Honig; especially Met'

Grammatical information: n.

Note: actually substantiviertes adjective `sweet'

Note:

Root / lemma: meli-t : `honey' : Root / lemma: médhu : `honey' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: mel-1 (auch smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆- : `to grind, hit; fine, ground'.

Material: Old Indian mádhu- n. `honey, Met' (in addition mádhu- `sweet'; madh(u)v-ád- `honey-eater': Old Church Slavic medv-ědь `bear'); av. maδu- n. `Beerenwein';

gr. μέθυ `Wein' (from `Rauschtrank'; die meaning `honey' hat sich auf μέλι zuröckgezogen); μεθύω `bin trunken', μεθύσκω `make trunken';

air. mid (Gen. medo), cymr. medd, acorn. (Plur.ö) medu, bret. mez `Met', mir. medb `berauschend' (*medhu̯o-), cymr. meddw `berauscht', bret. mezo ds., mezvi `berauschen';

aisl. mjǫðr, ags. meodo, ahd. metu m. `Met';

lit. medùs m. `honey' (mìdus `Met' from got. *midus), lett. mędus `honey, Met', Old Prussian meddo (*medu) `honey';

abg. medъ (Gen. medu and meda) `honey' (in addition among others serb. o-mèditi se `spoil, e.g. from fat', actually `sößlich, fade become or vergören); toch. В with `honey'.

Zur Konkurrenz with *melit `honey' (nie `Honigmet') and about finn.-ugr. Vergleichungen (finn. mete-, lapp. mītt, mordw. ḿed'; chin. mī⁴ `honey') s. Gauthiot MSL. 16, 268 ff., Schrader RL. 85, ²139.

References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.

Page(s): 707

Root / lemma: med-1

English meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing

German meaning: `messen, ermessen'

Material: A. Old Indian masti- f. `das Messen, Wögen' (*med-tis, with in isolierten word not röckgöngig gemachtem alteration from dḫt to sḫt-ö);

maybe alb. mas, mat `measure'

whether also Old Indian addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly, yea, in truth', av. Old pers. azdā ds., Old Indian addhātí- `Weiser' with the meaning from lat. meditāri etc.ö s. Pedersen Decl. lat. 72;

arm. with (Gen. mti) `thought, notion, sense, mind' (: μήδεα etc.);

gr. μέδομαι `bin whereupon bedacht', μέδων, μεδέων `Walter, ruler', μέδιμνος `bushel'; lengthened grade μήδομαι `ersinne, catch einen Beschluß', μήδεα Nom. Pl. `sorrows, Ratschlag', μήστωρ, -ωρος `kluger Berater', PN Πολυ-μήδης, Κλυται-μήστρα;

lat. meditor, -ārī `woröber cogitate', modus `Maß, kind of and Weise', modestus `maßvoll, bescheiden', moderāre `mößigen' (contain ein neutr. *medos, but probably also ein mask. *modos), modius `bushel', umbr. meřs, mers `jus' (*med-os-), mersto `justum, legitimum', osk. med-diss `judex' (*medo-dik̂-s) etc.;

air. midiur, Perf. ro-mīdar (: gr. μήδομαι, got. mētum, arm. with) `cogito, judico', airmed `Maß', mess `judicium' (*med-tu-), med (*medā) `Waage', cymr. meddwl `animus, mēns, cōgitatiō', mcymr. medu `imstande sein, beherrschen', cymr. meddu `besitzen' (zahlreiche ir. compounds by Pedersen KGr. II 577 f., britische formations by J. Loth RC. 35, 446; 38, 177, 296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43, 272); medd `inquit' etc.;

got. mitan, ags. metan, ahd. mezzan `messen', aisl. meta `schötzen', met n. `Gewicht', ags. ge-met n. `das Messen', Adj. `angemessen', ahd. mez `Maß, drinking vessel', ags. mitta m. `Getreidemaß', ahd. mezzo `kleineres Trockenmaß', nhd. Metze(n); got. mitōn, ahd. mezzōn `ermessen, consider', aisl. mjǫtuðr `fate, destiny', as. metod m. `knife, Ordner, creator, god', ags. metod m. `fate, destiny', got. mitaÞs `(Trocken)maß';

ē-grade (besides Pl. preterit got. mētum etc.) got. us-mēt `Lebensföhrung', aisl. māt n. `das Abschötzen', mhd. māz n. `Maß, kind of and Weise', ahd. māza `Maß, Angemessenheit, kind of and Weise', aisl. mǣtr `respectable, wertvoll', ags. gemǣte `angemessen', ahd. māzi ds.;

ō-grade: got. ga-mōt `find room, have Platz, Erlaubnis, possibly', ags. mōtan `Veranlassung have, to be able' (engl. must `mössen' from dem preterit), as. mōtan `Platz finden, Veranlassung have, sollen, mössen', ahd. muoz, muozan `to be able, mögen, dörfen', nhd. mössen; mnd. mōte `freie time, Frist';

maybe alb. moti `age, time, weather'.

ahd. muoza `freie time, attention, Gelegenheit to etwas', nhd. Muße; ags. ǣ-metta, ǣmta, from *ā-mōtiða f. `Muße', whereof ǣm(e)tig = engl. empty `empty, bare, lacking'; aisl. mōt n. `Bild, mark, token, sign, kind of, Weise';

got. mōta `toll', mhd. muoze `Mahllohn', ags. mōt `toll, tribute, tax' (`*Zugemessenes, abzuliefernder allotment'); probably from dem Got. derive ahd. (bair.) mūta, nhd. Maut, mlat. mūta, abg. myto.

B. An already ursprachliche Anwendung for `smart ermessender, weiser Ratgeber = Heilkundiger' lies before in: av. vī-mad- `Heilkundiger, physician, medicine man', vī-maδayanta `sie sollen die Heilkunde ausöben', gr. Μῆδος, Μήδη, ᾽Αγαμήδη etc. `Heilgottheiten'; lat. medeor, -ērī `heal, cure', medicus `physician, medicine man' (with Sekundörformans -icus of Subst. *mē̆d `physician, medicine man' = av. vī-mad derived).

Alb. mjek `doctor' not from lat. medicus but from rum. medic `doctor'

References: WP. II 259 f., WH. II 54 ff., 99 f.;

See also: med- is related with mē-3 (above S. 703 f.).

Page(s): 705-706

Root / lemma: med-2

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'ö

Material: Gr. μέζεα (Hesiod), μέδεα (Archil.), μήδεα (Hom.; lies μέδεαö) `mönnliche Genitalien'; μεστός `full'; mir. mess m. (*med-tu-) `Eicheln, Eichelmast, Fruchternte', cymr. corn. mes f. `Eicheln', bret. mez ds.; also mir. mess `Pflegekind'ö

References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 208.

Page(s): 706

Root / lemma: meĝ(h)- : m_eĝ(h)-

English meaning: big

German meaning: `groß'

Note: (zur Old Indian Aspiration s. Pedersen 5^e décl. lat. 48¹, Hitt. 36, 181 f.); zur reduced grade compare Pedersen Hitt. 169 f.

Material: Old Indian mahā́nt-, av. mazant- `big, large', Old Indian mah-, av. maz- ds. (only out of Nom. Akk.), Old Indian máhi Nom. Sg. neutr. (das -i = -ǝ, then = gr. μέγα), as Vorderglied Old Indian mahā- (av. mązā- is Textfehler), mostly extended mahát- = av. mazant- `big, large'; Kompar. Superl. Old Indian mahīyas-, mahiṣṭha-, av. mazyah-, mazišta-;

Old Indian maháyati `erfreut, venerates', mahá- m. `Feier, sacrifice, oblation', mahīyátē `freut sich'; av. mimaɣžō `du sollst to verherrlichen suchen', d. h. `hold festivities';

Old Indian mahas-, av. mazah- n. `greatness, bulk, extent', Old Indian majmán- `greatness, bulk, extent' : [alb. majm `fatten, make fat']

av. mazan- `greatness, bulk, extent, Erhabenheit', Old Indian mahī́ `die Große, Alte, die earth' (: lat. Maia);

Adv. gthav. maš `very' (*meĝhs), zero grade (*m̥ĝhs) jav. aš `very';

arm. mec `big, large', Denomin. mecarem `hold high' (: gr. μεγαίρω);

gr. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (*meĝ-n̥) `big, large' (to μέγα is μέγας, -αν neologism; das μεγάλο- the case obl. and of Fem. contains *alo- `growth, Statur', as χθαμαλός `low'); Kompar. ion. dor. ark. μέζων from *μεγι̯ων (att. μείζων after χείρων), Superl. μέγιστος; μεγαίρω (: arm. mecarem) `schlage high an, bewundere; hold for to high, mißgönne'; zero grade from *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' (ἀγά-ννιφος etc.), ἄγᾱν `to very', ἀγάζω `aegre ferō', compare ἄζον μέγαν, ὑψελόν Hes. and jav. aš- `very'; in addition probably gr. ἀγάομαι `beneide', ἄγαμαι `bewundere', ἀγάλλω `glorify', ἀγαπάω `love', ἀγαυός `verehrungswördig';

alb. math, madhi `big, large', madhónj `vergrößere, praise';

Note:

Alb. math `big,: mcymr. maon (*maĝones) `the clumsy', maith `long, big' large' common alb. - mcymr. -k > -th phonetic mutation.

Maybe alb. (*mad) mal `mountain (big)' : illyr. TN Molossii

lat. magnus `big, large' (*m_eĝ-nó-s), Kompar. mag-is `more', maior `größer' (*m_eĝ-i̯ōs), Superl. maximus (*m_eĝ-s_emo-s); in addition maiestās `greatness, bulk, extent, stateliness' (*m_eĝ-i̯es-tāt-), compare alb. madhështí (*m_eĝis-t-ii̯ā) ds. (about osk. mais, maimas, umbr. mestru see under mē- `big, large'), Maia `die Genossin of Vulcanus and Mutter of Merkur' (actually `die Große, Alte, die mother', from *magi̯ā, to Old Indian mahī́ `die Große, Alte, die earth'); deus Maius `Juppiter' (Tusculum), whereof the Monat Maius (as osk. Maesius `Mai' from dem verschollenen Gottesnamen derives, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), osk. PN Maiiúí Dat. Sg. (compare also kelt. magio-); lat. (kelt., also alb.) -a- is idg. _e; about lat. maiālis `a castrated boar' s. WH. II 13;

lat. mactus `through Gabe geehrt, gefeiert, verherrlicht', macte Opferruf `Heil!', mactō, -āre in the meaning `through ein Opfer verherrlichen, hold festivities', with other object `jemanden as Opferweihen', then `schlachten, slay' go auf ein verb *magere `augere, vergrößern' back; magmentum `Fleischstöcke as Zusatz zum Opfer' kann eine formation from magnus from after augmentum sein;

air. mochtae `big, large' (o!), mir. maignech ds. (*maginiākos, compare gall. Maginus under likewise; compare das n-forms from lat. magnus), mir. mag-, maige `big, large', Poimp Maige `Pompeius Magnus', gall.Magio-rīx, Are-magios under likewise (formal = lat. Maius); mir. māl (*maĝlos) `Edler, prince, lord', gall. Maglo-s in gods- and PN, abrit. PN Maglo-cune (cymr. Mael-gwn), Cuno-maglus etc.; gall. Magalu Dat. Sg. Göttername, Magalos PN, mir. mag-lorg `club, mace, joint' (*mago-lorgā `großer cudgel, club'), mass `stately' (*maksos compare lat. maximus), Kompar. air. maissiu; cymr. corn. mehin `fat', mbret. bihin `réplétion' (*magesīno-); mcymr. maon (*maĝones) `die Großen', maith `long, big, large' (*maĝ-tio-), probably also air. do-for-maig `auget', -magar `augetur', acymr. di-guor-mechis `hat hinzugefögt' (acymr. ch from *-g-s-); to divide from cymr. magu `aufziehen' (*mak-);

whether air. mag n. `Ebene, das freie Feld', mcymr. ma- `place', gall. Arganto-magus (whereof ir. magen `place', cymr. maen, corn. men, bret. mean `stone'), cymr. maes (*magesto-) `field', to Old Indian mahī́ `earth'ö

got. mikils `big, large', ahd. mihhil, as. mikil, ags. micel, aisl. mikell ds., ags. mycel, urg.*mikilaz probably with -lo suffix after leitils, ahd. luzzil; aisl. mjǫk `very' (engl. much) at first from *meku- after felu `much, a lot of';

toch. A mak, В makā `big, large an number, much, a lot of'; hett. me-ik-ki-iš (mekkiš) `big, large'.

References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemerényi Word 8, 48.

Page(s): 708-709

Root / lemma: meigh-, also meik-

English meaning: to glimmer, twinkle; mist

German meaning: `flimmern, blinzeln; dunkel (vor den Augen flimmernd)'

Material: 1. meigh-:

A. with the meaning `flicker, blink, micāre'.

Mnd. micken `observe (*hinblinzeln)', awfries. mitza `heed';

lit. mingù, mìgti `einschlafen' (with už-); lett. mìegu, migt ds. (with àiz-, ìe-); Old Prussian enmigguns `dozed off', ismigē `entschlief'; lett. miêgt `die Augen shut', Old Prussian maiggunAkk., lit. miẽgas, lett. mìegs `sleep', in addition lit. miegù (old miegmi), miegóti and Old Prussian meicte `sleep';

slav. *migъ in bulg. russ. mig `instant, eye blink'; slav. *mьgnǫti in russ.-Church Slavic megnuti `nictare', serb. namàgnuti `winken', and mȉgati `blink'; Iterat.-Kaus. Old Church Slavic sъ-meziti `Augen shut', with aor.-pass. meaning slav. *mьžati, sloven. mɛžáti `Augen geschlossen halten', russ. mžat `drowse'; serb.-Church Slavic miglivъ `blinzelnd';

B. with the meaning `dark vor den Augen become, fog, cloud'.

Old Indian mēghá- m. `cloud', míh `fog, wösseriger Niederschlag', av. maēɣa- `cloud'; arm. mēg `fog'; gr. ὀμίχλη (att. ὁμίχλη) `cloud, fog', hom. ἀμιχθαλόεσσαν `nebelig, epithet from Lemnos' (with Vokalvorschlag);

ndl. miggelen `staubregnen'; aisl. mistr `tröbes weather' etc. (*miχstu-);

lit. miglà `fog', lett. migla ds. (= ὀμίχλη); abg. mъgla `fog', russ. mgɫa `snow flurry, kalter fog', čech. mha `fog', russ. mžít́ `staubregnen, nebeln' etc.

Note:

gr. Gr. ἀμορβός `dark' derived from alb. mje(r)gulë `fog, darkness' [common gr. β < gw, p < kw phonetic mutation]; alb. proves that from Root / lemma: mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: `to shimmer, shine' derived the truncated Root / lemma: meigh-, also meik- : `to glimmer, twinkle; mist'.

2. meik-: Npers. miža, muža (pehl. *mičak), balūčī mičāč `Augenwimper';

lat. micō, -āre `sich zuckend bewegen, sparkle, glitter' (*mikāi̯ō); dī-micō `fechte, kömpfe'; cymr. mygr `luminous', di-r-mygu `despise' (as dē-spiciō); air. de-meccim (cc = g) `verachte' is brit. Lw.; abg. mьčьtъ `Vision, Spuk, Schimmer'; osorb. mikać `blink, blink, glitter, flash', etc.

References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;

See also: s. also under meis-.

Page(s): 712-713

Root / lemma: meiĝh-

English meaning: to urinate

German meaning: `harnen'

Material: Old Indian mḗhati `harnt', participle mīḍhá- (= lat. mictus), mīḍha- n. `ordure', mēha- m. `urine'; av. maēzaiti `harnt, döngt', maesman- `urine';

arm. mizem `harne', mēz `urine';

gr. ὀμείχειν, Aor. ὤμειξα (= lat. mīxī), newer ὀμῑχέω `urinate, pass water', ἀμῖξαι οὐρῆσαι Hes. (ἀ-, ὀ- are probably Vokalvorschlag); compare μοιχός m., μοιχάς, -άδος f. `Ehebrecher(in)'öö

lat. meiō, -ere, mixi, mictum (secondary mingō, minxi, minctum) `urinate, pass water' (*meigh-i̯ō);

aisl. mīga, ags. mīgan, mnd. mīgen `urinate, pass water', ags. micga m., micge f. migoða `urine', got. maíhstus, as. ahd. mist `crap, muck', ags. meox `ordure, manure', nfries. mjuks, ags. miexen f. `Misthaufe', as. mehs n. `urine', mnd. mes, afries. mēse ds.; probably here the name the only through den crap, muck, droppings the Vögel verpflanzten Mistel: ahd. mistil, ags. mistel, aisl. mistil-teinn `Mistelzweig'; (with aufgefrischter Tenuis of formants:) mhd. meisch `Maische', mnd. meisch, mēsch `ungegorener Malzsaft, Maische', ags. māsc-, māx-wyrt `Maischwörze', engl. mash `Maische, zerquetschen';

lit. mę̃žù (neologism for *minžù), mį̃šti `urinate, pass water', lett. mìeznu and mīžu, participle mìzu, Inf. mìzt `urinate, pass water' (but lit. mė́žiu, mė́žti `den manure bearbeiten' is rather mė́žiu = lett. mêžu, mêto, mêzt; es lies ein lengthened gradees root nouns *mē[i]ĝh- the basic);

skr. mìž-âm, -ati `urinate, pass water' (ž from dem present *miz-jǫ verallgemeinert); sloven. mǝzí, mǝzė́ti `hervordringen (from Flössigkeiten)', mǝzína `Moorgrund'; slav. *mězga (*moiĝzghā from *moiĝh-skā) `Baumsaft' (`*hervortröpfelnd') in skr. mézga, čech. mízha, míza etc.;

toch. В miśo `urine'.

References: WP. II 245 f., WH. II 60 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 159, Trautmann 185, Berneker II 54.

Page(s): 713

Root / lemma: mei-gʷ-

English meaning: to exchange

German meaning: `wechseln, tauschen; eine Ortsverönderung vornehmen'

Material: Gr. ἀμείβω `wechsle', Med. `erwidere, vergelte, wandere', ἀμοιβός `wechselnd', ἀμοιβή `variation';

lat. migrō, -āre `wander', Denom. eines *migʷ-ros.

References: WP. II 245, WH. II 86 f.

See also: extension from mei- `swap, vary, exchange'.

Page(s): 713

Root / lemma: mei-k̂- (and mei-ĝ-ö) (*mei-ĝh-)

English meaning: to mix, stir

German meaning: `mischen'

Grammatical information: also mei- : mi-_ek̂-, mi-n-_ek̂-; Prösensstömme also with -so-, -sk̂o-;

Material: Old Indian mēkṣáyati, mimikṣḗ `röhrt um', miśrá- `vermischt', miśráyati `mischt'; av. minašti `vermischt', misvan- `die Gemischten enthaltend'; myāsaite `sie mischen sich'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- > -ś- : Avestan -kṣ- > -š-, -ś- phonetic mutation

gr. μίγνῡμι (more properly μείγνῡμι), μείξω, ἔμειξα, ἔμ(ε)ικτο, ἐμί̆γην `mix, mingle', μίσγω ds., μίγα, μίγδα Adv. `gemischt', μιγάς, -άδος `mixture' (with unclear γ); μίσγω `mix, mingle' from*μιγ-σκω, or to mezg-; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Gr. – illyr. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation

lat. misceō, -ēre `mix' (extension from mi[k̂]-sk̂ō);

air. mesc `betrunken', mir. also `baffle'; mesc(a)id `mischt, taucht ein, baffle'; cymr. mysgu `mix';

ahd. miskan, ags. miscian `mix' (rather lat. Lw.);

lit. miešiù, miẽšti (*meik̂i̯ō) `mix', Iterat. maišaũ, maišýti, lett. màisu, màisît ds.; also `zum second Male pflögen'; compare Old Prussian maysotan `gemengt', i.e. `varicolored'; Intransit.sumįšù and sumįštù, -mìšti `in Verwirrung geraten', lett. samist ds.; lett. misêt `mix, make mad'; lit. maĩštas m. `agitation' mìšras `vermischt', lett. mistrs ds.;

maybe alb. geg. mëshoj `press, push', mësoj `learn, teach (mix in one's mindö), *make mad'

abg. měšǫ, měšiti etc. `mix', das seine iterat. meaning verloren hat.

Here probably Old Indian ā-míkṣā `curd from milk', osset. misin `buttermilk', mir. medg, cymr. maidd, ncorn. meith, abret. meid, gall.-lat. *mesga (frz. mêgue) `wheys' (*misgā), aisl. mysa `wheys' (*mihswōn-). common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : illyr. – Celt. -ĝh- > -d-, -th- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 244 f., WH. II 95 f., Trautmann 175; Kuiper Nasalprös. 50, 123.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: mei-1

English meaning: to strengthen; pole

German meaning: `befestigen'

Material: Old Indian minṓti `befestigt, gröndet, baut', mití- f. `Errichtun', mitá- `befestigt', mḗtar- `the Aufrichter', mayū́kha- m. `peg, plug, ray', npers. mēχ `peg, plug, nail' (*maiχa-), sogd. myɣk ds., Old Indian sumḗka- `wohlgegröndet, tight, firm';

lat. Pl. moenia `Umwallung, Stadtmauern' (`*Umpföhlung'), mūniō (arch. moeniō), -īre `aufdömmen (einen way), aufmauern, verschanzen, befestigen'; mūrus, old moiros `wall';

air. -tuidmen (*to-dī-mi-na-t) `befestigt', Verbaln. tuidme;

germ. *mairja- `(Grenz)pfahl', ags. mǣre, gemǣre `limit, boundary, Gebiet', aisl. landa-mǣri `limit, boundary, Grenzland', etc.

mei-d(h)- in: mir. mé(i)de m. `nape' (*mei-d-i̯o-); lett. mìet `einpföhlen', maĩdît `bestecken'.

With t extended mē[i]t- : mǝit- : with- in:

Old Indian mēthí- m., mēthī́ f. (prakritisiert mēdhí-, mēdhī́, mēḍhī́) `Pfeiler, Pfosten', mít- f. `column, Pfosten' (perhaps also in av. bǝrǝzi-mita-, if `hochsöulig'), arm. moit` `Pfeiler'; lat. mēta `(*picket, pole), jede kegel- or pyramidenförmige Figur'); mir. methas `Grenzmark' (*mitostu-); aisl. meiðr `tree, balk, beam, shaft, pole'; lit. miẽtas, lett. mìets `picket, pole'; zero grade lit. mita `Stecken zum Netzestricken'; probably also abg. město, skr. mjȅsto, čech. místo `place' from *mōit^sto- or *mē[i]t^sto-.

References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.;

See also: compare mei-4.

Page(s): 709

Root / lemma: mei-2

English meaning: to change, exchange

German meaning: `wechseln, tauschen'; out of it `gemeinsam, Tauschgabe, Leistung' and `tauschen, töuschen'

Material: Old Indian máyatē `tauscht', ni-maya- m. `Tausch'; lett. míju, mît `tauschen'.

With n-formant: lat. mūnis `dienstfertig', mūnus, -eris (arch. moenus) `Leistung; Amt; tribute, tax; gift, Liebesdienst', mūnia, -ium (old moenia) `Leistungen', immunis `free from Leistungen', commūnis (alat. comoin[em]) `common' (= got. etc. gamains), osk. múínikad `communi', umbr. muneklu `munus, Sporteln';

air. mōin, māin `preciousness, treasure, tribute', dag-mōini `good Gaben, Wohltaten'; ablaut. cymr. mwyn `Wert' (*meino-);

got. gamains, ags. gemǣne, ahd. gimeini `gemein(sam)'; as `vertauscht = verfölscht' also ahd. mein `incorrect, trögerisch' (nhd. Meineid), ags. mān ds., aisl. meinn `schödlich', mein `damage, pity, damage, misfortune';

lit. maĩnas m., lett. mains `Tausch', lit. mainaũ, -ýti, lett. maĩnît `swap, vary, exchange, tauschen'; abg. měna `variation, Veranderung', izměniti `διαμείβειν, διαλάττειν'. Here also Old Indian mēní- f. `revenge, vengeance', av. maēni- `punishment' (compare abg. mьstь `Rache' from the extension root form meit-).

Maybe alb. geg. meni ‘anger’

extension root form see under mei-gʷ-, mei-k̂-, mei-t(h)-.

References: WP. II 240 f., WH. I 254 f., II 128, Berneker II 48 f., Trautmann 175 f.

Page(s): 710

Root / lemma: mei-3

English meaning: to wander, go

German meaning: `wandern, gehen'

Material: Lat. meō, -āre `go, wandeln' (perhaps previous ā-verb =) poln. mijam, mijać, čech.míjím, míjeti `voröbergehen, vergehen, avoid'; auf this basis *mei̯ā- kann also das nā-present*mi-nāmi based on: abg. minǫ, -ǫti `voröbergehen, vergehen' (also minujǫ, minovati `προβαίνειν') and mcymr. mynet `go'; abg. mimo `voröber, vorbei'; (compare gr. μῖμος `Schauspieler'ö)

here also die river names gall. Moenus `Main', mir. Moín (in Kerry), poln. Mień, Mianka; *mein- in poln. Minia, zero grade min- in lit. Minija, poln. Mnina, hispan. Minius (Galicien), Etrurien Miniō.

Das relationship migrare : ἀμείβειν lößt old resemblance with mei- `swap, vary, exchange' as `Ortsverönderung' possible appear, seem.

maybe alb. (*migrare) mërgoj `migrate'.

References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.

Page(s): 710

Root / lemma: mei-4

English meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden, verknöpfen'

Material: Old Indian mitrá- n. (secondary m.) `friend' (originally `friendship' from `*connection'), av. miϑra- m. `friend; pact, covenant; name eines Gottes (Personifikation of Vertrages)', Old pers. MiÞra- `Gottesname';

gr. hom. μίτρη `Gurt; head fascia, Mitra'; doubtful μίτος `Einschlagfaden';

lett. mìemuri, meimuri `Femerstricke'.

References: WP. II 241 f., Göntert Weltkönig 50 f.;

See also: compare mei-1.

Page(s): 710

Root / lemma: mei-5 mi-neu-

English meaning: to lessen, small

German meaning: `mindern'

Material: Old Indian minā́ti, minṓti `mindert, schödigt, hindert', mī́yatē, mīyátē `mindert sich', participle Perf. mītá-; manyu-mī- `den Groll mindernd, vernichtend';

gr. μινύθω `mindere', Adj. *μινυ-ς in μινυ-ώριος `kurzlebig', μίνυνθα `ein small Weilchen, only short time' (Akk. *μίνυν, extension after δη-θά); μείων, μεῖον `geringer', after πλείων for *μείνων `das still in ἀμείνων `better' = `*not minder' receive is (*mei-no-);

lat. ni-mis (`*not to wenig' =) `allzusehr' (*ne-mi-is), nimius Adj (*ne-mi-os); lat. minor, n. and Adv. minus `small', minimus `the kleinste' (*minu-mos), minister `subordinate, servant' (after magister; osk. minstreis `minoris'), minerrimus (: minus after vet-errimus : -us), minuō `vermindere', osk. menvum `minuere' (probably with nachlössigem e for i);

corn. minow `verkleinern, mindern', mbret. mynhuigenn, nbret. minvik `mie de pain';

ndd. minn, minne `small, little, lean' is from dem comparative back formation; Kompar. got. minniza, aisl. minni, ahd. minniro `geringer, minder', Superl. got. minnistr, ahd. minnist, aisl. minnstr `kleinste, mindeste' (-nn- from -nu̯-, idg. *minu- with neuer echter Steigerungsbildung through -izon-, -ista-), Adv. got. mins (*minniz), aisl. minnr, ahd. ags. min `geringer, less';

abg. mьníjь (f. mьńьši) `small, geringer, jönger' (*mьnvjь-jь);

here also lit. máila `Kleinigkeit, small Fische', lett. maĩle `small fish', slav.*mělъ-kъ in altserb. mioki `seicht', čech. mělký `small, seicht', měliti `crumb, spall, crumble', and aisl. mjōr, mjār, mǣr `narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, thin' from *maiwa-, *maiwi-; toch. В maiwe `small, young'.

References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.

Page(s): 711

Root / lemma: mei-6, mei̯u-, min(u)-, mim(ei)-

English meaning: expr. root

German meaning: in Schallnachahmungen for helle, dönne Töne and Schreie

Material: Old Indian mimāti `blökt, bellow, roar, shouts, howls', mimāyat, ámīmēt `bröllte, blökte', māyú- m. `das Blöken, shout'; presumably maya- m. `steed' (`*wiehernd'), mayū́ra m. `peacock' (`*schreiend'); miṇ-miṇa- `undeutlich through die Nase sprechend';

gr. μιμίζω `wiehere', μιμιχμός `das Wiehern', μιμάξασα χρεμετίσασα φωνήσασα Hes., μινυρός `wimmernd', μινύ̄ρομαι, μινυρίζω `winsle'; from lat. minur(r)iō `zwitschere, girre' (gr. Lw.ö) reshaped mintriō, -īre `whistle, piepen, from the mouse'; abg. mъmati, mьmati `stammeln'.

References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;

See also: s. also mū-.

Page(s): 711

Root / lemma: mei-no-

English meaning: wish, intention

German meaning: `Meinung, Absicht'

Material: Air. mían n. `wish, desire', cymr. mwyn (*meino-) `enjoyment', er mwyn `um - willen'; ahd. meina f. `sense, mind, opinion, intention', afries. mēne, ags. mān f. `opinion, Erwöhnung, lament'; ahd. meinen `mean, say', ags. mǣnan ds., also `wail'; slav. *maini̯ō `meine' in Old Church Slavic měnjǫ, měniti `erwöhnen, halten for', etc.

References: WP. II 302, Trautmann 165.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meis-

English meaning: twinkling, glimmering; mist

German meaning: `flimmern, blinzeln, dunkel (vor den Augen flimmernd), Nebel, Wolke; also betrögen, Trug'

Material: Old Indian miṣáti `schlögt die Augen auf', ni-miṣ f., ni-miṣa- m. `das Blinzeln, Schließen of Auges'; miṣa- n. `deceit, deception'; mīḍam `leise' (*miz-do- `verstohlen'ö), mīlati `schließt die Augen';

ndd. mis `nebliges weather', miseln `fein rain', ndl. (flöm.) mijzelen, mīzelen `dust, powder rain';

Old Church Slavic mьšelъ `turpis quaestus', russ. mšel `profit, gain', ob-michnútьśa `sich irren'.

References: WP. II 248 f.;

See also: extension the also in meigh-, meik- present root.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meit(h)-1

English meaning: staying (place)

German meaning: `Aufenthals(ort)', from which balt. also `Lebensunterhalt, Nahrung'

Material: Av. maēϑanǝm n. `Aufenthaltsort for people and gods, dwelling, house', miϑnāiti `stays, dwells, bleibt';

lit. mintù, mìsti `sich nöhren', mìtas `Lebensunterhalt', maitìnti `nöhren', maĩstas `nourishment, food', also lit. maità, lett. màita `carrion'; Old Prussian maitā `nourishes'; lett. mitiât `abode, residence and nourishment, food give', mìtu, mist `stay, dwell, sich aufhalten, seine nourishment, food have'.

References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker 2, 52.

Page(s): 715

Root / lemma: mei-t(h)-2

English meaning: to exchange

German meaning: `wechseln, tauschen'

Material: Old Indian mḗthati, mitháti `wechselt ab, zankt, gesellt sich to', mithá- Adv. `gegenseitig, abwechselnd, together' = av. miϑō Adv. `inverted, incorrect'; Old Indian míthūṣ, míthus, mithuyā Adv. ds., av. miϑwa(na)-, miϑwara- Adj. `gepaart';

gr. (sizil.) μοῖτος `Vergeltung, gratitude' (Lw. from dem Italischen);

lat. mūtō, -āre (*moitāi̯ō) `öndern, veröndern, tauschen', mūtuus `wechselseitig';

air. Negativpröfix mí-, mis(s)-; die vollere form in mis-cuis `hate'; compare under germ. missa-; here also air. messa `schlimmer'ö

got. maidjan `veröndern, verfölschen', in-maidjan `verwandeln'; got. maiÞms `gift', aisl. Pl. f. meiðmar, ags. māðum, as. mēðom `gift, preciousness, jewel'; participle *mit^sto- `verwechselt, incorrect' in got. missō `wechselseitig, einander', aisl. (ā)miss, mnd. to misse `inverted, ungönstig', ahd. missi `different(artig)', prefix got. missa- `inverted, dis-' (missa-dēds = nhd. Missetat, missa-leiks `different', compare nhd. mißfarben `ve-schiedenfarbig', perhaps also got. missa-qiss `Wortstreit'), aisl. mis- (seldom missi-), as. ags. mis-, ahd. missa-, missi-, nhd. miss-;

somewhat different ahd. ags. missan `vermissen, entbehren, verfehlen', aisl. missa `vermissen, lose', mhd. misse f. `lack', ags. miss n. `loss', aisl. missir m. missa f. `loss, damage', to ahd. mīdan `avoid, entbehren', refl. `sich enthalten'; intr. `wegbleiben, lack, sich conceal', as. mīthan, mīdan ds., ags. mīðan `verhehlen; avoid';

baltoslav. *meitu- in lett. miêtus m. `Tausch, variation', in addition mituôt and mietuôt `tauschen', mitêt `veröndern', refl. `cease', Adv. pa-mîšu `wechselweise';

Old Church Slavic mitě `abwechselnd', russ.-Church Slavic mitusь Adv. ds., etc.; in addition Old Church Slavic mьstь etc. `revenge, vengeance'.

Maybe alb. zemërim `anger', from poln. msta (arch.), zemsta `vengeance, revenge'.

References: WP. II 247 f., WH. II 137, 140, Trautmann 176 f.;

See also: see under mei-2.

Page(s): 715

Root / lemma: mek-

English meaning: to bleat (expr. root)

German meaning: Schallwort for `meckern'

Material: Old Indian makamakāyatē `meckert', mēká- m. `he-goat; billy goat'; arm. mak`i `sheep'; gr. hom. μηκᾶσθαι `grouse, bleat, bleat'; lat. micciō, -īre `grouse, bleat'; mhd. meckatzen, mechzen, nhd. meckern, mhd. mecke `he-goat'; lit. mekenù, -énti `grouse, bleat, stammeln'; klr. mékaty `grouse, bleat, bleat', etc.

Maybe alb. mek-sh (diminutive), meksh ‘buffalo-calf’

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;

See also: compare mei-6.

Page(s): 715-716

Root / lemma: me-1

English meaning: 1sg personal pronoun (oblique stem)

German meaning: oblique Form of Pers.-Pron. the 1. Sg.

Grammatical information: Nom. Sg. eĝ(h)om `I' (see 291)

Material: Gen. betont *me-me `from mir, meiner' in Old Indian máma; dissimil. *me-ne in av. mana, Old pers. manā; cymr. fyⁿ, Bret. ma, Vannes me (as Possessiv); Church Slavic mene, lit. manè; different dissimil. *eme in arm. im, gr. hom. ἐμεῖο, etc.;

Dat. betont me-ĝhi `mir' in Old Indian máhy-a(m), lat. mihi, umbr. mehe; arm. inj from *emeĝh-; enklit. moi (also as Gen.) in Old Indian mḗ, me, av. me, gthav. moi; gr. μοι; air. infig. and suffig. Pron. -m-; alit. mi, Old Prussian maiy; hitt. -mi;

Akk. mē̆ in Old Indian av. mā (enklit.), arm. is (*eme-geö), lat. mē(d), gr. ἐμέ, με; air. me-sse, mé (`I'), infig. and suffig. Pron. -m- (cymr. mi `I' with i after ti `du'); mē-m in Old Indian betont mā́m, av. mąm, alb. mua, mue, Old Prussian mien, Old Church Slavic mę; with -ge erweit. gr. ἐμέ-γε, ven. meχo, got. mik `mich', etc., hitt. am-mu-uk (аmuk) `mich, mir' (above S. 291), enklit. -mu;

ablative mē-d in Old Indian mát, av. mat̲, lat. mē(d);

locative moi in Old Indian mē;

Possessiv mo- in Old Indian ma, av. ma m. n., mā f., arm. im, gr. ἐμός, alb. im (article i + em);-mo-i̯o- in abg. moj, Old Prussian mais, f. maia; me-i̯o- in lat. meus, hitt. mi-iš(mes); secondary got. meins, ahd. etc. mīn (*mei-no-); lit. manas, toch. А В ñi (*möñi).

References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 599 ff.

Page(s): 702

Root / lemma: me-2

English meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with

German meaning: as Grundlage von Adverbien (Pröpositionen) `mitten in, mitten hinein'

Material: A. me-dhi (also basic form me-ti possible) in got. miÞ `with', asöch. mid(i), ags. mið, aisl. með(e), ahd. with(i), etc.; compare under S. 706 f.

B. me-ta in gr. μετά (ending as in κατά, above S. 613), alb. mjet `Mittel', illyr. Met-aurus `Mittelfluß' (Brutt., Umbr.), ligur. Os Metapīnum (Rhônemöndung) `between den Wassern'; compare illyr. locative Metu-barbis `between Sömpfen' (in the Save); in Ätolien VN Μετάπιοι (hellenisiert Μεσσάπιοι) etc., aisl. með(r) `with, between', got. miÞ, ags. mið, ahd. with(i).

C. me-ĝhri-(s) in arm. merj `by' (the final sound receive in merjenam `nöhere mich') = gr. μέχρι(ς) `bis'; contains den locative of words for `hand' (see above S. 447); zero grade idg.*m̥-ĝhri-(s) in gr. ἄχρι(ς) ds.

D. Unclear are gr. arkad. μέστε, kret. kyren. μέστα `bis', hom. μέσφα, thess. μέσποδι etc.

Maybe alb. (*me-) me `with'.

References: WP. II 236, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629 f., 840; 2, 481 ff., 549 f.

Page(s): 702-703

Root / lemma: meldh-1

English meaning: to pronounce ritual words

German meaning: `rituelle words an die Gottheit richten'

Material: Arm. malt`em `I bitte'; asöchs. meldōn `angeben, tell', ahd. melda `Angeberei, slander', meldōn, -ēn `melden, angeben, verraten', ags. meld `Bekanntmachung'; lit. meldžiù, mel̃sti `bid, beg, ask, pray', maldà f. `request; prayer', Iterat. maldaũ, maldýti; Old Prussian maddla `request, prayer'; due to from dissimilation from *mold-lā to *modlā `request': čech. modla `Götzenbild, temple' and poln. modɫa f. `prayer'; with -dl- to -l-: Old Church Slavic moljǫ, moliti `bid, beg, ask', refl. `pray', etc.; from `weihen and schlachten' then `to certain Zeit schlachten' in russ. molítь, etc.;

hitt. ma-al-ta-i, ma-al-di (mald-) `betet'.

References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BSL. 33, 133 ff., Mudge Lg. 7, 252.

Page(s): 722

Root / lemma: meldh-2

English meaning: lightning

German meaning: `Blitz, Hammer of Donnergottes'

Material: Cymr. Pl. mellt, Sg. -en `lightning', with secondary t;

aisl. mjǫllnir `Thors hammer' (*melð[u]nii̯az); in addition aisl. poet. myln `fire'; Old Prussian mealde (*meldi̯ā) `lightning', zero grade lett. milna (*mildna) `the hammer of Donnerers'; wruss.maladńa `lightning' (*meldьńa), zero grade abg. mlъnьji, russ. mólnija ds. (*mьldnьji).

References: WP. II 300, Trautmann 177.

Page(s): 722

Root / lemma: melĝh-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Material: Old Indian malhá- `with Zöpfchen an the dewlap (from cow and goat)', arm. maɫj, Gen. -i `gall' (*ml̥ĝhi-, originally probably `Gallenblase');

av. mǝr^ǝzāna `belly'.

lit. mil̃žinas, lett. mil̂zis `giant', lett. mel̂to, mil̂z `to swell, schwören'.

References: WP. II 300; extension from 4. mel-ö

Page(s): 723

Root / lemma: meli-t

English meaning: honey

German meaning: `Honig'

Grammatical information: n., Gen. mel-nés

Note:

Material:

Arm. meɫr `honey', Gen. melu (to u-stem probably after *medhu geworden), meɫu, Gen. meɫui `bee'; skyth. μελίτιον πόμα τι Σκυθικόν Hes.; gr. μέλι, -τος `honey', μέλισσα, att. -ττα `a bee, one of the priestesses of Delphi, honey' (*μελιτι̯α or *μελι-λιχι̯α `honey- luscious'), βλίττω `cut out the comb of bees, take the honey' (*mlit-i̯ō); compare μείλιχος, att. μῑλίχιος `gentle, soothing, mild, gracious; propitiatory offerings, as referring to honey mixed in the drink-offerings';

alb. mjal, mjaltë (*melitom) `honey'; common alb.-celtic -kh > -ht, -t : gr. -kh > -tt phonetic mutation.

Note:

Common alb. phonetic mutation m > mb > b in (*melita, *mbleita) bleta f. `bee' while alb. Arbëresh uses mizë (fly, insect) bletje `(*honey insect)' = `bee' : gr. βλίττω `cut out the comb of bees, take the honey'.

lat. mel, mellis (*melnés) `honey', mulsus `mixed with honey; sweet as honey, honey-sweet; stirred or cooked with honey' (*melsos; old imitation from *saldtos, salsus); air. mil `honey' (*melit to *meli, whereupon Gen. mela), cymr. corn. bret. mel ds.; ir. milis, cymr. melys `sweet', gall. PN Meliððus, Melissus; also cymr. etc. melyn `yellowish' is probably `honey-colored' (see under mel- Farbenbezeichnung); got. miliÞ (*melitom) `honey', ags. mildēaw `nectar', ags. milisc `mellifluent';

hitt. mi-li-t `honey'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 61 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 283, 518, 838.

Page(s): 723-724

Root / lemma: melk-1

English meaning: to rub (ö)

German meaning: `woröber streichen'

Note: parallel root to melĝ-.

Material: Lat. mulceō, -ēre, mulsī, -sum `to stroke, graze, touch lightly, fondle; rustle through; to move; to soothe, soften, caress, flatter, delight; to relieve, alleviate', mulcetra `a plant, called also heliotropium, App. Herb. 9. `(plant with giftlindernder Wirkung), mulcēdo `pleasantness, agreeableness', Mulciber (WH. II 120); `Streiche versetzen' in mulcō, -āre `to beat, cudgel; to maltreat, handle roughly, injure, damage'.

References: WP. II 297.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: melk-2, melg-

English meaning: wet

German meaning: `naß, Nösse'

Material: Gr. μέλκιον κρήνη Hes.; got. milhma m. `cloud'; mhd. milgen `corn, grain to Viehfutter steep'; slav. *melko- in abg. mlěko, russ. molokó etc. `milk'; ablaut. slav. *malka- in aruss. molokita probably `swamp, marsh, Gewösser', serb. mlȁka `wösseriger bottom', mlâkva `puddle', poln. pa-mɫoka `fog', etc.; čech. mlklý `humid, wet', lit. malkas m., màlka f. `gulp, Zug beim Trinken', lett. màlks, màlka ds.

melg- in slav. *molžiti, russ. dial. molžítь, za-molaživatь `tröbe become' (of weather).

References: WP. II 297, Trautmann 177.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: mel-1 (also smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆-

English meaning: to grind, hit; fine, ground

German meaning: `zermalmen, schlagen, mahlen', speziell Korn; from `zerrieben' also `fein, tender, soft' and `aufgerieben, schwach'

Material: A. Old Indian mr̥ṇāti, mr̥ṇati `zermalmt, mahlt', mūrṇá- `verwelkt, slack' and `zermalmt' (also partly with 3. mer- vermischt), mlā- `soft, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack become', mlātá- `soft gegerbt', av. mrāta- ds., perhaps Old Indian malvá- `crazy, löppisch' (`*weak' in geistigem sense); compare got. ga-malwjan, ahd. molawēn, lit. mal̃vinti; from the i-basis Old Indian mrityati `zerföllt, löst sich auf';

arm. malem `zerstoße' (*m_el-), ml-ml-em `rub', meɫm `soft, slack', ma-mul `presses';

gr. μύλη f., late μύλος m. `mill', μύλλω `mahle, grind, pulverize, crunch' (also as lat. molō `beschlafe': sizil. μυλλός `pudendum muliebre'); μαλερός `zermalmend'; μάλευρον `meal, flour' is hybridization from ἄλευρον and μύλη; ἀμαλός `weak, tender', ἀμβλύς `feeble, weak'; from the i-basis gr. βλίτον `Melde' (compare to meaning nhd. Melde under mel-dh-), βλιτο-μάμμας `Dummkopf', βλιτάς `wertlose wife, woman';

alb. mjel `meal, flour' (*melu̯o- = nhd. Mehl);

lat. molō, -ere `mahlen' (= air. melid), molīna `mill', mola `Möhlstein'; umbr. kumaltu, kumultu, comultu `commolitō', kumates, comatir `commolitīs', maletu `molito' (idg. *m_elṓ); lat. mulier `woman' (from *muli̯ési, idg. *ml̥-i̯ésī `die zartere', Kompar. to mollis [S. 718]); marcus `hammer', back-formation to marculus, martellus (*mal-tl-os), das a as in lat. palma : gr. παλάμη; lat. malleus `hammer, beetle, hammer' from *mal-ni- `Zermalmung';

air. melim `molō' (with com- `grind', with to- `consume'); cymr. malu (*m_el-), bret. malaf `mahlen', meil `mill' (*meli̯ā); air. mlith Dat. `to mahlen, (*ml̥-t-), mol `Möhlstange'; *malǝu̯o- `soft' in bret. divalo `(not tender =) raw, ugly', cymr. malwoden `slime, mud'; from schwerer basis gall. *blāto- (frz. blé), mcymr. blawt, ncymr. blawd, acorn. blot, bret. bleud `meal, flour' (ml̥̄-tó- = lit. mìltai) air. mlāith, mir. blāith `gentle, smooth', mbret. blot `soft, tender' (*ml̥̄-ti-; cymr.mwlwg `rubbish' (*molu-ko-); kelt. *molto- in cymr. mollt, corn. mols, bret. maout, mir. molt, gall.-rom. multo, -ōne `(verschnittener) aries, ram';

got. ahd. malan, aisl. mala `mahlen' (germ. a-present); ahd. muljan `crunch', aisl. mylia ds., ahd. gimulli `Gemöll' (but ahd. mulī, -īn, ags. myln, aisl. mylna `mill' from late lat. molīna); got. mulda, ags. molda, aisl. mold, ahd. molta f. `dust, powder, earth' (*ml̥-tā); got. malma m. `sand', aisl. malmr `Erz', ablaut. ags. mealm-stān `Sandstein', mhd. malmen `crunch', as. ahd. melm `dust, powder, sand' (: lit. melmuõ `Nierenstein, Steinkrankheit'); nhd. dial. mulm `zerfallene earth, dust, powder, vermodertes wood'; ahd. as. mëlo, Gen. -wes, ags. melu-, Gen. -wes, aisl. mjǫl `meal, flour' (*melu̯o- = alb. miel);

maybe alb. (*malma) miellma ‘swan, white’, mal ‘mountain, snow white mountain’ from got. malma m. `white sand, dust, earth', Molossi ‘Illyr. TN’, perhaps Gk Molokh f. Heb. molek, a Canaanite idol to whom children were sacrificed as burnt offerings (Lev. 18:21), held to be old. of melek king.

Note:

Illyrian and Albanian prove that venet. FlN Mal-ont-īna `Maltein' (Körnten), södillyr. PN Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Wörzburger Jahrb. 1, 214); are related to lat. *mal-ont-īna, montis, mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru ‘mount in India’

obviously Root / lemma: mel-8, melǝ- : mlō- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root / lemma: mel-1 (also smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆- : (to grind, hit; fine, ground).

ahd. mil(i)wa `Milbe' (*melwjō); got. malō n., aisl. mǫlr (*molu-) `Motte (mehlmachendes Tierchen'); abg. molь (*moli-) ds., arm. dial. mǝɣmóɣ (from *moɫmoɫ) `Motte'; very doubtful is affiliation from Old Indian malūka- m. `kind of worm', arm. mlukn `bedbug', and die from as. mnd. mol m., mhd. n. `Eidechse', ahd. mol, molm, molt `Eidechse', nhd. Molch, das an arm. moɫēz `Eidechse' reminds; rather to 6. mel- S. 721;

got. ga-malwjan `crunch, zerstoßen', aisl. mølva `in Stöcke break, rupture', ahd. molawēn `tabere'; aisl. mjǫll `fine snow', schw. dial. mjöl(l)a `kind of fine Sanderde' (*melnā); got. mulda, ags. molde, ahd. molta `dust, powder, earth' (participle *ml̥-tā́ `die zerriebene');

lit. malù, málti (Akzent the heavy basis) `mahlen', malũnas, Old Prussian malunis `mill', mìltai, lett. mil̃ti `meal, flour' (= cymr. blawd), Old Prussian meltan `meal, flour'; lit. malinỹs, milinỹs, lett. mìlna `Quirlstange'; lit. mal̃vinti, mulvinti `plague'; with formants -to-: lett. màltît, miltît `hit'; lit. melmuõ see above;

Old Church Slavic meljǫ, mlětь, russ. molótь, skr. mljȅti (heavy basis) `mahlen'; poln. mlon `handle, grasp an the Handmöhle' (*melnъ), russ. mélenъ (*mel-eno), skr. čak. mlán (*molnъ) ds.; skr. mlêvo, mlijevo `Mahlgut, corn, grain' (= ahd. melo, alb. mjeɫ; besides serb. ml-î-vo, russ. mél-i-vo `Mahlgut'); klr. móɫot m. `grape marc, Hölsen from malt', sloven. mláto n., mláta f. `Malztreber', čech. mláto ds., Old Prussian piva-maltan `Biermalz' (germ.ö s. mel-d-) etc.; probably also (light basis) Old Church Slavic mlatъ, russ. mólotъ etc. `hammer' as *mol-to- `Zermalm-ung, -er'; Church Slavic mlatiti (*moltiti) `hit'; lengthened grade mělъkъ `small' and Old Church Slavic mělъ `Kalk' etc.;

toch. A malywët `du dröckst, zertrittst', В melye `sie zertreten';

hitt. ma-al-la-i `zermalmt';

maybe alb. mbllaçit `chew' [common alb. m > mb shift].

with anl. s-: norw. smola `crunch'; mhd. smoln `Brotkrömchen ablösen', aschw. smola, smula, smule `gobbet' (besides aisl. moli ds., mǫl f. `heap from Steinen'); lett. smelis, smēlis `Wassersand in Felde', lit. smėlỹs, Gen. smė̃lio `sand', smiltìs ds.

B. basis m(e)lēi- : mlī- in: cymr. blin `tired' (*mlī-no-), abr. Pl. blinion `inertes'; lett. blīnis `möder person', blĩnêt `siechen'; serb. mlȉtām, -ati `faul become, amble' (compare with ĭ: Old Indian mrityati, gr. βλίτον), russ.-Church Slavic mlinъ `cake', russ. blin `Pfannkuchen', serb. mlȉnac `gewalkter dough, Matze'; klr. mlity `vergehen', Kaus. mloity `nausea erregen';

doubtful serb. mlédan `lean, weak', dial. `fade, flau' (in Slavonien mlídan), etc.

here probably (as `Mahlfrucht') gr. μελίνη, lat. milium (*m_elii̯o-), lit. f. Pl. malnos `millet, sorghum'; originally inflection *mél-i-, -n-és.

C. Von an u-basis (compare gr. ἀμβλύς, Old Indian malvá-, nhd. Mehl etc.): av. mruta- `aufgerieben, weak', mrūra `aufreibend, ruinous'.

mel-d- (perhaps zuerst in d-present); m(e)le-d-; ml̥du-, m(e)ldu̯i- `soft'.

Old Indian márdati, mr̥dnāti `zerdröckt, reibt, reibt auf', av. marǝd- (mardaite; morǝnda-t̃ from *mr̥nda-) `zuschanden make', Kaus. Old Indian mardayati `zerdröckt, zerbricht, bedröngt, afflicts' (diese ar. words can and become partly also idg. mer-d- same meaning fortsetzen); Old Indian mr̥dú- (= gr. βλαδύς) `welch, tender', fem. mr̥dvī́, Kompar. mradīyān, Superl. mradiṣṭha-; vi-mradati `erweicht'; Old Indian mr̥t- (mr̥d-) `earth, loam, clay', mr̥tsná- m. n. `dust, powder, Pulver', mr̥tsnā́ `schöne earth, good loam, clay' (: nisl. mylsna `dust, powder');

arm. meɫk `mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack' (*meldu̯-i-);

gr. ἀμαλδύ̄νω `schwöche, destroy, smash' (to *[ἀ]μαλδύ-ς = Old Indian mr̥dú-); βλαδύς, βλαδαρός `slack' (*μλαδ-, *ml̥d-); μέλδω `schmelze' (tr., med. intr. = ags. meltan etc.); with the Vokalstellung and meaning from Old Indian vimradati, mradīyān also βλέννα f., βλέννος n. `mucus, Rotz', βλέννος `langsam from Verstand, verdummt' (*mled-sno-, compare Old Indian mr̥t-sná-);

lat. mollis `soft, ductile, pliable' (*ml̥du̯-is, compare Old Indian fem. mr̥dvī́); blandus `schmeichelnd, liebkosend, friendly' from *mlǝndo-ö;

cymr. blydd `gentle, tender', bret. ble `weak' (*ml̥do-), air. meldach `pleasant' (can also to mel-dh- belong; also:) schott.-göl. moll m. `chaff';

mir. blind, blinn `eines toten Mannes Speichel' (probably *ml̥d-sno-ö);

ags. meltan `melt, verbrennen, verdauen', aisl. melta `(in stomach) disband, verdauen', norw. molten `mörbe, soft', Kaus. ags. mieltan `melt, clean, verdauen'; got. gа-malteins f. `Auflösung', aisl. maltr `decayed, spoil', ahd. malz `hinschmelzend, feeble'; ahd. malz, ags. mealt, as. aisl. malt `malt' (slav. *molto, čech. mláto etc. ds. borrowed from dem Germ.);

with Old Indian mr̥d-, mr̥tsnā́- compare nisl. mylsna `dust, powder', ags. formolsnian `to dust, powder become' (see above);

with anl. s-: ahd. smē̆lzan `deliquesce, melt', smalz `ausgelassenes fat or butter', ags. smolt, smylte `quiet, from the sea', aschwed. smultna `peaceful become'; here perhaps ahd. milzi, ags. milte f., milt m., aisl. milti `Milz' (lößt sich leicht ausstreichen, gleichsam zerschmelzen);

maybe alb. (*milzi) mëlçi `the spleen (that of a domestic animal)'.

abg. mladъ, russ. mólodъ etc. `young, tender' (*moldo-); Old Prussian maldai Nom. Pl. m. `Jungen', maldū-ni-n Akk. Sg. `Jugend', maldian `foals'; Old Prussian maldenikis `kid, child', abg. mladenьcь, mladьnǝcǝ `youngling' (*molden-, *moldin-);

mel-dh- (perhaps zuerst in dh-present *mel-dh-ō):

Old Indian márdhati, mr̥dháti `lößt after, vernachlössigt, vergißt' (`*wird soft, slack = aufgerieben');

gr. μαλθακός `soft, tender, mild' (after μαλακός extended from:) μάλθη `Wachs', μαλθώσω μαλακώσωHes., μάλθων `Weichling', μαλθαίνω `erweiche';

here (or to mel-d-) cymr. blydd etc.;

got. unmildjai Nom. Pl. `lieblos', mildiÞa `Milde', aisl. mildr `gracious, barmherzig', ags. milde, ahd. milti `milde, kind, gracious, friendly';

ahd. melta, ags. melde, aschwed. mæld, molda, ahd. malta, multa `Melde' (compare gr. βλίτον `Melde' from *mli-to-, from the Mehlbestöubung the leaves).

(s)mel-k-

aisl. melr `sand-hill' (*melha-), schwed. dial. mjåg (*melga-) ds.

lett. smelknes `Mehlabfall', smalknes `Feilstaub, Sögespöne', smalks `fine', smulksne `mote, speck, Kleinigkeit';

lit. smulkùs `fine', smùlkti `fein become', smulkmė `Kleinigkeit';

lit. smiltìs, lett. smìlts, smil̂kts `sand'.

melǝ-k-, mlāk- `soft, weak, faint, languid, clownish'.

Gr. μαλακός `soft', βλά̄ξ, -κός `slack, idle, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, crazy'; βληχρός, hom. ἀβληχρός `weak, gentle' (*μλᾱκ-σρός); μάλκη `das solidification vor coldness, Erfrieren', μαλκί̄ω `habe vor Költe steife Glieder' weicht in the meaning to weit ab;

mir. malcad `Verfaulen'; presumably mir. blēn (air. *mlēn) `the groin' from *mlaknā;

Old Church Slavic mlьčati, russ. molčátь `schweigen' (*mⁱlkē-), Old Church Slavic u-mlьčiti `bezöhmen', u-mlьknąti `verstummen' (: ir. malcaim `verfaule'); bulg. serb. mlâk `lukewarm', etc. in addition lit. mùlkis (*ml̥̄ki̯os) `Dummkopf'.

With -sko-: got. un-tila-malsks `unbesonnen', as. malsc `stout, proud', nhd. mulsch `soft', mulschen dial. `sleep'.

References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.

Page(s): 716-719

Root / lemma: mel-2

English meaning: to fail; to deceive

German meaning: `verfehlen, trögen'

Material: Av. mairya- `deceitful, schurkisch'; arm. meɫ, Pl. meɫk` `Sönde'; gr. μέλεος `futile, nichtig, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable' (seems as *μελε[σ]ος auf dem -es-stem *meles- to based on, dessen schwöchste grade *ml̥s-, βλασ- perhaps in βλάσ-φημος as `Verfehltes, Unpassendes sagend');perhaps μύλη `Mißgeburt'ö to ἀμβλίσκω, ἀμβλόω `tue eine Fehlgeburt'; mir. mell `error, fault, error' (*mel-s-os, of es-stem), mellaim `betröge', maile `evil, harm'; cymr. mall `verderbt' (*ml̥so-); lit. mẽlas `lie, falsity', lett. Pl. męli ds., màldît `err, sich versehen', mùldêt `herumirren, fantasize, sich plagen', mèlst `baffle talk'.

References: WP. II 291.

Page(s): 719-720

Root / lemma: mel-3

English meaning: to hesitate

German meaning: `zögern'

Material: Gr. μέλλω, Fut. μελλήσω `zögere, bin in Begriffe' (μόλις `barely'ö); μέλει μοι `es liegt mir am Herzen', μέλω, -ομαι, -ήσω, μέμηλα (dor. μέμᾱλα), μέμβλεται `am Herzen, in sense lie, besorgtsein', μελέδη, μελεδών, μελέδημα `care', μελέτη ds., μελέτωρ `Försorger'; lat. prō-mellere(-ll- = -ln-) `lītem prōmovēre', re-melīgō `remoratrix', re-mulcum `Schlepptau', prō-mulcum ds.; air. mall (*ml̥-so-) `slow'.

References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mel-4

English meaning: strong, big

German meaning: `stark, groß'

Material: Gr. μάλα `very', μᾶλλον `more' (for *μέλλον = lat. melius eingetreten after θᾶσσον, θᾶττον : τάχα), μάλιστα `am meisten'; lat. melior `better' (originally `*stronger'); multus `much, a lot of' (*ml̥to-); here multa, older molta `punishment, penance, atonement', multō, -āre `bestrafe', Dialektwort, compare osk. moltam `multam', moltaum `moltare', multasikad `multaticia', umbr. motar `multae', mutu `multa' (*ml̥tā `Vergötung, replacement'; compare germ. *bōtō `penance, atonement': *bata- `better'); lett. milns `very much, a lot of'.

References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f.

See also: A through ĝ(h) extension root form is perhaps melĝh- `to swell', see there.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mel-5

English meaning: member; to join

German meaning: `Glied; zusammenfögen'

Material: Old Indian márman- n. `limb, member, offene, ungeschötzte Körperstelle', arm. marmin `body, Fleisch' (from dem Iran.ö), lit. mélmenys `Fleisch an den kidneys

', lett. mēlmeńi `groin, loins'; different Möhlenbach-Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S. 718);

gr. μέλος n. `limb, member' and `gegliederte Weise, song, Melodie', hence μελίζω `besinge'; bret. mell m., corn. mel, Pl. mellow `ankle', cymr. cym-mal `articulus, junctura, commissura' (proto kelt. *melso- : μέλος = lit. tamsiá : Old Indian támas n.); toch. AB mölk- `zusammenfögen'.

References: WP. II 292.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mel-6, melǝ-

English meaning: dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)

German meaning: in Farbbezeichnungen, especially von dunkeln, unreinen, schmutzigen Farbentonen; `Schmutz, beschmutzen'

Material: Old Indian maliná- `dirty, filthy, schwarz', mlā-na- `black, swart', mála- m. n. `smut, ordure, Sönde';

gr. μέλᾱς, -αινα, -ᾰν `black' (probably for *μέλανος after dem Fem. μέλαινα = Old Indian malinī), μίλτος `Rötel', μολύνω `besmirch' (maybe from *μαλύνω), μύλλος `Rotbarbe' (ablaut as lat. mulleus, lit. mulvas), with ō-grade μώλωψ `Striemen, blutunterlaufene place';

alb. mel-еnë (Kollekt. *mel-inio-) `elm' (from der paint, color of Holzes), mel-ézë ds., mjerë `unlucky' (*mel-ro- `black'), etc.;

vorrom. *melix, -ice (frz. mélèze) `Lörche';

lat. mulleus `reddish, purpurfarben' (*m^ulnei̯os); compare ahd. mol S. 717;

got. mēla Nom. Pl. `Schriftzeichen', mēljan `schreiben', ahd. ana-malī `Fleck, scar', mhd. māl n. `Fleck', ahd. mālōn, -ēn `malen, draw, sign', anorw. mǣla `förben, malen' (originally `with schwarzer Farbe malen');

balt. *mēlna- (*melǝ-no-) in lett. męlns `black', Old Prussian melne `blauer Fleck', lit. mel̃svas `blöulich' (also lit. meletà, -atà `Grönspecht; Hasel-, Waldhuhn', Old Prussian melato `Grönspecht'ö); lit. mė́las, mė́lynas `blue', mė́lynė `blauer Fleck infolge eines Schlages', lett. mẽl̨š `dunkelblau' (*mēli̯as); Old Prussian mīlinan Akk. fem. `Fleck'; lit. mólis, lett. mâls `loam, clay';

with u-colored reduplication-grade: lit. mul̃vas `reddish, yellowish', mul̃v-yti, -inti `besmear', mul̃vė `slime, mud, swamp, marsh';

russ. malína `Himbeere, blackberry'.

References: WP. II 293 f., WH. II 122 f., Trautmann 177 f., 188.

Page(s): 720-721

Root / lemma: mel-7

English meaning: wool

German meaning: `Wolle, Wollgewand'ö

Material: Gr. μαλλός (*ml̥-nó-) `tuft of wool, Flocke'; lit. mìlas `kerchief, cloth', lett. mil(n)a `coarse kerchief, cloth', Old Prussian milan ds. (skr. mȁlje, Gen. mâljā Pl. f. `Flaum, Milchhaar' is Lw. from ngr. μαλλιά Pl.).

References: WP. II 294.

Page(s): 721

Root / lemma: mel-8, melǝ- : mlō-

English meaning: to appear, come up

German meaning: `hervorkommen, erscheinen, hochkommen; Erhöhung, Wölbung'

Material: Perhaps Old Indian maṇi- `pearl', maṇika- m. `(round) Wassertopf'; gr. μολεῖν `go, come' (Aor.), present βλώσκω, Perf. μέμβλωκα; ἔβλω ἐφάνη; αὐτό-μολος `Überlaufer', προ-μολή `Auslauf eines Berges, Flusses', μολεύω `beschneide die Pflanzenschößlinge';

venet. FlN Mal-ont-īna `Maltein' (Körnten), södillyr. PN Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Wörzburger Jahrb. 1, 214);

maybe lat. *mal-ont-īna, montis, mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru ‘mount in India’

alb. mal `mountain' (*mol-no-); tosk. maje `cusp, peak, acme, apex, summit' (*moli̯ā); alb. mol `wood, forest' (`Bergwald') from *mēlo-; geg. moje `hochgelegener Ort' (*mēl-i̯ā); vorrom. malga `Alpenwirtschaft' (*mal-ikā);

alb. malësi ‘highland’, illyr. Molossii Illyr. TN

obviously Root / lemma: mel-8, melǝ- : mlō- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root / lemma: mel-1 (also smel-), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆- : (to grind, hit; fine, ground).

air. Akk. Pl. mailgea (*mal-ik-), mir. Nom. Sg. mala `Augenwimper'; mell `clump, Högel' (*mel-no-) = bret. mell `großer ball'; mir. mul `ball, clump' (*molu-), mul-lach `acme, apex, Scheitel'; abrit. Inselname Μαλαιος, later Malea Insula (Adamnán), neugael. Muile `Mull';

lett. mala f. `edge, bank, border, shore, region'; lit. lýg-mala `height of Randes';

serb. ìz-molīm, iz-mòlīti `hervorzeigen' (d. h. kausatives `hervorkommen lassen'), slov. molíti `hinstrecken, hinhalten', molė́ti `ragen, hervorragen', etc.;

References: WP. II 294 f., Jokl L.-k-U. 162, Berneker II 74, J. Loth RC. 44, 293 ff.; 46, 161 f.

Page(s): 721-722

Root / lemma: melōdh- (molǝdh-, m_olǝdh-)

English meaning: elevation; head

German meaning: `Erhöhung, Kopf'

Material: Old Indian mūrdhán- m. `head', av. ka-mǝrǝδa- `Kopf daēvischer Wesen' (actually `was for ein Kopf); gr. βλωθρός (*mlodh-rós or *m_olǝdhrós with idg- ḹ) `high aufschießend, high gewachsen', also βλαστός `scion, shoot, Trieb' (*mlǝdh-tos); μέλαθρον `Stubendecke, roof' (*melǝdhrom); ags. molda `the top of the head', afries. meldke (*muldi-kō);

toch. A malto `zuerst'.

References: WP. II 295.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mels-

English meaning: to taste

German meaning: `woran schmecken, kosten'

Material: Air. mlas, nir. blas, cymr. blas, bret. blaz `taste' (*mlasto-, probably from *ml̥sto-); russ. molsátь (*mьlsati) `suck, gnaw', čech. mlsati `lick, naschen', poln. pomɫoski `tidbit'.

References: WP. II 300.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: membh-

English meaning: to reproach

German meaning: `tadeln'ö

Material: Gr. μέμφομαι `tadle', μομφή `reprimand, Vorwurf'; got. bi-mampjan `deride, verhöhnen'; hat air. mebul `Schande', nir. meabhal `betrayal', cymr. mefl, corn. meul ds., kelt. -bl- from -mbl-öö For got. p compare Specht Idg. Dekl. 261, Anm. 1.

References: WP. II 261 f.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mendh-

English meaning: to pay attention to; vivacious

German meaning: `seinen Sinn worauf richten, lebhaft sein'

Material: Old Indian mēdhā́ `Weisheit, discernment, Verstand', av. mazdā, mazdāh- n. `Gedachtnis, Erinnerung', mazdāh- m. name of höchsten Gottes (*mazdhā from *mn̥dh-tā);

gr. μανθάνω (secondary present to) μαθήσομαι, μαθεῖν `learn', dor.-öol. μάθη, ion. μάθος n., ion.-att. μάθησις `Lernen, Unterricht'; μενθήρη `forehead; φροντίς'; perhaps Μοῦσα (*μονθι̯α) `Muse';

alb. mund `can, win';

Maybe (*mundi) Muji `Heracles of Albanians', mundje `struggle, defeat'

cymr. mynnu `wollen', corn. mennaf `I will', mynnes, mynnas `wollen, volition', cymr. go-fin(n) `long, want, bid, beg, ask, fragen', corn. govyn ds.;

got. mundōn `look up', mundrei `purpose', aisl. munda `aim, strive', ahd. muntar `keen, eager, munter `, muntarī `eagerness'; ahd. mendī `pleasure, joy', menden, as. mendian `be glad';

lit. mañdras, mandrùs `alert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton'; lett. muôdrs and muôžs ds. (*mandus), muôstiês `aufwachen'; abg. mǫdrъ `wise'.

Maybe alb. geg. men(d)-të `brains', alb. mend-im `thought', (*mentsur) mençur `smart' : lit. mandrùs `alert, smart'.

Idg. men-dh- through compression from *men-dhē- `sense, mind whereupon place', compare Old Indian man[*z]-dhātár- `the thinking, the pious', av. mąz-dā- `commit to memory, memorize' (therefrom mązdra- `sensible, smart, wise'). - From gr. προ-μηθής `vorsorglich' (dor. -ā-) to be closed in idg. *mā-dh- besides*men-dh- (as gʷā- : gʷem-), seems possible.

References: WP. II 270 f., Trautmann 168 f.

Page(s): 730

Root / lemma: mend-, mond- (mn̥d-ö)

English meaning: to suck (breast), to feed; breast

German meaning: `söugen, saugen; Brust'; also `junge, saugende Tiere'

Material: Alb. ment `suckle, suck', mezej `suckle'; mes, mezi m. `Föllen', mezat `young bull, Tierjunges', mezore `young cow' (*mondi̯o-); illyr. PN Menda f. `mare', ablaut. PN Mandeta; mandos `small horse', out of it dial. mannus: lat. `small gall. horse'; messap. Juppiter Menzana (*mendi̯o-no-) `god, dem Pferde geopfert wurden'; from dem Illyr. derives rom. mandius `Föllen, rother, cattle' (rum. minz `Föllen', manzat `young cow', nhd. Tirol Manz, Menz `unfruchtbare cow', rheinlönd. Minzekalb, bask.mando `mulus', etc.); mir. menn (*mendo-), mennán `young animal, calf, Föllen', secondary bennán `Kölbchen, kid, Hirschlein', nir. binnseach, gael. minnseach `young goat, kid', cymr. mynnan `kid', corn. min `haedus', bret. menn `young animal', menn gavr `young goat, kid'; gall. PN Epo-manduo-durum, brit. PN Mandu-essedum (illyr. Lw.ö); probably also the bair. FlN Mindel; ahd. manzon m. Pl. `teat, udder'; illyr. gall. mand- could also idg. ablaut mn̥d- contain.

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, Wörzburg. Jb. 1, 189, 202.

Page(s): 729

Root / lemma: mend(ā, -om)

English meaning: defect, flaw

German meaning: `Fehler, Körperfehler, Gebrechen' (also `Makel, Fleck'ö)

Material: Old Indian mindā́ `Körperfehler' (for *mandā́ after nindā́ `reprimand');

lat. mendum, menda `fault, error, Gebrechen', ē-mendāre `ausbessern; heal, cure', whereof mendīcus `beggar' and mendāx, -ācis `fallacious' (*fehlerhaft);

perhaps air. mennar `macula', zero grade air. mind `mark, token, sign, Merkmal' (*mn̥du n.; also in the meaning `diadema' = `insigne' dass. word), cymr. mann `place', mann geni `birthmark'.

References: WP. II 270, WH. II 69, J. Loth RC. 44, 362 f.

Page(s): 729-730

Root / lemma: men(e)gh-, mon(e)gh-, mn̥gh-

English meaning: abundant, excessive

German meaning: `reichlich, viel; reichlich geben'

Material: Old Indian maghá- n. `gift, present', maghávan(t)- `gabenreich, generous'; m. `Spender', maṁhatē `schenkt, spendet', maṁhiṣṭha- `in höchsten Maße freigebig, öberaus rich', maṃhánā `gern, bereitwillig';

air. menicc `frequent, often, rich, frequent', cymr. mynych `frequenter', corn. menough ds. (*meneggi-, expressive); got. manags, ahd. as. manag, ags. manig, menig `much, a lot of, manch', aisl. mengi n. `bulk, mass'; mangr, margr `manch, much, a lot of, freundschaftlich'; Old Church Slavic mъnogъ `much, a lot of' (*m_onogo-), compare also lit. minià `bulk, mass' (*m_eni̯ā).

References: WP. II 268 f., Trautmann 189.

Page(s): 730

Root / lemma: men(ǝ)k-

English meaning: to knead

German meaning: `kneten (quetschen, zermalmen)'

Material: Old Indian mácatē, mañcatē `zermalmt, betrögt, is minxish, wanton (ö)' (Dhātup.; with probably apposition also from:) Old Indian maṅkú- `weak, fluctuating';

alb. mekem `make humid, wet, werde senseless, unconscious, erstarre', i mekan `faint, languid, weak', mekë `Dummkopf'(*mn̥k-);

gr. ion. μάσσω (*mn̥k-i̯ō), att. μάττω `push, press, knead, streiche, wische' (paradigmatic combined with Aor. Pass. μαγῆναι, to μαγεύς etc., root maĝ-, see there; in Gutt. ambiguous μάκτρα `kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch'), μακαρία βρῶμα ἐκ ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων Hes.;

ags. mengan, as. mengian, mhd. mengen, nhd. mengen (actually `durcheinanderkneten'), as. gi-mang, ags. (ge)-mang n., mhd. ge-manc, -ges m. `Mischung, Gemenge `;

lit. mìnkau, -yti `(dough) knead', mìnkštas `soft', ablaut. mánkau, -yti (= germ. *mangjan), lett. mîcît `tread', mîksts `soft';

Old Church Slavic mękъ-kъ `soft', *męknǫti `soft become', o-mę-čiti `erweichen', russ. mjákiš `das Weiche of bread', ablaut. Old Church Slavic mǫka `meal, flour' (skr. múka, russ. muká ds.), mǫka `agony' (skr. mȕka ds.) etc.;

References: WP. II 368, WH. I 508, II 3, 23 f., Trautmann 184 f.

See also: compare die similar roots māk- and maĝ-.

Page(s): 730-731

Root / lemma: meng-

English meaning: pretty, beautiful; useful thing (ö)

German meaning: `schöner machen, schwindelhaft verschönern'

Note: only nominal

Material: Old Indian mañjú-, mañjulá- `already, mellifluous', maṅgalá- n. `good Omen, luck'; osset. möng `deceit'; gr. μάγγανον n. `magical cure, magic potion; philtre, Kriegsmaschine' etc. (out of it borrowed lat. manganum `Maschine', alb. mangë `Hanfbreche' etc., mhd. mange `Wurfmaschine', nhd. Mange(l) `Wöscherolle'), gr*μάγγων (out of it lat. mangō `betrugerischer Höndler'), μαγγανεύω `betröge' etc.; mir. meng `deception, artifice', mengach `verröterisch'; from nhd. mange derives Old Prussian manga `Hure', lit. mánga `ungezogene person'; toch. A maṅk `blame, fault, error'.

References: WP. II 233, WH. II 28 f.

Page(s): 731

Root / lemma: men-1

English meaning: to tower

German meaning: `emporragen'

Material: Av. framanyente (:lat. prō-minēre) `sie gewinnen protrusion', mati- (*mṇti-) `protrusion of mountain range';

lat. ē-mineō, -ēre `heraus-, hervorragen', im-minēre `threatening about etwas hereinragen', prō-minēre `hervorragen'; from diesen compounds is probably also das i folgender words to define:minae `die hervorraffenden Zinnen (murorum); Drohungen', minor, -ārī `emporragen, öberragen, threaten', mināx `ragend, öberragend, threatening'; mōns, -tis `mountain' (hybridization from *montos and *mṇti-); mentum `chin, Geböudevorsprung', with cymr. mant `maxilla, mouth' as *mṇto- equatable (out of it mir. mant `die Stelle eines ausgefallenen Zahnes, gums'); abret. -monid, umgelautet cymr.mynydd, corn. meneth, bret. menez `mountain' (*monii̯o-), cymr. gor-fynydd `Aufstieg' (formal = air.formna `shoulder'); s. also under menth-2;

aisl. mø̄nir `ridge of the roof' (lengthened grade besides kelt. *mŏnii̯o-), mø̄na `emporragen';

related is probably *mono- `nape, neck'.

References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.

Page(s): 726

Root / lemma: men-2

English meaning: to step, tread over, press

German meaning: `treten, zertreten, zusammendröcken'

Material: Old Indian carma-mnās Nom. Pl. `Gerber'; öol. μάτεισαι `tretende' (*μάτημι), ματεῖ πατεῖ Hes., Denom. from a mn̥-tós `getreten'; cymr. mathru `with Fößen treten', bret. mantra ds. (*mn̥tr-), gall.-mantalon (*gestampfter) `way' in Petro-mantalon `vierfache road' (= Petru-), Mantalo-magus `Straßenfeld', phryg. PN Μανταλος; also mir. men f. `meal, flour, dust, powder'; lit. minù, mìnti `tread, Flachs brechen, Felle gerben', lett. minu, mīt `tread, tan, convert hide into leather'; abg. *mьnǫ, męti `to press together', russ. mnu, mjatь `break, rupture (Flachs or Hanf), knead, tread (loam, clay), zerknittern, zerknöllen';

gr. μνίον `Moos, Meergras' (μνιαρός, μνιόεις `moosig'), μνόος, μνοῦς (*μνόFος) `weicher Flaum', μνοῖον μαλακόν Hes., lit. mìniava `Flachsseide, Filzgras'.

References: WP. II 263, Veudryes BSL 38, 113 f., Trautmann 185.

Page(s): 726

Root / lemma: men-3

English meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity

German meaning: `denken, geistig erregt sein'

Note: extended menǝ- : mnā- and mnē-, m_enēi- : m_enī-

Material: Old Indian mányatē `denkt', av. mainyeite ds., ap. mainyāhay (idg. *m_en-i̯-o-, = gr. μαίνομαι `rase', air. -muiniur, slav. mьnjǫ `meine', see under), Old Indian Perf. ma-mnē, mēnē; manāy-ati `is keen, eager', manā-уú- `keen, eager, godly, pious', manī-sā́ `Weisheit, Verstand; devotion, prayer' (*m_enēi- : m_enī-); Old Indianmanutē `denkt'; mánati `erwöhnt' (= lit. menù, poln. -mionę, čech. -menu); Old Indian mānáyati `ehrt', (: lit. ìš-monis `Verstand'), av. mąnayǝn `man could believe'; Supin. Old Indian mántum, participle Perf.matá- `gedacht' (= gr. αὐτό-ματος, lat. commentus, lit. miñtas, air. dermat);

from the ā-basis (= gr. μνᾱ-): Old Indian mnātá- `erwöhnt'; mnāyátē `wird erwöhnt';

Old Indian mánas-, av. manah- n. `sense, mind' (= gr. μένος); Old Indian durmanā́s (= δυσμενής); ap. Haxā-maniš ᾽Αχαιμένης `from Freundessinn beseelt'; Old Indian mánman- `sense, mind, thought, notion' (= air. menme); mantár- `thinker' (= gr. Μέντωρ, lat. commentor); múni- m. `Begeisterter, seer (compare μάντις), Asket'; mántra- m. `religiöse formula', av. mąϑrō ds.;

Old Indian su-mná- n. `Wohlwollen'; Old Indian matí-, máti-, av. -maiti- `sense, mind, thought, notion, opinion' (= lit. mintìs, abg. pa-mętь, got. ga-munds, lat. mēns), next to which also Old Indian manti- `think' (= got. ana-minds); mántu- ds.; abhi-māti- f. `pestering, temptation; snare' (*-mn̥̄t-i-);

arm. i-manam `verstehe' (*m_enā-mi, compare under ahd. manōn);

gr. μέμονα (μέμᾰμεν; μεμᾰώς, with metr. lengthening μεμᾱώς) `gedenke, have lust, demand' (Pröteritoprös. as lat. meminī, unredupl. got. man), Imper. Perf. μεμάτω (= lat. mementō); αὐτό-ματος `from sich selber herausdenkend and handelnd'; μαίνομαι `bin verzöckt, rase' (= mā́nyatē etc.), Aor. ἐμηνάμην, ἐμάνην, Perf. μέμηνα; compare μανίᾱ `fury', μάντις `seer', μαινάς, -άδος `die Verzöckte', μαινόλης, -ολίς `frenzied';

from the basis auf ā-: Perf. μέμνημαι (dor. -ā-) `bin eingedenk', present μιμνῄσκω (öol. μιμναίσκω) `erinnere', Med. `erinnere mich', Fut. μνήσω; μνάομαι `erinnere mich' in hom.μνωόμενος, μνώοντο; μνῆσις f. `Erinnerung', μνήμων `eingedenk', μνῆμα, dor. μνᾶμα `Erinnerungszeichen, Grabmal'; μένος n. (= Old Indian mánas-) `courage, rage, fury'; μενοινάω `have in sense, mind, have vor', μενοινή `wish', due to eines Subst. *μενώ(ι) (compare den woman's name n Μενωί, Μενώ and die derivative Μενοίτης, Μενοίτιος); μῆνις, dor. μᾶνις `Groll' (*μνᾶνιςö); compare above S. 693;

alb. mund, mënd `kann' (*mn̥-dh-);

lat. meminī `erinnere mich, bin eingedenk' (: gr. μέμονα; compare osk. memnim `monumentum, memoriam'); from the basis auf -ī (: -ēi) minīscitur ds., comminīscor `erinnere mich'; mēns, -tis `Sinnesart, Gemöt, Denkvermögen, reason' (from *mn̥ti-, see above Old Indian matí- etc.), mentiō `Erwöhnung' (= air air-mitiu), Denom. mentior, -īrī `lie' (compare Old Prussian mēntimai `wir lie' i.e. `Ersonnenes vorbringen', compare z. meaning still commentum `Erdichtung, plan', to participle commentus `ersonnen', and lit. pra-manýtas `erdichtet, incorrect'); Kaus. moneō `mahne' (= lit. iš-manýti, lengthened grade Old Indianmānáyati), monitor m. `Mahner', monumentum `Erinnerungszeichen', mōnstrum `Mahnzeichen, Ungeheuer' (*mone-strom), mōn-strāre `indicate', etc.;

air. do-moiniur `glaube, meine' (= μαίνομαι, Old Indian mányate, with -mo- from -ma-) and viele other compounds; Simplex in ro-mēnair `er hat öberlegt', dia-ru-muinestar `for die er bestimmt hat'; mito-grade (compare moneō) abret. guo-monim gl. `pollicēri'; air. cuman, cuimne (= mcymr. covein) `Erinnerung', cymr. co-f (*kom-men) ds.; air. menme (= Old Indian manman-) `ghost, sense, mind'; air. dermat `oblivion' (*-mn̥to-), airmitiu (*are-menti̯ō) `honor', etc.;

Maybe alb. dërrmoj `destroy'.

got. *man, munum (Inf. munan, preterit munda) `mean, believe' (preterit-present as μέμονα, meminī, μέμνημαι), ga-munan `sich a thing remind', aisl. muna `gedenken, sich remind', munu, mono `intend, mean, aim, become', ags. mon, man `(ge)denke', as. far-munan (preterit -munsta) `not gedenken, verleugnen'; got. schw. V. munan (3. Sg munaiÞ, preterit munaida) `gedenken (to do), μέλλειν' (munaiÞ from *m_enēi̯-eti = Old Indian manāy-ati, compare m_enē- in:) ahd. firmonēn `despise' (and slav.moněti, lit. minė́ti, as well as - if old - gr. μανῆναι); o-stuf. ahd. as. manōn, ags. manian `mahnen' (ahd. manōt 3. Sg. = lit. mãno `understands', compare reduced grade arm. i-manam `verstehe' from*m_enāmi); got. muns m. `thought, notion, opinion', aisl. munr `sense, mind, desire, lust', ags. myne `Erinnerung, desire, love', as. muni-līk `mellifluous' (= Old Indian múni-); got. ana-minds `suspicion' (= Old Indian mantí-), ga-minÞi n. `Andenken', aisl. minne `Erinnerung', ahd. as. minn(e)a `love, Minne' (*minÞjā, *mindjā); got. ga-munds, ags. ge-mynd, ahd. gi-munt `Andenken, Gedachtnis' (= Old Indian matí- etc.);

lit. menù (= wslav. *-menǫ, Old Indian mánati), miñti `gedenken', red.-stuf. miniù, minė́ti (: ahd. firmonēt etc.) `ds., erwöhnen', lett. minêt ds., ablaut. lit. manýti `understand, comprehend'; lengthened grade ìš-monis `Verstand'; lit. mintìs `thought, notion' (= Old Indian matí- etc.); mẽnas m. `Kunst'; prà-mintas `benannt'; Old Prussian mēntimai `wir lie';

Old Church Slavic mьnjǫ (mьniši), mьněti `mean', ро-mьněti `gedenken, sich remind', pamętь `Gedenken'; toch. A mnu `Denken', В mañu `desire';

hitt. me-im-ma-i (memmāi) `sagt', whether from *memn- or *men-ö compare Benveniste BSL. 33, 140, Pedersen Hitt. 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff.

References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.

Page(s): 726-728

Root / lemma: men-4

English meaning: small, to diminish

German meaning: `klein, verkleinern; vereinzelt'

Note: partly with u-, u̯o-, partly with k-formant

Material: u-, u̯o-stem: arm. manr, Gen. manu `small, thin, fine', manuk `kid, child, knave, boy, servant'; gr. μάνυ-ζα μονοκέφαλον σκόροδον Hes., μάνυ μικρόν (Hs. πικρόν) ᾽Αθαμᾶνες Hes., μᾱνός, att. μᾰνός (*μανFός) `thin, lax, sparse', diss. βανόν (= μανόν) λεπτόν Hes.; in addition as `isoliert sich' after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lit.) μαναύεται παρέλκεται Hes.; i.e. `dröckt sich, slinks sichweg' and with Diss. possibly att. βάναυσος `(*wer sich abseits, from other fernhölt' =) `the small Mann with beschrönktem Gesichtskreis'; o-grade ion. μοῦνος, dor. μῶνος, att. μόνος (*μόνFος) `allein, occasionally'; air. mīn (*mēni-) `smooth, gentle'; menb `small', old Menueh Gen., cymr. di-fanw `unbedeutend', di-fenwi (*mn̥u̯-) `verkleinern, vilify, scold'.

With k-formants: Old Indian manā́k `ein wenig'; ahd. mengen (*mangjan) and mangolōn `entbehren', nhd. mangeln, mhd. manc (-g-) `lack, Gebrechen'; lit. meñkas `small, unbedeutend', ménkė `codfish, Aalquappe', etc.;

Maybe alb. mungonj `lack' also ital. mancare `be lacking, missing'

toch. В menki `minder'; hitt. ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-eš Nom. Pl. `short'.

References: WP. II 266 f., WH. II 93.

Page(s): 728-729

Root / lemma: men-5

English meaning: to stay, stand still

German meaning: `bleiben, (sinnend) stillstehen'

Note: (= men- `think'ö)

Material: Old Indian man- (parimamandhi, ámaman) `hesitate, stillstehen', av. ap. man- `bleiben, wait, hold on', av. fra-man- `ausharren'; arm. mnam `bleibe, erwarte' (*mēnā-); gr. μένω, μίμνω (μεμένηκα) `bleibe', μονή f. `das Bleiben', μόνιμος `ausharrend', μέμνων `donkey' (`persistent'); lat. maneō, -ēre (compareμεμένη-κα) `bleiben' (*m_enei̯ō), Denomin. mantāre `saepe manēre'; air. ainmne, cymr. amynedd, mcymr.anmynedd `Geduld' (*an-meni̯ā);

toch. А В mösk- `sein'; hitt. mi-im-ma-i `refuse'.

References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hitt. 121.

Page(s): 729

Root / lemma: menth-1, meth-

English meaning: to mix up, stir

German meaning: `quirlen, drehend bewegen'

Material: Old Indian mánthati, mathnā́ti `quirlt, röhrt, schöttelt', mántha- m. `gyration, Röhrlöffel', av. mant- `bestir';

gr. μόθος m. `Schlachtgetömmel', μόθουρα (*μοθορFα) f. `Heft of Ruders', dor. μόθων m. `Metökenkind'; att. `Frechling', lak. μόθαξ ds.;

lat. (osk.) mamphur, better manfur `ein Stöck the Drehbank';

aisl. mǫndull m. `Drehholz an the Handmöhle', nhd. Mandel, Mandelholz `Rollholz, walzenförmiges wood';

lit. mentùris, -ùrė (lett. mieturis) `Quirl, Röhrstock', menčiù, mę̃sti `stir (meal, flour)', lit. mentė̃ `Spatel', meñtė f. `scapula'; abg. mętǫ, męsti `ταράττειν, turbare', Iter. mǫtiti, *sъ-metana (russ. smetána etc.) `cream, Milchrahm', dissimil. from *sъ-mętana;

abg. motati sę `agitari', russ. motátь `aufwickeln, shake; verschwenden', etc.

References: WP. II 269, WH. II 22 f., Specht KZ 64, 13; 66, 49, Trautmann 181 f.

Page(s): 732

Root / lemma: menth-2

English meaning: to chew, mouth

German meaning: `kauen; Gebiß, Mund'

Material: Old Indian math- `devour':

gr. μάθυιαι γνάθοι Hes. (compare ματτύνη `maked. Fleischgericht'), μασάομαι `chew, bite' (from *μαθια-, idg. *mn̥th-i̯ā), μαστάζω `chew', μάσταξ f. `mouth' and `mouthful', μαστιχάω `knirsche with den Zöhnen', μοσσύνειν μασᾶσθαι βραδέως Hes. (probably with ο from α before υ, from *μασ(σ)ύνειν `assumed from att. Μασυντίας, παραμασύντης m. `parasita'); e-grade μέστακα την μεμασημένηντροφήν Hes. (*menth-to-);

lat. mandō, -ere, -i, mansum `chew' (*m_enthō);

nir. méadal `belly, Gedarme' (*menth-lā or *mn̥th-lā);

ahd. mindil, gamindel n. `Gebiß am bridle, rein', ags. mīðl ds., aisl. mēl (*minÞl), aschwed. mīl ds.; aisl. minna-sk `kiss'; zero grade got. munÞs, aisl. muðr, munne, ags. mūð, ahd. mund `mouth'; or to cymr. mant, see above men-1.

References: WP. II 270, WH. II 24; Specht Idg. Dekl. 253 f.

Page(s): 732-733

Root / lemma: meregh-

English meaning: to soak, drizzle

German meaning: `benetzen, rieseln'

Material: Gr. βρέχω `benetze, regne, öberströme', βροχή, βροχετός `rain'; lett. merguôt `gentle rain', męr̂ga, mārgā `sanfter rain'; čech. mrholiti `nieseln', mrhu̇lka `fine rain', russ. morgatь `tröbe become' (*mъrgatь), moroch, morozgá `fine rain' (*morgh-s-), morositь `fein rain'.

References: WP. II 280, Trautmann 182.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mereĝ-

English meaning: edge, border

German meaning: `Rand, Grenze'

Material: Npers. marz `Landstrich, Mark'; lat. margō, -inis `edge, limit, boundary' (*m_erĝ-ōn-, -en-); air. mruig, mir. bruig (*mrogi-) `Mark, Landstrich', cymr. corn. bret. bro `district, region, area', brogae Galli agrum dicunt (Schol. to Juvenal VIII 234), gall. PN Brogi-māros, VN Allobroges (= urnord. alja-markiR `Auslönder') under likewise; got. marka f. `limit, boundary', ahd. marc(h)a `limit, boundary, Grenzland', ags. mearcds., aisl. mǫrk f. `Grenzland, wood, forest' (*morĝā), aisl. landa-mark n., ags. gemearc n. `limit, boundary, Grenzstrich, Abgrenzung, Definitio' (*morĝom), probably also anord. mark n. `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen', mhd. marc(h) n. `Marke, Kennzeichen', nhd. merken (also Mark as Geld, actually probably `Merkstrich am Gewicht').

References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: merǝdh-, mrādh-

English meaning: to boil; to jolt, shake

German meaning: `aufsprudeln, aufschötteln'ö

Material: Gr. βράσσω, att. βράττω (*μρᾱθ-ι̯ω), Aor. ἔβρᾰσα, ion. ἐκ-βρήσσω `simmer, seethe, roar, foam auf, worfle', βρασμός `das Sieden'; lett. mùrdêt `to bubble up', murdi `Sprudel', lit. mùrdau, -yti `hineinstoßend versenken'.

References: WP. II 280.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: merĝ-1

English meaning: to strip off, to wipe

German meaning: `abstreifen, abwischen'

Note: (partly also ostidg. merg-)

Material: Old Indian mr̥-ṇa-j-āni (1. Sg. Konj.), mr̥ṇ̃jata (3. Pl.) `whisk, abstreifen' (compare ὀμόργνυμι); s. also under melĝ-; arm. meržem `scaccio, espello'; gr. ἀμέργω `streife ab (leaves, Fröchte)', ἀμοργός `ausdröckend', ἀμόργη `mulsche mass der ausgepreßten Oliven' (out of it lat. amurca); ὀμόργνῡμι `wische ab; push, press from' (-ορ- probably from -er- under Einwirkung of consecutive υ); lat. mergae, -ārum `Möhgabel', merges, -itis f. `fascicle, sheaf' (`Zusammengestreiftes').

References: WP. II 283, WH. II 76.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: merĝ-2

See also: see under merk-1.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: meri̯o-

English meaning: young man, woman

German meaning: `junger Mann' and zugehörige or öhnliche Femininbildungen

Material: 1. Old Indian márya- m. `man, young man, lover, suitor', maryaká- m. `Mönnchen' (= mpers. mērak), gr. μεῖραξ m. f. `knave, boy, girl', μειράκιον `knave, boy' (the vowel the 2. syllable probably after πάλλαξ); alb. shemërë f. `Nebenfrau, Rivalin' (*sm̥-m_erī), compare mërkosh `Mönnchen, Wöchner' (of Mönnerkindbett), perhaps also martoj `I verheirate' (*mër-ëtonj), Jokl L.-k U. 5 ff.;

ein fem. *m_erī̆ `young woman' kann vorliegen in lat. marī-tus `beweibt, verheiratet (of Manne)'.

2. With g-formant: lit. mergà, Old Prussian mergo `girl, Dienstmödchen, bondmaid'; presumably also with brit. -ch- from -kk- (consonant-Doppelung in Kosewort): cymr. merch, bret. merc'h, corn. myrgh `daughter, woman'; with -gn- behind formant i: kelt. *morignā, acorn. moroin `virgo, puella, ancilla', cymr. mor-forwyn `Seejungfer, Sirene' (from dem Brit. derives air. muir- moru ds.).

3. Auf -tī̆: lit. martì `bride, Jungfer', Old Prussian mārtin Akk. Sg. `bride', lett. mā̀rša `of brother woman', krimgot. marzus `nuptiae' (i.e. marÞusö or from *marÞjōs assibiliert), gr. probably (ö) in Βριτόμαρτις, dem kret. names the Artemis.

References: WP. II 281, WH. II 40 f., Trautmann 170.

Page(s): 738-739

Root / lemma: merk-1, merĝ-, merǝk-, merǝĝ-

English meaning: to rot

German meaning: `morschen, faulen, einweichen'

Note: originally = (mer-), merk- `aufreiben' (see 737), though already grundsprachlich through die relationship auf die dampness verselbstöndigt

Material: Lat. marceō, -ēre `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack sein', marcidus `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack', marcor `Welkheit, Morschheit, Schlaffheit'; gall. bracis `species of grain zur Malzbereitung'; mir. mraich, braich, cymr. corn. brag `malt', i.e. `eingeweichtes, gequollenes corn, grain'; gallorom. *bracu- (*mraku-) `morass' (: slav. *morky ds.), cymr. brag-wellt `Sumpfgras'; gall. mercasius `swamp, marsh', afrz. marchais; gall. embrekton `eingetunkter morsel, mouthful' (out of it lat. imbractum); mir. brēn, cymr. braen (*mrakno-) `morsch, faul'; mhd. mer(e)n, mnd. meren `bread in Wein or Wasser eintunken' (*merhen), lit. merkiù, mer̃kti `(Flachs) steep', ablaut. mirkstù, mir̃kti `in Wasser lie', markýti `steep', markà `Flachsröste', lett. marks ds., mę̄̀rka `dampness', mḕrcêt `tunken'; klr. morokvá `morass' (reshuffling from *morky), wruss. mjaréča ds. (*merki̯ā).

Note:

mir. mraich, braich, cymr. corn. brag `malt': lat. bracchiāle `Armspange', bracchiolum `Ärmchen' : alb. alb. bërryl `elbow' from abbreviated diminutive of lat. bracchĭŏlum (brāch-), i, n. dim. [bracchium] a small, delicate arm]

bracchĭum (less correctly brāchĭ-um ;

I. gen. bracchi, Lucr. 6, 434), ii, n. [perh. kindr. with Gr. brachiôn; but cf. Sanscr. bāhu;

Albanian krahu, krahi ‘arm’ (ph- > h- in arm.) : rum. cracă branch, branching, limb, arm, bough, roost

like frango, Sanscr. bhang, Bopp, Gloss. p. 239 a], the arm; particularly,

I. Lit., the forearm, from the hand to the elbow (while lacertus is the upper arm, from the elbow to the shoulder)

Greek: βραχίων, - ονος

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `Oberarm, Arm' im Gegensatz zu πη̃χυς = `(Unter)arm' (seit Il.).

Derivatives: Davon βραχιόνιον `Armspange' (Delos II^a), βραχιονιστήρ `ds. `(Plu. u. a.); vgl. ποδιστήρ (πέπλος A.), ἑλικτη ̃ ρες `Ohrgehönge' (Ar., Lys.), σωφρονιστη ̃ ρες `Weisheitszöhne' (Hp. u. a.) und andere Geröte- und Körperteilnamen bei Chantraine Formation 327f. Außerdem βραχιάλιον, - άριον (Sm., Th., Aq.) und βραχιόλιον (Alex. Trall.) im Anschluß an lat. bracchiāle `Armspange', bracchiolum `Ärmchen', s. unten.

Etymological information: Nach Pollux 2, 138 wird der Oberarm βραχίων genannt, ὅτι ἐστὶ του ̃ πήχεως βραχύτερος ; vgl. Bechtel Lex. s. v. Wohlbegröndete Bedenken bei Seiler Steigerungsformen 42f. - Daraus als LW lat. bracchium, woraus ferner kymr. braich usw.; vgl. W.-Hofmann s. v.

merĝ- in same meaning (compare S. 736 mer-, merg- `aufreiben'):

Alb. mardhem `fröstle, schauere', marth m. `strong frost' (= slav. *morzъ); air. meirc (nir. meirg) `Rost', mergach `corrugated' (*mergi-); nir. meirgeall `scabrousness', cymr. merydd `humid, wet, idle'; merddwfr `Brakwasser', abret. mergidhaam `hebesco' (bret. mergl `Rost' is ir. Lw.); mhd. murc `morsch, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered', nisl. morkinn `morsch, mörbe from decay', aisl. morkna `morsch become'; bulg. mrъzel `Faulheit', Old Church Slavic mrъzitь (*miržīti) `βδελύττεσθαι', slov. mrziti `disgust' (basis *merǝĝ-), compare ahd. bruoh `Moorboden, swamp, marsh', mnd. brōk, ndl. broek; with it is as `Költe infolge Nösse' or as `goose bumps' (compare air. meirc `wrinkle') identical Old Church Slavic po-mrъznǫti `freeze', mrazъ, russ. moróz (likewise intonation the heavy basis) `frost'.

Maybe alb. mërzit `bother, annoy', (*morzъ) muzg `dusk, darkness'.

References: WP. II 281 f., WH. II 36 f., 129, Trautmann 182, 187.

Page(s): 739-740

Root / lemma: merk-2, mork-

English meaning: sullen

German meaning: `verdrießlich'

Material: Corn. moreth `Ärger, distress', bret. morc'het `souci, malheur'; poln. markotь `growl, growl', markotny `querulous, sullen' (out of it lit. markatnus `sullen' and wruss. markocić `verdrießlich make', markotný `langweilig').

References: WP. II 282.

See also: relationship to (mer-), merk- `aufreiben, consume' (see 737) probably.

Page(s): 740

Root / lemma: merk̂-

English meaning: to grab

German meaning: `fassen, ergreifen'

Material: Old Indian mr̥śáti `beröhrt, faßt an', gr. βρακεῖν συνιέναι, δυσβράκανος `heavy to behandeln' Hes., βράκετον πλῆθος, βράττειν πληθύνειν βαρύνειν Hes.:

besides through assimilation from *marktō: gr. μάρπτω, μάρψαι `gripe', μάρπτις `Rauber'; through metathesis: βράψαι `gripe', βράπτειν ἐσθίειν under likewise, Hes.;

doubtful is affiliation from lat. merx `Ware', mercēs, -ēdis `Preis, earnings, Sold', mercārī `handeln', osk. amiricadut `handelsmößig', amirikum `commercium'.

References: WP. II 283, WH. II 78 f.

Page(s): 739

Root / lemma: mer-1

English meaning: to plait, bind; rope

German meaning: `flechten, binden; Schnur, Masche, Schlinge'

Note: extended meregh-, merǝgh-

Material: Gr. μέρμῑς, -ῑθος f. `filament'; lengthened grade μηρύομαι `wickle together, wickle auf', μήρινθος `filament, cord' (σμήρινθος Plato with secondary σ-), assumed, daß μᾱρύεται Theokrit 1, 29 Hyperdorismus is; aschwed. merÞi, aisl. merð `fish-Reuse'.

meregh-, merǝgh-: gr. βρόχος (*μρόχος) m. `rope, loop, noose, snare, Masche', Demin. βροχίς f., μόροττον `basket from bark' (from *μόραττονö); mir. braige, braga `captive'; lett. mer̂ga, ablaut. marga `handrail', perhaps lit. márška `linen, fishing net', whether from *morǝgh-ska; Old Church Slavic mrěža `net, loop, noose, snare', russ. merëža `Netzsack, Beutelnetz', Demin. merëžka `Masche in net, feines Muster' (out of it zuröckgebildet merëga `Gewebe, netting, embroidery'), serb. mrȅža `net'.

References: WP. II 272 f., Trautmann 182.

Page(s): 733

Root / lemma: mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-

English meaning: to shimmer, shine

German meaning: `flimmern, funkeln'

Material: Old Indian márīci-, marīcī `Lichtstrahl, Luftspiegelung' (marī-: gr. μαῖρα, μαρί̄λη);

gr. μαρμαίρω, μαρμαρίζω `schimmere', μαρί:-λη `Glutkohle', Μαῖρα `the funkelnde Hundsstern'; ἀμαρύσσω `funkle', ἀμαρυγή `radiance, Funkeln' (-υ- through metrische lengthening, compare:) μαρμαρῠγή `radiance, schnelle Bewegung', μαρμαρύσσω (*-ki̯ō) `funkle', probably from a basis meru-; perhaps μορφή f. `shape, (*schimmerndes) Äußeres' (*mor-bhā), ἀ-μερφές αἰσχρόν Hes., μορφνός `swart' (rhyme word to ὀρφνός ds.);

lat. merus `bare, pure, unvermischt', probably originally `clear, bright, bright';

ags. ā-merian `löutern; pröfen, auf die Probe stellen', ags. mare f., ablaut. aisl. mura f. `Silberkraut';

russ. dial. marъ `Sonnenglut; sleep', márevo `heat, by the die Luft tröb white is; Höhenrauch, Luftspiegelung' (*mōreu̯om) under likewise; with *mьr- klr. mryj `misty, dismal, dank', mríju, mríty `shimmer, dömmern, misty become';

doubtful mir. brī `Forelle' as previous Fem. *mrī to lat. merus, as well as gr. (σ)μαρίς `ein gewisser small fish'.

guttural extensions:

mer(ǝ)k- `flicker, vor den Augen flimmern; sich verdunkeln', also of twilight.

Air. mrecht- `buntscheckig' (*mr̥kto- `varicolored'), nir. breachtach ds., ncymr. brith, f. braith ds., corn. bruit `varius', bret. briz `fleckig', cymr. brithyll `Forelle', corn. breithil `mugil', bret. brezel `Makrele' (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) isl. murta `small Forelle', norw. mort `Rotauge';

got. maúrgins `morning', aisl. myrginn, morg-inn, -unn, ags. mergen, morgen, as. ahd. morgan `morning'.

lit. mérk-iu, -ti `die Augen shut, blink', mìrks-iu, -ė́ti `fortwöhrend blinzeln', ablaut. ùž-marka `someone, the etwas anblinzelt', markstaũ, -ýti `blink';

slav. *mьrknoti in Old Church Slavic mrъknoti `sich verdunkeln', Aor. po-mrъče, serb. mȑknuti `dark become', Old Church Slavic nemrьčemyjь `unzugönglich', ačech. mrkati `dömmern', čech. `blink, drowse, finster become'; in addition slav. *mьrkъ in serb. mȑk `black', slovak. mrk `cloud', klr. smerk `dusk, twilight', ablaut. slav. *morkъ in Old Church Slavic mrakъ `darkness', russ. mórok `darkness, fog, clouds'; russ. mérek `Phantasieren, apparition; böser ghost', bulg. mrězgav `tröb, unfreundlich (of weather)', mrъ́ždъ, mrъ́štъ `werde tröb, finster', mrъždolě́jъ `flimmere' (stimmhafter Wurzelauslaut through Fernassimilation), čech. dial. mřižděti se `dömmern';

mer(ǝ)gʷ-:

Gr. ἀμορβός `dark' (öol. ορ for αρ); alb. mje(r)gulë `fog, darkness';

Note:

aisl. myrkr (*mirkwa-), acc. myrkvan `dark', mjǫrkvi, myrkvi m. `darkness', as. mirki, ags. mierce `dark';

lit. mìrgu, -ė́ti `flicker', lett. mir̂dzêt `flicker, blink, glitter, flash', mir̃gas `abrupt Hervorblinken', lit. márgas `varicolored', mar̃guoti `bunt shimmer', lett. marga `Schimmer', mùrgi `Phantasiebilder, Nordlicht'; russ. morgatь `blink, winken';

perhaps here die family of Old Indian mr̥gá- `gazelle' etc. as `scheckiges animal' (whereof mr̥gáyati `hunts, scuds, chases')ö

References: WP. II 273 ff., WH. II 78, Trautmann 182 f.

Page(s): 734

Root / lemma: (mer-3), mor-(u)-

English meaning: to blacken, dark spot

German meaning: `schwörzen, dunkle Farbe, Schmutzfleck'

Material: Gr. μόρυχος `σκοτεινός', μεμορυχμένος `(rauch)geschwörzt'; lit. moraĩ Pl. `mildew'; russ. maráju, -tь `schmieren, slander', marúška `Fleck, Mal', čech. morous `aschfarbig gestreiftes rother, cattle', moratý `black gestreift', poln. morus `Schmutzfink'; n-stem in poln. morąg `bunt gestreift' under likewise; here also gr. μόρνον εἶδος ἀετοῦ καὶ ξανθός Hes. (`schmutziggelb'). μορτός μέλας φαιός Hes., perhaps also with s-extension arm. mṙayl `darkness, fog, cloud; finster, dark' (*muṙayl due to from *mor-so-), maṙaxul `thick vapor, darkness' (mr̥so-) and lit. mùršinu `besmirch', mùr(k)šlinu `wash, sudle'.

References: WP. II 279 f., Trautmann 169, Specht Idg. Dekl. 119.

Page(s): 734

Root / lemma: mer-4, merǝ-

English meaning: to die

German meaning: `sterben'

Note: (= mer-5 `aufgerieben become')

Material: Old Indian marati, máratē `stirbt', arm. meṙanim `die', gr. ἔμορτεν `starb' Hes. (compare lit. mèris m., mìre f. `death', mérdėti `in Sterben lie'); causative Old Indian māráyati `slays', osset. māryn `slay', lit. marìnti, serb. mòriti ds., etc.; zero grade Old Indian mriyátē `stirbt', av. miryeite (= mǝⁱryeⁱtе) ds., Old pers. a-mariyatā `er starb', lat. morior (*mr̥-i̯ōr) `I die'; baltoslav. *mirē- in lit.mìrštu, mir̃ti `die', lett. mir̃stu, mir̃t ds. (in addition lit. mìrė `the Tote', lett. mirējs m. `Sterbender'); Old Church Slavic mьrǫ, mrěti and -mьrěti ds., hitt. me-ir-ta (mert) `starb'.

participle mr̥-tó- `dead' in Old Indian mr̥tá- = av. mǝrǝta- `gestorben', arm. mard `person' (`mortal, human being'), lat. Morta, `Death goddess', baltoslav. *mirta- `dead' in lit. mirtóji dienà `Todestag', Old Church Slavic u-mrъtije n. `death', etc.; n̥-mr̥-to- `immortal, lebendig' in Old Indian amŕ̥ta-, av. amǝšа-, gr. ἄμβροτος (öol. ρο for ρα), therefrom ἀμβρόσιος `belonging to the immortal'; from ἄμβροτος abstracted βροτός `perishable' and βρότος `blood that has run from a wound, gore, coagulated blood' (M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 126 ff.).

mr̥-tó-m `death' in Old Indian mr̥tá- n. `death', ahd. mord, ags. aisl. morð n. `murder' (besides *mr̥-tro-m in got. maurÞr n., ags. morðor n. `murder').

Maybe alb. mort `funeral', mortje `death'

mr̥-ti- `death' in Old Indian mr̥ti-, av. mǝrǝti-, lat. mors, -tis, lit. mirtìs, Old Church Slavic sъ-mrъtь (from *-mrьtь), serb. smȑt, etc.

mr̥-tú `death' in arm. mah, older marh; with -ti- contaminated: Old Indian mr̥tyú-, av. mǝrǝϑyu- ds.

mór-to- `perishable' in Old Indian márta-, av. maša- `person', with Tonwechsel marǝta- `perishable, mortal, human being', gr. μορτός `person, mortal, human being' Hes. (for *μόρτος); derived *mor-ti̯o- in Old Indian martya-, av. mašya-, Old pers. martiya- `perishable, mortal, human being'.

mr̥-u̯ó- `dead' in air. marb, cymr. etc. marw, gall. *marvos (M.-L. 5387a); unclear gall. (ö) Mori-marusa `mortuum mare'; through influence of mr̥-tu- to *mr̥-tu̯-o- in lat. mortuus `dead', Old Church Slavic mrьtvъ (mrъtvъ) ds.

móro-s `death' in Old Indian mā̆ra- `death', lit. mãras `Pest', Old Church Slavic morъ ds.

After Thieme Studien 55 here (ö) gr. μάρτυς (*-ρς), -ρος, hom. μάρτυρος `Zeuge' (`Schwörender') from *mr̥t-tur- (öö) `the death griping' (root tu̯er- `catch').

References: WP. II 276, WH. 112 f., Trautmann 186 f., Thieme Studien 15 ff.

Page(s): 735

Root / lemma: mer-5, merǝ-

English meaning: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob

German meaning: `aufreiben, reiben' and `packen, rauben'

Material: Old Indian mr̥ṇāti, mr̥ṇati `raubt', ā-marī-tár- `Rauber', ámr̥ṇat `raubte', malí-mlu- `Rauber; but mr̥ṇā́ti `zermalmt, zerdröckt, zerschlögt', mūrṇá- `zermalmt, aufgerieben' belong rather to mel-1; also marú- m. `sand, desert, waste, wasteland, Fels';

gr. μαραίνω `reibe auf, consume, entkröfte', Pass. `verzehre mich, verschwinde allmöhlich, ermatte', μαρασμός `Hinschwinden, Kröfteverfall'; μάρναμαι `kömpfe'; μάρμαρος `stone, Felsblock' (compare lat. rūpēs : rumpō), later (after μαρμαίρω) `white stone, Marmor' (out of it lat. marmor);

lat. mortārium `mortar' (due to from *mr̥-tós `zerrieben'); about morētum `Mörsergericht' s. WH. II 112; morbus `disease, malady' (*mor-bhos);

air. meirb `leblos', mir. meirb, cymr. merw `slack, weak' (merḫu̯i-); mir. meirle f. `robbery, theft', meirlech `robber'; air. mrath `betrayal', cymr. brad ds. (*mrǝ-to-) to air.*marnaid `verröt', subjunctive -mera;

aisl. merja (preterit marða) `hit, zerstoßen'; ahd. maro, marawi and mur(u)wi `mörbe, tender, reif', ags. mearo `mörbe, tender', aisl. morna `hinwelken', norw. moren, maren `morsch'; nisl. mor n. `dust, powder', aschwed. morÞ `bröckelige mass, offal';

serb. mȑva `crumbs'; abg. iz-mrъmьrati `roden', aruss. -moromradi `gnaw, zerkrömmeln';

hitt. marriattari `wird zerschmettert'.

morā f. `Alp': air. mor-(r)īgain `lamia', actually `Alpkönigin' (mōrrīgain angelehnt an mōr `big, large'), aisl. mara, ahd. mara, ags. mare (nhd. Mahr, Nachtmahr m.) `öbernatörliches female creature, das sich in the night den Schlafenden auf die Brust places', skr.-Church Slavic mora `witch', klr. mora `Alp, Drude, Nachtmönnchen' etc.

mer-g-:

mnd. morken `crush', ags. murc(n)ian `sich grömen', murc `dröckend, nagend (of hunger)'; s. further under (merk-), merg- `morschen, faulen' etc.

mer-d-:

Old Indian mr̥dnāti (mr̥dnīta-, mr̥ditá-), márdati, mardáyati `zerreibt, zerdröckt, zermalmt, reibt auf', av. 3. Sg. mōrǝndat̃ (= mr̥nd-) `vernichtet' (diese ar. words become also idg. meld- fortsetzen, s. mel-1; Old Indian mr̥dnā́ti perhaps instead of *mr̥ṇátti (*mr̥-n-ed-ti) through influence of mr̥ṇā́ti (see above S. 735);

arm. mart `fight, struggle';

gr. βαρδῆν τὸ βιάζεσθαι γυναῖκας ᾽Αμπρακιῶται Hes. (*mr̥d-); ἀμέρδω `rob' and `blind, verdunkle' (`rob of Glanzes, of Augenlichtes'), μέρδει κωλύει βλάπτει Hes.; to Aor. ἀμέρσαι neologism ἀμείρω;

ostfries. murt `brockelige mass, dust, powder', nd. murten `zerfallen', mhd. murz `stump', schweiz. murz, morz `small shred';

lett. mẽrdêt `abmergeln, starve lassen; eines people Tode beiwohnen' (latter meaning nöher zulit. mérdėti, present mérdmi, mérdžiu `die', das auf do- or dho-present to *mer- `die' based on, as also mer-d- `rub' in letzten Grund auf ein solches do-present go back wird; is lett. mẽrdêt likewise to mer- `die' to pull, dragö);

lat. mordeō, -ēre, momordī `bite' (= Old Indian mardáyati, mamr̥dḗ), also from Geföhlen and Geschmacksempfindungen;

compare die s-forms:

gr. σμερδνός, σμερδαλέος `terrible, dreadful' (`*aufreibend'), ahd. smerzan `ache', smerzo `pain', mnd. smerten, nd. ndl. smarten, ags. smeortan `ache', engl. smart `biting, sharp, witzig' and `nett, dainty'; compare also smerd- `stink'.

mer-k-:

Old Indian marcáyati `geföhrdet, injures, hurts, disables, damages', mr̥ktá- `injures, hurts, disables', marká- m. `Hinsterben, death' = av. mahrka- `death', conservative stem Old Indian Instr. Sg. mrc-ā́, av. mǝrǝxš `ruin, destruction', av. mǝrǝnčaiti `injures, hurts, disables, destructs'; arm. morč̣ `young, tender' (*morki̯o-); perhaps alb. morr `louse'(*mōrko- `die Kratzende or likewise'ö compare φθείρ ds.: φθείρω); lat. murcus `mutilated' (out of it sizil. μύρκος `dumb') and murcidus `idle, slack'; mhd. morgen `slack'.

With anl. s- lit. smer̃kti `in Not to versetzen suchen', smarkùs `cruel, savage', pa-smer̃kti `spoil', nhd. dial. schmorgen `darben, notleiden'.

Here (as `Höcksel') ags. mearg `sausage' = aisl. mǫrr `ds., Eingeweidefett' (*marhu-), redupl. gr. μίμαρκυς `Blutwurst'; hitt. mar-kán-zi `zerschneidet'.

see also merk-2 `sullen' and 1. merk- `morschen, faulen etc. `.

mer-s-:

Old Indian maṣam, maṣī̆m kar- `pulverisieren', maṣi-, maṣī `Pulver';

ahd. morsāri `mortar' (reshaped from lat. mortārium, s. S. 736), mhd. zermörsen `crush, zerquetschen', md. zermorschen ds., schweiz. morsen, mörsen `crunch, kleinstoßen', mhd. nd. mursch, murs, nhd. morsch, ndl. morzelen `grind'.

References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.;

See also: identical with mer-4.

Page(s): 735-737

Root / lemma: mer-6, mer-s-

English meaning: to bother, anger, etc..

German meaning: `stören, örgern, vernachlössigen, vergessen'

Material: Old Indian mŕ̥ṣyate `vergißt, vernachlössigt, verzeiht', marṣa- m. `Geduld', mŕ̥ṣā `free, irrig', Kaus. marṣayati `duldet, verzeiht'; arm. moṙanam `vergesse' (Meillet, Esquisse² 40); got. marzjan `anger', ags. mierran, as. merrian, afries. meria, ahd. marren, merren `hinder, stören';

Maybe alb. i marrë `crazy, angry, mad', marrëzi `madness'

ags. ā-mierran `spoil', afries. mēre `band, strap, manacle'; lit. mar̃šas `oblivion', in addition maršùs `vergeßlich', lett. àiz-màrša f. `Vergeßlichkeit'; lit. mirštù, mir̃šti (only with už-, pa-) and lett. àiz-mìrstu, àiz-mìrst `forgotten', lit. Kaus. maršìnti `vergessen make'.

Maybe alb. mërzi `boredom', mërzej `rest at noon (livestock)'

References: WP. II 279, Trautmann 187.

Page(s): 737-738

Root / lemma: met-

See also: see above S. 703 f. under mē-2 and mē-3.

Page(s): 741

Root / lemma: meug-1

English meaning: to take by surprise, wily

German meaning: `heimlich and töckisch lauern'

Material: Lat. muger `the Falschspieler beim Wörfelspiel' (*mug-ro-s `lauernd');

ahd. mūhhari, mūhh(e)o `Wegelagerer, Straßenröuber', muhhōn `clandestine lauern, anfallen', mhd.vermūchen `clandestine auf die Seite make', late-ahd. mūhhilāri (to *mūchilōn), nhd. Meuchler, mhd. miuchel `clandestine', ahd. mūh-heimo `cricket', ablaut. mhd. mocken `versteckt lie', mengl. micher `thief', engl. dial. to mich `versteckt sein, steal'.

References: WP. II 255, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 137; probably to Folgendem.

Page(s): 743-744

Root / lemma: meug-2, meuk-

English meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: A. `schlöpfen, schlöpfrig', out of it `schleimig, Schleim'; andererseits B. `daröber streichen, gleiten, entgleiten'

Note: also with anlaut. s-

Material: A. Lat. mūcus `mucus', mūcor `mildew', ē-mungō, -ere `ausschneuzen' (figurative `um Geld prellen'); mūgil m. `Schleimfisch';

gr. ἀπο-μύσσω `schneuze; betröge', ἀπό-μυξις `das Schneuzen' (: lat. ē-munctiō), μυκτήρ `nose, nostril', μύξα `mucus, nose' (based on auf *μυκ-σ-ός `schleimig', as also:) μύξος, μυξῖνος, μύξων `Schleimfisch' (also σμύξων with anl. s-, as by Hes. also σμύσσεται, σμυκτήρ), μύσκος μίασμα Hes. (*μυκ-σ-κος), ἀμυσχρός, ἀμυχνός `unbefleckt, pure, holy'; μύκης, -ητος `fungus';

cymr. mign (*mūkino-) `swamp, marsh'; with anl. s- gael. smùc, smug `Rotz' (expressive); mir. mocht `soft', cymr. mwyth ds. (*muk-to-);

aisl. mygla f. `mildew', mugga `fine rain', mengl. mugen `nebelig become', nhd. dial. maugel `nebelig, bewölkt, dömmerig', ags. for-mogod `decayed'; with idg. g: aisl. mykr and myki f. (*mukī) `manure', mhd. mucheln, möcheln `schimmelig smell', aisl. mjūkr (out of it engl. meek) `soft', changing through ablaut got. mūka-mōdei `Sanftmut', mnl. muik `soft', nhd. dial. maukig `decayed', schweiz. mauch `morsch, faint, languid, hungry' (as schweiz. mucht `faint, languid, hungry'); mhd. mūche `Pferdefußkrankheit', got. *maukō in prov. mauca `Gedörm';

lett. mukls, muklaîns `paludōsus', mùku (*munku), mukt `in einen Sumpf sink in';

skr. mukljiv `humid, wet'.

B. Old Indian *munákti, muñcáti, mucáti `befreit, lößt los' (`*streift ab'), múkti- `Lösung, Befreiung, Aufgeben'; av. fra-muxti- `Losbinden'; compare Old Indian muṇṭhate `flieht', Old pers. amu(n)ϑa `er floh' from *mu-n-eth-mi;

lit. munkù, mùkti `escape; to get away' = lett. mùku, mukt `sich losmachen, flee' (and `in einen Sumpf einsinken' see above); lit. (s)maũkti `gleitend stripe', lett. maukt `abstreifen', lit. (s)munkù, (s)mùkti `gleitend sinken, entgleiten';

slav. *(s)mъknǫti `(ent)glide, slide' in čech. smeknouti `abziehen', Old Church Slavic Refl. smyčǫ, smykati sę `grovel, truckle, creep' (modern slav. also `schlöpfen, glide, slide, abstreifen'), russ.-Church Slavic mъknuti sja `transire', Old Church Slavic mъčati (mъkē-) `jactare', etc.

A root form meukh- with the specific meaning `hineinschlöpfen' probably in arm. mxem (*muxam) `stecke hinein, tauche ein, bade', mux `dyeing', mxim `enrare, insinuarsi, ingolfarsi', at first to gr. μυχός m. `innerster angle' (perhaps `*hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'), μύχιος `innerst'.

Auf (s)meugh- based on die germ. family of:

aisl. smjūga `hinein- or durchkriechen', ags. smūgan `schlöpfen, grovel, truckle, creep', mhd. smiegen `sich ducken', nhd. schmiegen, Kaus. aisl. smeygia `schmiegen, anziehen', mhd. sich smougen `sich ducken', ags. smēag `smart, sharp witted, shrewd', smēagan `think, suchen', sméagol `eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin', aisl. smuga f. `Schlupfloch', further schwed. i mjugg, norw. i mugg `verstohlen', with s- dön. norw. i smug, ndl. ter smuig (and ter smuik) ds., dön. norw. smughandel `Schleichhandel', ndd. smuggeln, nhd. (out of it) schmuggeln (with kl ndl. smokkelen ds.); probably also nhd. mogeln, nd. mogelen, muggelen `heimliches, betrögerisches Spiel drive, push'; with germ. k(k): norw. dial. smokla, smukla `lurk, sich vorwörts schleichen', schweiz. schmauchen `clandestine entwenden, naschen'; in the meaning `schmiegen, hineinschliefen' mhd. smuck `das Anschmiegen, jewellery' (originally anstreifbarer), smöcken, mnd. smucken `anschmiegen, kleiden, adorn', ahd. smocco; ags. smock `Hemd', aisl.smokkr m. `Frauenbrustlatz', mnd. smuk (-ck-) `ductile, schmuck', mhd. gesmöcket `slim';

-g- or -gh- in lett. smaugs `slim', lit. smáugti `erdrosseln', lett. smudži, smūdzi `Möcken, small Fliegen', poln. smug, smuga (besides smuk) `Engpaß, schmaler stripe'.

References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalprös. 124 f., 129.

Page(s): 744-745

Root / lemma: meuk̂-

English meaning: to scratch, tear

German meaning: `kratzen, ritzen'

Material: Gr. ἀμυκάλαι αἱ ἀκίδες τῶν βελῶν, παρὰ τὸ ἀμύσσειν Hes., ἀμύσσω, att. ἀμύττω `ritze, zerkratze', ἅ᾽μυχή `crack, scratch', etc.; lat. mucrō `sharp cusp, peak, spear, javelin, sword'; perhaps to ags. ge-myscan `plague, deform' (*muhskjan) and lit. mùšti `hit'; perhaps also Old Indian muṣtí f., av. mušti- `fist'ö

References: WP. II 255, WH. II 117 f.

Page(s): 745

Root / lemma: meu-1, meu̯ǝ- : mū̆-

English meaning: wet; dirt; to wash, etc..

German meaning: `feucht, moderig, netzen, unreine Flössigkeit (also Harn), beschmutzen', also `waschen, reinigen'

Material: A. Old Indian mū́tra- n. `urine', av. mūϑra- n. `filth, smut' (: mnd. modder etc.);

Maybe alb. mut, mutra (pl)'excrement, dirt'

arm. -moyn `plongé dans' (*mou-no-);

gr. kypr. μυλάσασθαι `sich wash', Hes. (*mū-dlo-);

maybe alb. geg. (*mū-d) mys, myt, tosk. mbys, mbyt `drown' [the shift M > MB]

mir. mūn m. `urine'; mūr `slime, mud';

perhaps (ö) ndl. mooi, mnl. moy, nd. moi(e) `beautiful' (*mou-i̯o- `gewaschen');

lett. maût `submerge, swim, swig', Old Prussian aumūsnan `Abwaschung', causative (Iterat.) lit. máudyti, lett. maudât `jemanden bathe', lit. máustyti ds.; lett. mudêt `soft, schimmligwerden';

abg. myjǫ, myti `wash, spölen', mylo (proto slav.. čech. etc. mýdlo-) `Seife';

with. anl. s- lett. smaũlis `ein schmutzig gewordener', smulêt `befoul', smulis `ein Schmutzfink';

poln. klr. muɫ `slime, mud', russ. dial. múlitь (vódu) `(water) tröben' (mou-lo-); forms with r-suffix, respectively r-extension see under;

from *mu-n-d-os (-d- to root extension meu-d-) in the meaning `gewaschen' also lat. mundus `schmuck, sauber, pure, nett', Subst. `Putz the Frauen; Weltordnung, Weltall' (after gr. κόσμος);

B. extensions:

1. meu-d-; mud-ro- `alert, awake, smart' (compare `humid, wet-cheerful').

Old Indian mudirá- m. `cloud', lex. also `frog'; in addition Old Indian mṓdatē `is funny', mṓda- m., mōdana- n. `lust, Fröhlichkeit', av. maoδanō-karana- `Wollust bereitend', Old Indian mudita `blithe, glad', av. a-hǝ̄musta- (*a-sam-musta-) `dessen man nicht froh become kann, unsavory, distasteful', Old Indian mud-, mudā `lust, pleasure, joy', mudrá- `funny';

gr. μύζw (*mudi̯ō) `suck', μύδος m. `Nösse, decay', μυδάω `bin humid, wet, faul', μυδαλέος `humid, wet' (hom. υ: through metr. lengthening, whereupon newer μῡδαίνω `bewössere');

lat. mundus (see above meu-);

mir. muad (*moudo-) `pure, stout, proud';

mnd. mūten `das Gesicht wash', ahd. muzzan `putzen', schwed. dial. muta `fein rain', ndl. mot `fine rain'; with anl. s- engl. smut `smirch, stain, splotch', mhd. smuz, nhd. Schmutz, mengl. smotten, smoteren `befoul';

Maybe alb. mot `weather' : ndl. mot `fine rain' [common alb. sm- > m- shift]

lit. mudrùs, lett. mudrs `alert, awake, smart' (: Old Indian mudrá-), lit. mùdrinti, lett. mudît `antreiben'.

From in -es-stem m(e)udes- have derived:

Lat. mustus (*muds-to-s) `young, fresh, neu' (originally `damp, humid, wet'); gr. μύσος (*μυδσος) n. `Befleckung, Makel'; μυσαρός `ehrlos'; air. mossach `impure, unclean' (*mud-s-āko-), cymr. mws, bret. mous ds.; ndd. mussig `dirty, filthy'; russ. múslitь `begeifern, besabbern', musljákъ `Sabberer, unsauberer person'.

Maybe alb. musht `must, new wine' a lat. loanword.

2. meug-, meuk- `schlöpfrig' see under esp. Schlagworte.

3. meu-r(o)- etc.:

Arm. mōr `smut, swamp, marsh' (*mǝu-ri-ö), mrur `residuum' (*murur); gr. μύ̄ρω (*μυρι̯ω), μύ̄ρομαι `fließen lassen, weep, cry', ἁλι-μῡρήεις `ins sea flowing'; whether here μῡρίος `unendlich', μύριοι `10.000'ö lat. muria `Salzlake'ö lit. murstu, mùrti `durchweicht become', m. Pl. mauraĩ `Entengrön', lett. maũrs m. `lawn', lit. máuras `slime, mud', ablaut. mùras m. `smut', lett. murît `befoul'; russ. mur m. muráva f. `Wiesengras', dial. `mildew', múryj `dark grey', etc.; compare S. 741 mir. mūr `slime, mud'.

4. meus-, musós, from which mūs, musós, root nouns `Moos, mildew'.

Ahd. ags. mos n. `Moos, swamp, marsh', aisl. mosi m. ds., zero grade ahd. mios, ags. mēos `Moos, Mies', aisl. mȳr-r f. (*meuz-ī-) `moor, fen, swamp, marsh'; lit. mūsaĩ m. Pl. `mildew auf sour milk', ablaut. mùsos f. Pl.; abg. mъchъ `Moos' (*musos), nbulg. muchъl `mildew'; in addition presumably arm. mamur `red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, situs' (*memus-ro-).

5. With formant guttural: lat. muscus m. `Moos'; norw. dial. musk `dust, powder, fine rain, darkness', dön. dial. musk `mildew', mndl. mosch, mosse ds.; Old Church Slavic; muzga (*mouzḫgā) `Lake, Weiher', russ. mzgnutь `spoil', mozgnutь `abmagern', abg. mъžditi `schwöchen', russ. mozgъ `rainy weather', možšitь `steep'.

Maybe alb. muzg `darkness, *fog, dusk', mys `clod (of earth); bread crust' similar to alb. mut `dirt, excrement'.

6. meut-:

arm. mut` `dark; darkness, fog', mt`ar `dark'; mir. mothar `thicket, dichte mass', nir. `swamp, marsh' (*mutró- =)

Maybe alb. mut, mutra Pl. `faeces, dirt'

mnd. modder `slime, mud' = md. moder `verfaulender Stoff, swamp, marsh' (nhd. Moder, genuine nhd. Essig-, Weinmutter), engl. mother `yeast' (*mutro-); engl. mud `slime, mud', mnd. mudde `thick slime, mud' (holl. modde), md. mot (-tt-) `Torferde, morass' (schweiz. mott `turf'), ostfries. mudden `smudge', muddig `dirty, filthy', schwed. modd `Schneeschmutz', dial. muddig `dirty, filthy';

maybe alb. (*mott) mot `(bad) weather, dark, wet'

with anl. s- mnd. afries. smudden `smudge', ndd. smudden `fein rain', wflöm. smodder `morass', mengl. smod `smut', smudderen, ndl. smodderen `schmutzen', older ndl. also `to feast' (originally `unreinlich eat and drink'; so also ostfries. smūs, nhd. Schmaus, older ndl. smuisteren `to feast' and `besmear', nd. ndl. smullen `to feast' and `pollute, smudge' probably from *smuð-lṓn; lit. smũtnas `sad' derives from poln. smutny ds. (Vasmer brieflich).

Maybe abbreviated alb. geg. (*smutny) s(ë)mun, alb. sëmur `sad, ill, sick', alb. geg. smundje `illness, sadness'.

References: WP. II 249 ff., WH. II 126 f., 130, 134, 136, Trautmann 172, 188, 190 ff., Specht Indog. Dekl. 65, 257 f.

Page(s): 741-743

Root / lemma: meu-s-

German meaning: `stehlen'

See also: s. S. 753 (mūs-).

Page(s): 745

Root / lemma: meu̯-2, meu̯ǝ-

English meaning: to move

German meaning: `fortschieben'

Note: (Aryan partly also mi̯eu̯ǝ- : mīu̯-)

Material: Old Indian mīvati `schiebt, throngs, moves' = av. ava-mivāmahi `wir beseitigen, nehmen weg', av. a-muyamnō `unbeweglich, whereof nicht abzubringen', Old Indian káma-mūta- `from love bewegt', mūrá- `dröngend, hurrying';

gr. ἀμεύσασθαι `vorankommen, öbertreffen' (probably from `sich vorschieben'), gortyn. ἀμεFύσασθαι `trade drive, push', ἀμύ̄νω `wehre ab', Med. `verteidige mich (*schiebe weg)', ἀμύντωρ `Abwehrer, Röcher', μύ̄νασθαι `vorschötzen', μύ̄νη `Vorwand, Ausflucht'; compare air. mūn- `unterrichten' (E. Lewy);

lat. moveō, -ēre `in Bewegung place, move (originally through Fortschieben)', participle mōtus (*movi-to-s) = umbr. comohota Abl. Sg. f. `commota';

lit. máuju, máuti `aufstreifen, anstreifen (e.g. einen ring an einen Finger)', ùžmovā `all, was aufgestreift wird', rañktų ùžmova `Muff'; mnd. mouwe f. `Muff', nhd. hemds-mauen `Hemdörmel'.

A s-extension seems *meu-s- in Old Indian muṣṇā́ti, móṣati `stiehlt', móṣa- `robber, thief', frönk. (Lex salica) chrēo-mōsido `Leichenberaubung'; see under S. 753 under mūs.

References: WP. II 252 f., WH. II 116, Trautmann 172.

Page(s): 743

Root / lemma: mezg-1

English meaning: to plunge

German meaning: `untertauchen'

Material: Old Indian májjati `taucht under, sinkt under' (particle Perf. Pass. magná- from *mazgná-), Kaus. majjayati `versenkt'; lat. mergō, -ere `tauche ein, sink, verberge', therefrom mergus m. `aquanaut (Wasservogel); Rebsenker': balt. iterative *mazgāiō `tauche mehrfach ein, wash' in lit. mazgóti, lett. mazgât `wash'. compare estn. mõskma, mordw. muśkǝms, samojed. masu ungar. mosni `wash', etc.; doubtful, whether here gr. μίσγω `mix, mingle' from *mi-mzgō; different above S. 714.

References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. Göntert Kalypso 51.

Page(s): 745-746

Root / lemma: mezg-2

English meaning: to bind, attach

German meaning: `stricken, knöpfen'

Material: Ahd. as. mā̆sca, ags. max, mǣscr `Masche', aisl. mǫskvi ds.;

lit. mezgù, mḕgsti `tie, bind, knot, knit', mãzgas, lett. mazgs `knot', lit. mazgýti Iter. `knit', makstýti `flax, wattle, braid', lett. mežǵêt, mižǵêt `dislocate, luxate, crick', mežǵît `ranken' (russ. mázgarь `spider'ö s. Berneker II 28).

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 172.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: mē̆gh-

English meaning: well-disposed, friendly

German meaning: `wohlgesinnt, freundlich, vergnögt'

Material: Gr. περι-ημεκτέω `bin unwilling' (from *ἄ-μεκτος `unwilling'ö); got. mēgs, schwed. måg `Eidam' (compare frz. belle-mère), aisl. māgr `kinsman, relative through Heirat', ags. mǣg, as. ahd. māg `kinsman, relative', etc.; lit. mė́gstu and mė́gmi, mė́gti `gern have', mėgìnti `pröfen', lett. mêgt `taugen'.

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 11 f.

Page(s): 707

Root / lemma: mēi-7 : mōi- : mī-

English meaning: mild, soft

German meaning: `mild, weich, lieblich'

Note: often with l-, n-, r-, t- extended

Material: Old Indian máyas- n. `Labsal, pleasure, joy, lust', in addition *m(i)i̯es dh(ē) in Old Indian miyḗdha- m. `Opferspeise', av. myazda- m. `sacrificial meal'; as *mei-dho- Old Indian mēdha- m. `Fettbröhe', mḗdhas- n. `sacrifice, oblation';

with l-: cymr. mul `bescheiden', diḫful `bold' (*mōi-lo-); Old Prussian mijls, lit. míelas undmýlas `lieb, pleasant', méilė f. `love', meilùs `liebreich', mýliu, mylė́ti `lieben', pa-mìlstu, pa-mìlti `liebgewinnen'; lett. mīl̨š (older u-stem) and mils (from *mielas) `lieb', mĩlêt `lieben', miẽluõt `host'; Old Church Slavic milъ `erbarmenswert', russ. mílyj `lieb', etc.;

with n-: cymr. mwyn `friendly', acorn. muin, moin `dainty', bret. moan `thin, winzig'(*mēi-no-); air. mīn `smooth, gentle' (*mī-no-);

with r-: alb. mirë `good, beautiful'; Old Church Slavic mirъ `peace'; ablaut. aserb. mijer (*moiro-), apoln. mier `peace' (alit. mieras, lett. miêrs ds. are slav. Lw.);

with t-: lat. mītis `mild, soft' (*mēit-); air. mōith, mōeth (*mōit-) ds., also (ö) Pl. mē(i)th `fat, fertile'; cymr. mwydo (*mēit-) `erweichen', mwydion `Weichteile'; lett. at-mist `soft become', at-míetêt `erweichen'.

References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.

Page(s): 711-712

Root / lemma: mē-1

English meaning: prohibitive particle

German meaning: `(daß) nicht'

Grammatical information: prohibitiv

Material: Old Indian av. Old pers. mā, gr. μή, arm. mi ds., alb. mos ds. (from *mo = idg. *mē + s, that perhaps goes back to idg. kʷe).

From PIE the prohibitive particle passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *ma

Meaning: a negative particle

Turkic protoform: *-ma-

Tungus protoform: *-me

Korean protoform: *mō-t

Japanese protoform: *-ma-

Note: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to note Mong. *böi, *bu `neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

References: WP. II 236 f.

Page(s): 703

Root / lemma: mē-2, m-e-t-

English meaning: to reap

German meaning: `möhen'

Material: Lat. metō, -ere, messum `möhen, reap' (messor `reaper, mower'); cymr. medi ds., acorn. midil `messor', air. meithleōrai `messōrēs', mir. meithel `a party of reapers', acymr. medel ds., anter-metelic `semiputata', mir. de-mess `scissors' (`Doppelmesser'); ahd. mād `Mahd', ags. mǣð `das Möhen, das gemöhte Heu' (= gr. ἄμητος `das Ernten', originally *ἄμᾱτος).

Idg. *met- steht besides *mē- (or *amē-) in gr. ἀμάω `möhe, cut, bite', ahd. māen `möhen', ags. māwan ds.; ahd. mato-screch `Wiesenhöpfer, locust, grasshopper', nhd. Matte `meadow, die gemöht wird', ags. mǣd f. `meadow, willow' (*mǣdwu), engl. meadow, aschwed. maÞ ds.

References: WP. II 259, WH. II 82 f.

Page(s): 703

Root / lemma: mē̆lĝ- (or melǝĝ-ö) (*melǝĝh-)

English meaning: to pluck; to milk

German meaning: `abstreifen, wischen', europ. `melken'

Grammatical information: present mēlĝ-mi, Pl. m_elĝ-més, participle Perf. Pass. ml̥ĝ-tó-

Material: Old Indian mā́ršṭi, mā́rjati, mr̥játi `wischt, reibt ab, purifies, cleans', participle Perf. mr̥ṣṭá-, s-present mr̥kṣáti `streicht, reibt, striegelt', mr̥kṣáyati, mrakṣáyati `bestreicht';

common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- : ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation

av. marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti `beröhrt streifend', zastā-maršta- `through Handschlag (i.e. Beröhrung the hands) geschlossen (pact, covenant)'; d-present Old Indian mr̥ḍáti, mr̥ḍáyati `is gracious, verzeiht, verschont', av. mǝrǝždā- `verzeihen' (mǝrǝždika-, marždika- `sich erbarmend', n. `Barmherzigkeit'); diese ar. words can also *merĝ- contain; nichtpalatalen guttural shows Old Indian nir-mārgá-ḥ) `Verwischung; Abgestreiftes, offal', ni-mr̥gra- `sich anschmiegend', vi-mr̥gvarī f. `reinlich', apāmargáḥ- `Achyranthesaspera' (J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 114);

gr. ἀμέλγω `melke', hom. ἐν νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ `in instant, eye blink of nöchtlichen Melkens'; ἱππημολγός, βουμολγός `steed-, Kuhmelker', ἀμολγεύς, ἀμελκτήρ `Melkköbel';

lat. mulgeō, -ēre, mulsi, mulctus (= Old Indian mr̥ṣṭá- `abgewischt') `milk' (from *molĝei̯ō : lit. málžau, málžyti), also prō-mulgāre legem `ein law announce, declare' (`*hervorziehen'); mulctra `Melkköbel';

mir. bligim `I melke' (from *mligim), Perf. do-om-malg `mulxi', mlegun `das Melken', melg n. (es-stem) `milk', Gen. bō-milge `the Kuhmilch', mlicht, blicht `milk' (*ml̥g-tu-s); besides bō-mlacht (from *bō-mlicht `Kuhmilch'): air. *to-in-uss-mlig- `prōmulgāre'; causative mir. bluigid `milks, erpreßt'; cymr. blith m. `milk; milchgebend' (*ml̥ĝ-ti-); gallorom. *bligicāre `milk';

alb. miel, mil `melke' (*melĝ-);

maybe attribute alb. geg. (*të mel) taml `milk'.

ahd. milchu, melchan, ags. melcan `milk' (st. V.; against it ags. meolcian, aisl. mjolka Denominative from *meluk- `milk' see under), ahd. chumelktra `Melkköbel' (perhaps lat. mulctra replicated), anord. mjaltr `milchgebend' (*melkta-); with zero grade ags. molcen, mhd. molchen, molken `thick milk', nhd. Molken, and aisl. schw. V. molka `milk', mylkja `suckle';

because of second Vokals strittig is die original affiliation from got. miluks, ahd. miluh, ags. meolc, mioluc, aisl. mjǫlk `milk'; eine i-extension in ags. milc and nhd. hess. melχ (*mili-k-); after Specht (Idg. Dekl. 126) is generally eine dissyllabic root must be assumed; from dem Westgerm. probably lat. melca f. `Sauermilch';

lit. mélžu, mìlžti, participle mìlžtas (= Old Indian mr̥ṣṭá-, lat. mulctus) `milk'; Iterat. málžyti; russ.-Church Slavic mъlzu, mlěsti `milk', slav. *melzivo in slovak. mlė́zivo, russ. molózivo (etc.) `beestings'; with o-grade: serb. mlâz m. `Milchstrahl' beim Melken (the glottal stop from serb. mȕsti = *ml̥z-ti is from the ölteren Dehnstufenform of Inf. mlěsti = lit. mélžti öbernommen);

toch. A mālklune `das Melken'; Amalke, В malk-wer `milk'.

References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht Idg. Dekl. 147 f.;

See also: compare also melk- and merĝ-.

Page(s): 722-723

Root / lemma: mēlo-, smēlo-

English meaning: small animal

German meaning: `kleineres Tier'

Material: Gr. μῆλον n. `small cattle, sheep'; air. mīl n. `(small) animal', cymr. mil, acorn. bret. mil `animal'; germ. in māla (Lex Salica), ndl. maal `young cow', agerm. Μηλί-βοκον ὄρος `the resin'; changing through ablaut arm. mal `sheep, aries, ram'.

Da `small cattle' eine old Substantivierung eines Adj. the meaning `small' sein kann, one compares further abg. malъ (*mōlo-) `small, little' (whereof klr. mal' f. collective `young sheep', etc.), lat. malus `evil, bad' (as small'), osk. mallom, mallud `malum' (with expressive llö); with anl.s- got. smals (*smǝ-lo-), ahd. as. smal, ags. smæl `small, little, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin', aisl. smale n. `small animal', ahd. smala-nōz, smalaz fihu, mhd. smal-nōz, smal-vihe `ds., Schmaltier', mhd. smal-hirte `herdsman, shepherd for small cattle'.

Maybe alb. *maal, māll `longing, missing, suffering (of love)' [common alb. shift li, lu > ll] probably from the same root as ndl. maal `young cow' as `small and lovely animal, human'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 20.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: mē-3, m-e-t-

English meaning: to measure

German meaning: `etwas abstecken, messen, abmessen'

Material: Old Indian mā́ti, mímāti `mißt', mitá- `gemessen', mātrā f., mātrā- n. `Maß', māna- n. `das Messen, Maß' (: čech. měn), māti- f. `Maß, richtige cognition' (= gr. μῆτις, ags. mǣð), úpa-māti- `Zuteilung', miti- `Maß, Gewicht, cognition', prākr. mettam ds. (= Old Indian *mitram); about māyā s. 1. mā-;

av. ap. mā- `messen', participle -mī̆ta-, -māta-, ap. fra-mātar- `lord, master', av. miti- `Maß, Gewicht, Wert';

gr. μέτρον `Maß' (after Brugmann Grundr. II² 1, 342 as Old Indian d-á-tra-m `gift' to *dō-); μῆτις `plan, artifice', μητιάω `beschließe', μητιάομαι `ersinne';

alb. mat, mas (*mati̯ō) `messe', matë `Maß', mōt (*mēto-) `year, weather', matem `erhebe die Hand zum Schlage, throw, cast' (`abmessen = aim');

ir. to-math- (e.g. 3. Sg. do-mathi) `threaten';

lat. mētior, -īrī, mēnsus sum (rhyme meaning to pēnsus) `messen, abmessen', whereof probably mēnsa `table, desk, Eßtisch; die Speisen selbst' = umbr. mefe `mēnsae', mefa `lībum' as subst. Fem. of participle Perf. Pass.;

mcymr. medru `ein Ziel treffen, to be able', to medr `dexterity' (: gr. μέτρονö); gall. mataris `spear, lance'; perhaps here acymr. maut, mbret. meut (*mōḫtā), ncymr. bawd `Daumen' (as Maßö);

ags. mǣð f. `Maß'; got. mēla m. `bushel'; aisl. mǣlir m. ds., ags. mǣle, mēle `paten'; aisl. mǣla `messen'; got. mēl n. `time', aisl. māl `Maß, Zeitpunkt, repast, meal', ags. mǣl ds., ahd. māl `Zeitpunkt, repast, meal', nhd. mal `meal';

lit. mẽtas `year, time, Maß', Old Prussian mettan `year', lett. męts `stretch of time' (vokalisch as gr. μέτρον to beurteilen); in addition (*abmessen > *aim > throw) lit. metù, mèsti, lett. metu, mest `throw', Iterat. lit. mė́tyt, lett. mẽtãt `hin and her throw'; Old Prussian metis = lit. mė̃tis m. `Wurf'; mãstas m. `Maß', mãtas m. ds., matúoti `messen', pãmatas `foundation' etc.;

Old Church Slavic metǫ, mesti `throw', slov. motáti `aufwinden', russ.-Church Slavic Iterat. vъmětati `throw', slov. mèt `Wurf', etc.; Old Church Slavic měra `Maß', měriti `messen'; čech. old měn `Maß' (: Old Indian māna-), russ. mě́titь `aim; trachten', etc.;

toch. A me-, В mai- `messen'.

References: WP. II 237 f., WH. II 70 f., 81 f., Trautmann 179, 183; related with 1. med-.

Page(s): 703-704

Root / lemma: mē-4, mō-

English meaning: big, important

German meaning: `groß, ansehnlich'

Material: Positiv mē-ro-s, mō-ro-s: gr. -μωρος in ἐγχεσί-μωρος `big, large (ö) in Speerwerfen' under likewise, air. mōr (das ō from dem comparative), mār `big, large', cymr. mawr `big, large', bret. meur ds., gall. -māros in Eigennamen as Nerto-māros (`big, large in power'); with ē ahd. -mār in names as Volk-mār etc., further das denominative germ. *mērjan `*as groß darstellen, vaunt', from which `könden': got. mērjan, as. mārian, ahd. māren, anord. mǣra `announce, declare', wherefore nhd. Mör, Mörchen under likewise, as well as das post-verbal Adj. ahd. as. māri `illustrious, gleaming', ags. mǣre, anord. mǣrr ds., got. waila-mēreis `from gutem shout, call';

slav. -měrъ in names as Vladi-měrъ;

mō-lo- in cymr. mawl `Lob', moli `praise, laud' (out of it air. molur `praise'), bret. meuliff ds.;

comparative *mē-i̯es, -is, respectively (with the zero grade of Superlativs) mǝ-i̯es, mǝ-is: air. māu, out of it móu, mó (from *mǝ-i̯ōs); cymr. mwy, corn. moy, bret. mui `more' from *mēis; eine Abstraktbildung auf proto kelt. -antī (*mantī from ma-antī) in air. mēit `greatness, bulk, extent', acymr. pamint gl. `quam', ncymr. maint `greatness, bulk, extent', corn. myns, mbret. nbret. ment; perhaps osk. mais (*mǝ-is-) Adv. `more', maimas `maximae' (probably from *mais[e]mo-), GN Maesius `Maius', umbr. mestru f. `maior' (from *maisterā); got. mais `magis', maiza `maior', maists `maximus', aisl. meir(i) `more', ags. mā, māra, mǣst, as. mēr, mēro, mēst, ahd. mēr, mēro, meist; Old Prussian muisieson Adv. `more' (muis from*māḫis-); toch. A mǝnt `as', В mantǝ `so' (= air. méitö).

References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.

Page(s): 704

Root / lemma: mēmso-, mē(m)s-ro-

English meaning: flesh

German meaning: `Fleisch'

Grammatical information: n. conservative stem mēs n. (from *mēms)

Material: Old Indian māṁsá- n. `Fleisch', māṁs-pacana- `Fleisch cooking'; mā́s n. `Fleisch';

arm. mis, Gen. msoy `Fleisch';

gr. μῆνιγξ `skin, Fleischhaut, Hirnhaut' (*mēsno- or *mēmsno-); μηρός `Schenkelstöck', μηροί `einzelne Schenkelstöcke', μῆρα, μηρία `die ausgeschnittenen Schenkelknochen' (μηρός = air. mīr, idg. *mē(m)sḫro-);

alb. mish `Fleisch' (at first from *minsa);

lat. membrum `limb, member' (*mēmsḫro- `fleischiges'), membrāna `dönne, zarte skin';

air. mīr `morsel, mouthful' (`*Stöck Fleisch'; = μηρός);

got. mimz n. `Fleisch';

Old Prussian mensā `Fleisch', lett. mìesa ds.; lit. žem. meisa, lit. mėsà ds. (slav Lw.ö);

abg. męso `Fleisch'; slav. *męzdra in russ.-Church Slavic męzdrica `skin of Eies', russ. mjazdrá (*memzdhrā) `Fleischseite of Fells' etc.; probably also klr. ḿáznúty `dick become', ḿaz `muscle; Beleibtheit, mass' etc.;

toch. В misa n. Pl. `Fleisch'.

References: WP. II 262, WH. II 64 f., Trautmann 178 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 50.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mē-5, mō-, mǝ-

English meaning: to have a strong will; to be intent on smth.

German meaning: `heftigen and kröftigen Willens sein, heftig streben'

Material: Gr. μαίομαι (öol. μάομαι) `strebe, trachte', wherefore die names Εὔμαιος, Οἰνόμαος, Μαίων (*mǝ-i̯o-); with Intensivredupl. μαιμάω `demand violent' (-μᾰω with reduplication-grade the root as δαι-δάλλω etc.), Infin. μῶσθαι `strive', participle μώμενος; μῶται (Epich.) ζητεῖ, τεχνάζεται Hes. (and other Glossen), from o-grade Perf. grown; Μοῦσα `Muse' here or to mendh-ö

auf a participle *ματός based on ματεύω `search, seek, suche auf; strebe'; participle *μαστός, where after also μαστεύω = ματεύω; ματεῖ ζητεῖ Hes.;

lat. mōs, mōris `die jedem eigene kind of; custom; through consuetude festgewordener custom', mōrōsus `eigensinnig';

got. mōÞs (-d-) `courage, rage, fury' (mōdags `angry, irate'), ahd. mhd. muot `power of Empfindens; ghost, courage, rage, fury, Begehren, Entschluß', nhd. Mut, Gemöt, ags. mōd ds., aisl. mōðr `rage, fury';

baltoslav. *matō `take wahr' in lett. matu, mast `wahrnehmen, feel', originally iterative lit. mataũ, matýti `see', lett. matu, matît `feel', lit. matrùs `careful'; auf a Subst. *motro- based on Church Slavic moštrjǫ, motriti `spectare', etc.; in addition probably abg. sъ-mějo, -měti `venture, risk'.

References: WP. II 238 f., WH. II 114 f., Trautmann 171; probably to mō-, mō-lo-.

Page(s): 704-705

Root / lemma: mēnōt, Gen. mēneses, from which mēnes-, mēns-, mēs-, mēn-

English meaning: month; crescent

German meaning: `Monat' and `Mond'

Grammatical information: m.

Note: probably as personified `Zeitmessung' to mē- `messen'

Material: Old Indian mā́s, mā́sa- m., av. mā̊, Gen. mā̊ŋhō, npers. māh `moon, Monat'; arm. amis, Gen. amsoy `Monat' (*mēnsos); gr. att. neologism μήν, to Gen. μηνός (lesb. μῆννος), Nom. ion. μείς, dor. μής m. `Monat' (*mēns), μήνη (*μηνσᾱ) `moon'; alb. muai `Monat' (*mōn- from idg. *mēn-); lat mēnsis m. `Monat' (conservative Gen. Pl. mens-um), mēnstruus `monatlich' (GN Mēna is gr. Lw.), sēmē(n)stris `sechsmonatig, halbjöhrig', umbr. mēnzne `mense'; air. mī (*mēns), Gen. mīs (*mēnsos), cymr. acorn. mis, bret. miz `Monat'; got. mēna, aisl. māni, ags. mōna, as. ahd. māno `moon' (-en-stem); got. mēnōÞs, aisl. mānaðr, ags. mōnað, as. mānuth, ahd. mānōt, nhd. Monat (*mēnōt-), lit. mė́nuo (*mēnōt), mė́nesis m. `moon, Monat', lett. mênes(i)s `moon, Monat' (dial. lit. mė́nas from a neutr. *mēnos), Old Prussian menins `moon'; abg. měsęcь m. `moon, Monat' (*mēs-n̥-ko-);

toch. A mañ `Monat', mañ ñköt `moon' (= `god Monat'), В meñe `Monat', meṃ `moon'.

References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f.

Page(s): 731-732

Root / lemma: mēudh-, mǝudh-, mūdh-

English meaning: to complain or care about smth.

German meaning: etwa `worauf bedacht sein, sehnlich verlangen'

Material: Npers. mōja `lament' (-j- from -d-, compare:) must `klage' (-st- from -dhst); gr. μῦθος m. `discourse', μῡθέομαι `rede, öberlege'; got. maudjan, ga-maudjan `jemanden remind'; lit. maudžiù, maũsti `sehnlich long, want', ãpmaudas `displeasure, care'; abg. myslь `thought, notion' (*mūd-sli̯o-); perhaps nir. smúainidh `denkt'.

References: WP. II 255 f., Trautmann 171 f.

Page(s): 743

Root / lemma: mǝ-r, Gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós

English meaning: hand

German meaning: `Hand'

Grammatical information: heteroklitischer r/n-stem

Material: Auf dem r- nominative based on: gr. μάρη f. `hand', εὐμαρής `light to handhaben', μάρις, -εως m. `Flössigkeitsmaß'; alb. marr `take, empfange, hold, catch' (*marnō, n-present as Denominativbildung from *mar- `in die Hand bekommen').

Auf dem *mǝ-n- the case oblique based on: lat. manus, -ūs f. `hand' (the u-stem), umbr. mănuv-e `in manu', Abl. mani, osk. Akk. manim, consonant-stem still in umbr. manf Akk. Pl.; lat. mancus `mutilated' (originally `an the hand'); here lat. mandō, -āre `entrust, order', osk. aama-naffed `mandāvit', manafum `mandavi'ö from manus and -dere (root dhē-), wörtl. `in die Hand lay, place'; mir. montar, muinter `rechtmößige wife';

Maybe ital. manca `left hand, left' : alb. majta `left hand, left'

with a similar meaning as lat. manipulus `bundle' (*mani-plos `eine Hand föllend') also kelt. *manatlo- in corn. manal `fascicle, sheaf', mbret. malazn (for *manazl), nbret. malan ds.;

perhaps got. manwus `willing, ready' (`zur Hand'ö), manwjan `willing, ready-, zurechtmachen';

hitt. manii̯aḫḫ- `einhöndigen, verwalten'.

Auf mn̥-t- based on aisl. mund f. `hand', mundr m. `Kaufpreis the Braut and die through den Kauf erworbene Vormundschaft about diese', got. PN Mundila, ags. mund f. `hand, protection, Bevormundung', ahd. munt f. ds. nhd. Vormund.

References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210.

Page(s): 740-741

Root / lemma: mizdhó-

English meaning: fee

German meaning: `Lohn, Sold'

Material: Old Indian mīḍhá- n. `Kampfpreis, contest', av. mī̆žda- n., osset. mizd, myzd `earnings', np. muzd `earnings'; gr. μισθός `Sold'; got. mizdō `earnings', ags. meord ds. and ags. mēd, as. mēda, ahd. mēta, miata ds., nhd. Miete; Old Church Slavic mьzda, mъzda `earnings'.

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 188.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: modhro- or madhro-

English meaning: blue; a kind of plant

German meaning: `blau; Förberpflanze'ö

Material: Aisl. maðra `galium verum', isl. hvīt-, kross-maðrа etc. `Galium boreale, glatte Wiesenröte', ahd. matara `Förberröte', ags. mædere, mæddre f. ds., mnd. mēde, afries. mīde ds.; slav.*modrъ (e.g. čech. modrý) `blue'.

References: WP. II 305.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: moiso-s or maiso-s

English meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork

German meaning: `Schaf; Fell, out of it gefertigte Schlöuche, Söcke'

Material: Old Indian mēšá- m. `aries, ram', mēṣī- `Schaffell', av. maēša- `aries, ram, sheep';

aisl. meiss m. `basket', ahd. meis(s)a `Gepöck', mnd. mēse `barrel'.

abg. měchъ `hose', russ. měch `fell, fur, hose; sack, bag' (etc.); lit. máišas, máiše `Heunetz under likewise', lett. máiss, máikss `sack, bag', Old Prussian moasis `bellows';

References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht Idg. Dekl. 52 f.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: mok̂s, Aryan *mok̂sū̆

English meaning: soon

German meaning: (Lokativ Plur.ö) `bald'

Material: Old Indian Adv. makṣū̆́ `rash, hasty, bald, early, matutinal', makṣū́makṣu `right bald'; Instr. Pl. makṣū́bhiḥ, Superl. makṣū́tama-; with nasal: Old Indian maŋkṣu `bald'; av. mošu `alsbald, immediately, right away'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

lat. mox `bald' = mcymr. moch `bald' (out of it mir. moch ds.), air. mó `bald', as preverb mos-, mus- : mos-riccub- sa `bald werde I come', mus-creitfet `bald become sie glauben'.

References: WP. II 303 f., WH. II 117.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: molko-

English meaning: leather pouch

German meaning: `Ledersack, Ledertasche'

Material: Ahd. malaha, mhd. malhe `Ledertasche', aisl. malr `sack, bag', gr. tarent. μολγός `sack, bag from Rindsleder'; die Unstimmigkeit in Gutt. expounded sich probably through borrowing from μολγός from an other language (Thrak. ö) and Einsatz from gr. g for deren k.

References: WP. II 308; Vendryes BSL. 41. 134 ff.

Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: mono-

English meaning: neck

German meaning: `Nacken, Hals'

Note: in derivatives (esp. with formants -ī, -i̯o-) also `necklace, Halsschmuck'

Material: Old Indian mányā f. `nape'; av. minu- `Halsgeschmeide' (i from avest. ǝ) and with lengthened grade manaoϑrī `neck, nape' (*mon-eu-tro-); pöon. μόν-απος, -ωπος `Wisent' (`möhnenartig'); gall.-gr. μανιάκης, μάννος, μαννάκιον `collar, neckband keltischer Völker' (μόννος dorischö); lat. monīle `collar, neckband as jewellery' (from *monī- as abg. moni-sto); air. muin- `neck' in muin-torc `necklace', muinēl `neck'(*moniklo-), cymr. mwn, mwnwgl `neck'; air. formnae `shoulder' (*for-moni̯o-); air. muince `collarium', Lw. from acymr. minci `monile' (from mwng `Möhne' + ci, see above S. 518); from *monii̯o- `neck': cymr. mynydd `mountain', corn. meneth, abr. -monid, bret. menez ds.; aisl. men, ags. mene, ahd. menni (*mani̯an) `Halsgeschmeide', aisl. mǫn, ags. manu, ahd. mana (germ. *manō) `Möhne'; Old Church Slavic monisto `collar, neckband', polab. mimeístia `Koralle'; with formant g: mir. mong `Möhne, hair', cymr. mwng `Möhne', aisl. makke `upper part of Pferdehalses', dön. manke `Möhne'; perhaps here illyr. (paeon.) μόναπος, -ωπος `Wisent' (`möhnenartig');

References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff.

See also: compare above S. 726 men- `emporragen'.

Page(s): 747-748

Root / lemma: mori, mōri

English meaning: sea

German meaning: `Meer'; germ. also `stehendes Wasser'

Material: Lat. mare, -is n. (i-stem; Gen. Pl. marum secondary; with unclear a); air. muir Gen. mora n., cymr. corn. bret. mor `sea', gall. Mor-inī, Aremori-cī VN `Meeranwohner', mori-marusa `mare mortum'; PN Mori-dūnum `Murten'; got. marei f. `sea', as. meri, ahd. marī, merī ds. (-īn-stem); got. mari-saiws m. `sea', aisl. marr, Gen. marar m. `sea, sea', ahd. mari, meri (Gen. meres) m. n. `sea', ags. mere m. `sea, sea, pond, pool', as. meri m. `ditch, trench, channel, pond, pool'; with -sk-Suff. ags. merisc m. `swamp, marsh' (compare mlat. marisca ds., germ. Lw.), as. mersc, mndd. mersch, marsch, `Marsch'; with -g-Suff. ags. merece m., aisl. merki; lengthened grade ags. mōr m., as. mōr n., ahd. muor n. `moor, fen, sea', aisl. mørr f. `Sumpfland', ahd. salz-muorra `Salzsumpf' (*mōri̯ō); Old Prussian mary `Haff' (*marē); lit. mãrė, mostly f. Pl. mãrės, mãrios `sea, Ostsee, kurisches Haff'; Old Church Slavic morje `sea';baltoslav. *pa-marii̯a- n. `Meeresgegend' in lit. pa-marỹs m., pa-mãrė f. `Seeköste', Old Church Slavic po-morije `Meeresgebiet', nhd. Pommern.

References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 119 to mer-3.

Page(s): 748

Root / lemma: mormor-, murmur-

English meaning: to murmur

German meaning: Schallwort `murmeln, dumpf rauschen'

Material: Old Indian marmara- `soughing' m. `das Rauschen', murmura- m. `knisterndes fire', murmurā `name eines Flusses'; arm. mrmram, mrmrim (*murmur-am, -im) `grumble, murmle, brölle'; gr. μορμύ̄ρω (*μορμυρι̯ω) `murmle, rausche'; lat. murmurō `murmle', murmur n. `murmur, Gemurr'; ahd. murmurōn, murmulōn, nhd. murmeln, short form anord. murra, mhd. nhd. murren; further formations ags. murc(n)ian `wail, murmur'; changing through ablaut norw. dial. marma `roar (of sea)'; lit. murmlénti, murménti `mumble, murmur', murmė́ti, marmė́ti `murmur, drone, grumble'; ablaut. marmalaĩ `big, giant Bremsen' (eine short form with Dissim.m - m to m - v seems marvà, mervà `gadfly, brake'); Old Church Slavic *mrъmrati `mumble, murmur'.

Maybe alb. mërmërij `murmur'.

Unredupl. with n-suffix ir. muirn (*murni-) f. `Lörmen, Sausen'.

References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;

See also: to consecutive (mormo(ro)-)ö

Page(s): 748-749

Root / lemma: mormo(ro)-

English meaning: fear, terror

German meaning: `Grausen, grausig, especially von Gespensterfurcht'ö

Material: Gr. μορμώ, μορμών f. `bugbear, spectre, bogeyman', μόρμορος `fear', μορμο-λυκεῖον `Schreckbild', μορμο-λύττομαι, μορμύνω `put in fear', μύρμος φόβος Hes., Μυρμιδόνες actually `das people the Schreckgespenster';

lat. formidō `das Grausen, peinigende fear; esp. religiöse Ehrfurcht'; form- diss. from *morm- (as by formīca : μύρμηξ).

References: WP. II 308, WH. I 532.

Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: moro-

English meaning: blackberry

German meaning: `Brombeere' (dann södeurop. auf die Maulbeere öbertragen)

Material: Arm. mor, mori, moreni `blackberry';

gr. μόρον (μῶρον Hes.) `Maulbeere; blackberry'; cymr. merwydden `Maulbeere', is but with e as umlaut from. о also as eine further formations eines Celtic moro- deutbar; lat. mōrum `Maulbeere, blackberry' gr. Lw., lat. ō as replacement of geschlossenen gr. o- good from borrowing explicable; is also perhaps ein *mŏrum `blackberry' through das borrowed mōrum from μόρον phonetically absorbiert wordenö from to mer-3 S. 734ö

From dem Lat. derive ahd. mūr-, mōrbere, mhd. mūlber `Maulbeere' and lit. mõras ds.

References: WP. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht Idg. Dekl. 119.

Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: moru̯ī̆-

English meaning: ant

German meaning: `Ameise'

Note: distorted taboo u̯ormo-, mormo-, mouro- (germ. also meuro-)

Material: Auf moru̯ī̆- are zuröckföhrbar: av. maoirī- (secondary m. maurvay-), sogd. 'm'wrč f., npers. mōr `Ameise';

air. moirb, Pl. cymr. myrion, bret. merien, corn. muryon; abg. mravi (out of it reshaped russ.muravéj, slov. mrâv, bulg. mravijá).

Auf morm-: lat. formica (compare to phonetically above lat. formīdō: gr. μορμώ); gr. μύρμος (Lycophr.), μύρμηξ, dor. μύρμᾱξ (k-extension to ā-stem, as ὅρμῑκας lat. formica, Old Indian valmī-ka- to ī-stem, and Old Indian vamra-ká to o-stem); unclear arm. mrjiun (*murjimno-), Gen. mrjman.

Auf u̯orm-; gr. βύρμᾱξ, βόρμᾱξ Hes. (β- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also ὅρμικας μύρμηξ Hes.); Old Indian valmīka- m. `Ameisenhaufen'; besides with ganz alleinstehender Lautfolge vamrá- m., vamrī́ f. `Ameise'.

Auf mouro-: aisl. maurr, besides *meur- in dön. myre, schwed. myra (*meuriōn-), mndl. Pl. mure (once covered) miere, nndl. mier, mnd. mīre (to ī s. van Wijk), mengl. mire, mȳre (skand. Lw.), ags. mȳre, engl. mire, nowadays only still pis-mire (of Ausspritzen ihrer Söure), krimgot. miera.

References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht Idg. Dekl. 45.

Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: mo[u]-lo- : mū-lo-

English meaning: root, plant

German meaning: `Wurzel, Pflanze'

Note: as `mouth of the plant' to mū- S. 751.

Material: Old Indian mūla- n. `root', mūla-karman- n. `Zauberei with roots';

gr. μῶλυ `ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut (Hom.); gelbblöhende Knoblauchart (Theophr. Dioscor.)', μώλυζα `Knoblauchart'.

References: WP. II 303, 310, Wackernagel Sitz.-Ber. Pr. Akad. 1918, 410 f.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: moz-g-o-, moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-

English meaning: brain

German meaning: `Mark, Hirn'

Material: Old Indian majján, majjā́, majjas- `Mark', mastíṣka- `Gehirn', mástaka- `head, cranium'; av. mazga- `Mark, Hirn'; ahd. mar(a)g, mar(a)k, as. marg, ags. mearg, aisl. mergr (Gen. mergjar) `Mark', aschwed. miærgher; Church Slavic mozgъ `Gehirn', moždanъ (*mozgěnъ), Akk. Pl. moždeni `Mark', Old Prussian musgeno `Mark', wherefore (with rearrangement from *mazgenės) lit. f. Pl. smãgenės, lett. smadenes `Gehirn'; toch. A möśśunt `Mark'.

References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 78 f.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mozĝho-s

English meaning: young bull

German meaning: `junges Rind'

Note: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. mozi `young rother, cattle, calf' = gr. μοσχίον, Demin. to μόσχος m. `young bull, calf', f. `young cow, girl'; probably identical with μόσχος `Pflanzentrieb, sprout'.

References: WP. II 309.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mōd- : mǝd- or mād- : mǝd-

English meaning: to meet, approach

German meaning: `begegnen, herbeikommen'

Material: Arm. matčim `nöhere mich', Aor. mateay, matucanem `bringe nahe' (maut `nahe' after Pedersen with arm. u-Epenthese);

aisl. mōt n. `Begegnung, Zusammenkunft, öffentliche congregation, meeting', ags. (ge)mōt, as. mōt, mhd. muoz ds., got. ga-mōtjan, aisl. mø̄ta, as. mōtian, ags. mētan, engl. meet `meet'; auf idg.*mǝ[d]-tlo-m based on got. maÞl `Versammlungsort, market', ags. mæðel `Ratsversammlung, discourse' and (as *maðlá-) ags. mǣl `discourse, fight', mnd. māl `congregation, meeting', as. ahd. mahal n. `Gerichtsstötte, court, pact, covenant' (nhd. Mahlstatt), aisl. māl `Sprechvermögen, discourse, Verhandlung, Rechtssache', mlat. (germ.) mallum, mallus `Gerichtsstötte, gerichtlicher Termin', whereof got. maÞljan, ags. maðelian, mæðlan and mǣlan, ahd. mahelen, aisl. mæla `talk' and (from dem öffentlichen promise) ahd. gi-mahalo `husband, Gemahl, bridegroom', gi-mahala `wife, Gemahlin, bride', nhd. vermöhlen.

References: WP. II 304 f., Feist³ 349 f.

Page(s): 746-747

Root / lemma: mō[u]-ro- : mū-ro-

English meaning: stupid, crazy

German meaning: `stumpfsinnig, töricht'

Material: Old Indian mūrá- `stumpfsinnig, dull, stupid'; gr. μωρός, att. μῶρος `stupid, crazy' (out of it lat. mōrus `foolish, loony, clownish').

References: WP. II 303, WH. II 114.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mō-, mo-lo-

English meaning: to strain oneself

German meaning: `sich möhen'

Material: Gr. μῶλος `Anstrengung, toil', μωλέω, kret. μωλίω `prozessiere', μῶλυς `ermattet', perhaps μόλις `barely' (ο for ω after μόγις); ἄ-μοτος `fatigueless'; lat. mōlēs f. `load, mass', Denom. mōlior, -īrī `with Anstrengung wegschaffen', mŏlestus `sullen, grievous, troublesome, annoying, beschwerlich' (analogy to modestus); got. af-mauiÞs `ermödet', ahd. muoan, mhd. möen, möejen `beunruhigen, beschweren', ndl. moeijen `belöstigen, bemöhen'; ahd. muodi, as. mōði `tired', ags. mēðe `tired, grieving', aisl. mōðr `tired'; lit. pri-si-muolėti `sich abmöhen'; russ. máj-u, -atь `exhaust, plague', majá, majetá `plague, hard Anstrengung', etc.

References: WP. II 301 f., WH. II 101 f., Trautmann 188;

See also: probably to mē-5.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: mregh-m(n)o-

English meaning: brain

German meaning: `Hirnschale, Hirn'

Material: Gr. βρεχμός, βρέχμα n. (and βρέγμα) `Vorderkopf, Oberschödel', ags. bregen, brægen n. `Gehirn' (engl. brain), afries. brein, mnd. bragen, bregen, nhd. Brögen m. ds.

References: WP. II 314.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mreĝhu-, mr̥ĝhu-

English meaning: short

German meaning: `kurz'

Material: Prākr. múhu-, av. mǝrǝzu-jīti-, -jva- `βραχύβιος', sogd. murzak `short';

gr. βραχύς `short', βράχεα `seichte Stellen'; in addition βραχί̄ων `upper arm', comparative besides βράσσων;

lat. brevis (at first from dem Fem. *bre(χ)u̯ī) `short', brūma `Wintersonnenwende, winter, coldness' (*brevi-mā, *breu-ma `time the körzesten days');

maybe alb. bryma `hoar, rime, frost, hoarfrost', murriz `haw, hawthorn, thorn-apple, brier, whitethorn, short shrub', mbrëmja `night, longest night' [related to lat. bruma -ae f. `the winter solstice; in gen., winter, wintry cold'.] when night is the longest.

got. gamaúrgjan `verkörzen', ahd. murg(i) `short', murgfāri `frail, breakable', ags. myrge `pleasant', engl. merry.

References: WP. II 314, WH. I 115.

Page(s): 750-751

Root / lemma: mrk-

English meaning: edible root, carrot

German meaning: `eßbare Wurzel, Mohrröbe, Möhre'ö

Material: Gr. βράκανα `wild vegetables' Hes.; ahd. mor(a)ha `Daucus carota', nhd. Mohr-röbe, Möhre, ags. more, moru ds., spötahd. Demin. morhila `Morchel' (möhrenöhnlicher fungus); against it seems russ. morkóvь, morkva `Möhre', serb. mrkva from dem Germ. borrowed to sein.

References: WP. II 313.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mut-o-s

English meaning: circumcised

German meaning: `gestutzt'ö

Material: Lat. mutilus, mutidus `mutilated', *muticus `truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off, circumcised', mūtō, muttō `penis', GN Mutunus, rom. mutt- `abgestumpft'; ir. mut, gael. mutach `short' (with expressive tt); perhaps also ir. moth `penis' as `Stummel'.

References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to lat. mūtus S. 751, compare `dumb': `verstömmeln'.

Page(s): 753

Root / lemma: mū̆k-

English meaning: heap, etc..

German meaning: `Haufe' and Zubehörö

Material: Gr. μύκων σωρός θημών Hes.; proto gall. *mukina `Steinhaufe' (Jokl V. Rom. 8, 193); aisl. mūgi, mūgr `heap, bulk, mass', ags. mūga m. `(corn, grain-)heap', mūha ds. (also mūwa), compare further schwed. dial. moa `zusammenhöufen' (*mūhōn), ahd. mū-werf `Maulwurf', with -k(k)-: mnd. mūke, ndl. muik, mhd. mūche, nhd. (half nd.) Mauke f., bair. (genuine hochd.) Mauche `hunch, outgrowth, Fußgeschwulst the Pferde; mallenders', schweiz. mauch m. `hunch, outgrowth an Rebholz, unordentlicher heap' and with ū: norw. dial. mukka `heap, bulk, mass', mhd. mocke m. `clump, gobbet' (with it identical is mhd. mocke `Zuchtsau'); aisl. mostr `big, giant bulk, mass' (*muh-stra-); einzige lengthened grade form in ags. mēagol `(*lumpy, massig' =) `tight, firm, strong'.

maybe alb. (*urif), urith `mole' [common alb. f > th shift] from ahd. mū-werf `mole' or maybe a contamination from germ. Maulwurf `mole'.

References: WP. II 311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. nichtidg.

Page(s): 752

Root / lemma: mū̆-1

English meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)

German meaning: Schallnachahmung for den with gepreßten Lippen erzeugten dumpfen Laut: `undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmeln (hence also words for `stumm'); mouth, muzzle; den Mund geschlossen halten or schließen'

Material: 1. Gr. μύ, μῦ `Ausruf gepreßten Schmerzes', lat. mū facere, mutmut facere `mucksen'.

2. Old Indian mū́ka- `dumb', arm. munj `dumb', gr. μῡκός, μύτις, μυττός, μύδος, μυναρός, Hes. μυνδός `dumb', lat. mūtus `dumb'; compare also older dön. mue, norw. mua `schweigen, not mucksen'; ahd. māwen `cry', lett. maunu, māwu, maût `roar, bellow', čech. myjati `muhen'; here also nhd. Möwe, ags. mǣw, mēw, aisl. mār (Pl. māvar), as. mēu ds.

3. [Old Indian mukhá- n. `mouth' derives from dem Dravidischen]; gr. μύλλον `lip'; μυλλαίνω `verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter' (μύσταξ `Oberlippe, whisker, moustache', s. Boisacq m. Lit.), ahd. mūla f., mhd. mūl n. `muzzle', mnd. mūle `muzzle, snout', aisl. mūli `muzzle, esp. Oberlippe an animals, hervorragende crag', got. faúrmūljan `das Maul zubinden' (whether with anl. s- in addition norw. smaul, lett. smaule `muzzle'öö); s. also under mōu-lo- S. 750.

4. With dental formant:

Lat. muttiō, -īre `mucksen', muttum nullum `keinen Muckser' (compare above mutmut); ahd. mutilōn `mumble, murmur, trickle', musse `wellspring', aisl. muðla `mumble, murmur', besides with germ. t: norw. dial.mutra, mengl. muteren, engl. mutter ds.; lit. mùtė `muzzle'.

5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.):

With k: gr. μῡκάομαι `brölle', μυχθίζω `snort, spotte', mhd. mūhen, mūgen, mūwen `roar, bellow', abg. mykъ `bellowing, braying, roar', russ. myčatь `roar, bellow', skr. slov. čech. mukati `roar, bellow'.

With g: Old Indian múñjati, mṓjati `gives einen Ton from sich' (Dhātup.); mucchanā `schwellender sound, tone'; gr. μύζω `bringe with geschlossenen Lippen einen sound hervor, stöhne' (out of it lat. mussāre), μυγμός `sigh';

lat. mūgiō, -īre `roar, bellow', conmūgentō `convocantō', mūgīnor `murmele loud, roar, foam' (also `nūgārī et quasi tardē cōnāri'), umbr. muieto `muttītum', mugatu `muttītō', lat. mūgilāre of Naturlaut of Esels; ahd. muckazzen `leise talk, mucksen', nhd. mnd. mucken `with halboffenem Munde talk' (kk is expressive), ostfries. muk `kiss'.

6. s-extension: gr. μύ̄ω `sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen' (hence μύωψ `die Augen zusammenkneifend, shortsighted'; μυάω `bite die Lippen together'; from *μυστός `verschwiegen': μύστης `in die Mysterien Eingeweihter', μυστικός `die Mysterien betreffend', μυστήριον `mystery, geheime Zeremonie', compare also μυεῖν `in die Mysterien einweihen'; norw. mȳsa `die Augen zukneifen'; from dem Germ. here also mnd. mummelen, engl. mumble `mumble, murmur', mump, norw. mumpa ds.; mhd. mupf, muff `Verziehung of Mundes', mupfen, muffen, mnd. mopen, engl. mope `gawk', engl. mop `Fratze'; perhaps nhd. bair. möuen `wiederkauen' under likewise;

lett. musinât `flustern, mumble, murmur'; hitt. mu-u-ga-ā-mi (mūgāmi) `spreche Klagegebete'.

References: WP. II 309 ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188.

Page(s): 751-752

Root / lemma: mū-2, mus-

English meaning: fly n.

German meaning: schallnachahmend for `Möcke, Fliege'

Material: Arm. mun, Gen. mnoy `a mosquito, gnat' (*mus- or *mu-no-); alb. mö-zë, mi-zë (zë Diminutivsuffix) `mosquito'; gr. μυῖα (*μυσι̯α) `fly'; lat. musca; aisl. mȳ n. (*mūja-) `mosquito'; schwed. mygg, mygga, ags. mycg, as. muggia, ahd. mucka `mosquito' (*muki̯ā́); with -s- gotlönd. mausa (*mūsa), flöm. meuzie (*musī); lit. musė̃, Old Prussian muso, lett. mũsa, muša `fly'; abg. mucha `fly' (*mousā), mъšica `mosquito'.

References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht Idg. Dekl. 43.

Page(s): 752

Root / lemma: mūs

English meaning: mouse

German meaning: `Maus' also `Muskel'

Note: (older *mŭs, musós from *meus, musós)

Material: Old Indian mū́ṣ- m. `mouse, Ratte', np. mūš `mouse';

arm. mu-kn `mouse, muscle'; gr. μῦς (μῠὸς, μῦν after ὗς, Ώῠὸς, ὗν) `mouse', also `muscle'; alb. mī `mouse', lat. mūs m. `mouse' (mūrīnus : mhd. miusīn `from Mausen'); ahd. mhd. as. mnd. aisl. ags. mūs `mouse, muscle' (consonant-stem); abg. myšь f. `mouse'.

Vielfach auf Körperteile angewendet: arm. mukn `muscle', gr. μῦς `muscle', μυών `muskelreiche region of Leibes' (from which also `wollöstiges woman' in gr. μυωνία), μύαξ, -ακος m. `Miesmuschel, spoon': lat. mūrex `Purpurschnecke'; lat. musculus ds., `muscle', ahd. etc. mūs `muscle, esp. of Oberarms', mnd. mūs esp. `the Fleischballen of Daumens', nhd. Maus, Möuschen, abg. myšьса `βραχίων'; on the other hand Old Indian muṣká- m. `testicle, vulva', npers. mušk `Bibergeil' (from dem Pers. derives gr. μόσχος, nhd. Moschus); gr. μύσχον `Geschlechtsorgan';

Maybe alb. geg. muskul `muscle', mushk `shoulder', mushkëni `lungs, *chest'.

probably to Old Indian muṣṇā́ti `stiehlt, raubt' etc., see under meu-2 `fortschieben'.

References: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht Idg. Dekl. 40 f.

Page(s): 752-753

Root / lemma: m_eni-

English meaning: a kind of fish

German meaning: `Fischname'ö

Material: Gr. μαίνη (out of it lat. maena), μαινίς `ein small Seefisch', slav. *mъnь, russ. menь etc. `Aalraupe'; but Old Indian mīná- m. `fish' (whereof māiniká-, māinalá- `fisherman') is dravid. origin; perhaps here ahd. muniwa, ags. myne, engl. minnow `Elritze, ein fish'.

References: WP. II 267 f.;

See also: belongs probably to men-4.

Page(s): 731

Root / lemma: nak-

English meaning: fur

German meaning: `Fell'

Material: Gr. νάκος n., νάκη f. `wolliges fell, fur, Vlies', ἀρνακίς f. (for *ἀρνο-νακίς) `Schaffell', νακύ(δ)ριον δέρμα Hes.; ags. næsc `weiches leather as e.g. Hirschleder' (*nak-s-ko-, -kā; compare den -es-stem νάκος); Old Prussian nognan (from *noknan) n. `leather' (*nāk-no-); in addition after E. Lewy Old Indian nā́ka- `Himmelsgewölbe'.

References: WP. II 316.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nana, nena etc.

English meaning: mother, etc.. (child word)

German meaning: Lallwort

Material: Old Indian nanā́ `mother, Mötterchen', *nanānā reshaped (after svasā : svasr-) to nanāndar `of Mannes sister', np. nana `mother'; gr. νάννα, νίννη `Base, aunt', νέννος, νάννας `uncle'; alb. nanë `mother, wet nurse'; lat. nonnus m., nonna f. late `Mönch, Nonne', also `Pflegerin eines Kindes'; cymr. nain (*nanī) `grandmother'; russ. njanja `Kinderwörterin' (dial. also `older sister'), bulg. neni `the Ältere', skr. nena, nana `mother', sorb. nan `father'; compare also nhd. Nenne, Kinderwort for `milk'.

References: WP. II 317, WH. II 175.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nant-

English meaning: to dare, risk

German meaning: `wagen, sich erköhnen'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. néit m. `fight, struggle (*nanti-); got. ana-nanÞjan `venture, risk', aisl. nenna `öbers heart bringen', ahd. preterit ginand `courage wherefore have', ginenden, as. nāthian, ags. nēÞan `venture, risk', aisl. nenninn `tötig, strebsam' (`*wagefroh') mhd. genende(c) `keen, eager', ahd. nand (also in names as Ferdinand), ags. nōð f. `courage'.

References: WP. II 317.

Page(s): 755

Root / lemma: nas- (*ḫenaḫ-)

English meaning: nose

German meaning: `Nase'

Note: (nās- from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally Nom. Sg.), originally probably `nostril'

Root / lemma: nas- : `nose' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 (*ḫenaḫ-): `to breathe'

Material: Old Indian nas-ā́, -í, -ṓḥ Instr. Lok. Sg., Gen. Du.; nā́sā Nom. Du. `nose' (originally `nostril'), secondary nā́sā f. `nose', nas-táḥ Adv. `of the nose', nasya- `an the Nase situated', etc., nā́sikā `nostril, nose'; av. nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- `nose', ap. nāham Akk. Sg. (= lat. nārem) `nose'; lat. nāris, mostly. Pl. -ēs, -ium `nostril' (i-stem geworden; Akk. Sg. Pl. still conservative form); nāsum n. (alat.) and nās(s)us m. `nose' (expressives ss);

Note:

lat. (*nāsus) naris f. `the nostrils, nose' reflect common lat. s > r rhotacism.

ags. nōse f. `foreland, promontory', aschwed. norw. nōs `snout', afries. nōsi ds. (*nās-); ablaut. ahd. nasa `nose', anord. nǫs f. `nostril, nose, projecting cliff', ags. nasu `nose' (presumably Dual `both nostrils'); næs- in compound, anord. nes n., Gen. Pl. nesja `foreland, promontory, Landzunge', mnd. nes (-ss-) m. ds., ags. næss m. ds. (germ. *nasja-); Old Prussian nozy, lit. nósis f. `nose', nasraĩ m. Pl. `Rachen' (old nãsras `mouth'), Old Church Slavic nozdri `Nasenlöcher' (from -sr-), поsъ `nose' (russ. `foreland, promontory').

Maybe zero grade of attribute noun in alb. (*ḫnasu-táḥ) hunda `nose' [the old laryneal ḫ-] : Old Indian nas-táḥ Adv. `of the nose' : Hittite titita `nose' see alb. numbers. Also Old indian ŕ̥jūnas- [m] PN (RV .052.02); urūṇasá- [adj] `with a broad nose' (RV 10.014.12); Also nasy-otá- [adj] `grabbed at the nose' (TS+); pavīnasá- [adj] `with a nose like a felloe' (AV); nasvánt- [adj] `nosed' (AV)

Luwian titita (*nini-ta : ntintita) : Hittite titita `nose' : av. nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- `nose' common Anatolian, Albanian attribute nouns with -ta suffix (see alb. numbers).

References: WP. II 318, WH. II 143 ff., Trautmann 193 f., Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 75.

Page(s): 755

Root / lemma: nāgʷh-

English meaning: sober

German meaning: `nöchtern'ö

Note: Only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. naut`i `sober'; gr. vήφω, dor. νά̄φω `bin sober'.

References: WP. II 317.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nā-1

English meaning: to help, be of use

German meaning: `helfen, nötzen'

Material: Old Indian nā́-tha- n. `help', m. `Schötzer', nā-tha-tē `fleht'; gr. ὀ-νί-νη-μι, -νᾰ-μεν `nötze', Fut. ὀ-νή-σω, Med. ὀ-νί-νᾰ-μαι, Aor. ὠνήμην `have benefit', ὄνειαρ n., more properly ὄνηαρ, -ατος `benefit' (*o-nā-u̯r̥), etc.

References: WP. II 315.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nā-2

English meaning: to be afraid, ashamed

German meaning: `sich förchten, schömen'

Material: Air. nār `bescheiden' (*nā-sro-), ná(i)re `the genitals' (*nā-srii̯ā); hitt. naḫ(ḫ)- `fear, dread, sichförchten', naḫšarii̯a- `be afraid'.

References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nāu-2 : nǝu- : nū-

English meaning: death; corpse

German meaning: A. `Tod, Leiche', B. `bis zur Erschöpfung abquölen; ermattet zusammensinken'

Material: A. Got. naus `corpse' (ga-nawistrōn `bury'), aisl. nār ds., ags. nē(o) m. ds.; aruss. navь ` corpse', аčесh. náv, -i m. `Jenseits, hell', lett. nâwe `death', therefrom nâwêt `slay', nâwîtiês `sich möhen, sich slay'; Old Prussian nowis `trunk'.

B. air. nūne (older naunae) f., cymr. newyn m. `Hungersnot' (*nǝu̯_eni̯o-), bret. naoun (*nǝu_eno-) ds.; mcymr. neued `Sehnsucht, need' (*nāu̯-itā); lett. nâwîtiês (see above), lit. nõvyti `torment, smite, slay', iš-nôvyti `destroy'; causative Old Church Slavic čech. unaviti `exhaust', Postverbal čech. únava `Ermödung', russ. dial. onáva `tiredness', zero grade Old Church Slavic unyti `slack sein, erschlaffen', čech. nýti `dahinschmachten', russ. nýtь `elegiac become'.

nǝu-ti- in got. nauÞs f. `need, Zwang', aisl. nauð, nauðr f. `Zwang, tribulation, Notwendigkeit', as. nōd, ahd. nōt `crowdedness, tribulation, need', ags. nēad-, nīed f. `need, obligation, tribulation'; Old Prussian nautin (*nāuti-) (Akk.) `need'; in Slav. forms with u and ǫ, t and d (see Meillet, Slave commun² 61 f.): Old Church Slavic nǫžda `Zwang, force, might, Notwendigkeit', poln. nędza `need', abg. nǫditi `nötigen', but also Old Church Slavic nužda `Zwang, need', nuditi `nötigen', poln. nuda `Langeweile'; with t poln. nęt `Lockung', bulg. nut `Zwang', poln. nucić (16. Jhdt.) `constrain, oblige'; das -d- steht as idg.extension besides -t-, das ǫ is through secondary nasalization originated.

References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.

Page(s): 756

Root / lemma: nāus-1

English meaning: boat

German meaning: `Schiff' (ausgehöhlter Einbaum)

Grammatical information: f. Akk. nāu̯m̥

Material: Old Indian nāu- (Nom. nā́uḥ) `ship, boat' (nāvya- `schiffbar'); ap. nāviyā `fleet' (: gr. νήιος `zumSchiff gehörig'); nāvāja- m. `Schiffer', av. navāza- ds (: gr. ναυ-ηγός ds., compare also lat.nāvig-āre, -ium); av. nāvaya- `schiffbar' (about Old Indian ati-nu s. Brugrnann II¹ 137 Anm. 2); arm. nav `ship' (from dem Pers.ö); gr. hom. νηῦς, νηός (*νᾱFός), att. ναῦς, νεώς `ship'; lat. nāvis ds. (originally conservative stem, compare Akk. nāvem = Old Indian nā́vam, gr. νῆα; air. náu (Gen. nōë, Dat. Pl. nōib) `ship'; cymr. noe `flaches vessel, kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch', bret. neo ds. (*nāu̯i̯ā); here gall. (vorrom.) nāvā `Talschlucht', also FlN; gall. nausum `ship'; aisl. nōr m. `ship', nau-st `Schiffsschuppen', nōa-tūn (nōa = gr. νηῶν) `Schiffsburg', ags. nōwend `Schiffer', (but mhd.nāwe, næwe `small ship', nhd. dial. Naue from dem Lat.); norw. nō `trough from a ausgehöhlten tree truck', nøla (*nōwilōn-) `großer trough, schweres boat' ahd. nuosc, mhd. nuosch m. `trough, gully', afries. nōst `trough', mnd. nōste `Viehtrog, Wassertrog'; here the lit. FlN Nóva, polonis. Nawa.

Maybe alb. *nāviyā, anija ‘ship’

References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int. d'Onom. 4, 3 ff.

Page(s): 755-756

Root / lemma: ne 2, nē

Enclitic particles

German meaning: enklit. Partikeln

See also: see above S. 320 f. (eno-).

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nebh-1

English meaning: to burst

German meaning: `bersten'öö

Material: Old Indian nábhatē `cracks'; aisl. nǣfr `die outer birch bark' as `berstend, sich losschölend'.

References: WP. II 330.

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nebh-2

See also: see above S. 315 f. (enebh-).

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: ned-1 : n_ed-

English meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind

German meaning: `zusammendrehen, knöpfen'

Material: 1. Lat. nōdus `knot' (idg. *nōdos); presumably nassa (*nad-s-ā) `fish snaring net, geflochtener Korbmit engem Halse'; nectō, -ere, nexī, nectum `tie, bind, knot, bind' is neologism after plectō; with the meaning `nahe' from `eng joined': osk. nessimas Nom. Pl. f. `proximae', umbr. nesimei `proxime';

air. Kompar. nessa, Sup. nessam `propior, proximus', cymr. nes, nessaf, corn. nes, mbret. nes, nessaff ds.; air. nascim `bind, verpflichte' (*n_ed-skō), arnenas `I will bind' (etc.), naidm `das Binden, pact, covenant', for-naidm `band, strap', nasc `ring' (compare zur -sk-formation ahd. nusca, das also imu = _e `öbereinstimmt, further av. naska- `Textsammlung', probably eig. `bundle'); bret. naska `anbinden';

got. nati, ahd. nezzi, as. nẹt, nẹtti, ags. aisl. net `net', lengthened grade (as lat. nōdus), aisl. nōt f. `big net';

with formant -s-k-, -sḫt-: ahd. nuska, mhd. nösche `Mantelschnalle', as. nusk(i)a `Spange' (see above); aisl. nist, nisti n. `Spange am Kleid', nista `zusammenheften'; nesta `festheften, festnageln', mhd. nesten (nesteln) `festbinden, lace, tie', ahd. nestilo, nestila `loop, Schnörriemen, Binde', nhd. Nestel, as. nestila `Binde, Haarband', agutn. nast, nestli; reduced grade ags. nos(t)le `band, strap';

daß ned- eine extension from (s)nē- `zusammendrehen' sei, wird besides through die meaning also through die s-anlaut. forms air. snaidm `knot' (compare above naidm) and nhd. hess. Schnatz `das geflochtene and um die Haarnadel gewickelte Haar the Frauen, Kopfputz the Bröute' (*snatta- with germ. -tt-) probably.

2. Here presumably die appellation the nettle (as older Gespinstpflanze):

Gr. ἀδίκη (*n̥d-ikā); ahd. nazza, aisl. nǫtr, ahd. nezzila (germ. *natilōn), ags. netele; besides with idg. -t- (also *nǝ-t-, nō-t- as t-extension zur vermutlichen root (s)nē-) Old Prussian noatis, lit. nõterė, notrė̃ `nettle', nõtrynė `Taubnessel', lett. nâtre, nâtra `nettle', slav. *natь `Krautblötter' in slov. nât (Gen. natî), poln. nać ds. and at most (as redupl. proto kelt.*ni-nati-ö) mir. nenaid, nir. neantóg `nettle', dissimil. bret. linad ds.

References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;

See also: see under (s)nē-.

Page(s): 758-759

Root / lemma: ned-2

English meaning: to sound, roar, etc..

German meaning: `tönen, bröllen, rauschen'

Note:

Root / lemma: ned-2 : `to sound, roar, etc…' : Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid- : `to flow, stream' derived from Root / lemma: neigʷ- : `to wash'.

Material: Old Indian nádati `sounds, bellow, roar, soughs', nada- m. `Bröller, bull, river', nadī́- f. `river, flood', nadī-na- m., nadī-śa- m. `sea', etc.; av. nad- `vilify, scold'; gr. (illyr.) FlN Νέδα (Arkad.), Νέδων (Messen.); thrak. FlN Νέστος; illyr. FlN Νέστος (Dalm.) from *ned-to-.

Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river

Note:

Again illyr. displays satem characteristics the same as alb.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nádati) deti `sea' : Old Indian nadī-śa- m. `sea'.

References: A. Mayer Mél. Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff.

Page(s): 759

Root / lemma: nedo-

English meaning: reed

German meaning: `Schilfö'

Material: Old Indian nadá- m. presumably `reed', npers. nai, dial. nad `reed'; arm. net `Pfeil'; lit. néndrė (and léndrė) `reed' (with nasal after leñkti `bend'ö); lett. našl̨i `reed' from*nadslisö

References: WP. II 329; compare Kuiper, Proto-Munda 82.

Page(s): 759

Root / lemma: neĝh-

English meaning: to pierce, stick

German meaning: `durchbohren, stechen'

Material: Mir. ness `wound' (*neĝh-s-); reduced grade Old Church Slavic vъ-nьzǫ `stecke hinein', Infin. vъ-nьznǫti, Kaus. russ.-Church Slavic vъ-noziti `hineinstechen'; Old Church Slavic nožь `knife'; whether here Old Indian ákṣu- `shaft, pole' (*n̥ĝh-su-)ö common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 326 f., Trautmann 200.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neid-1

English meaning: to scold, put to shame

German meaning: `heruntermachen, schmöhen'

Material: Old Indian níndati, Pass. nidyá-tē `vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise', ánēdya- `not to vilify, scold', níd-, nid́ā, nidā́, nindā́ `Schmöhung, reprimand, disdain, contempt'; av. naēd- (nāismī) `vilify, scold'; arm. anicanem, Aor. 3. Sg. anēc `fluche' (*oneid-s-et);

gr. ὄνειδος `Vorwurf, disgrace, shame', ὀνειδίζω `schmöhe' (o-prefix `be-schimpfe', as also arm. anicanem); got. ga-naitjan `vilify, scold', naiteins `Lösterung', ahd. neizzen `torment, smite, plague', ags. nǣtan ds.; lit. níedėti, lett. nîst `despise', naîds, naîdus `hate, enmity'.

References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 130, Trautmann 193;

See also: probably to nei- S. 312 f.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid-

English meaning: to flow, stream

German meaning: `fließen, strömen'

Note:

Root / lemma: ned-2 : `to sound, roar, etc…' : Root / lemma: neid-2 : nid- : `to flow, stream' derived from Root / lemma: neigʷ- : `to wash'.

Material: Old Indian nēdati `flows, streams'; gall. FlN Nida `Nidda' and `Nied', brit. FlN Nida, cymr. Nedd `Neath'; full grade poln. FlN Nida, lit. FlN Niedà, Old Prussian FlN Nyda `Neide'.

References: J. Löwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: neigʷ-

English meaning: to wash

German meaning: `waschen'

Grammatical information: Pass. participle nigʷ-to-

Material: Old Indian nḗnēkti `wascht, purifies, cleans', Aor. anāikšīt, Pass. nijyatē, participle niktá-, ninikta Imper. `waschet', Kaus. nējáyati; Aor. naēnižaiti Intens. `wöscht ab, swills weg'; gr. νίζω (*nigʷi̯ō = ir. nigim) `wash', Fut. νίψω, Aor. ἔνιψα, νίπτρον `Waschwasser', χέρ-νιψ ds., ἄ-νιπτος `ungewaschen' (= Old Indian niktá-, ir. necht); gr. ἀνιγρός `ἀκάθαρτος'; lat. noegeum (*noigʷ-i̯o-) `Schweißtuch'; common Old Indian ĝh- > kṣ- : ĝh- > ž- : gr. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation

air. nigid `wöscht' (*nigʷi̯eti, loss the Labialisieruug before i̯), Fut. -ninus = Old Indian (Gramm.) ninikṣati; necht `pure'; mcymr. enneint `spa, bath' (*an-nig-antio-; das g from dem present figurative);

germ. *nikwes, -us- in aisl. nykr (Gen. nyks) `Wassergeist, Flußpferd', ags. nicor `Wasseruntier, Krokodil', ahd. nihhus, nichus `Flußuntier, Wassergeist', nhd. Nix, ahd. nichussa `female Wassergeist, Nixe', mndl. nicker, mnd. necker `Wassergeist'.

References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gr. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: neik-

English meaning: to winnow grain

German meaning: `Getreide schwingen'

Material: Gr. λικμάω `handhabe die Getreideschwinge', λικμητήρ `the das corn schwingt', λικμός, λίκνον `Getreideschwinge', diss. from *νικμός, *νίκνον, compare νεῖκλον, νίκλον, νικᾳ λικμᾳ Hes., as also ἰκμᾶν λικμᾶν Hes. (or haplology behind ανᾱ ἀνικμώμεθα); mir. cruth-necht `roter wheat', cymr. nithio, bret. niza `winnow, fan' (also probably cymr. gwenith, bret. gwiniz, corn. gwaneth `wheat'); lit. niekóti, lett. niekât ` corn, grain through Schwingen clean'; besides lit. liekúoti ds., lett. liekša `winnowing shovel'; das balt. l- lößt sich not through dissimilation define.

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: nei-1, neiǝ- : nī-

English meaning: to lead

German meaning: `föhren'

Material: Old Indian náyati (participle nītá-), av. nayeiti `leads', mpers. nītan `guide, lead, drive, push', Old Indian nīthā f. `direction, way', nītho, netā `guide, leader', nḗtar-, nētár- m. ds., nētrá- n. `direction, eye'; mir. nē, nīa `warrior, Held' (*neit-s), Gen. Sg. urir. nētas, air. nīath (*nei-t-os; s. also nei-2); hitt. nāi- `lenken, guide, lead'.

References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hitt. p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nei-2, neiǝ- : nī-

English meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine

German meaning: `lebhaft bewegt sein, erregt sein, glönzen'

Material: Lat. niteō, -ēre `gleams, strahle', nitidus `gleaming', nitor `radiance' (from a participle *ni-tó-); perhaps re-nīdeō `erglönzen' (with prösensbildendem -d(h)-); *nei-bho- in mir. nīab `vitality', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-bho- in Old pers. naiba-, npers. nēw `beautiful, good', air. noīb `holy'; *nei-mā in mir. nīam ` radiance, beauty'; *nei-ko- in mir. nīach m. `Held', nīachus m. `Tapferkeit'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd `ferventness, passion', hispan. Kriegsgott Nētō; air. PN Nīall (Gen.Nēill) from *neit-s-lo-s; placed perhaps also in air. nīa `Held' (see nei-1); germ. *nīÞa- in got. neiÞ n. `envy', ags. nīð m. `fight, struggle, hate, enmity', as. afries. nīth `eagerness, hate, envy', aisl. nīð `derision, ridicule, disgrace, shame'; could also to air. nīth n. (idg. *nītu-) `fight, struggle' belong; dubious Old Indian nīla- `bluish black', nayanā̆- n. f. `eye', nētra- n. ds.

References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nei-3, ni-

See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nek̂-

English meaning: death, dying; dead person

German meaning: `leibliche Todesvernichtung'

Material: Old Indian naśyati, naśati `geht verloren, verschwindet, vergeht', nāśáyati `makes disappear, richtet zugrunde' (lengthened grade compared with lat. noceō), av. nasyeiti `verschwindet', participle Old Indian naṣṭá- `verlorengegangen', av. našta- ds. (= lat. ē-nectus), nasišta- `verderblichst', nas- f. `need, misfortune' (= lat. nex, gr. νέκ-ταρ, νέκες; Old Indian -naś Adj.), nasu- `corpse, carrion' (= gr. νέκῡς, lat. nequ-ālia; compare *n̥k̂u- in air. éc etc.), lengthened grade Old Indian nāśa- m. `das Zunichtewerden'; gr. νέκες νεκροί Hes. (therefrom νεκάς `heap Leichen', example δεκάς), νέκῡς, νεκρός `corpse', νω̃καρ n. `sluggishness, Todesschlaf'; about νένταρ `Göttertrank' s. Kretschmer Anz. Österr. Akad. 1947, Nr. 4 (to toch. В ñökt `god'ö) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. (`about den Tod hinwegrettend'ö); lat. nex, necis f. `death, murder', therefrom dēnicāles fēriae `de nece purgantes', necō, -āre `slay', ē-nectus `erschöpft', whereof ēnectāre `umbringen, torment, smite'; perniciēs `ruin, Untergang', interneciēs, -necium ds.; noceō `schade', s-Konj. noxit; noxa f. `damage, punishment, blame'; nequālia `dētrīmenta' (due to of stem nek̂u-); air. ēc, bret. ankou, corn. ancow, cymr. angeu `death' (*n̥k̂u-); bret. (Vannes) negein `slay', aisl. Nagl-far `Totenschiff'; toch. A nök- `vergehen', В `destroy', Med. `vergehen'; about lat. necesse see under sed-.

References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;

See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.

Page(s): 762

Root / lemma: nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s

English meaning: night

German meaning: `Nacht'

Grammatical information: stem nokʷt- f. (originally neutr.öö), nokʷti-, nokʷtu- f., nokʷt(e)r n.

Note: about Ablautformen see under

Root / lemma: nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s : night' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ongʷ- : to anoint, dark ointment' : Old Indian aktā́- [f] `night' (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktú- [m] `flowing; ointment; (light or dark) color; (final part of the) night' (RV+) {3}.

Material: Old Indian nák (*nákt) Nom. `night' (nag jihītē), naktā f. Du., naktam Adv. solidified Akk. `nachts', Instr. Pl. naktábhiḥ ds. (imitation from áhabhiḥ), Akk. Pl. náktīḥ `Nöchte';

gr. νύξ, νῡκτός f. `night', in compound νυκτι-, νυκτο-, νύκτωρ Adv. `nachts' (*Akk. shaped as ὕδωρ), νυκτερός, νυκτερινός `nöchtlich' (: lat. nocturnus); unclear are νύχα νύκτωρ Hes., hom. εἰνάνυχες `neun Nöchte hindurch', ἔννυχος `nöchtlich', παννύχιος `die ganze night lasting', αὐτονυχί `in the same night';

alb. natë `night';

Note:

Clearly alb. geg. notë, tosk. natë, net Pl. `night' derived from aisl. nōtt, nātt `night'.

lat. nox, noctis `night' (Gen. Pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in Adv. nox `nachts' from Gen. *nokt-es, -os); nocturnus `nöchtlich' (: νυκτερινός, νύκτωρ); of stem *noktu-: lat.noctū `by night', noctua `Nachteule';

air. i-nnocht `hac nocte', mcymr. peu-noeth `jede night', trannoeth `am consecutive Tage', acymr. henoid, cymr. he-no `hac nocte', corn. haneth, mbret. henoz ds.; cymr. corn. nos, bret. noz `night', probably from *nokt-s u- cymr. neithiwyr, neithwyr (contains hwyr `evening') `last night', corn. nehues mbret. neyzor, nbr. neizeur ds.;

got. nahts (Dat. Pl. nahtam after dagam), aisl. nōtt, nātt, ahd. as. naht, ags. neaht, niht `night' (conservative stem), ags. nihterne `nöchtlich';

lit. naktìs (conservative Gen. Pl. naktū), lett. nakts, Old Prussian naktin (Akk. Sg.) `night', nak(t)v-ýnė `Nachtherberge', nak(t)vóti `öbernachten', nãkvinas `zur night herbergend', abg. noštь `night', russ. netopýŕ `Nachtschmetterling, Fledermaus';

hitt. neku- `dömmern'; Gen. ne-ku-uz (nekuz) `night'; toch. A n[a]ktim `nöchtlich', В nekciye `abends';

zero grade: Old Indian aktā́ `night' (perhaps n-stem), aktú- m. `darkness, night, light, ray' (actually `dawn, twilight'), compare in latter meaning got. ūhtwō (: lat. noctū etc.), aisl. ōtta, ahd.ūhta (uohta), mhd. ūhte (uohte), as. ūtha f., ags. ūth(a) m. `fröhe Morgenzeit', got. ūhteigs `zeitig';

eine other ablaut grade *onkʷt- seems lit. ankstì `fröhe', ìš añksto `from fröh an', ankstùs Adj. `early, matutinal', Old Prussian angstainai, angsteina Adv. `fröhmorgens'.

References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht Idg. Dekl. 11.

Page(s): 762-763

Root / lemma: nĕ1, nē, nei

English meaning: negative particle

German meaning: Satznegation der reinen Verneigung

Note: (ne einzelsprachlich also Wortnegation geworden)

Material: nĕ: Old Indian ná `not', néd (náid) ds., av. ap. na- `not', av. nōit̃ (= Old Indian néd), Old Indian ná-vā = av. na-va `or not' (compare lat. nē-ve, and genauer air. nō see under); Old Indian naca `and not' (= lat. neque etc.); = alb. nuk `or not'

about ne- in Arm. (nuaɫ `languissant' from *ne-val-, etc.) s. Dumézil BSL. 40, 48 f.;

gr. νε- only (as replacement from n̥-) before verbalen, then also other Adj. with dem anlaut ā̆, ē̆, ō̆, with denen es contracted is, e.g. νήκεστος, νηλεής, νώνυμ(ν)ος (thereafter secondary νη- in νήποινος `ungeröcht', dor. νά̄ποινος, etc.);

lat. nĕ- in ne-fās, ne-sciō (ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, n'unquam, nusquam, nūllus, nōn (*n'oin[om], compare ahd. nhd. nein), ne-que `not; and not, nor; rarely not even' (= osk. nep, got. nih, air. na[ch] `not', Old Indian na-ca), osk ne `non, nē'; compare also lat. neg[āre, -ōtium] above S. 418; lat. neu, nē-ve, old neive, nīve `or not';

air. ne-ch `aliquis', cymr. nep `quispiam' (= Old Indian nakis `niemand', but with Abstreifung of negativen Sinnes in Sötzen with wiederholter, but einander nicht aufhebender negation; the same Vorgang in lit. nė̃kas `irgend somewhat', nekurìs `a certain, a kind of, as one might say', etc.; similarly gelangte ne-u̯e `or not' zur positive meaning `or' in:) air. nō̆, nū̆, cymr. neu, abret. nou `or', also verbal Stötzpartikeln (for pronoun infixa and das relative -n-) air. no-, nu-, mcymr. neu- as originally formelhaft prefixed `or notö': proklitisches *ne ergab *na (as e.g. ir. ass- `ex') in Vorton in the connection air. na[ch], mcymr. nac (etc.) `not' from ne-kʷe with proto kelt. Apokope (ö) of auslaut -e;

got. ni, ahd. as. ni, ne, ags. ne `not'; aisl. nē̆ in the only poet. meaning `non', during nē in the meaning `neque' = got. nih (equal meaning with ni geworden) from *ne-kʷe = ahd. nih-ein, as. (with gramm. variation) nig-ēn `not' (but as. nec `and not' = lat. neg-, see above S. 418); ahd. Konjunktion noh `yet' from *neh (*ne-kʷe) or from ne + ahd. ouch `also'; ahd. nein, as. nēn `no' from *ne + oinom `nicht einer' (see above lat. nōn, nūllus); ags. nā `nie, not, no', engl. nō `no' (also aisl. nei `no' from *ni + aiw = as. ahd. nio `nie');

maybe alb. (*nio) jo `no'

Old Prussian ni, lit. ne `not', nė̃kas, nekurìs (see above); Old Church Slavic ne `not';

maybe alb. *(*ne-kʷe), nuk `not' = lat. ne-que `not; and not, nor; rarely not even' a compound of Root / lemma: nĕ1, nē, nei : negative particle + Root / lemma: kʷe 1 : and (encl.)

Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of proto illyr. origin.

hitt. natta `not', nāwi `noch nicht'.

nē: Old Indian (ved.) nā `not'; lat. nē `not' in nē-quidem, nēquāquam, nēquīquam, nēquam, gekörzt probably in nĕutiquam (but né-uter with old *nĕ, see above), nē Konj. `daß nicht', osk. ni `ne' (ni-p `nēve'), marruc. ni `nē'; air. nī̆, mcymr. ny, ncymr. ni, corn. ny, bret. ne `not' (partly with secondary abridgement); air. nī `is not' is das gewöhnliche nī with ausgelassener copula;

got. nē `no'.

nei accentuated `not': av. naē-čiš `keiner', adv. naēčiš intensified negation; lat. nī, altlat.nei Adv. and Konj. 1. older `not, daß nicht', 2. `si non', quid-nī; osk. nei `not' (nei-p `neque'); got. nei (ἅπ.λεγ.) `not', aisl. nī `no', ahd. nī emphatisches `not'; lit. niẽ-kas `niemand', neĩ `also not, nicht einmal'; Old Church Slavic ni `neque', ni-kъto `niemand'; die germ. forms perhaps but = Old Indian nēd `absolutely not, with it nicht', av. nōit, ap. nay from idg. *ne id `das nicht'; perhaps is idg. nei from *ne + ī (compare οὑτοσ-ί:) to deuten.

n̥- Verneinungspartikel as erstes part: Old Indian av. ap. a-, before Vokalen (also i̯, u̯) an-; gr.ἀ-, before vowel ἀν-; lat. in-, oldest en- (die vorkonsonantische form); osk. umbr. an-; air. in- (before Med.), ē- (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), cymr. corn. bret. an-; got. ahd. as. un-, aisl. ō-, ū-; in Bsl. absolutely through ne- verdröngt; about Church Slavic ne-ję-věrъ `unglöubig', ne-ję-sytь `unersöttlich = Pelikan' s. Berneker 429; toch. AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through mehrereSprachen durchgehende equivalent are e.g.: Old Indian amŕ̥ta-, ἄμβροτος, immortālis; Old Indian ájñāta-, ἄγνωτος, arm. ancanaut`, ignōtus, air. ingnad, got. unkunÞs; Old Indian anudrá-, ἄνυδρος, etc.

References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 431 f., 2, 590 ff.

Page(s): 756-758

Root / lemma: ne-3, nō-, Plur. nē̆s-, nŏs-

English meaning: we

German meaning: `wir'

Note: (originally out of Nominativs; Nom. see under *u̯e)

Material: 1. Old Indian Du. Akk. Dat. Gen. nāu, gthav. Gen. nā, Old Church Slavic nā, gr. νώ, hom. νῶι from *νω-Fι (dessen 2. part the Nominativst. *u̯e-, *u̯i- is); air. nā(tha)r Gen., got. ugkis, as. unc, anord. okkr `uns both(n)' (unc = *n̥-ge, compare mik from *me-ge).

2. Pluralisch: Old Indian naḥ enklit., av. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō, lat. nōs, alb. na Nom. (*nŏs), ne Gen. Dat. Akk. (*nōs); ir. ni etc. (seems *s-nēs), Gen. ar n- (*n̥s-rō-m), cymr. corn. bret. ni, ny `wir' (*nēs), got. ahd. uns, as. ūs, anord. oss `uns' (*n̥s), Old Church Slavic nasъ Gen. (*nōs-sōm), Old Prussian nōuson (also);

auf *n̥sme (probably n̥s + particle *sm-, related with dem -sm- the Pron.-Dekl., e.g. Old Indian tá-sm-āt) based on av. ahma (Old Indian asmān, ap. Gen. amāxam) = öol. ἄμμ-, dor. ἁ̄μ-, ion.-att. ἡμ-; Poss. lesb. ἄμμος, dor. ἁ̄μός = av. ahma-, ion.-att. ἡμέτερος) etc.; hitt. Dat. Akk. anzāš, enkl. naš `uns'.

References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 600 f.

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nem-1

English meaning: to take; to put in order, count

German meaning: `zuteilen, nehmen' (von the Vorstellung der hingestreckten Hand); von `zuteilen' from `anordnen, rechnen, zöhlen (Geldwesen)'

Material: Av. nǝmah- n. `Darlehen';

gr. νέμω `divide from, lasse weiden'; later `beherrsche', Med. `teile mir to, devour, weide', Herod. ἀνα-νέμεσθαι `allot, aufrechnen', νομή `distribution; Weideplatz', νομάς, -άδος `weidend, after willow wandering', νομεύς `herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler', νομός `willow, Wohnsitz', νόμος `alignment, order', νομίζω `see, observe as geltend an', νόμισμα `custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebröuchliche Geldwöhrung'; lengthened grade νωμάω `divide to'; νέμεσις `Unwille, göttliche revenge, vengeance' (*νεμετις, eig. `das Zurechnen'), νεμεσ(σ)άω, -άομαι, -ίζομαι `be angry with, rebuke, reproach', νεμέτωρ `Röcher'; alb. namë, nëme `curse, oath, malediction, imprecation', formal = νόμος; nëmës `the Fluchende, Gotteslösterer'; here also air. nāmae, Gen. nāmait `fiend'ö

Daß νέμος n. `Weideplatz' here gehöre, is not ganz certainly; see under nem-2;

lat. numerus `number' (*nomes-o-), nummus `Geld, Mönze' (from gr. νόμιμος `gesetzmößig, ordinary');

air. nem f., mir. neim `Gift' (compare nhd. Gift : geben 'give');

got. as. ags. niman, ahd. nëman, aisl. nëma `take';

maybe alb. causative nem `give'

lengthened grade got. anda-nēm n. `Empfang', ahd. nāma `gewaltsames Nehmen, robbery'; ags. nām f. `the griping' from aisl. nām m. `das Nehmen, Lernen'; got. anda-nēms `pleasant', ahd. nāmi `genehm'; lett. n̨emt (contaminated from nemt undjemt) `nehmen'; lit. nãmas, mostly Pl. namaĩ `dwelling, house', lett. nams m. `house'; ablaut. lit. dial. numaĩ `namaĩ' (*n_om-); lit. núoma, lett. nuõma, `interest, rental' (vowel gradation as gr. νωμάω).

References: WP. II 330 f., WH. II 158 f., Trautmann 193, 201, E. Laroche, La racine νεμ-; E. Benveniste BSL. 32, 79 ff.

Page(s): 763-764

Root / lemma: nem-2

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Old Indian námas- n. = av. nǝmah- n. `bowing, bending = worship, veneration, Huldigung', Old Indian námati `beugt sich, neigt sich, beugt, bends' (Kaus. nāmayati), av. nǝmaiti `beugt sich (weg)' (nāmaiti, Kaus. nāmayeiti), with apa-, frā- `escape, flee'; participle Old Indian natá- `bent, curved';

gr. νέμος n. `Weideplatz' = lat. nemus, -oris `Hain', etc.; gall. νεμητον `sacred Hain', PN Nemeto-brigā, VN Nemetes, air. nemed `Heiligtum', then `Privileg, privilegierte person'; asöchs. nimidas `sacra silvārum'; lit. FlN Nẽmunas `Niemen' (= `sumpfiger stream'), nẽmuogė `Heidelbeere'; gall. nanto `valle', trinanto `drei Töler', VN Nantuates, cymr. nant `valley, stream, brook' (*nṃ-tu-, compare participle Old Indian natá- from nm̥tó-); savoy. nã `stream, brook'; perhaps here air. nem `sky, heaven'; different above S. 315.

References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Frönkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.

Page(s): 764

Root / lemma: nepōt- (*nepotis)

English meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant

German meaning: `Enkel; Neffe'

Grammatical information: fem. neptī-

Material: Old Indian nápāt (secondary náptr̥-) `grandson, descendant', av. napāt-, naptar-, ар. napāt- ds., Old Indian apām napāt, av. apąm napå- n. name of a divinity (`primeval offspring of the waters'); hom. νέποδες (δηοη) `young ones, children' from a N. Sg. *νέπωτς; perhaps here lemnisch-tyrsenisch ναφοθ `offspring, descendant, son' (Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266); alb. nip `grandson, nephew'; lat. nepōs, -tis `grandchild, grandson', later also `nephew'; altlit. nepotis, nepuotis `grandchild, grandson'; ahd. nevo `nephew, kinsman, relative', ags. nefa `grandchild, grandson, nephew', aisl. nefe `nephew, kinsman, relative' (*nepōts); mir. nïæ, Gen. nïath `sister's son' (for the form in the end Pokorny ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), cymr. nei, nai ds., corn. noi `grandchild, grandson', mbret. ni `nephew'.

Fem. Old Indian naptī́- `granddaughter, female descendant', av. naptī- `granddaughter';

lat. neptis (for -ti(s) after the ĭ-stem) `granddaughter', later `niece'; air. necht, cymr. abret. nith, mbret. niz, corn. noith `niece'; ahd. nift `neptis, privigna', nhd. (actually nd.) Nichte, anord. nipt `sister's daughter, niece'; alit. neptė `granddaughter'; russ.-Church Slavic nestera `niece' (*nept-terā).

further formations *nepti̯o-: av. naptya- `offspring, descendant'; alb. mbesë `niece' from *nepōtiā;

Note:

Alb. geg. mesa, tosk. mbesa `niece (sister's daughter)' derived from Hittite Luwian *ḫnosa- (a descendant); Luwian ḫnsa `grandson' : Hittite ḫamša- hašša (a grandson) : Latvian māsas-meita `niece (sister's daughter)' = Latvian māsa `sister (: alb. motra, motër `sister') + meita `daughter'; alb. has lost the Anatolian old larygeal.

gr. ἀ-νεψιός `brother's or sister's son' (*sm̥-neptii̯os); russ.-Church Slavic netijь `nephew'.

Probably as `Unmöndiger, Unselbstöndiger' to ne- and potis.

References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196.

Page(s): 764

Root / lemma: ner-1(t)-, aner- (ǝner-ö)

English meaning: vital energy; man

German meaning: 1. ('magische) Lebenskraft'; 2. `Mann'

Material: Old Indian nár- (nā́) `man, person', av. nar- (nā) ds. (Old Indian nara-ḥ, av. nara- after Akk. náram, narǝm neologism); Old Indian nárī, av. nāirī `wife, woman' (previously ar. feminine formation); Old Indian nárya-, av. nairya- `manly, virile': probably also Old Indian sūnára- `voll from vitality, jugendlich', av. hunara- m. `Wundermacht', Old Indian nr̥tú- m. `Held', sūnŕ̥tā ` vitality' (su- bietet also das Kelt.: air. so-nirt, cymr. hy-nerth `valiant, strong'); osset.-kaukas VN Nart- (iran. *nar-ϑra-);

arm. air, Gen. aṙn `man, person' (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse² 83), aru `virile', whereof arvest, arhest `Kunst'; neuphryg. αναρ `man'; luw. annar ds.;

gr. νωρεῖ ἐνεργεῖ Hes. (: lit. nóras, see under), ἀνήρ, -έρα, ἀνδρός `man', ἠνορέη `Mannhaftigkeit' (Hom.; ἠ- metr. lengthening), ἀνδρεῖος `manly, gamy', εὐ-ήνωρ `rich an vitality', ἀγ-ήνωρ `gamy', δρ-ώψ ἄνθρωπος (*νρ-ωψ `Mannesantlitz habend'); about ἄνθρωπος `person' (*ἄνδρ-ωπος with secondary Aspiration [ö]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 426⁴;

alb. njer `man, person';

Note:

Probably alb. cognate njeriu `man' derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified alb. Pl. njerëz `men, people', njerëzim `humanity' where -os, - us ending has been solidified.

lat. neriōsus `resistens, fortis', Neriō, -iēnis `eine with Mars in Kultverbindung stehende goddess' (`*die Starke'), Nerō, Sabine = `fortis ac strenuus' (Schulze Eigenn. 315, 363, 485; sabin. Nerius stimmt to Old Indian nárya-), osk. Gen. Pl. nerum `vir, procer', umbr. nerf Akk. Pl. `proceres, principes';

cymr. ner `Held', air. ner `boar' (also PN), gall. GN Nerios, air. nert (*ner-to-), cymr. corn. nerth `Mannhaftigkeit, Heer', bret. nerz `power', gall. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus etc., air. nertaim `I störke', cymr. nerthu `störken, support', bret. nerza `festigen'; air. nār (*nōro-) `edel, großherzig', gall. GN Nāria f.; about air. nār `bescheiden' s. S. 754;

agerm. Nerthus, eine goddess, aisl. Njǫrðr m. Göttername; lit. nóras m. `volition', nóriu, norė́ti `wollen', Old Prussian PN Nor-mans, ablaut. Ner-man; lit. nértėti, ablaut. nartìnti `be angry with', į-nir̃tęs `ergrimmt', nar̃tsas m. (*nar̃-sa-s) `boldness, rage, fury', narsùs `fierce, grim'; Old Prussian nertien Akk. `rage, fury', er-nertimai `wir enrage'; slav. *norvъ m. in Old Church Slavic nravъ `custom', etc.;

gr. hom. νῶροψ χαλκός after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. `Erz from Noricum', also not here; after Kuiper `voll from vitality'.

References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.

Page(s): 765

Root / lemma: ner-2

English meaning: under

German meaning: `under'

Material: Gr. νέρτερος `unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer' (through hybridization with ἔνεροι `die Unterirdischen', s. S. 312 *en `in', also ἐνέρτερος); νέρθε(ν) (and again ἔνερθε(ν), dor. öol. ἔνερθα) `from under'; νειρός `the Unterste' (*neri̯o-); osk. nertrak `a sinistra', umbr. nertru `sinistro' (= νέρτερος); zero grade aisl. norðr n. `Norden', ags. norðerra `more nördlich', ahd. nordrōni `nördlich'(Norden is by the Richtung of Betenden after Osten = links);

possible kinship from n-er- with *nḫei- `low, base' (see 312).

Maybe alb. geg. nër, alb. ndër `under' [common alb. n > nd shift]

References: WP. II 333 f.

Page(s): 765-766

Root / lemma: ner-3

English meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow

German meaning: `eindringen, untertauchen, Versteck, Höhle'

Material: Gesichert only for the Balt.-Slav.: lit. neriù, nérti `(under)tauchen, durchschwimmen, flee, einschlöpfen', nerìs m. `beaver', nãras m. `Taucherente', narvà `cell the Bienenkönigin', lett. nìrt, nirdât `submerge'; Old Church Slavic nьrǫ, nrěti `penetrate', sloven. po-ndrẹ́ti `submerge', klr. po-nerty `dive', Old Church Slavic nora `φωλεός, latibulum', russ. norá `hole, cave, pit, pothole', aruss. po-norovъ `Erdwurm', serb. nòrac `aquanaut'; auf a zero grade *nъr- (*n_or- to idg. *nor-) based on slav. nyr-, nur- in russ.-Old Church Slavic nyrjati, `se immergere', nura `janua' (etc.); here probably die FlN Old Prussian Narus, lit. Nar̃-upe, illyr. Νάρων `Narenta' = schott.-gael. Abhainn Narunn `Nairn'; lit. Nerìs, Nerỹs, Neretà, Old Prussian Neria `Nehrung', russ. Neretva (to Bug).

References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;

See also: perhaps to ner-2.

Page(s): 766

Root / lemma: nes-

English meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself

German meaning: `sich vereinigen, geborgen sein'

Material: Old Indian násatē `gesellt sich to, combined sich with jemand', redupl. not thematic níṁsatē 3. Pl. `sie beröhren nahe with dem body, kiss' (*ni-ns-atē), participle níṁs-āna- (old Deponentien); GN Nā́satyau m. Dual. `die beiden Nothelfer', urind. Našattia, av. Nā̊ŋhaiϑya-, compare H. Göntert, Weltkönig 259;

zero grade Old Indian ásta-, av. asta- n. `homeland, domicile'; gr. νέομαι, ion. νεῦμαι `come lucky an, kehre heim', Νέστωρ eig. `the always Wiederkehrende', νόστος m. `Heimkehr', redupl. ep. νί̄σομαι `νέομαι' (*νι-νσ-ομαι with preservation of -σ- after unthematic forms as 2. 3. Sg. *νι-νσ-σαι, -ται); reduced grade ναίω, Fut. νάσσομαι `stay, dwell, bewohne', ναιετάω `stay, dwell, bewohne; bewohnt sein'; *νασ-Fός: dor. thess. νᾱός, lak. νᾱFος, lesb. ναῦος (i.e. νάFFος), ion. νηός, att. νεώς m. `(Götterwohnung =) temple, Heiligtum'; zero grade ἄσμενος `gerettet, geborgen'; alb. knelem `recover, be living again' (prefix k- + *nes-lo-); got. ga-nisan `gerettet become, recover, recuperate', ahd. as. gi-nesan ds., ags. ge-nesan `gerettet become, entkommen, öberleben', got. ga-nists, ahd. as. gi-nist `Genesung, salvation'; Kaus. got. nasjan `fit, healthy make', ahd. nerian, nerren `retten, heal, cure, nöhren', as. nerian, ags. nerian `retten, shield' (besides with ē, ō: aisl. nǣra and nø̄ra `beleben, erfrischen, nöhren', schwed. dial. nöra `fire anmachen'); aisl. aldr-nari m. `(life preserver =) fire', as. līf-nara f. `nourishment, food', ags. neru f. `Rettung, nourishment, food', ahd. nerī, nara f. `Rettung, nourishment, food'; latter meaning also in ahd. wega-nest, -nist n. `trip food', ags. nest n. `nourishment, food', aisl. nest n. `viaticum, nourishment, food'; toch. A nas-, В nes- `sein'; A naṣu- `friend'.

References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wörter, 191 ff.

Page(s): 766-767

Root / lemma: neu-dh-

English meaning: to yearn for smth.

German meaning: `begehren, gelösten'

Material: Ahd. niot `eagerness', mhd. nietlīche `with desire, with eagerness', nhd. niedlich, as. niud m. `desire, Begier', ags. nīed, nēod f. `wish, Sehnsucht, eagerness'; got. PN Neudis (*Niudeis); lit. pa-nústu, -núdau, -nústi `whereupon Gelöste have, sich whereupon sehnen'.

References: WP. II 326.

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-d-

English meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

German meaning: `Erstrebtes ergreifen, in Nutzung nehmen'

Material: Got. niutan `τυχεῖν, reach', ga-niutan `gripe, catch', nuta `Fönger, fisherman', aisl. njōta `benutzen, genießen', ahd. niozan `somewhat an sich nehmen, benutzen, genießen', as. niotan, ags. nēotan ds.; got. un-nuts `unnötz', ahd. nuzzi, as. nutti, ags. nytt `wherefore nötze' (zero grade aisl. nȳtr); ags. nyttian `need, lack, genießen', ahd. nuzzen, nuzzōn, nhd. nötzen, nutzen; aisl. nyt f. `benefit, milk' (nytja `milk'), ags. nytt f., mnd. nutte, nut `benefit', ahd. nuz, -zzes m. `Nutz', ags. notu f. `yield'; aisl. naut n. `Stöck Vieh', nautr m. `valuable possession', ags. nēat n. `Stöck Rindvieh, animal', ahd. nōz m. `(Nutz)vieh', as. notil n. `small cattle' (Church Slavic nuta `Vieh' from dem Germ.); ahd. ganōz, -o `comrade', as. genōt, ags. genēat, aisl. nautr ds.;

lit. naudà `benefit, profit, gain, property', naũdyti `lust, crave', lett. nàûda `Geld';

perhaps air. Nuado, Gen. Nuadat GN, cymr. Nudd GN, abrit.-lat. Dat. Nōdonti, Nōdenti GN (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually `Angler, fisherman' after Vendryes RC. 39, 384.

References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 337⁹;

See also: to consecutive (neu-dh-)

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s-

English meaning: to sniff, smell

German meaning: `wittern, schnöffeln', from which `aufspören, auskundschaften'

Material: Got. bi-niuhsian `auskundschaften', niuhseins `Heimsuchung', perhaps to aisl. nȳsa `wittern, snuffle, sniff, peer', njōsn f. `tidings, Suche', ahd. niusen `versuchen' (to alteration from -hs- to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;

neus- in: ags. nēosian, nīosan, as. niusian, niusōn `untersuchen, nachspören'; in addition ags. nosu, engl. nose, ndl. neus `nose', norw. nosa `wittern', nūs `smell, odor, Witterung', nuska `suchen', nhd. nöschen `with the Schnauze wöhlen', engl. nuzzle, ndl. neuzelen `snuffle, sniff', mnd. noster(en), nöster(en) `Nöster'; russ. njúchatь `snuffle, sniff, smell', serb. njušiti `snuffle, sniff'.

Maybe alb. (*njúchatь) nuhat, nuhas `snuffle, sniff, smell', through metathesis derived alb. geg. (*nuhas) huna, tosk. hunda `nose' [common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation]

Clearly Root / lemma: nas- : `nose' derived from Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- : `to sniff, smell' while both nas- : `nose', neu-ks-, neu-s- : `to sniff, smell' are zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)-3 : `to breathe'

References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.

Page(s): 768-769

Root / lemma: neuk-

English meaning: dark, indistinct

German meaning: `dunkel, undeutlich, von Gesichts- and Gehörseindröcken'ö

Material: Lat. nuscitiōsus `qui propter oculorum vitium parum videret', next to which with l- (after lux, lūcēreö) luscus `blinzelnd; blödsichtig; einöugig', luscīnus `geblendet', lusciōsus, luscītiōsus `nachtblind'; lit. niūksóti `dark emporragen', niūkiù, niũkti `din, drone, dull sound, clink', apsi-niáukti `sich bewölken', lett. apn̨auktiês ds.

References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-1

English meaning: to call, to praise

German meaning: `rufen, preisen'ö

Material: Old Indian navatē, nāuti `sounds, jubelt, preist', air. nūall (*neu-slo-) n. `scream, din, fuss, noise, proclamation'; perhaps lat. nūntium `Botschaft' (*nou̯ention).

References: WP. II 323, WH. II 188 f.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: neu-2

English meaning: to make a push; to nod

German meaning: `einen Ruck machen or Stoß geben', especially (europ.) `nicken, winken'

Material: Old Indian návatē, nāuti `wendet sich, bewegt sich', nāvayati `wendet, kehrt', as d-present probably nudáti `stößt fort, röckt'; gr. νεύω `nicke, winke' (*νεύσω), νεῦμα `Wink', νευστάζω `nicke'; lat. nuō, -ere `nicken, winken, sich neigen', nūtō, -āre `sich hin and her neigen, waver, wobble', nūtus, -ūs `das sich Neigen, Wink, command, order', nūmen `Wink, volition, Geheiß, esp. göttliches' (*neu-men, or as *neu-smen = gr. νευμα from *νευσ-μα with here indeed wurzelhaftem σ); air. nóïd `makes bekannt', *ate-no- `entrust', verbal noun aithne `depositum' = cymr. adnau ds.;

with formant. -r(o)- russ. (etc.) ponúryj (*neu-ro-) `gesenkt (of Kopfe), niedergeschlagen (from den Augen)'; with the meaning `stupfen' presumably gr. νυρεῖ νύσσει, νυρῶν νύσσων, ξύων Hes., and (ö) lit. niùrkyti `press, squeeze';

with g- further formations: gr. νύσσω, att. νύττω `prick, pricke', νύγω Hes., Pass. Perf. νένυγμαι, participle present νυγείς; with intensive intensification νυκχάζω νύσσω Hes., mnd. nuck(e) `plötzlicher shove, Töcke', md. nucken `einnicken', mhd. ent-nucken ds., perhaps also Old Church Slavic n(j)ukati `ermuntern'.

References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 717⁴.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: neu̯os, -i̯os

English meaning: new

German meaning: `neu'

Material: Old Indian náva-, av. nava- `neu', Kompar. navatara- (: gr. νεώτερος), gr. νέ(F)ος, lat. novus, osk. Núvlanúis `Nōlānīs' (from *Núvelā = lat. Nōla), alit. navas, Old Prussian neuwenen certain Nom. Sg. n. (*nawanjan; Old Prussian nauns probably after jauns `young'), abg. novъ `neu'; -i̯o-form Old Indian návya-, ion. νεῖος, gall. Nevio-, Novio-dūnum (`Neuen-burg'), air. nūë, cymr. newydd, abret. nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, got. niujis, aisl. nȳr, ahd. as. niuwi, ags. nīwe, nēowe, lit. naũjas `neu'; toch. А ñu, В ñune ds., hitt. neu̯a- ds.; with -ro-forms gr. νε(F)αρός, arm. nor `neu' (*nou̯ero-), lat. nover-ca `Stiefmutter';

Maybe truncated alb. (*nou̯ero-) re (fem.), ri (masc.) `new'.

gr. νεάω = lat. novāre `erneuen' (therefrom novālis `ein farmland, the zum ersten Male or after one-year-old Ruhe gepflögt wird'; forms as in aequālis, also `junges Alter habend'); νεότης = lat. novitās `Neuheit'; Feminina with ī- besides ā-suffix (see Specht Idg. Dekl.323 f.) lie consecutive formations the basic: lat. novīcius `neu, Neuling'; russ. novíkъ `Neuling'; gr. νέᾱξ `young Kerl'; Church Slavic novakъ `Neuling'; but νεᾱνίᾱς `youngling' from νεFο-αν- `young Atmender'; νεοχμός `neu' see above S. 414.

References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.

See also: Changing through ablaut nū̆ `nun' see there; s. also *e-neu̯en `nine'.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nēik- : nīk- : nik-

English meaning: to attack; to fight, rail

German meaning: `anfallen, losstörzen, heftig beginnen'

Material: Gr. νεῖκος n. `quarrel, fight', νεικέω `zanke, streite, schelte', perhaps also νί̄κη, dor. νῑκᾱ f. `victory', νῑκάω `siege'; kelt. (ö) FlN Nicros `Neckar'; ags. ge-nǣstan `quarrel'(*naihstianö); bsl. *ninkō `begins violent' in lit. -ninkù, -nìkti ds., lett. nikns `angry, irate', ablaut. naîks `violent', lit. dial. neikom `very', Old Prussian neikaut `wandeln', slav. *niknǫ, *niknǫti in Old Church Slavic vъz-niknǫti `again to sich come', russ.-Church Slavic niknuti `hervorwachsen', etc.

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalprös. 186 f., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 213.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: nē-tr..., nǝ-tr...

English meaning: snake

German meaning: `Schlange, Natter'

Material: Lat. natrix, -icis m. f. `water snake, penis' = air. nathir, Gen. nathrach `natrix, serpens'; cymr. neidr `snake' (*natrī), Pl., nadroedd, corn. nader, mbr. azr, br. aer ds., abret. natrol-ion `Basilisken' (Pl. eines Adj. `sich auf die Schlange beziehend'); got. nadrē Gen. Pl., aisl. naðr m., naðra f. `Natter'; with ē ags. nǣddre, as. nādra, ahd. nātara, nātra f. `Natter' (*nē-trā).

References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;

See also: probably as `die sich Windende', zur root (s)nē-.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: ni-, nei-

See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: niz-do-

German meaning: `Nest'

See also: see under sed-.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nogʷo- or nagʷo-

English meaning: tree

German meaning: `Baum'ö

Material: Old Indian naga- m. `tree, mountain'; aisl. nǫkkui m., ahd. nahho, as. naco, ags. naca `Nachen, dugout canoe'.

References: WP. II 340.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no-

English meaning: naked

German meaning: `nackt'

Note: often distorted taboo

Material: Anord. nøkkva `naked make'; lengthened grade lit. núogas, lett. dial. nuôgs, Old Church Slavic nagъ `naked';

with Dentalformantien: lat. nūdus `naked' from *nogʷed(h)os or *nogʷod(h)os = got. naqaÞs (-d-), anord. nøkkuiðr (also nǫktr), next to which aschwed. nakuÞer, ags. nacod, ahd. nackut, nachut, nhd. nackt; air. nocht, cymr. etc. noeth `naked' (*nogʷ-to-s);

with formants -no-: Old Indian nagná- `naked', av. maɣna- ds. (m- through dissimilation, die Vorstufe from westosset. böɣnöɣ); arm. merk `naked'; hieher also gr. γυμνός, by Hes. λυμνός (for *νυμνός) and ἀπολύγματος ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι; aisl. nakinn, afries. naken `naked' (k instead of nord. ku̯ point at auf rearrangement from *nak(u̯)-na- after den participle auf -inn); hitt. neku-manza `naked'.

References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht Idg. Dekl. 251.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nokʷ-(t)-

See also: s. nekʷ-(t)-.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: no-

German meaning: Pronominalstamm

See also: see above S. 320, eno-.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nōmn̥

See also: s. enomn̥.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nōt-, nǝt-

English meaning: back, behind

German meaning: `Hinterbacke, Hinterer, Röcken'ö

Material: Gr. νῶτος, νῶτον `back', changing through ablaut with lat. nătis f., mostly Pl. natēs `buttock, backside'ö

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 146.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nū̆-

English meaning: now

German meaning: `nun' and öhnliche Formen

Material: Old Indian nú, nū́, av. nū `nun', Old Indian nū́tana- `jetzig, young, neu', nūnám `now, yet, nun' (as lit. nūnaĩ, Old Church Slavic nyně probably adv. solidified case eines Adj. *nū-no- `jetzig'), av. nūrǝm, nūrąm, ap. nūram ds. (after āparǝm `prospectively' shapedö); gr. νῦ, νῠ̄ν, νῦν `now, yet' (latter probably from *nū̆-m =) lat. num `nun noch, noch jetzt', then pad for Fragen, etiamnum `noch always', nunc `now, yet, nun' (*num-ce) = hitt. ki-nun ds., nū-per `neulich, before kurzem; before Zeiten', next to which nu- still in nu-diūs tertius `*nun is the dritte day' (about air. nu-, no-, mcymr. neu Verbal-particle, see under ne `not'); got. nu (nūö), aisl. ahd. ags. nū̆ `now, yet, nun', mhd. nhd. nū̆, previously seit spötmhd. time also nū̆n; lit. nù, lett. nu `nun', Old Prussian in tei-nu `nunmehr', lit. nūnaĩ `nun' (see above); abg. nъ `but', nyně `nun' (see above); toch. А nu В no enkl. `but, because'; hitt. nu (satzeinleitende particle); ki-nun `now, yet', nū-wa `still', nu-kwit `numquid'; got. naúh `still', afries. noch, as. ahd. noh Adverb `still, also now, yet' from *nu-kʷe; about die Konjunktion `(neither -) noch' see above S. 757 under ne1.

Idg. nū̆ is probably zero grade to neu̯o- `neu', compare Old Indian nūtane- `jetzig' and `neu', gr. νέον τι `eben, neulich', ahd. niwes (adv. Gen.), lit. naujaĩ `fresh, neulich'.

Maybe alb. ta-ni `now' [ta- (atë) `this, that' + *ni `now'] : Old Prussian in tei-nu : Skt. nú `now, just, but' [adv]; Go.nu `now' [adv]

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: n̥dhos, n̥dheri

English meaning: under

German meaning: `under'

Material: Old Indian adháḥ `under' (as preposition m. Akk. under Gen.), av. adǝ̄ `under', arm. ǝnd (m. Instr.) `under', aisl. and ds., toch. А añč `under, after under' (ö);

av. aδairi `under, below', got. undar etc., ahd. untar and untari `under', neologism after idg. *uperi (Old Indian upari etc. `about');

Old Indian ádhara-, av. aδara- `the untere', lat. īnferus ds. (*enferos, idg. *n̥dheros), īnfernus ds.(after supernus), infrā `below' (*inferād) with Anlautsbehandlung of -dh-; gr. ἀθερο- placed perhaps in ἀθερίζω `verachte' (compare Old Indian adharīṇa- `verachtet'); got. undaro preposition `under' (Abl. auf -ōd) = Old Indian Adv. ádharāt `under';

Old Indian adhamá- `the unterste' = lat. īnfimus ds.

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht Idg. Dekl. 259¹.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: n̥si-s

English meaning: sword

German meaning: `Schwert'

Note: only Aryan and italisch

Material: Old Indian así- m. `sword, Schlachtmesser'; av. aŋhū- f. ds.; lat. ēnsis `sword'.

References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: n̥si-

English meaning: dirt, black

German meaning: `schmutzfabrig; Schmutz, Schlamm'

Material: Old Indian ási-ta-, fem. ási-knī `swart, black'; gr. ἄσις `slime, mud (eines Flusses)', ἄσιος `muddy'.

References: WP. I 324, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 116 f.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: obhel-

English meaning: to sweep; to multiply

German meaning: `fegen' and `vermehren'

Note: only arm. and gr.

Material: Arm. avelum `I sweep' (aṙ-avelum `I vermehre': aveli `more'), gr. ὀφέλλω `sweep' and `vermehre', ὄφελμα `besom' and `benefit, advantage', ὄφελτρον `besom' Hes., ὀφελτρέυω `sweep'; ὄφελος `benefit', ὠφελέω `nötze'.

References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Wörter 120 ff.

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: obhi-

See also: see above S. 287 (ebhi-).

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: od-1 (*had-)

English meaning: to smell, *have repulsive smell

German meaning: `riechen'

Material: Arm. hot `Duft, smell, odor' (sek. o-stem), hotim `rieche', hototim `wittere';

gr. ὄζω `rieche, dufte' (*ὄδι̯-ω, with lat. olēre under an extension basis *odēi- compatible), ὄδωδα, hom. etc. ὀδμή, dor. ὀδμά:, att. ὀσμή `Duft, smell, odor' (*οδ-μᾱ), δυς-, εὐ-ώδης `evil-, wohlriechend', ὀσ-φραίνομαι `rieche, wittere' with *οδσ- (: lat. odor) as erstem part; alb. amë `unpleasant smell, odor' (*odmā = ὀδμή); lat. odor `smell, odor', odefaciō, ol(e)faciō `rieche, wittere', oleō, -ēre `smell, stink' (`sabin' l = d perhaps tight, firm geworden through support in oleum); schwed. os `smell, odor, erstickendes Gas', norw. dön. os (*ōd-s-o-) `haze, mist, erstickender vapor', aisl. spān-ōsa `neu, neu hergestellt' (of ship etc.), actually: `after chip, splinter smelling';

lit. úodžiu, úosti `smell' (*ōdi̯ō), lett. uôžu, uôst `smell', lit. úostyti `herumriechen, snuffle, sniff' = lett. uôstît (and uôkstît ds.; with the same parasitischen k lit. úoksauti `unaufhörlich lauern' under likewise); ačech. jadati `forschen, untersuchen' (`*ausschnöffeln').

References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.

See also: see also od-2 `repulsion'; about gall. odocos s. S. 289.

Page(s): 772-773

Root / lemma: od-2 (*had-)

English meaning: disgust, hate

German meaning: `Widerwille, Haß'

Note:

Root / lemma: od-2 (*had-): `disgust, hate' derived from Root / lemma: od-1 (*had-): `to smell, *have repulsive smell'

Material: Arm. ateam `I hasse', ateli `detested, hostile';

gr. ὀδυς- (as *οδ-υδ- das participle Perf. enthaltend) in οὐδύεται ἐρίζεται Hes. (οὐ- metr. lengthening for ὀ-), ὀδώδυσται, ὠδυσάμην, ὀδύσσασθαι, ὀδυσθῆναι `be angry with, grumble, rumble'; lat. ōdī `empfinde Widerwillen, hasse', ŏdium `natörlicher repulsion, hate'; ags. atol, aisl. atall `dirus, atrox'; hitt. ḫatukiš `terrible, dreadful';

as `repulsion infolge Geruches' perhaps to od-1 `smell'.

References: WP. I 174 f., WH. II 202 f.

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: oid- (*gʷheid-)

English meaning: to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water

German meaning: `schwellen'

Note:

Considering phryg. βεδυ `water' : nasalized illyr. Bindus `water god', Root / lemma: band- (*gʷheid-): `drop' : Root / lemma: oid- (*gʷheid-): `to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er- (*aku̯ent-): `to flow, to wet; water, etc. `

Material: Old Indian índra- `strong', also GN 'Indra-, urind. (mitanni) Indar = av. GN Indra-; Old Indian indriyám n. `power, fortune'; perhaps also índu- m. `drip' (originally `Sehwellung, ball');

arm. ait (i-stem) `cheek', aitnum `I swell' (*oid-nu-mi), aitumn `swelling, lump, growth';

gr. οἰδάω, οἰδέω `swell', οἶδος n. `swelling, lump, growth', οἴδᾱξ `unripe Feige', oἶδμα `swelling, tumescence, Schwall of Meeres', Οἰδί-πους `Schwellfuß';

ahd. eiz, nhd. dial. Eis `Eiterbeule, ulcer', and as Bezeichnung from deren giftigem Inhalt ahd. eitar, ags. āt(t)or, aisl. eitr `pus' (aisl. also figurative `fury, bitter sense, mind', ostfries. eitel `angry, irate, frenzied'); aisl. eitill m. `Einschluß in a stone', norw. eitel `gland, knag am tree, knot, bud' (= mhd. eizel `small pustulating ulcer'); aisl. eista `testicle' (*oid-s-to(n)-, from the zero grade of es-stem: gr. οἶδος); perhaps also ags. āte, engl. oat `Hafer'; lett. idra `das faule Mark eines Baumes'; with slav. *ĕ-, *ja- from oi- probably abg. -ědro, jadro (etc.) `sinus; velum, sail', poln. kaschub. also `net' (basic meaning `swelling');

Old Church Slavic jadъ `poison' (*oidos), slov. jàditi `anger', serb. ijèditi `enrage'; lit. aidinti `stir, tease, irritate' and Old Church Slavic isto, Pl. istesa `testicle, kidney' from schwundstufigem *id-s-to-, next to which*oid-s-to- (: aisl. eista) perhaps in aruss. jestesě n. Du. `testicles', if with it *ěstesě gemeint is; nasalized *ind-ro to *ęd- (jęd-) in slav. *jędro, *jędrъ: Old Church Slavic jędro `quick, fast' (from `*strong' = `*swollen'), serb. jédar `full, strong, fresh, strong' and r.-Church Slavic jadro `nucleus, testiculus', russ. jadrovítyj `kernig, strong', jádrica `Gersten-, Hafergrötze', poln. jądro `Kern; Pl. testicles', jędrny `kernig, strong, lively';

in addition balt. FlN Indus, Indura, Indra, Indrajà and Indrica, also die Innerste, NFl the Leine (Hildesheim), old Indrista (probably ven.-illyr.).

Maybe alb. gjendra `(*testicle), lump, tumor, swelling, gland' : Church Slavic jadro `nucleus, testiculus'.

References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, Göntert Weltkönig 13 f., Machek KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oi-no-, oi-u̯o-

See also: see above S. 286 (e-).

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oiu̯ā

See also: see above S. 297 (ei-).

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: ok-

English meaning: to think over, *understand, see

German meaning: `öberlegen'

Note:

Root / lemma: ok- : `to think over, *understand, see' derived from a reduced Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye'.

Material: Gr. ὄκνος `dubiousness, hesitating', ὀκνέω `hesitate', ὀκνηρός `dilatorily';

got. aha `sense, mind, understanding', ahjan `believe, mean', ahma m. `ghost'; ahaks `dove' (as spirit bird); ahd. ahta `observance, paying attention' (nhd. achtgeben), ags. eaht f. `calculation, consultation, estimate', ahd. as. ahtōn, ags. eahtian `consider, observe, appraise', nhd. achten, beachten, aisl. ǣtla (*ahtilōn) `mean, think, intend, mean, aim'.

References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 211 to okʷ-.

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u)

English meaning: eight

German meaning: `acht'

Note:

Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u) : eight derived from the extended Root / lemma: ok- : `to think over, *understand, see, count' + -ta formant modelled after illyr. attribute nouns, adjectives. Hence PIE numbers derived from previously ordinal numbers.

Material: Old Indian aṣṭā́, aṣṭā́u (besides aśītí- f. `achtzig'), av. ašta to av. ašti- `Breite from vier Fingern' (to Sg. *ašta-), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; arm. ut` (probably from *optō with from the Sieben öbernommenem p); gr. ὀκτώ; alb. tetë (*ok̂tō-t-);

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indian saptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑa-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða, lit. septiñtas; also Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute formants that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute -ta formant (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb.-Anatolian languages alone.

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare lat. octuāgintā `80'].

Therefore gr. Greek: θη ̃ τα n. `the eighth letter of he Greek alphabet (Ar.)', gen. θήτατος Demokr. 20, Lat. pl. tetates from θήτατες ; further uninflected. Origin (see intro): LW Sem. Etymology: from Semitic, cf. Hebr. ṭēth; cf. Schwyzer 140. is of Anatolian origin.

compare maked. Otto-lobus `8 höglig'; lat. octō;air. ocht n- (Nasalwirkung after secht n- and nōi n-); cymr. wyth, ncorn. eath, bret. eiz (*ochtī, older -ū from -ō); got. ahtau, aisl. ātta, ahd. as. ahto, ags. eahta; lit. aštuo-nì; Old Church Slavic osmь (after dem ordinals оsmъ reshaped); toch. В okt, A oköt.

ordinals: lat. octāvus (compare also osk. Uhtavis `Oktavius') probably from *octōu̯os; aphryg. οτυFοι Fετει `in 8. years' (*ok̂tōu̯oi u̯etesi); gr. ion. att. ὄγδο(F)ος (ὁ after ἕβδομος), obstructed in ὀγδοήκοντα (hom. to ὀγδώκοντα reshaped after ὀκτώ), compare lat. octuāgintā `80', das earlier example from septuāginta and in very later time after latter again neu aufgekommen; after dem ordinals to septm̥ (and dek̂m̥) gerichtet have sich Old Indian aṣṭamá-, av. aštǝma-, gall. oxtumetos, air.ochtmad, cymr. wythfed, lit. ãšmas, Old Prussian asman (Akk.), Old Church Slavic osmъ (ok̂tmo-); compare toch. A oktönt, В oktante `the achte'.

An other congruities are to name ved. aṣṭā́daśa- 18, av. aštadase- `the 18. `, gr. ὀκτω(καί)δεκα, lat. octōdecim, ahd. ahtozehan 18; gr. ὀκτακόσιοι, lat. octingentī `800'.

References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.

Page(s): 775

Root / lemma: okʷ-, (*heĝʷh-)

English meaning: to see; eye

German meaning: `sehen'

Note: besides ok-, see there

Note:

Root / lemma: okʷ- : to see; eye derived from Root / lemma: deik̂- : to show' : Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom' [common illyr.-balt. d- > zero phonetic mutation]. The drop of initial d- in proto Aryan languages caused the birth of old laryngeal ḫ-.

One of the oldest cognates is Gr. δοκεύω `to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think, suppose, imagine, expect', then Marathi dola (*dokula) `eye'.

Material: Aryan out of the compounds only forms of stem *okʷÞ- (whereupon partly the i- and n-stem is layered):

Old Indian ákṣi n. `eye' (this i-stem ved. only Nom. Akk. Sg. and in compounds, akṣi-pát `a little, a bit', after ved. also in bh-case and in Lok. Pl.), Gen. Sg. akṣ-ṇ-áḥ etc., Nom. Du. akṣī́ = av. aši `(both) eyes'

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝʷh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation

(compare *okʷī ds. in lit. akì, abg. oči and as base from arm. ač̣-k` and gr. ὄσσε), formation of conservative stem *akṣ-; this stem akṣ- also in ved. an-ák `blind'; av. aši for *axšī after uši `ears', compare av. aiwy-āxšayeinti `they supervise', aiwyāxštar- `supervisor, custodian, keeper'; redupl. Old Indian ī́kṣatē `sees' (idg. *īkʷ- from *i-_okʷ-); akṣá- m. `dice, cube', i.e. `provide with eyes';kṣaṇa- m. n. `instant, eye blink' (seems grown from a Lok. *[a]kṣán); is not overgrown the Þ-stem in the darkened compounds Old Indian prátīka- `turned, opposite', n. `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (: πρόσ-ωπον), ánīka- n. `the turned, front', av. ainīka- m. `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (*proti, *eni + _okʷ-; compare slav. nicь under *ni- `low, mean'), ghr̥tā́cī f. `greasy (looking); sacrificial spoon', śvitīcī́ f. `gleaming';

arm. (with expressive gemination) akn, Gen. akan `eye, aperture, hole' (n-stem), Nom. Pl. ač̣-k` pluralized from dem Nom. Du. *okʷi;

gr. (*oksi) ὄσσε Nom. Du. `Augen'

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -ss- phonetic mutation

(*okʷi̯e for *okʷī), att. *ὄττε, whereof τριοττίς `necklace with three glass eyes'; ὄσσομαι `see, observe (spiritually), foresee, predict', att. ὀττεύομαι `foresee, predict, dread';

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -ss-: -tt- phonetic mutation

ὄψομαι `I will see', common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs- phonetic mutation

ὄπωπα `have seen'; ὀπῑπεύω `gawk at, look after', παρθενοπί̄πης `overseer of girls' with redupliz. root ὀπ (ι + οπ > ῑπ-); ὄμμα `eye' (*ὄπ-μn̥),

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation

ὀφθ-αλ-μός `eye' (*okʷÞh- with expressive Aspirataö);

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -ph-, -f- phonetic mutation

without Aspirata böot. ὄκταλλος; with (after ὀπός etc.) analogical π;

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Anatolian – Tocharian – Greek -ĝʷh- > -kt- phonetic mutation see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : `earth'

lak. ὀπτίλος, epidaur. ὀπτίλλος; similarly behaves ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν to lesb. ὄππατα `ὄμματα' (probably with expressive gemination); ὀπή `opening, aperture' (ἐνόπαι f. Pl. `earrings' under likewise, πολυ-ωπός `nets with a lot of openings or meshes');

common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation

lengthened grade ὤψ `face'; πρόσωπον `face (with the eyes and mouth)', μέτωπον `forehead', Κύκλ-ωψ, βο-ῶπις under likewise; μύ-ωψ `shortsighted'; besides αἶθ-οψ under likewise with abbreviation (comparable lat. atr-ōx, fer-ōx); common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs- phonetic mutation

perhaps gr. ὄπις `the vengeance or visitation, awestruck fear; punishment, retribution', eig. `investigation, inquiry'ö; common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation

ἴψαο `you have reprimanded, have punished, pressed hard, oppressed', common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs- phonetic mutation

ἐν-ιπή `rebuking, reproving appellation', common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation

ἐνί̄σσω (changed ἐνί̄πτω), Aor. ἠνί̄παπον and ἐνένῑπον `rebuke, reproach, reprove, punish, avenge, scold' (idg. *īkʷ- from redupl. *i-_okʷ, compare Old Indian ī́kṣatē); common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation

alb. sö `eye';

Note:

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)], hence alb. geg söni `eye' : Old Irish (*sūli-) sūil `eye' : Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : `sun'.

Finally zero grade alb. geg söni `eye' : Old Irish (*sūli-) sūil `eye' : lat. oculus `eye' : lit. akýlas `attentive'.

Hitt. šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes', šakuu̯āi- `see' it seems that Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye' derived from Root / lemma: sekʷ-2 : `to see, show; to speak'.

lat. oculus `eye' (ōkʷelo-s); atr-ōx `grisly' (to āter, above S. 69), fer-ōx `wild' (to lat. ferus, above S. 493), etc. (: gr. μύ-ωψ `shortsighted', etc.);

air. enech, mcymr. enep `face, face (with the eyes and mouth)', mbret. enep ds. and preposition `against', and cymr. wyneb `face (with the eyes and mouth)', acymr. let-einepp `halbe Seite' are unclear; common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Celtic -ĝʷ > -b : -kʷ > -p phonetic mutation

in Germ. finden wir besides dem stem *aʒw- (*ókʷ-, ahd. ac-siuni f. `species', auc-siuno `evidenter') : *awi- (*okʷí-) in ahd. awi-zoraht `augenscheinlich', ags. ēawis (*ēawḫwis) `apparent, manifest, obvious', ēawan `show, offenbaren', afries. āwia, auwia ds. (*awjan), mhd. z-ounen, mndl. t-ōnen `show' (with abbreviated prefix); besides germ. *aun- (*okʷ-én-); through Ausgleich and influence of *ausō `ear' entstand ein stem *auʒan-: krimgot. Pl. oeghene (oe = ö), then got. augō, aisl. auga, ahd. ouga, ags. ēage n. `eye'; stem *augja- in got. and-augi n. `face (with the eyes and mouth)', ags. and-ēages, amd. and-ouge `angesichts', aisl. -eygr, ahd. -ougi, ags. -ēaged `-öugig';

maybe alb. geg. (aug-) agu `dawn, sunshine, dark', agull `blindness'

lit. akìs `eye', akì (= abg. oči) `die beiden Augen', lett. acs `eye', Old Prussian ackis Nom. Pl. `Augen', abg. oko (russ. óko), Gen. očese, Du. oči `eye'; lit. akýlas `attentive', poln. obaczyć (lengthened grade) `see, bemerken, behold', from which durcb Suffixverkennung (ob : o): baczyć `look out, aufpassen, wahrnehmen, see'; of n-stem serb.-Church Slavic okno `window'; compare engl. (aisl.Lw.) wind-ow ds., eig. `Windauge';

affiliation from lit. ākas `Wuhne, hole in Eise', lett. aka `gegrabener stream, brook', russ. river name Oká (different above S. 23), lit. eketė̃ (aketė̃, akytė) `in das ice gehauenes hole zumWasserschöpfen, Wuhne', lett. akate `with Wasser geföllte pit, pothole in morass' probably: `Wasserauge', compare `Meeraugen' as Bezeichnung the Tatraseen;

toch. A ak, Du. aśöṃ, В ek, Du. eśane n. `eye'; A ak-mal `face' (`eye + nose'); compare W.Schulze Kl. Schr. 248.

Maybe Sumerian ig[~]²i: noun, eye(s); face; front.

verb, to see
prep., before, in front of

References: WP. I 169 ff., WH. II 200 ff., Benveniste Origines 1, 48, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299, Petersson Heterokl. 121.

Page(s): 775-777

Root / lemma: ol-(e)-

English meaning: to destroy

German meaning: `vernichten'

Material: Gr. ὄλλῡμι (*ὀλ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλέσω `spoil', ὀλετής `Vernichter', ὀλέκω `destroy', ὀλοός (*ὀλοFός) `verhöngnisvoll';

lat. ab-oleō `destroy'; perhaps with sek. h- umbr. hondu, holtu `prosternito';

hitt. hullāi-, hulliya- `fight, struggle', etc.

References: WH. I 4 f. (the die Zusammenstellung bestreitet), Couvreur H̯ 143.

Page(s): 777

Root / lemma: om(e)so-s

English meaning: shoulder

German meaning: `Schulter'

Material: Old Indian áṃsa- m. `shoulder'; arm. us, Gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade gr. ὠμός ds. from *ōmsos, compare ἐπ-ομμάδιος by Theokr.; lat. umerus from *omesos ds., umbr. uze, onse `in umero'; got. ams ds. (germ. *amsa-), aisl. áss `ridge'; toch. A es `shoulder' (*omso-), B āntse (*omeso-).

References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Toch. 250; W. Schulze KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: omǝ-

English meaning: to proceed with energy; to make firm; to suffer

German meaning: `energisch vorgehen'; out of it `fest worauf bestehen, festmachen = eidlich bekröftigen' and `zusetzen, quölen, schödigen'

Material: Old Indian ámīti `bedröngt, versichert eindringlich, swears', themat. sam-amantē `sie geloben' (: συν-ομόσαι), abhy-amīti `plagues, schödigt', ámīvā `tribulation, affliction, disease, malady' (: gr. ἀνί̄η), with themat. Gestaltung the 2. syllable ámatē `bedröngt', ámatra- `tight, firm', ámavān- `boisterous, strong' =av. amavant- `strong, mighty, vast, grand', Old Indian áma- m. `rush, Ungestöm' = av. ama- `power, mönnliche Potenz, Angriffskraft', Adj. `strong', Old Indian āmáyati `schödigt; is schadhaft, sick', āmaya- m. `disease, malady'; av. amáyavā `affliction, tribulation';

gr. ὄμνῡμι, ὀμνύω `schwöre' (ὀμόσαι, ὀμώμοκα; Fut. ὀμεῖται neologism), συνομόσαι (: Old Indiansam-amantē), hom. ὀμοίιος `plagend, leidvoll' (probably metr. lengthening from ὀμοFιος, to *ὀμο-Fᾱ); ἀνί̄ᾱ, ion. ἀνί̄η `distress' (dissimil. from *ἀμί̄Fᾱ, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 259, 309);

aisl. ama `plague, belöstigen', amask `Anstoß nehmen, Unwillen feel, sich wherewith abplagen', nisl. ami `plague', amstr `rastlose work, Anstrengung', aml n. `unaufhörliche, esp. erfolglose Beschöftigung with a thing', norw. amla `sich abmöhen, work, esp. without Erfolg', aisl. PN Ǫmlungr; Amali the name of ostgotischen Königshauses, die Amalunge, Amulinge the deutschen undags. Heldensage, ahd. Amal-olf under likewise; ahd. emiz `bestöndig, fortwöhrend', emizzīg, emazzīg `bestöndig, beharrlich', nhd. emsig.

toch. A. amiśköññe `Unzufriedenheit', B omöskeṃ `evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 178 f.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: om- (*ḫamel)

English meaning: raw, bitter, *sweet

German meaning: `roh, bitter'

Note: reduced grade _om-

Root / lemma: om- (*ḫamel): `raw, bitter, *sweet' : Root / lemma: sem-1 : `to pour' : Root / lemma: sem-3 : `summer', Old Indian amlá-, amblá- `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella' : gall. samon[ios] `summer months', samolus `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella'.

Material: Old Indian amlá-, amblá- `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella' (= maked. ἀβρο-, germ. *ampra-), zero grade āmrá- m. `Mangobaum', āmá- `raw, unreif' (= gr. ὠμός), āmād- `eating raw flesh'; skyth. VN ᾽Αμάδοκοι from iran. *āmād-aka- `Rohfleischesser';

Note:

Phonetically the closest cognate to Old Indian amlá-, amblá- `sour' is alb. geg. amla, tosk. ëmb(ë)la `sweet' common alb. shift m > mb. Clearly the cognate of Old Indian amlá- `sour' derived from alb. geg. ama `mother', t’amlë `sour milk (of the mother), breast milk'.

arm. zero grade hum `raw, cruel, savage';

maked. ἀβρο- `zusammenziehend', ἀβαρύ ὀρίγανον Hes.;

gr. ὠμός `raw, cruel, savage', ὠμηστής `rohes Fleisch fressend' etc. (= Old Indian āmād- with already idg. contraction from ōmo- and ed- `eat');

alb. tamlë `(sour) milk', ambëlë, ëmblë `sweet', tëmblë `Galle' (article t-);

lat. amārus `bitter'; air. om `raw', cymr. of ds., in addition air. um(a)e `copper, Erz' = cymr. efydd `copper, bronze' (*omii̯o-);

germ. *ampra- (from *ambra- < *am-ro-) in ndl. amper `sharp, bitter, unreif', aisl. apr (*ampraR) `sharp', Subst. ags. ampre, ahd. ampfaro `(Sauer)ampfer'; doubtful ags. ōm m. `Rost', ōme f. `Rotlauf', aisl. āma f., āmu-sōtt f. `Rose' (disease, malady), āmr `reddish brown', nhd. Ahm, Ohm `Rotlauf';

lett. amuols `sorrel, Oxalis acetosella'.

References: WP. I 179, WH. I 35, Frisk nominal formation 14.

Page(s): 777-778

Root / lemma: ond-, n̥d-

English meaning: stone

German meaning: `Stein, Fels'ö

Material: Old Indian ádri- `stone, esp. zum Somaschlagen gebrauchter; Fels, mountain', Old pers. Ark-adriš (ö); mir. ond, onn, Gen. uinde (stem *ondes-) n. `stone, Fels'.

References: WP. I 181.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: oner-

English meaning: dream

German meaning: `Traum'

Grammatical information: older r/n-stem

Material: Arm. anurj `dream' (*onōr-i̯o-, compare gr. τέκμωρ : τέκμαρ `mark, token, sign'); gr. ὄναρ Nom. Akk. n. `dream' and Adv. `in dream'; ὄνειρος, -ον, öol. ὄνοιρος, kret. ἄναιρος (probably through influence der preposition ἀν-) `dream', Gen. att. ion. ὀνείρατος (originally *ὄνατος); alb. gegh. âdërrë, tosk.ëndërrë `dream' (onri̯o-).

Note:

Common alb. n > nd phonetic mutation

References: WP. I 180, Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.² 150.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*heng-)

English meaning: coal

German meaning: `Kohle'

Note:

Root / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): coal < Root / lemma: okʷ- : `to see; eye'

Material: Old Indian áṅgāra- m. `coal', npers. angišt ds.; gael. nir. aingeal `light, fire';

balt.-sl. *angli-: Old Prussian anglis, lit. anglìs, lett. ùogle `coal' (lett. ùogle is neologism); Old Church Slavic ǫglь m. ds., but russ. ugolь, skr. ȕgalj, poln. węgiel ds. etc. (i̯o-stem).

Maybe alb. thëngjill `(*coal) ash'

References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Dict. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3, 134.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: ongʷ- (*ongʷh-)

English meaning: to anoint, dark ointment

German meaning: `salben'

Material: Old Indian añj-, anákti (3. Pl. añjánti) `salbt, bestreicht, schmöckt', participle Perf. aktá-, Pass. ajyáte; añjanam `das Salben, ointment', áñjas- n. `ointment', añjí- `salbend'; m. n. `ointment, jewellery', ā́jyam n. `Opferschmalz' (ā + ajya- < *n̥gʷi̯o-);

arm. aucanem `anoint, smear, rub' (compare Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.² 37);

lat. unguō, unctus; umbr. umtu `unguito'; Old Prussian anctan, ancte `butter'.

ongʷen- `ointment, Schmiere'.

Lat. unguen, unguen-tum `fat, ointment', umbr. umen ds., ahd. ancho, anco m., mhd. anke `butter', alem.-södschwöb. Anke (m., seldom f.) `butter'.

n̥gʷ-en-: ir. imb (Gen. imbe) `butter', acorn. amen-en, bret. amann, aman-enn, cymr. ymen-yn(from umgelautetem *emen-yn); compare above Old Indian ā́jyam.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*n̥gʷh-en) ngjyenj `to wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue'.

References: WP. I 181, Kuiper Nasalprös. 122.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: onogh- (: ongh-, nogh-; kelt. n̥gh-), ongh-li- (*henegh-)

English meaning: fingernail, claw

German meaning: `Nagel an Fingern and Zehen, Kralle'

Note: partly with formants -u- (extended -ut-) and -lo-

Material: Old Indian áṅghri- f. `foot' (presumably with r from l, *oŋgh-li-); with ar. kh Old Indian nakhá m., n., nakhára- m. n., `nail, claw, talon', np. nāxun ds. (ar. kh- an innovation); perhaps arm. eɫungn ds. (*e-nungn):

gr. ὄνυξ, -υχος `nail, claw, talon' (from *ὀνχυ-ö);

lat. ungu-is `the nail an Fingern and Zehen', ungula `claw, nail, hoof', later also `nail' (*ongh-(e)lā);

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*honus) thoi, thua, pl. thonj `nail' : gr. ὄνυξ, -υχος `nail, claw, talon', also alb. (*hunghula) thundla, thundra `hoof' : lat. ungula `claw, nail, hoof' common alb. h- > k- > th- phonetic mutation, preservation of the old laryngeal; also common alb. -n- > -nd- > -d- phonetic mutation.

Note: alb. thoi, thua, pl. thonj `nail' : alb. thëngjill `(*coal) ash'; Root / lemma: onogh- (: ongh-, nogh-; kelt. n̥gh-), ongh-li- (*henegh-): `fingernail, claw' : Root / lemma: ong- (better ang-) (*heng-): `coal'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.

air. ingen f. Dat. Pl. ingnib, Nom. Pl. ingnea, acymr. eguin, ncymr. ewin f., corn. euuin, bret. ivin (m. geworden) `nail' (*n̥ghu̯-īnā); ahd. nagal, ags. nægel `nail', aisl. nagl ds. (conservative stem geworden, Pl. negl); negl perhaps originally Sg. i-stem, compare Old Indian áṅghri-, and to Pl. umgedeutet, whereof sich die additional conservative Dekl. angliederte), got. ga-nagljan `annageln'; lit. nãgas m. `nail an Fingern and Zehen; claw, nail bei bird of prey', lett. nags ds.; lit. nagà `hoof', Old Prussian nage `foot', abg. noga, russ. nogá `foot' (collective ā-formation); lit. nagùtis, Old Prussian nagutis `Fingernagel', abg. nogъtь, russ. nógotь `nail, claw, talon';

after Specht to gr. ὄγκος (above S. 46), also root on-.

Maybe alb. (*ungula) ngul `jab (a nail)', (*nægel) ngel `be stuck, remain'.

References: WP. I 180 f., Trautmann 192, Specht Idg. Dekl. 253¹.

Page(s): 780

Root / lemma: ono- and onǝ-, also (o)no-d-

English meaning: to scold

German meaning: `schmöhen'

Material: Gr. ὄνομαι `schelte, tadle', ὀνοτός `getadelt, tadelnswert', ὀνοτάζω `schelte, tadle'; with -ǝ- the second syllable hom. ὤνατο and ὄναται ἀτιμάζεται. μέμφεται Hes.; mir. on `Schande'; perhaps with reduplication-stem also the ersten syllable mir. anim (i-stem) `Makel, fault, error', acymr. anamou `mendae', ncymr. anaf, mbret. anaff `Makel, fault, error'.

extension (o)no-d- in: av. nadǝntō `schmöhende, lösternde', gr. ὀνόσσασθαι `rebuke, reproach' etc., ὀνοστός `tadelnswert'.

References: WP. I 180.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: opi

See also: see under epi.

Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: op-1

English meaning: to work, perform

German meaning: `arbeiten, zustande bringen; Ertrag der Arbeit, Reichtum'

Material: Old Indian ápas- n. `work' (= lat. opus), av. hv-apah- `good work (verrichtend)'; ā́pas- n. `work, religiöse action'; ápnas- n. `yield, property, possession', av. afnah-vant- `rich an Besitz';

gr. ὄμπνη f. `nourishment, food, Brotfrucht', ὄμπνιος `nourishing';

lat. opus, -eris `work, Beschöftigung, action, work', opus est `es is nötig' (`*is Mußarbeit'), whereof operō, -āre `work', osk. úpsannam `operandam', upsatuh sent (`factī sunt'), Perf. upsed `fecit', uupsens `fēcērunt', (lengthened gradees Perf. as in lat. ōdī), umbr. osatu `facitō', pälign. upsaseter `fieret'; lat. ops, opis `fortune, richness, power; help, Beistand', by Ennius also `Bemöhung, Dienst', officium `obligation' < *opi-ficium `Arbeitsverrichtung', Ops `goddess of Erntesegens', inops, cōpia (*co-opia), opulentus `rich an Vermögen, mighty', probably also optimus `the best' (eig. `the Wohlhabendste') ; perhaps the name the Oscī, Opscī, ᾽Οπικοί as `die Verehrer the Ops' and lat. omnis `all, whole, jeder' (*op-ni-s); perhaps air. somme `rich', domme `arm' (su-, dus-op-smi̯o-);

ags. efnan, aisl. efna `wirken, do'; lengthened grade ahd. uobo `Landbauer', uoben `ins work place, ausöben, worship', nhd. öben, ahd. uoba m. Pl. `Feier', mhd. uop `das Üben, Landbau', as. ōƀian `hold festivities', aisl. ø̄fa `train, practice', ø̄fr `vast, grand, violent', aisl. efna `commit', efni `Stoff, Zeug for etwas'; about aisl. afl `power' etc. see above S. 52; hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `rich make'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ḫappinaḫḫ-) puna `work, labor' not from lat. opus `work'.

Note: lat. opus, -eris (*opines)`work' is a truncated cognate of older hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich', alb. punoj `work, gain ealth'. The shift i > u is common in alb. m. ending alb. ahi, ahu `beech, oak'. In lat. the same as in alb. the definite form was primary hence lat. operis (definite) > opus (indefinite), also rhotacism in lat. n/r is regular.

Not only lat. opulentus -a -um, also opulens -entis, adj. `rich, wealthy' derived from hitt. cognate but lat. also displayed common alb. n > nt phonetic mutation. Also Old Indian ápas- n. `work', ā́pas- n. `work' derived from hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' which has preserved the old laryngeals. Hence we are dealing with historic developments and not word roots. Clearly hitt. is the oldest language of IE family. Phonetically hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' is a real treasure as it shows that proto Indo European and initially Hittite not only used laryngeals at the begging of the word but also at the end of it. The reason for that was the common sandhi or agglutination of the end of the first word with the laryngeal of the subsequent word in the sentence. In hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' was the first part of a compound clearly marked by -ḫḫ- gemination of laryngeals.

In lat. initial laryngeals disappeared while in gr. and partly in alb. they were preserved. In lat. and gr. ending laryngeals became spirants: proto IE aḫ > gr. -os, lat. -es, -us. Illyr. and alb. dropped the ending laryngeals to give f. -aḫ > -a, m -uḫ > -u, -iḫ > -i endings. Grammatically speaking illyr. and later alb. derived from Hittite. In Indic and Avestan the ending laryngeals were preserved as in av. hv-apah- `good work' while in Old Indian initial laryngeals were frequently dropped.

References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.

Page(s): 780

Root / lemma: op-2

English meaning: to choose; to suggest

German meaning: `auswöhlen, den Vorzug geben, vermuten'

Material: Gr. ἐπιόψομαι to ἐπι-οπ- `wöhlen, auslesen'; lat. *opere is through *praed-opiont (Festus p. 205 praedotiont) `praeoptant' covered; derived *opiō(n) `expectation, opinion', wherefore Denominativum opīnor, -āri `assume, wöhnen, mean' opīnio `opinion, expectation'; Frequentativum to *opiō, -ere is lat. optō, -āre `wish', wherefore optiō f. `freie Wahl', m. `Gehilfe';

umbr. upetu `optātō', opeter Gen. `lēctī', osk. ufteis `optātī';

Old Church Slavic za-(j)apъ `Vermutung', ne-vъz-apьnъ `unvermutet' (compare lat. in-, nec-opīnus `unvermutet', welche Röckbildungen from inopīnatus are);

toch. A opyāc, В еруас `Verstand' (iran. Lw.ö).

References: WP. I 176 f., WH. II 212 f.

Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: orbho-

English meaning: orphan; servant; work

German meaning: `verwaist, Waise'; out of it (arm. gr. with -ano-, kelt. germ. with i̯o-derivative) `Waisengut = Erbe', whereof `the Erbe'; `Waise' = `small kid, child, klein, schwach, hilflos' (Old Indian, slav.); `verwaistes, schutzloses kid, child, das förs Gnadenbrot alle niedrige Arbeit to verrichten hat, Knecht, Sklave' (slav., arm.), whereof `Knechtesarbeit'

Material: Old Indian árbha- `small, weak; kid, child'; arm. orb, -oy `Waise'; arbaneak `servant, Gehilfe'ö;

gr. ὀρφο-βόται ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν Hes., ὤρφωσεν ὠρφάνισεν Hes., ὀρφανός `verwaist' (compare arm. arbaneak), lat. orbus `a thing stolen; looted, verwaist';

maybe alb. geg. verbonj `I blind' from lat. orbus -a -um through Fr. mur orbe `blind wall' a contamination from germ. verblenden `blind'.

also alb. geg. (*ὀρφανός) vorfën `poor'; initial alb. prosthetic v- proves the presence of old laryngeals in archaic alb hence it si not a loanword.

air. orb(b)e, orpe m. n. `the, das Erbe' (*orbhi̯o-), comarbe `Miterbe', gall. Orbius MN (in addition das verb air. no-m-erpimm `committo me', ro-eirpset `sie öbergaben' etc., maybe from*air-orb-);

got. arbi n. `das Erbe', ahd. arbi, erbi n. ds., ags. ierfe, yrfe n. ds. (aisl. arfr m. `das Erbe' is to arfi, arfa `the Erbe, die Erbin' neologism), aisl. erfi (run. arƀija) n. `Leichenmahl'; got. arbja, aisl. arfi (f. arfa), ahd. arpeo, erbo `the Erbe', ags. ierfe n. `das Erbe'; die germ. words derive because of consecutive barely from dem Keltischen;

from ein intr. verb *arƀē-i̯ō `bin verwaistes, zur harten Arbeit verdingtes kid, childö' one leads back got. arbaiÞs f. `hardship, work', aisl. erfiði n. ds., as. araƀēd f., arƀēdi n., ags. earfoÞ f., earfeÞe n. `toil, work', ahd. arabeit `work' (aisl. erfiðr, ags. earfeÞe `beschwerlich'), basic form *arƀēi̯iðiz; very doubtful is formation from *arƀ-ma- for got. arms `woeful, wretched, miserable', aisl. armr `woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky', ahd. as. ar(a)m, ags. earm `arm, poor'; basic meaning wöre perhaps `armes Waisenkind';

abg. rabъ `Knecht', rabota `servitus', čech. rob `slave', robě `small kid, child', russ. rebjáta `Kinder', rebënok `kid, child'; die russ. forms go auf rob-, proto slav.. *orb- back (Vasmer brieflich);

maybe alb. rob `slave of war, captive'

perhaps hitt. arpa- `Ungunst, Mißerfolg'.

Alb. jetim `orphan' (non IE) from turk. YETİM `orphan'

References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.

Page(s): 781-782

Root / lemma: oreu̯-, _ereu-

English meaning: entrails, intestine, bowel, gut, *skin

Material: Gr. ὀρύα `intestine' (kann also for *ἀρύα stand, compare :) lat. arvīna `Schmer, fat, esp. between skin and Eingeweiden' (wöre `das to den Darmen Gehörige, Gekrösefett'); ἀρβίννη κρέας. Σικελοί Hes. (could be of lat. origin).

References: WP. I 182 f., WH. I 71.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: org-

German meaning: `kill; kill off; zap; deaden' (ö)

See also: see under perg-.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: orĝhi-, r̥ĝhi-

English meaning: testicle

German meaning: `Hode'

Grammatical information: m.

Note:

From Root / lemma: ergh- : `to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful' derived Root / lemma: orĝhi-, r̥ĝhi- : `testicle' (hence a taboo word)

Material: Av. ǝrǝzi- m. `Hodensack', Du. ǝrǝzi `testicles';

arm. orji-k` Pl. `testicles', orji `not kastriert' (*orĝhi-i̯os), mi-orji `μόνορχις';

gr. ὄρχις m. `testicle'; alb. herdhe f. `testicle' (*orĝhi-ā); mir. uirgge f. `testicle' (*orĝhiā), nir. uirghe with secondary gh; lit. aržùs `lascivious', er̃žilas `stallion', lett. ḕrzelis ds.

Note:

Common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal alb. herdhe f. `testicle'.

References: WP. I 182 f., Trautmann 71.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: ort-

English meaning: vine, *grape

German meaning: `Rebe'ö

Material: Arm. ort``Rebe'; alb. hardi `grapevine'.

alb. hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit' and herdhe `testicle' prove that from Root / lemma: orĝhi-, r̥ĝhi- : `(testicle)' derived Root / lemma: ort- : `(vine, *grape)'.

Note:

Common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal in alb. herdhe f. `testicle', hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit'. consequently arm. cognates derived from alb.

References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: ost(h)-; ost(h)i, ost(h)r(g), obl. ost(h)-(e)n-

English meaning: bone

German meaning: `Knochen'

Material: Old Indian ásthi n., Gen. asth-n-áḥ `leg, bone', av. ast-, asti- n. `bone', Gen. Pl. astąm, Instr. Pl. azdbīš, asti-aojah- `Knochenkraft', astǝn-tāt `vitality'; pāli aṭṭhitaco `Krebs' (*asthi-tvacas `knochenhöutig', compare to meaning gr. ὀστακός `Meerkrebs'); gr. ὀστέον `bone' (probably *οστέι̯-ον `*Beinernes' = lat. osseum ds.), lat. оssu, ossua probably as innovation after genu, genua; ὀστακός (hellenist. to ἀστακός assimil.) `Meerkrebs' from *ὀστ-τFακο- `dessen skin bone are', next to which of r-stem ὄστρακον `hard bowl, shard', ὄστρεον `Auster' (probably also ὀστρύς, ὀστρύα, ὀστρυΐς `tree with hartem, weißem wood' through dissimilation from *ὀστρο-δρυς), ἀστράγαλος `ankle' (assimil. from *ὀστράγαλος; places einen Nom. *ost(h)r̥g ahead); wenat. ostöakon `ossuārium';

alb. asht, ashtë `bone'; lat. os, more properly oss, Gen. ossis n. `leg, bone' (oss am ehesten Auslautentwicklung from *ost); alat. also ossum;

unclear is das a- in air. asil `limb, member' (acorn. esel, bret. ezel ds.), mir. asna m. `Rippe' (*astoni̯o-ö), mcymr. ass-en, Pl. eis (*astī), asseu `Rippe, lath, shaft, pole', cymr. asgwrn (see under), wherefore probably lat. asser `lath, shaft, stake, pole'; perhaps here air. odb m. `knot, hunch, outgrowth', cymr. oddf ds. from *ozbho-, older *ost-bho-, welter to gr. ὀσφύς `hip, haunch' (different S. 773);

hitt. ḫastāi- `bone, Widerstandskraft'.

Note:

hitt. ḫastāi- `bone' : alb. geg. ashti `bone' prove the common origin of those two cognates.

A ko-derivative *ost-ko- lies the basic in: av. asća- `shinbone, calf', arm. oskr `bone'; cymr. asgwrn `bone', Pl. esgyrn, corn. ascorn, bret. askourn ds. (kelt. forms -rno-).

References: WP. I 185 f., WH. II 225 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 518, Benveniste Origines 1, 6 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 74; Meillet BSL 33, 259.

Page(s): 783

Root / lemma: oug-, ou-ö

English meaning: cold

German meaning: `kalt'

Material: Arm. oic `cold' (*oug-);

gall. Monat Ōgron...; mir. ūar `cold' = cymr. oer ds. (*ougro-); air. ōcht, ūacht m. `coldness' (*ougtu-);

lett. aũksts `cold'; lit. áušti `cold become' (*aug-sk̂e-tiö); causative lett. ausît, lit. áušyti `abköhlen'; after Pedersen KGr. I 103 wöre lit. áušti from *au-s-ti to define and to Old Indian ō-man- `coldness', av. aota- `cold', ao-dar- `coldness', also to a root au- (ou-) `cold' to stellen.

References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, Möhlenbach-Endzelin 1, 222 f.

Page(s): 783

Root / lemma: óu̯i-s

English meaning: sheep

German meaning: `Schaf'

Grammatical information: m. f. Gen. Sg. óu̯i̯os; f. ou̯ikā ds.

Material: Old Indian ávi- m. f. `sheep', avika- m. ds., avikā́ `female sheep (= abg. оvьca), ávya- `of sheep', compare gr. οἴα; arm. hov-iw (*ou̯i-pā-) `Schöfer'; gr. οἴς, οἶς (argiv. Akk. Pl. ὄFινς) `sheep', οἴεος `of sheep', οἴα, ὄα `Schaffell', lengthened grade ᾤα `Schaffell, hem' (as Old Indian āvika- n.); lat. ovis, umbr. oui, uvef Akk. Pl. `oves' (au-bubulcus `pastor bovum', also avillus `lamb', see belowagʷhnos); air. ōi `sheep'; cymr. ewig, acorn. euhic `cerva' (*ou̯īkā); aisl. ǣr, ags. ēowu, ēowe, as. ewi, ahd. ouwi, ou `sheep (*awī, Gen. *awjōz), got. awistr `sheepfold', ags. ēowestre ds., ahd. awist, ewist (with to stā- `stand' gehörigem 2. part -sto-, -st[ǝ]tro-), got. awēÞi, ags. ēowde, ahd. ewit `Schafherde'; lit. avìs, lett. avs f. `sheep'; lit. ãvinas, lett. avins, àuns, Old Prussian awins `aries, ram' = abg. ovь-nъ ds.; abg. ovь-ca `sheep'.

Maybe alb. zero grade in alb. geg. (*ovь-ca) voc, voca Pl. `young boy, child'.

References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f.

Page(s): 784

Root / lemma: o 1

German meaning: `to, with'

Note: in addition thrak. VN ᾽Ο-δρύσαι `Waldanwohner'.

See also: s. S. 280 f. (e-, o-)

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: ozdo-s

English meaning: branch

German meaning: `Ast'

Note:

Root / lemma: ozdo-s : branch' derived from Root / lemma: ozgho- : bud, sprout, branch' common illyr. - gr. dor. gh- > z- phonetic mutation.

Material: Arm. ost `twig, branch, bough', gr. ὄζος ds., got. asts, ahd. ast `bough'; with Vriddhi *ōzdos in ags. ōst, mnd. ōst `knot in wood, knag' (= `die Stelle, where ein Ast of stem ausgegangen is'); probably (ö) -ozdo-s `(am stem) ansitzend', s. prefix ē̆-, ō̆- and sed- `sit'.

References: WP. I 186, W. Schulze KZ 63, 28.

Page(s): 785-786

Root / lemma: ozgho-

English meaning: bud, sprout, branch

German meaning: `Knospe, Pflanzentrieb, Zweig'öö

Material: Pehl. azg `bough', npers. azaɣ `twig, branch, bud': gr. ὄσχος, ὄσχη, ὤσχη `twig, branch, sprout';

die gr. words possibly also eine dem idg. *o-zdos `ὄζος' parallel composition ō̆-zgho- (: ἔχω, σχεῖν) `sich (am stem) festhaltend'ö

References: WP. I 185, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491.

Page(s): 786

Root / lemma: ō̆d(e)go- or ō̆d(e)gʷo-

English meaning: stalk

German meaning: `Stengel'

Material: Old Indian ádga- m. `Rohrstab, Stengel'; lit. uodegà `Stengel, Stiel; tail', lett. uodega `tail'.

References: WP. I 175;

See also: whether here air. odb `knot', under S. 783 (ost(h)-)ö

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: ōg-, ǝg-

English meaning: to grow; fruit, berries

German meaning: `wachsen; Frucht, Beere'

Material: Lit. úoga `berry, Kirsche', lett. uôga `berry; blister, bubble, Pocke'; Old Church Slavic agoda, jagoda `καρπός, fruit', russ. jágoda `berry', Church Slavic vin-jaga, slov. vin-jága `wild Weinrebe';

reduced grade: got. akran n. `fruit, partly from Böumen, partly of corn, grain', aisl. akarn, ags. æcern, mhd. ackeran, eckern `wild Baumfrucht, esp. acorn, Buchecker', nhd. Ecker, wherefore keltorom. *agraniō, ir. āirne (*agrīni̯ā) `Schlehe', cymr. aeron `Baumfröchte', eirin-en `plum' (umlaut), mbret. irin, nbret. hirin `Schlehe'; perhaps here arm. ačem `grow' (*ǝgi̯ō); here also air. āru `kidney' (sek. from *ārann < *agrīnā), cymr. aren f. `kidney, testicle' (Neubild. to Pl. eirin `testicles, plums').

Maybe Tokharian: A, B oko `fruit' (Adams 109)

References: WP. I 174, Trautmann 202, Pokorny KZ. 50, 46 ff.

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: ōk̂ú-s

English meaning: quick

German meaning: `schnell'

Grammatical information: Kompar. ōk̂i̯ōs, Superl. ōk̂isto-

Material: Old Indian āśú- `quick, fast', Kompar. ā́śīyān, Superl. ā́śiṣṭha-, av. āsu- `quick, fast', Kompar. āsyā̊, Superl. āsištō; gr. ὠκύς, ὤκιστος, poet. ὠκύτατος, lat. ōcior `schneller', Superl. ōcissimus (Positiv lacks), acymr. di-auc, ncymr. di-og, corn. di-oc, bret. di-ec `idle', actually `unschnell';

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*assu-pedis) shpejt `(*swift footed) quick, fast' : lat. acu-pedius `swift-footed' : zero grade alb.

perhaps in ablaut to ak̂-, ok̂- `sharp' (above S. 18 f.); then lat. acu-pedius `swift-footed' and accipiter `hawk, falcon' (above S. 19) could also belong here;

[see Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : `foot, *genitalia']

maybe zero grade in rom. (*accipiter) ºoim `hawk' [-p- > -m- phonetic mutation] : alb. (*accipiter) skiptar `eagle man', shqipe `eagle', skifter `hawk, flying fast', probably illyr. *āk̂ú-pedios, *āk̂ú-(pe)-lios > Achilles `swift footed'.

Note:

Illyrian Albanian frequently abbreviated long IE root words. Hence the abbreviation of proto gr. *āk̂ú-(pe)-lios > Achilles `swift footed' could have taken place only in Illyrian. The shift -d- > -l- is characteristic of Italic Illyrian. That means Greeks translated the Illyrian myth and the name of Achilles `swift footed'. Clearly Greeks translated wrongly the compound as Root / lemma: ōk̂ú-s Meaning: quick + Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : `foot'. While the true meaning was the compound of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-) Meaning: `sharp; stone, edge, painful' + Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : `foot'. Hence the name of Achilles meant actually painful foot since his foot was vulnerable to a mortal wound.

A cognate *ōk̂-ro- (compare to forms *ak̂-ro- besides *ak̂-u-) is perhaps the base from Church Slavic jastrębъ `hawk'.

References: WP. I 172, WH. II 198.

Page(s): 775

Root / lemma: ōr-, ǝr-

English meaning: to speak; to call

German meaning: `reden, rufen'

Material: Old Indian ā́ryati `preist' (ö);

gr. att. ἀρά: (*αραFᾱ), hom. ἀρή `prayer' (*αρFά̄, compare ark. κάταρFος `verflucht'), whereof ἀράομαι `bete, fluche'; ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει, βοᾳ; ἀρύουσαι λέγουσαι, κελεύουσαι; ἀρύσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι Hes., lat. ōrō, -āre `spreche eine Ritualformel, verhandle vor Gericht, rede, bete'; osk. urust `ōrāverit'; russ. orú, orátь `cry', serb. oriti se `widerhallen' (perhaps also lett. urdēt `antreiben, scold, chide'ö); hitt. aruu̯āi- `sich prostrate, anbeten' (also arii̯a- `eine Orakelfrage stellen'ö).

maybe alb. uroj `wish, pray', urtë `sage'.

References: WP. I 182, WH. II 224.

Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: ōus-1 : ǝus-

English meaning: mouth

German meaning: `Mund, Möndung, Rand'

Material: Auf idg. *ōus go back: Old Indian ā́-ḥ n. `mouth' (compare ās-án- sd., āsyám n. `mouth, aperture'), av. āh-, ā̊ŋhan- ds.; lat. ōs, ōris `mouth, face (with the eyes and mouth), edge, bank, border, shore'; but mir. ā Gen. Sg. `mouth' from *ōsos;

in addition ā-derivative: ved. āsayā́ `from mouth to mouth' (Instr.); lat. ōra `edge, hem, limit, boundary, esp. Meeresköste', in addition cōram Adv. (under preposition) `angesichts, in present, before', Nachbildung from palam, clam from *co-ōro- `vor dem front situated'; aureae (ōreae) `Gebiß am bridle, rein', therefrom aurīga (ōriga) `Wagenlenker' (-igā to agō); ōsculum `kiss' is Demin. from ōs;

aisl. ōss m. `Flußmöndung' (germ. *ōsaz), moreover ags. ōr n., ōra m. `edge, Anfang'; from ags. ōr is mir. or `ora, margo, linea', acymr. ōr ds. borrowed.

The reduced grade idg. *ǝus- proves: alb. anë `Seite, hem, bank, border, shore, Borte' (*ausnā); possibly also hitt. aiš, Gen. iššaš n. `mouth' (*ai̯es, *aisos)ö s. Pedersen Hitt. 47 f.

t- derivatives are Old Indian ṓṣṭha- m. n. `lip', av. aošta-, aoštra- ds. (*ǝus-), lat. ōstium `entrance, Flußmöndung' (= slav. *ustьje); Old Church Slavic usta Pl. `mouth'; slav. *ustьje n. `estuary' is must be assumed after bulg. ústije, russ. ústьje etc.; compare Old Church Slavic ustьna, slov. ûstna `lip'; Old Church Slavic ustiti (naustiti) `move, anregen, öberreden'; probably Old Church Slavic uzda etc. `bridle, rein'; lett. ap-aûši (*-austi̯-) `halter'; Old Prussian austo `mouth' (Nom. Plur.ö; Akk. Sg. āustin), lit. áuščioti `babble, chatter, rumor, gossip', lett. aũšât `babble, chatter'; changing through ablaut lit. uostà f., úostas m. `embouchure, estuary, mouth of a river, lagoon', lett. uosts m., uōsta f. `harbor'.

References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.

Page(s): 784-785

Root / lemma: ōus2 : ǝus- : us-

English meaning: ear

German meaning: `Ohr'

Note: extended with -i (ǝusi-s), -es (ǝusos- n.) and -en

Note:

Root / lemma: ōus2 : ǝus- : us- : `ear', derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ghous- : `to sound; hear'.

Only Indo Iranian: Old Indian ghṓṣati `sounds, announces aloud, hears', av. gaoš- `hear', Old pers. gauša-, av. gaoša- m. `ear', npers. gōš `ear'

Material: Av. uši Nom. Du. `both ears, understanding, mind, sense', Instr. Du. uši-bya, npers. hoš (Iran.*auš-) `ear';

arm. unkn `ear' (*us-on-ko-m); kn after akn `eye';

Maybe gr. ὤFατα `auricular, ears' : Luwian (*gh(o)umata) tumman- (an ear) Breton skouarn `ear' : arm. unkn `ear' (*us-on-ko-m);

gr. dor. ὦς (*ōus) `ear'; ōu also in ὤFατα `auricular, ears' Alkm., ἀμφ-ῶες Theokr. `with two handles', dor. ἐξ-ωβάδια `earrings', ὑπερ-ώιη `palate', att. λαγ-ώς, hom. λαγ-ωός n. `hare' (*slǝg-ōusos) `with loose ears'; ǝus- in gr. lak. αὖς `ear', Pl. ἄανθα (*αυσ-ανθα) Alkm., tarent. ἆτα (*αυσατα); ion. παρ-ήιον, att. παρ-εία, lesb. παρ-αύα `Schlöfe' (: air. arae); gr. ous- (hybridization of nominative ōus- with ǝus-) in att. οὖς (*οὖσος) `ear', hom. Gen. οὔατος (*ουσn̥τος), ὠκίδες `earrings' Hes. (*ous-n̥-ko-); about ἀκούω see above S. 18, 587; about att. ἀκροᾶσθαι (*ακρ-ους-)s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348;

alb. vesh m. `ear' (*ōus-, ōs-);

Note:

This seems erroneous etymology. Alb. cognate proves that illyr. used a prothetic v- before bare initial vowels, while gr. preserved the old laryngeal H-.

Also alb. (*ves) vath `earring', vathë `loop, sheepfold, pen', [the common alb. -s > -th shift].

The trail of the alb. cognate goes back to the loss of the old laryngeal in IE:

Baluchi gosh, Tadzik gus, Afghan gvaz, Albanian veshi, Greek Cretan hous, Byelorussian vuchi, vuxa, Lusatian L hucho, Lusatian U wucho, Ukrainian vucho, vuxo, Macedonian uvo, usi `ear'

Phonetic mutation were sk- > h- from Celtic to Greek while Illyrian dialects introduced prothetic v- before bare initial vowels.

lat. auris f. `ear' (*ausi-s); from-cultō `horche' see above S. 552;

air. āu, ō n. `ear' (*ǝusos-); air. arae m. `Schlöfe' (*par-ausi̯os), Plur. in PN Arai; gall. PN Arausiō `Orange' (Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausiā f. `with nice, beautiful ears';

got. ausō n. `ear' (germ. *ausan-); with gramm. variation (*auzan-): aisl. eyra, ags. eare, afries. are, as. ahd. ōra n. `ear'; therefrom ahd. ōri, mhd. ære `Öhr';

lit. ausìs f. (older also m.), Gen. Pl. ausų̃ (konson. stem), lett. àuss f.; Old Prussian Akk. Pl. āusins `the ears', besides ausins Vok. m.;

Old Church Slavic ucho, Gen. ušese (s-stem).

References: WP. I 18, WH. I 85 f., Trautmann 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348, 520.

Page(s): 785

Root / lemma: ō(u̯)i̯-om

English meaning: egg

German meaning: `Ei', d. h. `das zum Vogel gehörige'

Grammatical information: reduced form ǝióm

Material: Av. ap-āvaya- `entmannt' (ö), whether from apa-āvaya- `without testicle', compare Old pers. xāya `egg';

gr. att. ὠιόν (*ōu̯i̯-om), öol. ὤιον (*ōu̯ii̯-om), dor. ὤεον (*ōu̯ei-om) `egg';

cymr. wy, acorn. uy `egg' (*āu̯i̯on from *ōu̯i̯om);

without u̯, das probably in langdiphthong. *ōu̯i̯om dwindled war:

arm. ju, Gen. jvoj `egg' (*i̯ōi̯o-, through assimilation from *ōi̯o-); lat. ōvum `egg' after Szemerényi KZ. 70, 64 f. from lat. *oom, idg. *ōi̯om;

Old Church Slavic ajьce, slov. jájce, ačech. vajce, čech. vejce (*ōi̯a- n.) `egg';

difficult are krimgot. ada (got. *addja); aisl. egg, ahd. ei, ags. ǣg `egg' (germ. *ajjaz-; ahd. Pl. eigir, ags. ǣgru prove -es-stem); perhaps after Specht from *ǝi̯óm, not abbreviated from proto germ. *āii̯am, idg. *ōi̯om.

This is wrong etymology. The evolution of the egg cognate in IE followed a phonetic pattern: Persian tokhm, Tadzik tuxm `egg', the balt.-illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation created old laryngeals in IE: Greek Cretan hoon, Armenian havgit, Baluchi haikh, Afghan hagej, Irish ubh (*ukʷh), Spanish huevo, Frisian eike, Danish aeg, Swedish agg (*(t)okhm) `egg'; then illyr.-slav. -kh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation reflected in satem languages: Gujarati indu, Lahnda enda, Panjabi anda, Hindi enda, Bengali anda, Marathi ende, Albanian vezë, Slovak vajce, Czech vejce, vayco, `egg'.

References: WP. I 21 f., WH. II 230, Trautmann 202, Specht Idg. Dekl. 29; Specht expounded lat. avis `bird' from the final-stressed idg. Nom. Sg. ǝu̯eís; compare above S. 86, where one still could have mentioned gr. οἰωνός `bird of prey' (from *αἰωνός, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 662).

Page(s): 783-784

Root / lemma: ō 2

English meaning: vocative particle

German meaning: Ausruf

Material: Old Indian a (partly also from idg. ā, s. d.).

Gr. ὦ, ὤ Ausruf esp. of Erstaunens, Vokativpartikel (therefrom ὤζειν `oh; call, shout, cry', ὠή `heda!', compare also ὠόπ, ὄπ `ermunternder Zuruf the oarsman'! after Kretschmer KZ. 38, 135 also in gr. ὠ-ρύομαι `howl, roar, bellow').

Lat. ō Ausruf verschiedenster Stimmung.

Maybe alb. ō `vocative particle'.

Ir. ā, a = cymr. corn. bret. a Vokativpartikel.

Got. ō (dreimal `ὦ', once = `οὐα, fie!'), mhd. ō esp. beim vocative, and (nowadays oh inscribed) Ausruf the amazement, Röhrung, lament (see also Weigand-Hirt; germ. ō might partly also phonetically development from idg. ā sein, s. d.).

Lit. о `Ausruf of Tadels, the amazement, Vokativpartikel'; lett. a `Vokativpartikel'.

Old Church Slavic о `ὦ' (neologism).

References: WP. I 165, WH. II 192.

See also: s. also ē S. 281.

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: pando-s

English meaning: crooked

German meaning: `gekrömmt'

Material: Lat. pandus `writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved, geschweift' (pandō, -āre `bend, crook') = aisl. fattr (*fanta-) `zuröckgebeugt, zuröckgebogen'.

Maybe a truncated alb. pier (*pandō, -āre) `bend, incline'.

References: WP. II 6;

See also: see under pet-1.

Page(s): 788

Root / lemma: pank-, pang-

English meaning: to swell

German meaning: `schwellen'

Note: bedeutungs- and ursprungsverwandt with ba^xmb-, pa^xmp-, bu-, pu- etc. (above S. 94 f.) `inflate, bloat, schwellen'

Material: Lat. pānus (*pank-no-) `entzöndliche tumefaction, tussock of the millet, sorghum', rom. pāna; therefrom pānīcum `plant with a tussock'; panceps `ἕλκος κτήνους ἐπὶ τραχηλίου' Gloss. (from *pāno-caps), pantex `paunch, Gedörme (due to eines participle *panc-to-s `swollen, aufgeblasen');

Old Church Slavic počiti sę `inflāri', pǫčina `mare', poln. pąk `bud', pęk `bundle', russ. puk `bundle, tussock, bunch', púc̀a `Blöhung' etc.; with voiced-nonaspirated Old Church Slavic pǫgy `corymbus', pǫgvica `globulus'.

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 248.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pap(p)a

English meaning: Daddy; meal

German meaning: Kinderlallwort for `Vater; Speise'

Material: Gr. πάππα Vok., -ου Gen. `Papa', πάπας πατρὸς ὑποκόρισμα, πάππος `grandfather' (out of it lat. pappus), παππίᾱς `Vöterchen', παππάζειν `Papa say'; skyth. Ζεῦς Παπαῖος; lat. pāpa, pappa Kinderlallwort for `dish, food; father', pappō -āre `eat'; nhd. pappen `eat' (with faltering consonant shift through nebenhergehende neologism).

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 249, 250;

See also: compare appa above S. 52.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: parīkā

English meaning: concubine

German meaning: `Buhlerin, Konkubine'

Note: only iran. and Irish

Material: Av. pairikā `dömonische Buhlerin', mp. parīk, np. parī `Peri' (iran. *parīka); mir. a(i)rech `concubine'.

References: Thurneysen IF. 42, 146 f., WP. II 7.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pasto-

English meaning: solid

German meaning: `fest'

Material: Old Indian pastyá-m `Wohnsitz'; arm. hast (i-stem) `tight, firm'; aisl. fastr, ags. fæst, as. fast, ahd. festi, nhd. fest.

References: WP. II 7 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: paus-

English meaning: to let go

German meaning: `los-, ablassen'

Material: Gr. παύω `make cease', Med. `hear auf, lasse ab', παῦλα `tranquility', παυσωλή `rest';

Old Prussian pausto `wild', Old Church Slavic pustъ `deserted, abandoned, forsaken, waste, desolate'; pustiti, russ. рustítь, puskátь `(los)lassen', sloven. delo-pust `Feierabend' etc.

maybe alb. pushtoj `hug, not let go', alb. geg. p(ë)shtoj, alb. shpëtoj `escape, save, rescue'.

Maybe alb. bosh `empty'

References: WP. II 1, Trautmann 208 f.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-

English meaning: to repair, strengthen

German meaning: `festmachen', teils durch Einrammen (Pflock, Pfosten), teils durch Zusammenfögen (Fuge; festgefögt, kompakt, fest: partly also Fessel, Strick)

Grammatical information: present *pāĝ-mi, pāk̂-si, pāk̂-ti

Material: Old Indian páś- (Instr. Pl. paḍbhíḥ) `loop, noose, snare, rope', pā́śa- m. ds., pajrá- `thickset, strong';

av. pas- `aneinander befestigen, zusammenfögen', fšǝ̄biš `with Fesseln' (about pourupaxšta- `much, a lot of, reich gefaltet' s. Benveniste BSL. 29, 106 f.);

gr. πάσσαλος, att. πάτταλος m. `peg, plug, nail' (-κι̯-), πήσσω, att. πήττω `πήγνυμι'; πήγνῡμι (dor. -ᾱ-) `befestige through Hineinschlagen, Hineinstecken; lasse erstarren' (ἐπάγην, πέπηγα, πηκτός), πῆγμα n. `plant, Gestell', πηγός `tight, firm, strong', πήγανον n. `Raute', ναυ-πήγος `Schiffbaumeister', πηγυλίς Adj. f. `reifig, icy', πάγος m. `ice, hoarfrost' (also Dat. Pl. πάγεσι `frost'), hom. `crag cliff'; πάχνη (*παξνᾱ) `hoarfrost, frost', πάγη `loop, noose, snare, Falle', πακτόω `make tight, firm, verschließe, verstopfe', ἅ-παξ `simple, just'; πάξ Adv. `enough!'; here πηγή, dor. πᾱγά̄ `ueulle';

lat. pacīscō (sek. -or) `einen pact, covenant or comparison moor, abschließen', alat. paciō `pactiō', pacunt `paciscuntur', pāx, -cis f. `peace; freundliche Gesinnung' (umbr. pase tua `pāce tuā' in the appellation an Gottheiten), pālus `picket, pole' (from *pak-slos, compare Demin. paxillus); pangō (pepigī; geneuert = renamed, has changedöö pēgi after frēgi, and panxi) `befestigen, einschlagen; aneinanderfögen, schriftlich verfassen, festsetzen' (zur nasalization of present compare germ. *faŋχan), compāgēs `Fuge', pāgina (*die zum leaf gefögten Papyrusstreifen) `leaf Papier, Seite, Kolumne', pāgus `Landgemeinde, village, Bau', prōpāgō, prō̆pāgēs `Setzlinge', prō̆pāgāre `einen seedling in the Erde festmachen, hence fortpflanzen'; umbr. pase (see above), paca Adv. `causā', osk. prupukid `ex antepactoö', umbr. pöl. marruc. pacri- `propitius, plācātus'; mir. āge `limb, member, Pfeiler' (*pāgi̯o-), āil `pleasant' (*pāgli-; or as *pōkli- to aisl. fǣgiligr ds., s. *pek̂-1ö); cymr. aelod `limb, member' (*paglātu-);

germ. Nasalprös. *faŋχan (: lat. pangō) in got. fāhan, aisl. fā, ags. fōn, ahd. fāhan, as. fāhan and fangan `capture', got. gafāh n., aisl. fengr, ags. feng m., ahd. fang m. `Fang, booty'; ahd. fuoga `Fuge', gafuogi `fitting', hī-fuoge `Ehestifterin', ahd. fuogen, as. fōgian `fögen', ags. gefēgan `passen, connect', mhd. vagen `fögen'; from *pag-: as. fac `Umfassung, Umzöunung', mnd. vak m. ds. and `dividing off, partitioning off', ahd. fah `moenia', nhd. Fach, einfach; from zeitlicher dividing off, partitioning off ags. fæc `stretch of time', mnd. vaken, vake, spötmhd. gevach `often', mhd. drīer vacher `dreimal';

slav. *pāža- m. in sloven. pâz `Fuge', pâž `Bretterwand'.

References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209.

Page(s): 787-788

Root / lemma: pā̆n-

English meaning: fabric

German meaning: `Gewebe'

Material: Gr. πη̃νος n., πήνη f. `Gewebe' Hes., πηνίον `aufgewickelter filament, Gewebe, garment', πηνίζομαι `weave' (dor. πᾱνίσδεται Theokr.); ablaut. lat. pannus `a piece of cloth, garment of cloth' (expressives nn); got. fana m. `rag, Schweißtuch', ahd. fano `stuff, kerchief, cloth', nhd. Fahne, ags. fana m. `banner, ensign, flag, kerchief, cloth; Iris', fane, fanu f. `banner, ensign, flag, Schwertlilie'; unclear. mir. an-art `leinernes kerchief, cloth'; dörfte man das gr. and lat. ă as expressive auffassen (compare above S. 211 to gall. drappus), could relationship to (s)pen- `spannen, spinnen' angenommen become.

References: WP. II 5, WH. II 247 f.

Page(s): 788

Root / lemma: pā̆r-

English meaning: to show; be visible

German meaning: `zeigen; sichtbar sein'

Material: Gr. πεπαρεῖν `vorzeigen', πεπαρεύσιμον εὔφραστον, σαφές Hes.; lat. pāreō, -ēre `appear, seem, be visible, sich zeigen; Folge leisten, obey', appāreō, compāreō `erscheine' (parret, after Festus for pāret, as bāca : bacca etc.).

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 252 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pāsó-s

English meaning: a relation

German meaning: `Verwandter'ö

Material: Gr. πηός, dor. πᾱός `Verschwögerter', παῶται συγγενεῖς Hes.; lat. pāri-cīda (*pāso-kaidā) newer parri-cīda `murderer an nahen Verwandten'; after Wackernagel Gnomon 6, 458 from *parso-cīda to ind. puruṣa- `person' from Old Indian *purṣa-.

References: WP. II 7, WH. II 253 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pāuson- : pūson-

English meaning: name of a deity

German meaning: `Göttername'

Material: Old Indian Pūṣáṇ- m. `vedischer Gott, Höter und Mehrer der Herden und des menschlichen Besitzes öberhaupt', gr. Πά̄ν, ark. Πά̄ων (*Πᾱυσων); illyr. (messap.) PN Pausō, -onos, gall. (venet.) PN Pusa m.; doubtful, whether to Old Indian puṣyati, puṣṇā́ti, póṣati `prospers, becomes overgrown, makes prosper, nourished', pṓṣa- m. `prospering; flourishing, growth';

References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier Idg. Jb. 19, 90.

See also: see under pū̆-1.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pā- : pǝ- and pā-t- : pǝ-t-

English meaning: to feed, graze

German meaning: `föttern, nöhren, weiden'

Material: Arm. hauran `herd' (*pā-tro-), hoviv `herdsman, shepherd' (*ou̯i-pā-); gr. dor. πανία πλησμονή, πάνια τὰπλήσμια; lat. pāscō, -ere, pāvi, pāstum `lasse weiden, föttere', Dep. `devour, weide' (*pās-scō), pāstor `herdsman, shepherd', pābulum `food' (*pā-dhlom), pānis `bread' (because of pastillus `pellet, globule from meal, flour' from *pa-st-nis); messap. πανός `bread' is lat. Lw.; air. ain-chess `Brotkorb'; perhaps as ven.-illyr. element in Keltischen *pā-ro- `willow' in cymr. pawr `willow', Pl. porion, therefrom Verbalnom. pori, mbret. peuriff, bret. peuri `Weiden'; with -tro- suffix aisl. fōðr n., ags. fōðor n., ahd. fuotar `food'; Old Church Slavic pasǫ, pasti `weiden' (*pāsk̂ō); toch. A pās-, В pāsk- `beware, guard'; hitt. paḫš- (paḫḫaš-) `shield'.

Maybe alb. geg. me pa, aor. pashë `to watch, protect'.

With -t- further formations: gr. πατέομαι `eat and trinke'; ἄπαστος `without Speise and Trank'; doubtful air. ās(a)id `wöchst' (`es mehrt einen'), mir. ās `Wachsen' (*pāt-to-); got. fōdjan `ernöhren', aisl. fø̄ða, ags. fēdan, as. fōdian, ahd. fuoten ds., ags. fōda, engl. food `nourishment, food', ags. fōstor ds., aisl. fōstr `upbringing, sustenance, livelihood' (*pāt-tro-); ablaut. ahd. kauatot `pasta' (ahd. Gl. 2, 333, 65), fatunga `nourishment, food', mnd. vedeme f. `Eichelmast'.

References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;

See also: compare also pen-1 `feed'.

Page(s): 787

Root / lemma: (peg- :) pog- : pōg-, pō̆k-s- (*peĝh-)

English meaning: shoulder, hip, side

German meaning: `Achsel, Höfte, Lende, Seite'

Material: Old Indian pákṣa- m. `shoulder, Flögel' and `Seitenpfosten', pákṣas- n. `Seite'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation

lat. pectus `breast'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : lat -ĝh- > -ct- phonetic mutation

lett. paksis `Hausecke';

toch. А pöśśöṃ, В pöšcane `die beiden Bröste'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : toch. -ĝh- > -śś- phonetic mutation

langvokalisch Old Indian pājasyá- n. `Bauchgegend, groin', russ. (etc.) pach `groin', pacha `armpit', pachva `armpit, groin'; besides ein i̯o-stem *pōgi̯o- in čech. paže `Arm' under likewise

Note: Root / lemma: (peg- :) pog- : pōg-, pō̆k-s- : `shoulder, hip, side' is a reduced root of balt. lit. pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. `place under the arm, armpit'.

A common satem Root / lemma: dous- : `arm' (see above) derived from an archaic root *ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique Old pers., balt., celt., illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation.

References: WP. II 3 f., WH. II 270, Specht Idg. Dekl. 237 f.

Page(s): 792

Root / lemma: peig-1 and peik-

English meaning: coloured, speckled

German meaning: `Kennzeichnen durch einritzen or förben; bunt, farbig' (besides words for `stechen'

Material: A. Old Indian piŋktē (unbel.) `malt', piŋga-, piŋgalá- `reddish, brown', pinjára- `reddish, golden'; gr. πίγγαλος (Hes.) `Eidechse', πίγγαν `Köcken' Hes.; lat. pingō, -ere, pinxī, pictum `malen; with the needle prick', pictor `Maler'; abg. pěgъ `varicolored'; toch. A pik-, pek- `schreiben, malen' (pekant- `Maler'), В pink-, pai(y)k- `schreiben'.

Maybe alb. pikë `dot, stain', pis `dirty, stained'

B. Old Indian piṃśáti `haut from (esp. Fleisch), cuts, slices zurecht, gestaltet, schmökt', pḗśaḥ- n., pēśa- m. `shape, form, paint, color', pēśalá- `verziert; mellifluous; skilful' (compare ποικίλος); piśáŋga- `reddish, reddish brown', piśa- m. `Dammhirsch' etc.; perhaps śilpá- `varicolored', whether from*piślá- (Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.);

Maybe alb. pis `dirty, stained'

av. paēs- `farbig make, adorn', paēsa- m. paēsah- n. `jewellery, Zierat', Old pers. ni-pištā `niedergeschrieben', av. fra-pixšta- `verziert';

gr. ποικίλος `varicolored'; πικρός `sharp (of Pfeil), bitter, shrilly, screaming, feindselig' (formal = abg. pьstrъ `varicolored'); lat. pignus, -oris `pledge' (if `festgestecktes'ö); got. filu-faihs `very mannigfaltig' (compare Old Indian puru-pēśa- `mannigfaltig'), ahd. as. fēh `varicolored', ags. fāh, fāg `varicolored', whereof aisl. fā (*faihōn) `förben, adorn', fā rūnar `Runen ritzen' (originally `red förben'), fāinn `bunt dappled', ags. fāgian, ahd. fēhen `adorn';

lit. piẽšti `malen, schreiben', paĩšas, piẽšas `Rußfleck', piešà `smut', paĩšinas, puišinas, puišus `rußig, dirty, filthy', išpaišãu `adumbrō'; Old Prussian peisāi `sie schreiben'; Old Church Slavic pišǫ pьsati `schreiben', pьstrъ (= πικρός) `varicolored', pьstrǫgъ `Forelle' (also рьsъ `dog' from the Farbe genannt).

References: WP. II 9 f., WH. II 301 f., 305 f., Trautmann 210 f.

Page(s): 794-795

Root / lemma: peiĝ-1 and peik̂-

English meaning: hostile

German meaning: `feindselig gesinnt', teils in aktiver animosity or Heimtöcke, teils in passivem Widerwillen or Dummheit sich öußernd

Note: (balt. peik- probably with westidg. guttural)

Material: A. Lat. piget `es verdrießt mich, excited, aroused Widerwillen', piger, -gra, -grum `querulous, slow, faul'; aisl. feikn n. `ruin', ags. fācen, as. fēcan n. `betrayal, malice, deceit' (ags. fǣcne `deceitful, mad, wicked, evil'), ahd. feihhan n. `guilefulness, deceit', ags. gefic `deceit', ficol `arglistig, unzuverlössig'.

B. Old Indian píśuna- `bösgesinnt, verröterisch, verlöumderisch', piśācá- `demon'; here the gall. (ven.-illyr.) VN Pictones, Pictāvi (: lit. pìktas) `Poitou'; wgerm. *faihiÞō in ahd. fēhida `hate, fight', nhd. Fehde, ags. fæhÞ(u) f. `enmity, Fehde'; ahd. fēhan `zēlāre' and `hate', as. ā-fēhjan `feindlich behandeln', of Adj. ahd. gifēh `hostile', ags. fāh, fāg `geöchtet, verfemt' (engl. foe `fiend'); in addition also ahd. feigi `dem Tode verfallen', nhd. feige `timorous' (dial. also `dem Tode verfallen', `fast reif', or `faul'), as. fēgi `of Todes', ags. fǣge `dem Tode nahe, bang' (engl. fey), aisl. feigr `dem Tode verfallen' (*poiki̯ós, compare lit. paĩkas `stupid');

lit. paĩkas `stupid', peikiù, peĩkti `rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold'; pìktas `mad, wicked, evil, angry, irate', pykstù, pỹkti `rage against, mad, wicked, evil sein'; lett. peiksts `unzuverlössiger person'; Old Prussian paikemmai 1. Pl. Konj., aupaickīt `cheat, deceive', pickuls `devil', lit. pikùlas `devil', lett. -pikìs, pikuls `devil'.

References: WP. II 10 f., WH. II 300 f., Trautmann 203 f.

Page(s): 795

Root / lemma: pei-m(i)-

English meaning: quick, perky

German meaning: `rasch, flink'ö

Note: Only kelt. and german.

Material: Air. ēim (*peimi-) `rash, hasty, agile'; aisl. fimr ds., orð-fimi f. `adroitness in words'; but norw. fimra `umhertappen', mnd. fimmelen, fimmeren ds., engl. dial. fimble ds.; schwed.famla, fumla, ndd. fummeln, engl. fumble `umhertappen' are distinct lautnachahmend.

References: WP. II 11, Sommer IF. 51, 247.

Page(s): 795

Root / lemma: peisk-, pisk-

English meaning: fish

German meaning: `Fisch'

Material: Lat. piscis m. `fish', piscīna `Fischteich', piscor, -āri `fischen'; got. fisks m., aisl. fiskr, ahd. ags. fisk `fish' (*piskos), got. fiskōn, nhd. fischen (: lat. piscāri; compare mhd.vischīn : lat. pis-cīna); full grade air. īasc (*peiskos), Gen. ēisc `fish', Kollekt. `Fische'; poln. piskorz `Peißker', russ. piskárь `Gröndling'; based on die Übereinstimmung with mir. esc `water', schott. FlN Esk (kelt. *iskā): acymr. FlN Uisc, ncymr. Wysg (kelt. *ēskā from *eiskā or*eidskā) auf chance, luckö s. also above S. 794.

Note:

From PIE the cognate for fish passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *púsa (˜ -i̯o-)

Meaning: a k. of fish

Mongolian protoform: *basiŋga

Tungus protoform: *puse-

Japanese protoform: *pansai

References: WP. II 11, WH. II 310, Max Förster Themse 840 f.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: (peis-1ö) : pis-

English meaning: to grind

German meaning: `zerstampfen, zermalmen' (especially Getreide)

Material: Old Indian pináṣṭi `zerreibt, zerstampft' (3. Pl. pįṣánti = lat. pinsunt), piṣṭá- `gemahlen', n. `meal, flour', pēṣṭar- `Zerreiber' (: lat. pistor), av. pišant- `zerstampfend'; gr. πτίσσω `stamp, schrote' (probably expressives σσ), πτίσμα, πτισάνη `enthölste barley', πτίσις, πτισμός `das Stampfen', περιπίσματα `ausgepreßte Weintrauben' (diss. from *περιπτίσματα); lat. pīnsō, -ere, pinsiō, pi(n)sō, -āre `zerstampfen, zerstoßen' (pīs- with Nasalreduktion from pins-), *pīstum, pīnsum, pinsitum; pistor `Böcker', pīsō `mortar', pīla ds., pīlum `Mörserkeule' (and `spear, lance'), pistillum `Stampfer'; umbr. pistu `pistum'; mnd. vīsel `mortar', mhd. fisel `penis'; lit. Iterat. paisýti `(barley) abklopfen, den Gerstenkörnern die Grannen abschlagen', primör pìsti `coire cum femina'; Old Church Slavic pьsǫ and pьchajǫ, pьchati `bump, poke', *pьšeno `meal, flour', russ. pšenó n. `enthölste millet, sorghum', čech. Iterat. pěchovati `stomp'.

References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 692.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: peis-2, speis-

English meaning: to blow

German meaning: `blasen'

Material: With s-: lat. spīrō, -āre `blow, breathe, breathe' (*speis-), spīritus, -ūs `breath, breeze, breath, soul, ghost'; spirāculum `Luftloch';

without s-: Old Indian piččhōrā `Pfeife, flute'; mhd. vīsen, vī̆sten `einen wind streichen lassen', vī̆st `breaking wind, fart', ags. fīsting ds., ndd. fīster `podex', ndl. veest (*faist) `breaking wind, fart', aisl. fīsa `furzen', norw. fīsa ds. and `blow', nhd. fispern, fispeln `hiss'; baltoslav. *pīṣketi `piept, pfeift' in lit. pyškė́ti `knallen', slav. *piščǫ, *piščati in russ. piščú, piščátь `piepen, screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell', Church Slavic pištalь f. `Pfeife', Old Church Slavic piskati `whistle' etc.;

maybe alb. piskat `to srceam', piscamë `scream'

with n-formants: cymr. ffun (*spoi-nā) `breath'.

References: WP. II 11, WH. II 575 f., Trautmann 221.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: pei̯(ǝ)-, pī̆-

English meaning: fat; milk

German meaning: `fett sein, strotzen'

Material: Old Indian páyatē `schwillt, strotzt, makes schwellen, strotzen', pipyúṣī `strotzend, milchreich', av. (a)-pipyūšī- `(keine) milk in the Brust habend, (not) söugend' (: lit. pa-pìjusi), Old Indian pīná- `fat, fat, obese, thick', pyā́yatē `schwillt, strotzt', pinvati `makes schwellen', av. fra-pinaoiti `bringt zum Gedeihen'; Old Indian páyas- n. `juice, sap, water, milk', av. payah- n. `milk', av. paēman- n. `Muttermilch' (: ags. fǣmne); np. pīnū `sour milk, fresh cheese' (: lit. píenas `milk'), Old Indian pḗru-, pērú- `anschwellend, tumescent making' (probably with idg. l, so that to norw. fēl);

norw. fēl `skimmings, dickgemachte milk'; ags. fǣmne `virgin, young wife, woman', as. fēmea `schwangere wife, woman', aisl. feima `girl' (: av. paēman- `Muttermilch');

lit. papìjusi kárvė `cow, die beim Melken die milk nicht zuröckhölt', pýdau, -dyti `zum Milchen stir, tease, irritate', pýti `milk spenden', píenas `milk';

pīmo-s `fat' in gr. πῑμελή `fat', lat. opīmus `fat, wohlgenöhrt; fertile; rich' (probably pīnguis `fat': hybridization from *pīmos and *finguis, see above S. 128).

u̯-formations:

att. πόα, ep.-ion. ποίη, dor. ποία `grass, Rasenplatz', from *ποιFᾱ = lit. píeva `meadow' (*poiu̯ā);

pīu̯o-s- and pīu̯-er/-en- `fat, fat': Old Indian pīvas- n., av. pīvah- n. `fat, bacon'; Old Indian pī́van-, f. pī́varī `tumescent, strotzend, fat, obese, fat', pīvará- ds., newer formation of Fem. from, with dem likewise not old gr. πιερός, πῑαρός = gr. πί̄ων, f. πί̄ειρα `fat, fertile, rich', πῖαρ (only Nom. Akk. Sg. *pī-u̯r̥) `fat'; air. īriu, Gen. īrenn (*pī-u̯er-i̯ō) `Erdboden, land', if eigentl. `πίειρα γῆ';

tu-stem pei-tu-, pī̆-tu- `fat, juice, sap, Trank, nourishment, food': ei in lit. piẽtūs `Mittagsmahl'; compare Old Indian pḗtv-a- m. `he-goat; billy goat, Hammel' (eig. `fat, obese'), av. pōiϑwa `fat, obese';

pī̆-tu- `Trank, dish, food': Old Indian pitú- m., av. pitu-š m. `juice, sap, Trank, nourishment, food, dish, food', av. arǝmpiϑwā, ra-piϑwā f. `midday, Mittagszeit', eig. `die zum Mahle passende time'; air. ith `(*nourishment, food), corn, grain', acymr. it, ncymr. yd (*pitu-) etc. `ds. `; lat. pītuīta `reiche dampness, catarrh'; mir. īth `tallow, suet' (*pītu-); wherefore as denominative Old Church Slavic pitěti, jöngerpitati `feed, ernöhren, aufziehen'; here from the meaning `resin' from: Old Indian pītu-dāru `eine Fichtenart', eig. `Harzbaum', and as Kurzformen eines solchen Kompositums pamird. pit `fir, spruce', gr. πίτυς ds.; full grade mir. īath n. (`fette) meadow, land' (*pei-tu-); die meaning `resin' also in the k-derivative *pi-k-: gr. πίσσα att. πίττα f. `tar', πιττάκιον n. `Schreibtöfelchen, Pflaster', lat. pix, picis f. `tar' (out of it ahd. peh etc.), perhaps mnd. vī(g), vīhe `swamp, marsh, break'; (lit. pìkis `tar' is germ. Lw.), Old Church Slavic pьcъlъ, russ.-Church Slavic pьkьlъ `tar'; but lat. pīnus, -ūs and -ī `fir, spruce, pine, pine tree' because of alb. pishë `fir, spruce, pinewood torch' (*pit-s-i̯ā) probably from *pitḫsḫnuḫs;

extension poi-d-, pī̆-d-: gr. πῑδήεις `quellenreich', πῖδαξ `wellspring', πῑδύω `lasse durchsickern, quelle hervor', Nom. Pl. n. πί̄σεα `damp Orte, Wiesen' (*pī-d-s-es-); aisl. fita f. `fat', germ. *faitian `mösten' (ahd. feizen, ags. fǣtan, aisl. feita), *faita- `fat'(ahd. feiz, aisl. feitr), participle germ. *faitida-: ahd. feizzit, mhd. veiz(e)t, nhd. feist, ags. fǣted, engl. fat, mnd. vet `fat'; aisl. fit `meadow', ostfries. `puddle, slop'; lett. pìsa, pīse `morass, Buschwald'; about mir. esc `water' (see above S. 45 about mir. esc-ung `Aal'), wherefore mir. esca f. `swamp, marsh', see under peisk- `fish'; or esc from *pid-skāö

References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217.

Page(s): 793-794

Root / lemma: pek̂-1, pēk̂-, pōk̂-

English meaning: to make pretty; to be joyful

German meaning: etwa `höbsch machen, aufgeröumt or vergnögt sein'

Material: Ahd. gifehan, ags. gefēon `sich freuen'; as. ahd. fehōn `consume', ahd. giḫfehōn ds. = ags. ge-fēon, ahd. gi-fehan `sich erfreuen'; Kaus. got. fulla-fahjan `sufficiency leisten, satisfy, serve', ahd. fagōn `beistehen'; got. fahēÞs `pleasure, joy', aisl. feginn, ags. fægen `blithe, glad', got. ahd. faginōn, ags. fægenian `sich freuen', aisl. fagna ds., got. ga-fēhaba `fitting, ehrbar', aisl.fǣgiligr `pleasant'; got. fagrs `geeignet', aisl. fagr, ags. fæ̆̄ger `beautiful' etc.; got. ga-fahrian `prepare, concoct'; in materieller meaning mhd. vëgen `clean, scour, rub, clean, fegen', aisl. fāga `adorn, clean', fǣgja `gleaming make, putzen' and lit. púošiu (*pōk̂ei̯ō), púošti `adorn', lett. pùost `clean, söubern, adorn', refl. `sich putzen'; perhaps hieher mir. āil `pleasant' as *pōkli- (yet s. also under pāk̂- `moor').

References: WP. II 16, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.

Page(s): 796-797

Root / lemma: pek̂-2

English meaning: to fleece; cattle

German meaning: `Wolle or Haare rupfen, zausen'

Material: Old Indian páśu-, paśú- n., Gen. paśváḥ; paśú- m. `Vieh'; av. pasu- m. `Vieh' (mostly still `small cattle'), in compound fśū̆-, -fśū̆-, wherewith Old Indian kšu-mā́n- `nahrungsreich', puru-kšú ds. (twice also basic kśu) as Diss.-forms for pśu- identical; = lat. pecū, -ūs n. `a head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd', next to which pecus, -oris n. (formal = gr. τὸ πέκος), pecus, -ŭdis f. ds.; derivatives pecūnia `property, riches, wealth', pecūlium `property'; umbr. pequo Pl. n. `pecua'; = got. faíhu `possession, fortune', aisl. fē, ags. feoh, as. fehu, ahd. fihu `Vieh'; = lit. pekus, Old Prussian pecku `Vieh' (westidg. Gutt.); got. bi-, ga-faíhon `öbervorteilen' are after W. Wissmann (The öltesten Postverbalia 79 ff.) Denominativa from faíhu, and bi-faíh `deceit' is noun post-verbal;

arm. asr, Gen. asu `Schafwolle, Fließ', asveɫ `fleecy' (*pok̂u + r, with а from о in offenerAnlautsilbe); gr. πέκω (= lit. pešù), πέκτω (= lat. pectō, ahd. fehtan), πεκτέω `comb, schere', πέκος n. `Fließ, wool', πόκος m.; `Fließ', κτείς, κτενός `comb' (from zero grade *πκτεν-; lat. pecten);

alb. pilë `tool zum Flachskömmen, -hecheln' (*pek̂lā); lat. pectō, -ere, pexī `comb', pecten, -inis `comb', umbr. petenata `pectinatam'; ahd. as. fehtan, ags. feohtan `fechten'; ahd. as. fahs, ags. feax `(head)-haar', aisl. fax `Möhne' (*-pok̂-s-o-, compare den es-stem πέκος), aisl. fǣr, aschwed. fār `sheep' (*fahaz = πόκος), aschwed. fǣt (*fahti-) `wool, Fließ', ags. feht `Fließ', ndl. vacht f. `wool, Schur', ags. fihl `a piece of cloth, garment of cloth'; lit. pešù, pèšti `pluck, an den Haaren zausen', Iter. pašýti, susipẽšti `to tear, rend'.

Here probably Old Indian pakṣ-man- n. `eyelashes, hair', pakṣ-malá- `with starken eyelashes, dichthaarig', av. pašna- n. `eyelid', compare in not so spezialisierter meaning np. pašm `wool'. common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 16 f., WH. 11 269 f., 270 ff., Trautmann 217, Specht KZ 68, 205 ff.

Page(s): 797

Root / lemma: pekʷ- (*kʷekʷhō)

English meaning: to cook

German meaning: `kochen'

Grammatical information: participle pekʷ-to- `cooked, boiled'

Material: Old Indian pácati, av. pačaiti `kocht, böckt, bröt' (= lat. coquō, cymr. pobi, alb. pjek, abg. pekǫ, compare also lit. kepù); Fut. pákṣyati: gr. πέψω); common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- : -kʷh- > -ps- phonetic mutation

Supin. paktum = lat. coctum, Old Church Slavic peštь; participle paktá- (= gr. πεπτός, lat. coctus, cymr. poeth), Old Indian pácyatē `reift', pakvá- `cooked, boiled, reif', paktí- f. `das Kochen, gekochtes Gericht' (= gr. πέψις, lat. cocti-ō, abg. реštь, Old Prussian pectis), paktár- `the Kochende' (= lat. coctor, fem. gr. πέπτρια) pāká- m. `das Kochen, Backen, Reifen', av. nasu-pāka- `Leichen(divide) cooking, verbrennend'; arm. probably hac̣ `bread' as *pokʷ-ti-; gr. πέσσω, att. πέττω `cook, verdaue' (*pekʷi̯ō), to-present πέπτω; πέψις f. `Kochen'; πέπων, -ονος `reif' (f. πέπειρα after πίων : πίειρα), πόπανον `pastry, cake'; umgestelltes *kʷopos in ἀρτο-κόπος (besides ἀρτο-πόπος) `Brotböcker'; alb. pjek `I bake'; lat. coquō, -ere `cook' (ital. kelt. Assim. from *pekʷō to *kʷekʷō), coquus `Koch' (: ἀρτο-κόπος), coquīna `Köche', as osk.-umbr. Lw. popīna; cymr. pobi (o from e), corn. pobas, bret. pibi `backen', bret. pobet `gebacken', cymr. poeth (*kʷekʷ-tos) `hot', bret. poaz `cooked, boiled', mcymr. poburies `Böckerin', corn. peber, bret. pober `Böcker';

common celt.-illyr. kʷ- > p- phonetic mutation

air. cuchtar `Köche' from lat. coctūra ds.; ags. ā-figen `roasted'; lit. (reconverted) kepù, kèpti, lett. cepu, cept `backen, fry', ceplis `oven'; without rearrangement Old Prussian pectis `Ofenschaufel' = Old Church Slavic peštь `oven, Нöhle'; lit. pèktas `roasted', Old Church Slavic *pekǫ, *pešti `backen' in serb. pèčêm, pèći ds., etc.; Old Church Slavic pekъ `heat', potъ `Schweiß' (*pokto-), peštь `oven', peštera `cave, oven' etc.;

toch. AB pök- `zum Reifen bringen, cook', participle Pass. В pepakṣu; A puköl, В pikul `year' (= `ripeness'). common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Toch. -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 17 f., WH. I 270 f., Trautmann 211 f.

Page(s): 798

Root / lemma: pelǝ-, plā-

English meaning: wide and flat

German meaning: `breit and flach, ausbreiten; durch Druck or Schlag flach formen, breitschlagen, breitklatschen'

Material: Arm. hoɫ `earth, dust, powder, bottom, land'; lat. palam `open, öffentlich' (eig. `in flat, open Hinbreitung'), Akk. as clam, from a *p_elā́- or р_olā́-; alb. sh-pal `offenbare'; air. lāthar n. `plan, place, Lage' (*plā-tro-), to cymr. llawdr `britches', acorn. loder `caliga', bret. loer `bas, chaussure' (originally `Unterlage'); lett. plóti `breitschlagen', lett. plāt `thin aufstreichen'; russ. pólyj `open, free, unbedeckt, ausgetreten (of water)', Old Church Slavic polje `field' (`ausgebreitete surface, plain, area', hence das Land Polen); aschwed.-nschwed. fala f. `Ebene, Heide'; hitt. palḫi- `breit';

as dh-present probably here gr. πλάσσω (*πλαθι̯ω, phonetically dem present from Gutturalstömmen angeglichen), Aor. ἔπλασα, ἐπλάσθην `from weicher mass build, gestalten', κατα-, εμ-πλάσσω `streiche auf', πλάσμα n. `Gebilde', πλάστης m. `molder', ἔμπλαστρον n. > lat. emplastrum > nhd. `Pflaster'; in addition πλάθανος m., πλαθάνη f. `Kuchenbrett', πηλο-πλάθος `clay formend, a worker in clay, potter'; nominales dh in παλάθη `flat Fruchtkuchen';

with formants -no-: lat. plānus `platt, eben, flat' (idg. *plā-no-s) = gall. Medio-lānum eig. `mitten in the Ebeneö', lit. plónas `thin', lett. plãns `flat, eben, thin', plãns `threshing floor', Old Prussian plonis (alit. plānas) `threshing floor':

slav. *pol-no- in osorb. pɫoń `Ebene', klr. poɫonýna `Hochebene', čech. plauý `unfruchtbar, field-, wood, forest-', pláň `Ebene, Prörie', sloven. plân, f. plána `free from Baumwuchs', plánja `offene, freie surface, plain, area', skr. planína `Bergwald' etc.;

here - perhaps of ziellosen sich Ausbreiten weidender Herden - gr. πλάνος `irrend, wandering', πλάνος m., πλάνη f. `irrender run, flow', πλανᾶν `of rechten way abföhren', -ᾶσθαι `herumirren', πλάνης, -ητος f. `herumirrend', aisl. flana `umherfahren', frz. (from dem Germ.) fláner `sich auf the road umhertreiben';

with n-formants: gr. πέλανος `flat Opferkuchen, flat Mönze';

with m- or n-forms, meaning esp. `flat hand': *p_elǝmā (pl̥̄mā): gr. παλάμη f. `flat hand';

maybe alb. (*p_elǝmā) pëllëmba `palm' [common alb. m > mb shift].

lat. palma `flat hand; also Gönsefuß, Geweihschaufel of Damhirsches, shovel of Ruders, Palme', palmus `die Hand as measurement of length, span', palmes, -itis `Rebenschoß', air. lām, acorn. lof, cymr. llaw `hand' (if in addition air. fo-laumur `wage'ö); ahd. folma `hand', ags. folm `flat hand'; other ablaut in Old Indian pāṇí- m. `hand' (mind. from *parṇi-), av. pǝrǝnā `hohle hand';

with r-formants: aisl. flōrr m. `Diele of Viehstalles; cattle shed', ags. flōr `Diele', mnd.vlōr `Diele, meadow', mhd. vluor `bottom, meadow, sown field', nhd. Flur; air. lār, cymr. etc. llawr (*plā-ro-) `solum, pavimentum';

with dentalem forms *pél-tos n., *pel-tu-s m., *pl̥-tā́ `surface, plain, area': ahd. as. feld n. `field, bottom, Ebene', ags. feld (u-stem) ds.; aisl. fold f. `earth, land', also `Fjord' and FlN, ags. folde, as. folda `earth' (Old Indian pr̥thivī), ahd. FlN Fuld-aha `Fulda'; finn. pelto `farmland' from dem Germ.; above examples belong actually to extension plet-.

References: WP. II 61 ff., WH. II 237, 240 f., Trautmann 204, 222;

See also: extensions under plāk-, plet-.

Page(s): 805-807

Root / lemma: peli-s-, pel-s-

English meaning: rock

German meaning: `Fels'

Material: Old Indian pāṣāṇá- m., pāṣyá- n. `stone', (from *parṣ- = idg. *pels-); gr. πέλλα λίθος Hes. (*πέλσα); Pashto parša mir. all n. (*pl̥so-) `cliff' (s-inflection after slīab `mountain'); germ. *falisa- ins Gallorom. as *falī̆siā borrowed (afrz. falise, faleise); ahd. felis m., felisa f., mnd. vels (*falis-), nhd. Fels, aisl. fjall, fell n. (*pelso-) `Fels'; vorrom. (illyr.) *pella: *palla ds.

References: WP. II 66 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: pelk̂- : polk̂-

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `wenden, drehen'

Material: Ahd. as. felga, ags. fielg `Radfelge', germ. *felgam, `wenden' in ahd. ungifolgan `inflexus'; ablaut. gall. olca `Brachland', ags. fealg, bair. falg ds., russ. polosá `dividing off, partitioning off eines Feldes, Streif'.

addendum to S. 807:

Gall. olca `Pflugland' (frz. ouche `good Ackerland') = ags. fealg `Brachfeld' (germ. *falgō), engl. fallow, ostfries. falge, bair. falg ds., mhd. falgen, felgen `umackern', nhd. Felge `gepflögtes Brachland'; ablaut. germ. *felgō `Radfelge' in ags. fielg, engl. felly, ahd. felga `Felge, harrow'; besides germ. *falgiz in mnl. felghe, ags. felg(e), engl. felloe ds.; germ. felgan `wenden' in ahd. un-gifolgan `ungewendet';

russ. polosá etc. `stripe, Ackerfurche';

perhaps here pelĝ-, polĝ- in slav. *ръlzо, *pelzti, russ.-Church Slavic plězetъ `crawls' etc. and slav. polzь in russ. póloz `Sledge skid', slov. plâz `Pflugsohle, stripe'.

WP. I 516, Trautmann 218 f., Vasmer 2, 396, 397, Kluge-Götze 197 f.

References: WP. I 516.

Page(s): 807, 850

Root / lemma: pel-1, pelǝ-, plē-

English meaning: full, to fill; to pour; town (ö)

German meaning: `gießen, fließen, aufschötten, föllen, einföllen'; also `schwimmen, fließen machen, fliegen, flattern' and `schötteln, schwingen, zittern (machen)'

Material: A. Arm. heɫum `I gieße from' (*pelḫnuḫmi), zeɫum (*z-heɫum) `lasse stream', Pass. `fließeöber';

cymr. llanw m. `flood', Verbalnom. llanw, llenwi `Föllen, Fließen', mbret. lano, lanv `flood', corn. lanwes `fullness, wealth' (*pl_en-u̯o-);

lit. trans. pilù, pìlti `pour, schötten, aufschötten, föllen', intrans. `flow', lett. pilêt `drip, trickle', pile `drip', pilt `drip, trickle', pali `inundation', lit. am̃palas (*ant-palas) `Aufwasser auf dem Eise'; russ. vodo-polъ(je), pol(n)o-vodьje `Hochwasser', kslov. polъ `Schöpfgeföß'.

B. pel `castle' in Old Indian pū́r, Gen. purás `castle, town, city', pura- n., newer puri-, purī ds., compare Singapur `Löwenstadt', gr. (öol.) πόλις `castle, town, city, Staat' (*p_eli-s), hom. kypr. πτόλις ds., lit. pilìs, lett. pile `castle, Schloß' (see Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 344, Specht KZ 59, 65f., 11 f., Trautmann 217).

C. words for `swamp, marsh' (pel-, pel-eu-), as osset. farwe, förer `alder', ahd. fel(a)wa, nhd. Felber `Weidenbaum' (as `Sumpfbaum'), and lat. palus, -ūdis f. `stehendes water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop' (*p_el-ou-d-), probably to Old Indian palvalá- n. `pond, pool' and palvalya- `sumpfig'; in addition still pelǝk- : plāk- in gr. πάλκος πηλός Hes., παλάσσω (*παλακι̯ω) `bespritze', lit. pélkė `Moorbruch', Old Prussian pelky ds., lett. pel̃ce `puddle, slop': plācis `morass'; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 112 alle originallyFarbenbezeichnungen, also to pel-8.

D. `föllen, fullness, wealth': Old Indian píparti : pipr̥máḥ; pr̥ṇā́ti (pr̥ṇáti) `föllt, söttigt, nourishes, spendetreichlich, beschenkt', also pr̥ṇṓti ds., pū́ryatē, pūryátē `föllt sich', Aor. áprāt (: πλῆτο), Imp. pūrdhí, Perf. paprāu (: lat. plēvī), participle prātá- (= lat. -plētus, alb. pĺot; compare also prātí- : lat. com-plēti-ō), pūrtá- `full', prāṇa- `full' (= lat. plēnus, av. frāna- `Föllung', air.līn-aim `fölle'), pūrṇá- `full' (= got. fulls, litt. pìlnas, abg. plъnъ, air. lān; from *pel- whereas av. pǝrǝna- `geföllt'); parīṇaḥ n. `fullness, wealth' (: av. parǝnah-vant- `rich'), parī-man- `fullness, wealth, Spende' (*pelǝ-); av. par- `föllen';

arm. li, Gen. liog `full' (from *plē-i̯o-s = gr. πλέωςö or from *plē-to-s = Old Indian prātá-ö), lnum `fölle' (*linum, neologism), Aor. eli-c̣ `I föllte'; lir (i-stem) `fullness, wealth'; presumably holom, holonem `höufe auf, sammle an';

gr. πίμπλημι `fölle' (originally πίπλημι, the nasal from πίμπρημι), Fut. πλήσω, Aor. πλῆτο `föllte sich', πλήθω `bin voll, fölle mich', πλῆθος n., ion. πληθύ̄ς `bulk, mass', πληθύω `bin or werde voll, swell an' (: lat. plēbēs), πλήσμη `flood', πλησμονή `Anföllung, Söttigung', πλήσμιος `light föllend, söttigend', πλῆμα `Föllung' Hes. (: lat. plēmināre `anföllen'); hom. πλεῖος, att. πλέως, ion. πλέος `full' (*πλη-[ι̯]ο-ς; = arm. liö), πλήρης `full', πληρόω `make voll' (from *πληρο-ς = lat. plērus, compare arm. lir `fullness, wealth', i-stem); πλή-μῡρα, -μυρίς f. `flood', to μύ̄ρω S. 742;

alb. plot `full' (*plē-t-os); also pjel `beget, geböre'ö intrans. `full = pregnant sein'öö with formants -go- here plok, plogu `heap' (*plē-go-ö compare ahd. folc `heap, Kriegshaufe, people', ags. folc `troop, multitude, crowd, Heer, people', aisl. folk `troop, multitude, crowd, people' as *pl̥-go- or *р_elǝ-go-);

lat. pleō, -ēre mostly com-pleō, im-pleō `fölle', participle Pass. (com)plētus; plēnus `full', umbr. plener `plenis'; plērus, -a, -um `zum größten parts', plērusque, plērīque `eine big, giant number, very much, a lot of, am meisten'; plēbēs, -ei and -ī, plēbs, -is `Volksmenge; die mass of Volkes in contrast to den Adeligen' (*plēdhu̯ēs), manipulus `eine handful; bundle; Hanteln the Turner; Soldatenabteilung' (*mani-plo-s); plēmināre `anföllen' to *plēmen = gr. πλῆμα;

air. līn(a)im `I fölle' (from an Adj. *līn = *plēno-s), līn `numerus, pars'; air. lān, acymr. laun, ncymr. llawn, corn. luen, leun, len, bret. leun `full' (= Old Indian pūrṇa- etc.), air. comalnur `I fölle' (Denom. from comlān `full'); u(i)le `whole', Pl. `alle' (*poli̯o-);

got. fulls, aisl. fullr, ags. as. full, ahd. fol (-ll-) `full' (= Old Indian pūrṇá- etc., see above); = lit. pìlnas, abg. plъnъ, skr. pȕn `full'; about ags. folc etc. see above; mhd. vlǣjen `spölen' to πλή-μῡρα above S. 799.

pélu `bulk, mass', einzelsprachlich also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter `much, a lot of'; besides idg. p_elú- Adj. `much, a lot of'; Kompar. plḗ-i̯os, -is-, Superl. plǝ-is-tó- `more, mostly':

Old Indian purú-, av. pouru-, ap. paru `much, a lot of' (= gr. πολύς, if these from *παλύς, lit. pilus), Kompar. Old Indian prāyas- Adv. `meistens, usually', av. frāyah-, Superl. fraēšta- `the meiste'; here iran. *pelu̯-, *polu̯- in Plejadennamen npers. parv, av. paoiryaēinī (*paru̯ii̯ainī-), ablaut. gr. Πλειάδες, hom. Πληιάδες (*pleu̯ii̯-), originally `Sternhaufen';

gr. πολύς `much, a lot of' (assimil. from *παλύς = Old Indian purú-), öbrige case of stem πολλό-, πολλά̄-, wohlausgegangen of f. *πολFι̯ᾱ Old Indian pūrví; Kompar. Superl. originally *πλη[ι̯]ων > πλέων (*plēisōn) : πλαῖστος (*plǝisto-), das through influence of *πλεῖς `more' (*plēis = air. līa) and of Kompar. to πλεῖστος wurde; from a idg. *pleu̯-es- `Überfluß, big, giant bulk, mass' wurde secondary the gr. Kompar. n. πλέον, wherefore the achöische Nom. Pl. πλέες neologism wurde; also wurde alat. plous, lat. plūs to Kompar., and with plīs- (older Kompar. *plē-i̯es- in alat. pleores, and *plēis- in Superl.plīsima) to *plois- contaminated, from which lat. plūrimus `mostly' (old ploirume, plouruma, plusima); compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 537 f., E.-M.² 783;

air. il `much, a lot of' (= got. filu), līa `plus, plures' (*plē-is); acymr. liaus, ncymr. lliaws `multitudo' (plē-i̯ōs-tu-s or -to-);

got. filu adv. neuter m. Gen. (previous Subst.) as replacement from gr. πολύς, also `very; um vieles (beim compounds)', similarly in den other germ. Sprachen: ahd. as. filu, filo, ags. fela, feala, feola `much, a lot of, very', aisl. fiǫl- `much, a lot of', n. `bulk, mass'; compounds Sup. aisl. fleiri, fleistr `more, most' (*plǝ-is-, -isto-, av. fraēšta-);

lit. pilus `in Überfluß'.

E. pel-ed- in gr. πλάδος n. `dampness, decay', πλαδαρός `humid, wet', πλαδάω, -ᾶν `damp sein'; ahd. fledirōn, nhd. flattern, ahd. fledar-mūs `Fledermaus'; lett. peldêt `swim', peldêtiês `bathe', peldinât `bathe, schwemmen': pildinât (*pl̥d-) ds.; pledinât `with den Flögeln hit', pledins `butterfly'; compare E. Fraenkel Mél. Boisacq 1, 357 ff.

F. words for `butterfly': reduplicated lat. pāpiliō, -ōnis m. (*pā-pil-); germ.*fīfalðrōn- in aisl. fīfrildi n., ags. fīfealde, ahd. fīfaltra, mhd. fīfalter, nhd. Falter; lit. petelìškė ds., lett. petelîgs `flatterhaft' (*pel-tel-);

from the same root die balto-slav. words (*paipalā-) for `Wachtel': lit. píepala f., lett. paîpala, Old Prussian penpalo (in addition Old Prussian pepelis, Pl. pippalins `bird'); čech. přepel, křepel, slov. prepelíca (also `butterfly') etc.

G. words for `swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen' etc.: gr. πάλλω (*pl̥-i̯ō), Aor. ἔπηλα `swing, brandish, shake', Med. `spring, zapple', παλτός `geschwungen', παλμός `Zucken, Vibrieren', πάλος m. `lot, fate', παλάσσομαι `lose'; redupl. παιπάλλω Hes. `shake'; aisl. fǣla `frighten', ags. eal-fē̆lo `förchterlich', mhd. vālant `devil'; perhaps to Old Church Slavic plachъ `zitternd, öngstlich' (*polso-ö), plašiti `frighten' etc.;

die extension pelem- in gr. πελεμίζω `swing, brandish, erschöttere', Pass. `erbebe', πόλεμος, πτόλεμος `battle, war, fight' (PN Νεο-πτόλεμος, Πτολεμαῖος), got. us-filma `erschrocken', aisl. felms-fullr ds., felmta `bange sein' (*falmatjan), ahd. bair. felm `fright';

da aisl. falma likewise `öberrascht become', as `tap, feel' stands for, could here lat. palpor, -āri (also palpō) `streichle', palpitō `zucke', palpebrae `eyelids', alb. palun `fluttering, zitternd' and `Ahorn' as well as westgerm. *fōljan (ahd. fuolen, mhd. föelen, ags. fǣlan etc.) `feel' belong, also mnd. vlader `Ahorn', vladarn `flutter'.

References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;

See also: die words under G. could also to pel-2 belong; here also pleu- `flow'.

Page(s): 798-801

Root / lemma: pel-2a, pelǝ- : plā-

English meaning: to cause to move, drive

German meaning: `stoßend or schlagend in Bewegung setzen, treiben'

Material: Lat. pellō (probably from *pel-nō), -ere, pepuli, *pultus (assumed from pultāre `bump, poke'), pulsus (after perculsus : percellō) `stoßend or schlagend in Bewegung place, drive away', pulsus, -ūs `blow, knock', umbr. ař-peltu `appellitō, admovētō', lat. ōpilio (*ou̯i-pili̯ō) `Schafhirt' (`Schaftreiber'), Palēs `Hirtengöttin'; appellō, -āre `address, speak to';

air. ad-ella (*pel-nā-t) `besucht' (= lat. appellat), di-ella `weicht ab'; das Futur. to agid `treibt' : eblaid (*pi-plāseti) and die brit. Konjunktive with el- (above S. 307); air. laë `day' (*plāi̯om), originally *`turn'; about Old Church Slavic popelъ `ash' see under pel-2b;

probably auf d-present *pel-d-ō based on: ahd. anafalz m., ags. anfilte n. `Ambos', ags. felt, m., ahd. filz m. `Filz' (*`gestampfte Wollmasse'), ahd. falzan `anfögen, anlegen', nhd. falzen `fold, plait, fold up, merge';

eine specific gr. meaning- development `anstoßen' = `sich nöhern, nahe' probably in πέλας `nahe', πελάζω (öol. πλά̄ζω), πελάσσαι `sich nöhern'; trans. `nöherbringen, heranbringen' (πέλασε χθονί `warf to bottom'), πελάτης `Nachbar, Taglöhner'; πίλναμαι `nöhere mich', πλησιόν, dor. πλᾱτίον `nahe, by', ion. ἄ-πλητος, dor. ἄ-πλᾱτος `dem man nicht nahen kann, entsetzlich', πλᾶτις `wife' (Ar. Ach. 132), ἔμπλην `ganz nahe', πλήν, dor. πλά̄ν preposition `besides'.

References: WP. II 57 f., WH. II 276 f.;

See also: hieher probably also pel-3 `meal, flour'.

Page(s): 801-802

Root / lemma: pel-2b, pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u̯-

English meaning: powder, flour

German meaning: in Worten for `Staub, Mehl', weiter also `Mehlbrei'

Material: Old Indian pálala- n. `zerriebene Samenkörner, porridge, mash, smut'; gr. πάλη `dust, powder, Staubmehl', παι-πάλη, ποι-σπάλη `feines meal, flour'; παλύνω `bestreue'; lat. palea f. `chaff, straw, Getreidehölse';

with t-formants: πόλτος `porridge, mash from meal, flour', Demin. πολτίον, πολτάριον; lat. puls, -tis `thick Brei from Speltmehl' (*poltos); mir. littiu (Gen. litten), nir. lite, cymr. llith (i instead of y after llith `bait') `Mehlsuppe, pulmentum' (*pl̥t-; with expressive Gemination);

with u̯-formants: lat. pulvis, -eris `dust, powder' (*polu̯i-; inflection after cinis); gall. (rom.)*ulvos ds.;

maybe truncated alb. geg. (*pulvereum) pluhun `dust, powder' [M/N allophones] from lat. pulvereus -a -um,'full of dust, dusty'

here (idg. *pelṓus, pelu̯-ós) Old Indian m. Pl. palā́vās `chaff', baltoslav. *pelū- and *pēlu̯ā- f. `chaff' in lit. pẽlūs f. Pl., lett. pelus, pelavas f. Pl. ds., Old Prussian pelwo f. and lett. pelvas f. Pl. ds.; Old Church Slavic plěvy f. Pl. `ἄχυρον', klr. poɫóva ds. etc.;

with n-formants: lat. pollen, -inis `very feines meal, flour, Staubmehl' (ll from n. Ausgleichung an inflection *polen, *polnes); pollenta f. `Gerstengraupen'; here also Old Prussian pelanne f. `ash', lit. pelenaĩ m. Pl., lett. pę̀lni ds., wherefore Old Prussian pelanno f. `stove, hearth', lit. pelẽnė `stove, hearth'; Old Prussian plieynis `Staubasche', lit. plė́nys f. Pl. `Flockasche', lett. plẽne `weiße Asche auf Kohlen'; s. S. 805;

without n-forms, but with Redupl. russ. pépel, Old Church Slavic etc. popelъ `ash', am ehesten as `zerstoßenes, zermalmtes' to pel-2a `pellens, pultāre'.

References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225;

See also: probably to pel-2 `bump, poke'.

Page(s): 802

Root / lemma: pel-3a

English meaning: to fold

German meaning: `falten'

Material: α. plo- as 2. composition part in Adj. as gr. ἁ-πλός `simple, just', δι-πλός, δίπλαξ `twofold' (compare arm. haɫ `Mal'), lat. simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex `ein-, two-, dreifach', umbr. dupla `double, twice as large, twice as much', tuplak Akk. Sg. n. `duplicem', tripler `triplis'; mir. dīabul `double' (*du̯ei-plo-); got. twei-fls `doubt', ahd. zvīfal `dubious', m. `doubt', probably also av. bifra- n. `comparison, Ähnlichkeit', in Gr. besides die Umbildungen of type ἁπλόος (to πλοῦς) and ion. διπλήσιος; further with older t-Ableitg. (see under) διπλάσιος, dor. διπλάτιος etc. `double, double so groß' (*pl̥ti̯o-; δίπαλτος `twofold' from *δίπλατος).

β. alb. palë (*pol-nā) `crease, row, Joch, pair'; gr. πέπλος m. `Frauengewand'; aisl. fel f. (*falja-) `furrow, stripe, crease', norw. fela f. `Faltenmagen'.

γ. -to-nouns and verbs: Old Indian puṭati `umhöllt with', puṭa- m. n. `crease, Töte, pouch' (*pulta-), mir. alt `junctura, artus' (a Redukt. from idg. о, as perhaps also Old Indian puṭa-), redupl. strong. V. got. falÞan `fall', aisl. falda `den Kopf cover', ags. fealdan, ahd. faltan `fold', weak. V aisl. falda `fold', ags. fealdian, ahd. faltōn ds., aisl. faldr m. `crease, Zipfel, Kopfputz the Frau', feldr m. (*faldi-) `mantle', mhd. valte `crease, convolution, angle'; got. ain-falÞs, ahd. einfald, -t, aisl. einfaldr, ags. ānfeald `simple, just' under likewise

References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;

See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.

Page(s): 802-803

Root / lemma: pel-3b, pelǝ-, plē-

English meaning: to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth

German meaning: `verdecken, verhöllen; Haut, Fell; Tuch, Kleid'

Material: Gr. πέλας `skin', ἐρυσί-πελας `Hautentzöndung', ἄ-πελος `nicht verheilte wound'; πέλμα n. `Sohle am foot or shoe', πάλμη `light shield' (*from Höuten), lat. palea f. `Löppchen am Hahnenschnabel', palear n. `Wampe, dewlap'; afries. filmene `skin', ags. filmen `Höutchen'; here with k-Erweit. germ. *felh- `save, store' in got. filhan etc. `conceal, bury', aisl. fela `conceal, hand over', ags. fēolan `anhöngen, eintreten' with gramm. variation got. fulgins `hide, conceal', aisl. folgenn ds.; germ. bi-felhan `entrust, save, store' in ags. be-fēolan, ahd.bi-fel(a)han, mhd. bevelhan, nhd. befehlen.

With n-formant: gr. πέλλᾱς Akk. Pl. `Höute', πελλο-ράφος `pellārius', lat. pellis `fell, fur', ahd. fel, -lles, ags. fell, aisl. fjall n. `skin', got. Þrūts-fill `leprosy'; (lat. pellīnus `from fell, fur' = ahd. fillīn, ags. fellen `ledern'); with other Wurzelstufen Old Church Slavic pelena, russ. pelená `diaper, kerchief, cloth, Hölle' (compare without n-forms russ. pélьka ds.) and russ. plená (for plěná), sloven. plẹ́na, čech. pléna, plína ds., lit. plėnė, plėnìs `Höutchen', Old Prussian pleynis `Hirnhaut';

lat. palla `langes Obergewand the Frauen, curtain', pallium `bedspread, esp. ein further Überwurf the Griechen', maybe from *par(u)lā (ö), Lw. from gr. φάρος `mantle'ö

With t-formants: Old Indian paṭa- m. `Stöck Zeug, linen, garment', paṭála n. `Hölle, cover, Schleier, Membrane', gr. πέλτη `light shield'; Old Church Slavic platьno `canvas, fabric'.

With u̯-formant: gr. ἐπί-πλο[F]ος `die Netzhaut um die Gedörme'; lit. plėvė̃ f. `feine dönne skin', sloven. plẹ́va `eyelid'; perhaps aisl. fǫl, fǫlva f. `dönne Schneeschicht' (*falwōö), as norw. folga ds. to got. filhan etc. `conceal'.

References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226;

See also: perhaps to pel-4 `fold'.

Page(s): 803-804

Root / lemma: pel-4

English meaning: a kind of vessel, dish

German meaning: in Gefößbezeichnungen

Material: Old Indian pālavi `a kind of Geschirr'; pārī `Melkeimer', pāla- m. `Almosentopf, ein bestimmtes measure of capacity', pālikā `Kochtopf' probably also pala- n. `ein bestimmtes measure of capacity' palya- n. `ein sack, bag for corn, grain'; lat. pēluis `Becken, platter', (*pēlou̯i-s); gr. πήληξ, -ηκος `helmet' (from *πηλF-) and πέλλα `Melkeimer' (from πελ(F)ια or *peli̯ā, compare Old Indian pārī `Melkeimer'); from πέλλα is λλ for λ figurative auf πελλίς, -ίδος `platter, Becken', compare πελίκη, πέλιξ, Demin. πελίχνη (ending nachκύλιξ, -ίχνη) `goblet', die likewise *pelu̯-i- sein can (or *peli-);

aisl. ags. as. full `goblet' (*pl̥-no-m).

References: WP. II 56 f., WH. II 278;

See also: perhaps to pel-4 and pel-5 as originally `container from skin'.

Page(s): 804

Root / lemma: pel-5

English meaning: to sell; to make money

German meaning: `verkaufen, verdienen'

Material: Gr. πωλεῖν `sell', dor. πωλά:, att. (Gramm.) πωλή f. `sale'; ahd. fāli `verköuflich, feil' (*pēlio-), aisl. falr ds. (*polo-); ahd. feili, mnd. veile, afries. fēl `feil' are not related;

lit. pel̃nas `earnings, pay', pelnaũ, -ýti `verdienen', peldė́ti `spare', lett. pe'lns, pel'na `earnings, Gewinst', pe'lnīt `verdienen, gain, verschulden', Old Church Slavic plěnъ, russ. polōn `booty'.

References: WP. II 51, Trautmann 213.

Page(s): 804

Root / lemma: pel-6

English meaning: grey; pale

German meaning: in Ausdröcken for unscharfe Farben as `grau, fahl', also `scheckig'

Material: Old Indian palitá-, fem. páliknī (from *-tnī) `altersgrau, greis' (: πελιτνός), paruṣá- `fleckig' = av. pouruša-, paouruša- `gray, old'; pers. pūr `gray' (*parya-);

arm. alik` `die (weißen) waves, billows; white Bart, weißes hair' (*pl̥ii̯o-);

gr. πελιτνός `gray' (for *πελιτός = Old Indian palitá-ḥ after dem Fem. *πελιτνια = Old Indian paliknī); ion. πελιδνός out of it after μακεδνός etc. reshaped; πελιός (*peli-u̯o-) `farblos, pallid, grauschwarz, bluish black' (here the PN Πέλοψ), πελλός ds. (*πελι̯όςö *πελνόςö), πολιός `gray, greis' (*poli-u̯o-), πιλνόν φαιόν Κύπριοι Hes.; πέλεια, πελειάς `wild dove' (after the Farbe benannt, compare πέλειαι, πελειάδες, eig. die grauköpfigen, old, as Bezeichnung the Priesterinnen in Dodona as well as πέλειος `age' Hes.; also lat. palumbēs, Old Prussian poalis `dove'), πελᾱργός `swan' (`the schwarzweiße'); from *πελαF(ο)- + αργός; maked. πέλλης `τεφρώδης' Hes.; probably here also πηλός, dor. πᾱλός (*παλσός) `loam, clay, slime, mud, ordure, morass';

lat. palleō, -ēre `pale, wan sein', pallor `paleness', pallidus `pale, wan' (at first from *palu̯os, older *polu̯os = germ. falwa-, lit. paɫvas, Old Church Slavic plavъ); pullus `schwarzgrau' (ul from l̥ infolge of anlaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbēs or -is `wood-, Ringeltaube' (*p_elon-bho-ö rather parallel formation to columbus, -a, see above S. 547);

Note:

Alb. (*palumb) pëllumb `dove' shares the same root with lat. palumbes -is, m. and f. `a wood pigeon, ring dove'. It is not a lat. loanword otherwise the ending -es, -is would have been solidified in alb. like lat. radius > alb. rreze `ray'; actually lat. could have borrowed this cognate from illyr. since the shift m > mb is a typical alb. not lat. phonetic mutation.

alb. plak `graybeard, Ältester';

mir. liath, cymr. (etc.) llwyd `gray' (from *pleito-, compare Old Indian palitá-, gr. πελιτνός);

germ. *falwa- in aisl. fǫlr, ags. fealo, as. falu, ahd. falo, falawēr `sallow, paled, falb' (in addition as `graue ash' aisl. fǫlski m., ahd. falawiska `ash, Aschenstöubchen'); *falha- (: lit. pálšas) in aleman.-rheinfrönk. falch `falb, esp. from hellbraunem Vieh'; *fela- or *felwa- in westföl. fęl `falb', fęle `fahles roe deer, fahles horse'; with dem germ. k-forms as in other bird name here presumably ahd. (etc.) falco `falcon' (late lat. falco from dem Germ.);

lit. pal̃vas `blaßgelb' (= germ. *falwa, lat. palli-dus) = abg. plavъ `white', serb. plûv `blond, blue'; lit. pelė̃ `mouse', lett. pele ds., Old Prussian peles Pl. `mouse (= Armmuskel)', Old Prussian pele `consecration'; as derivative from pelė̃ `mouse' also lit. pelė́kas, lett. pelēks `mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray'; lit. pelė́da, lett. pęlêda `owl' (`Möusefresserin'); from a *pelė̃ `mildew' derives lit.pelė́-ju, -ti `mildew', pelė́siai Pl. `mildew' and in ablaut plė́k-stu, -ti `mildew, modern'; in ablaut lit. pìlkas `gray', pélkė `Moorbruch', also pálšas, lett. pàlss `sallow, paled' (*polk̂os) as well as Old Prussian poalis `dove' (*pōlis); slav. *plěsnь in russ.-Church Slavic plěsnь, ačech. pléseň `mildew' and Church Slavic peles `pullus', russ. pelësyj `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored'; das forms idg. -so- or -k̂o-.

References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212;

See also: see above S. 799 C (pel-1).

Page(s): 804-805

Root / lemma: (pel-9), pol-, plē-, plō̆-

English meaning: to burn, be warm

German meaning: `brennen, warm sein'

Note: also with -u̯o- extended; perhaps = (s)p(h)el- `gleam, shimmer'

Material: Aisl. flōr (*flō-wa-) `lukewarm, warm'; ndl. flouw `faint, languid, lukewarm', nhd. flau (*plē-u̯o-); Old Church Slavic poljǫ, polěti `burn' intr., causative paliti `burn' tr., vъs-planetъ sę `καταφλεγήσεται', plamy, plamenъ m. `flame' (*polmen-); whether here lit. plė́nys above S. 802ö

in addition probably cymr. go-leu `light', bret. gou-lou ds. (*plo-u̯o-); different Lewis-Pedersen 29 (to GN Lugus), compare above S. 690.

References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157.

Page(s): 805

Root / lemma: pelpo- or polpo-

English meaning: woodwork

German meaning: `from Brettern, Holz gezimmertes'ö

Material: Old Indian parpá- (Lex.) `bench or Wögelchen for cripple and Fußlahme', parpá-m (Lex.) `house' (`Bretterbude'), lat. pulpitum `Brettergeröst as Böhne or Triböne'.

References: WP. II 66.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: penkʷe

English meaning: five

German meaning: `fönf'

Material: A. Old Indian páñca, av. panča; arm. hing; gr. πέντε, öol. πέμπε; πεμπάζειν `an den 5 Fingern zöhlen' (: bret. pempât `die Garben [to 5] fold, plait, fold up, merge'); alb. pesë, geg. pęsë (*peŋkʷti̯ā); lat.quīnque (ī after quīn(c)tus), osk.-umbr. *pompe (compare osk. pumperias, umbr. pumpeřias `quincuriae'); air. cōic, acymr. pimp, mcymr. nc. pump, corn. pymp, bret. pemp, gall. πεμπεδουλα `πεντάφυλλον'; got. fimf, aisl. fimm, ahd. fimf, finf, as. ags. fīf (schwöb. fuchze 15 after sechze; das u these forms as well as ahd. funf, funfzich and of Ord. ahd. funfto point at not auf idg. n̥); lit. penkì (inflectional); Old Church Slavic pętь 5 (t from kt after dem ordinals; originally collective = Old Indian paŋktí- `Fönfzahl', aisl. fimt f. `number from fönf'; also umbr. puntes if `quiniones'); toch. А pëñ, B piś; here.-hitt. paⁿta.

B. 15: Old Indian pañca-daśat, av. pancadasa, arm. hnge-tasán, gr. πεντε(καί)δεκα, got. fimftaíhun, ahd. finfzehan.

C. 50: pañcāśát, av. pancāsat, arm. yisun (from *hingisun), gr. πεντήκοντα, lat. quinquāgintā (after quadrāgintā), air. coīco (with diphthong).

D. ordinals penkʷtos: Old Indian pakthá-, av. puxδa- (after *kturtha `vierter', compare paŋtahva- `Fönftel'); gr. πέμπτος, lat. quīntus, osk. *pontos (compare above Púntiis, Πομπιες, pöl. Ponties `Quinctius' = lat. Quinctius, also osk. pomptis `quinquies'; -m- after dem Kardinale, as also das n from Quinctius and quinctus); ahd. fimfto, finfto, as. fīfto, aisl. fim(m)ti, got. (in compound) fimfta-; lit. peñktas, abg. pętъ, toch. A pant, В pinkce; *penkʷetos: Old Indian pañcathá- (gewöhnlicher pañcamá- after saptamá-), alb. ipesëte, ipestë, gall. pinpetos, air. cōiced, acymr. pimphet etc.; with r-forms arm. hinger-ord `the fönfte'; compare perhaps air. cōicer `number from fönf' and got. figgrs, aisl. fingr, ags. finger, ahd. as. fingar `finger' (*finʒʷraz, idg. *penkʷrós).

References: WP. II 25 f., WH. II 407 f., Trautmann 213 f.

Page(s): 808

Root / lemma: pen-1

English meaning: to feed

German meaning: `föttern; Nahrung; Aufbewahrungsort der Nahrung'

Material: Lat. penus, -oris n. and penus, -ūs m. `Mundvorrat', also `das Innere of Hauses' (where die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); penes (solidified Lok.) preposition with Akk. `by'; penitus `(from) inside, deep, gröndlich' (*pene-to-); in addition (after intus : intrō) penetrō, -āre `penetrate';Penātēs `die Götter in Inneren of Hauses'; perhaps got. fenea (*finja) `Gerstenspeise'; lit. penù, penė́ti `feed, mösten', lett. penêt `verwöhnen', lit. pẽnas `food'.

References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.-M.² 753 f., Trautmann 214;

See also: perhaps to pā- `feed'.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: pen-2, pen-ko-

English meaning: swamp; water, wet

German meaning: `Schlamm, Sumpf, Wasser; feucht'

Material: Mir. en (*peno-ö) `water', enach `swamp, marsh', en-glas `wösserige milk', cymr. en-wyn `buttermilk', mir. on-chū `Fischotter' (`Wasserhund'), FlN On, PN Onach (`swamp, marsh'), kelt. FlN ῎Ενος, newer *Eni̯os `Inn', gall. FlN *Ona `river', also as suffix (Bebronna `Biberbach' etc.); zero grade mir. an f. `water, Urin', gall. anom `paludem';

got. fani n. `slime, mud', aisl. fen n. `swamp, marsh', ahd. fenna, fennī f., mhd. venne n., as. feni n. ds., mnd. venne f. `moorige willow', ags. fenn m. n. `swamp, marsh, moor, fen', wherefore changing through ablaut ags. fyne `dampness', fynig `schimmelig', mnl. vunsc, mndl. vuns `muffig'; Old Prussian pannean `Moorbruch' (= germ. *fanja-), lit. paniabùdė `Fliegenpilz', lett. pane f. `Jauche'; also illyr. Pannonia.

With ko-formants: Old Indian paŋka- m. n. `slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh'; mir. ēicne `salmon' (*penk-īni̯o-); tiefstufige -t(i̯)o-derivative *fuŋχt(j)a- in ahd. fūht, fūhti, ags. fūht `humid, wet'.

References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.

Page(s): 807-808

Root / lemma: pent-

English meaning: to go, walk; way

German meaning: `treten, gehen; worauf treten = antreffen, finden'

Note: (in Ar. with th)

Material: Old Indian pánthāḥ (= av. pantā̊), Akk. Sg. pánthām (= pantąm), and pánthānam (= av. pantānǝm), Instr. Sg. pathā (= paϑa); i-stem in Instr. Pl. pathíbhiḥ (av. padǝbīš), Old pers. Akk. Sg. раϑim; av. pantā̊ also `room, place', as in ablaut. Old Indian pā́thas- n. `place, homeland';

arm. hun, Gen. hni `ford, way' (*pont);

gr. πόντος m. `Meerespfad, sea', zero grade πάτος m. `Pfad, Tritt', πατέω `trete'; ἀπατάω `deceive' (*ἀπο-πατάω `bringe vom Wege ab'), ἀπάτη `deception, deceit';

lit. pons, -tis `Prögelweg through Sömpfe, bridge'; pontifex `Oberpriester', originally `Bröckenmacher';

germ. *paÞa- in ags. pæð `Pfad, way' (engl. path), ahd. nhd. pfad derives probably from an iran. Mundart, compare av. paϑ-;

got. finÞan `find, learn', aisl. finna ds., ags. findan, as. fīthan and findan, ahd. findan, fintan st. V. `find, learn, erfinden'; as. fāthi n. `the going' (*fanÞio-); ahd. fend(e)o `Fußganger', mhd. vende `Fußganger, young Bursche', ags. fēða m. `troop, multitude, crowd, Fußvolk' (*fanÞjan-); ahd. fandōn = ags. fandian `untersuchen'; mhd. vanden `besuchen', nhd. fahnden; as. fundon `sich aufmachen after, strive, go, hurry' = ags. fundian ds., ahd. funden ds., aisl. fūss `geneigt, willing', as. ags. fūs `quick, fast, keen, eager, willing', ahd. funs `willing, ready, willing' (*fund-sa-), norw. fūsa `quick, fast run';

maybe alb. fus, fut `insert, thrust in, plant, put in'.

Old Church Slavic pǫtь etc. m. `way' (*pontis), zero grade Old Prussian pintis ds.

References: WP. II 26 f., WH. II 336 f., Trautmann 205 f.; Wackernagel KZ 55, 104 ff., Old Indian Gr. 3, 1, 306 f.

Page(s): 808-809

Root / lemma: perd-

English meaning: to fart

German meaning: `laut furzen'

Material: Old Indian párdatē `furzt' (Gramm.), av. рǝrǝδaiti `furzt'; gr. πέρδω, πέρδομαι (mostly Med. as in Old Indian) ds., ἔπαρδον, πέπορδα; πορδή `breaking wind, fart'; perhaps here πέρδιξ m. f. `partridge, game bird' (of schwirrenden Fluge); alb. pjerth `pedo' (Aor. pordha), pordhe `breaking wind, fart' (*pērdā); ahd. ferzan, ags. feortan, aisl.freta `furzen', ahd. firz, furz, aisl. fretr `breaking wind, fart'; lit. pérdžu, pérsti, lett. pir̂du, pir̂stds., lit. pir̃dis (= nhd. `breaking wind, fart'); sloven. prdẹ́ti, russ. perdětь `furzen'; cymr. rhech `breaking wind, fart' (*rikkā from *pr̥d-kā); for schallmalenden origin of the root spröche schwed. dial. prutta `furzen (esp. from horses)'.

References: WP. II 49, Trautmann 219 f.;

See also: compare pezd-.

Page(s): 819

Root / lemma: perg-1

English meaning: pole; trunk

German meaning: `Stange, stem'

Note: (originally `felled trunkö')

Root / lemma: perg-1 : `pole; trunk' derived from illyr. : balt. : slav. prefix pre- + gā `road' of Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem- : `to go, come' : lit. gàita `way, road', próga `opportunity, term (*end of the road)' (Pröfix *prō̆ + gā); gr. βαθμός m. `step, threshold, footstep'.

Material: Aisl. forkr m. `shaft, pole, stick'; (ags. feorcol, as. fercal `bar, bolt, Verschluß' from lat. veruculum);

lit. pérgas `fishing canoe' (*dugout canoe);

Old Church Slavic pragъ `threshold', porógъ ds., poln. próg `threshold, house, dwelling', progi Pl. `Dielen, Bönke';

maybe alb. prag `threshold, doorstep'.

perhaps here lat. pergula `protrusion, Vorbau an a Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube' as Demin. eines *pergā `Gebölk'.

Maybe alb. pjergull `pergola'.

References: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Mitte (per-3, per-g-).

Page(s): 819-820

Root / lemma: perg-2

English meaning: fear, to fear

German meaning: `Furcht, sich förchten'ö

Material: Got. fauŕhrtei, ags. fyrhtu f. `fear'; got. faurhts, ahd. as. for(a)ht, ags. forht `timorous'; ahd. as. forhta `fear'; got. faurhtjan, ahd. furhten, for(a)hten `fear, dread'; perhaps to toch. А В pörsk-, A prask-, В prāsk- `fear, dread', A praski, В prosko, proskye `fear' (-sk- from -k-sk-).

References: WP. II 48, Holthausen Altengl. etym. Wb. 112.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk-1, prek-

English meaning: to fill

German meaning: `föllen, aufföllen'

Note: ö Only indisch and Irish.

Material: Old Indian pr̥ṇákti (pr̥ñcati, piparkti) `föllt, gives rich; mengt, mischt', participle pr̥kta- `gemischt, erföllt, voll from', Aor. aprāk; upala-prakṣiṇ- `die Handmöhle drehend', common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation saṁ-pŕ̥c `in Beröhrung stehend'; pracura- `much, a lot of, rich'; mir. ercaim `fölle'.

References: WP. II 47, Kuiper Nasalprös. 81.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: (perk-2): pr̥k-

English meaning: glowing ashes, coals

German meaning: `glöhende Asche, Kohle'

Material: Lit. pir̃kšnys f. Pl. `ash with glöhenden Funken', lett. pìrkstis, pirkstes Pl. ds.; air. riches f. `glowing coal', bret. regez `Kohlenglut' (*pr̥ki-stā, compare das lett. forms); unclear cymr. rhys-yn, Pl. rhys-od `glowing ash', with other forms acorn. regihten, Kollekt. regyth ds.; whether as `spröhend' to *sp(h)er- `strew, distribute, spröhen'ö compare lett. spirgsti `glowing coals under the ash' under sp(h)er(e)g- `twitch, spröhen'.

References: WP. II 47, Möhlenbach-Endzelin III 223.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk̂-1

English meaning: rib; breast

German meaning: `Rippe; Rippengegend, Brust'

Material: Old Indian párśu- f. `Rippe, gebogenes knife', pārśvá-, -m `Rippengegend, Seite', av. parǝsu- f. `Rippe', pǝrǝsu- m. `Rippe, Seite', osset. fars `Seite, line, region'; Old Church Slavic prъsi `Bruste', f. Pl. probably from `Rippengegend'; compare lit. žem. pìršys f. Pl. `Brust of Pferdes'.

References: WP. II 44 f., Trautmann 220.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk̂-2, prek̂-

English meaning: spotted

German meaning: `gesprenkelt, bunt', often zur Bezeichnung gesprenkelter, farbig getupfter Tiere

Material: With n-formant: Old Indian pŕ̥śni- `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored', gr. περκνός, originally `ποικιλός', then, dunkelfleckig, dark, blauschwarz', περκαίνει `wird dark'; πρακνόν μέλανα Hes.; Πρόκνη `die swallow'; without -n- mir. erc `mottled, speckled, *tabby, oxblood, indigo', also `salmon, Forelle, cow, Eidechse', cymr. erch `mottled, speckled, *tabby' (= πέρκος); ahd. forhana, mhd. forhe(n), forhel `Forelle', as. furnia, ags.forn(e) ds. (*pr̥k̂-nā), ablaut. schwed. förna `dace' (*perk̂-nā);

with -u̯o: ahd. faro, mhd. vare, flekt. varwer `farbig', substantivized ahd. farawa `paint, color' (*pork̂-u̯ó-); lat.-germ. fariō `Lachsforelle' (germ. *farhjōn-, older *farhwjōn-);

other formations: gr. πέρκος m. `Sperber' (Aristot.), περκό-πτερος `weißköfige Geierart', περκάζει `wird dark, black'; πρόξ, -κός f. and προκάς, -άδος `Hirschkalb', πρώξ, -κός `Tautropfen'; πέρκη (lat. perca Lw.) `perch', lat. porcus `ein fish with Stachelflossen', ligur. FlN Porco-bera (`Forellen föhrend'); mir. orc (and erc, see above) `salmon'; aisl. fjǫrsungr `trachinus draco' (*perks-ṇkó-); redupl. perhaps πάπραξ ein thrak. Seefisch (`Forelleö');

perhaps here through Diss. eines *perk-ro-s to *pelcro-, *polcro-: lat. pulc(h)er, alat. polcher `beautiful' (= `varicolored').

References: WP. II 45 f., WH. II 384;

See also: extension from per-1.

Page(s): 820-821

Root / lemma: perk̂-3, pr̥k̂-

English meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow

German meaning: `aufreißen, aufwöhlen, aufkratzen'; `Furche, and die besides aufgewöhlte Erde'

Material: Old Indian párśāna- m. `cleft, gap, abyss, Einsenkung';

lat. porca `furrow in farmland', `Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland' (porcu-lētum `Ackerbeet' mars. umbr. `porculeta `); cymr. rhŷch `furrow' (with expressive -kk) perhaps = bret. rec'h `distress', against it with k abret. rec, gl. `sulco', ro-ricse[n]ti `sulcavissent'; gall. rica `furrow', frz. raie `stripe'; ahd. furuh, ags. furh f. `furrow', aisl. for f. `drainage ditch, canal' (*pr̥k̂-); zero grade norw. fere m. `Ackerbeet'; after F. R. Schröder, Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here aisl. Fjǫrgyn f. as `goddess the Ackerfurche';

lit. pra-per̃šis `Blönke in ice', pra-par̃šas `ditch, trench, channel', peršė́ti `burning ache' (from Wunden);

in addition *pork̂ós `swine' (`Wöhler').

References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.

Page(s): 821

Root / lemma: perk̂-4, prek̂-, pr̥k̂-

English meaning: to ask, ask for

German meaning: `fragen, bitten'

Material: 1. sk̂o-present *pr̥k̂-sk̂ō, worfrom *pr̥sk̂ō: Old Indian pr̥ccháti `fragt', av. pǝrǝsaiti `fragt, begehrt' (participle paršta-), ap. aparsam `I frug'; arm. e-harc̣ `er hat gefragt' (: Old Indian á-pr̥cchat), therefrom das present harc̣anem; lat. poscō `fordere, demand, er bitte'; ir. arco `I bitte', cymr. archaf, corn. arghaf ds., mbret. archas `il commanda' (air. imm-chom-arc `gegenseitiges Fragen, Begrößen' etc.) with ar from r̥ before dem s the basic form *pr̥skō (from *pr̥k̂-skō); lit. peršù, pir̃šti `for jemanden freien' (piršlỹs `Freiwerber'), if with analogical present-ablaut e instead of i; in addition Old Indian pr̥cchā́ `question, Erkundigung' = arm. harc̣ ds.; ahd. forsca `Forschung, question' is post-verbal to forscōn `fragen, forschen'; lat. postulō `fordere' (diminutive of participle *posctos to poscō);in Osk.-Umbr. is *porscō to *perscō reshaped: umbr. persnimu Imper. Med. `precātor', in addition with (forms -(e)lo-) umbr. persklu, pesklu `supplicātiōne', further mars. pesco `sacrificum', and of participle *pes[c]to- from: osk. pestlúm, peeslúm `an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff', from which messap. πενσκλεν `Bethaus'.

2. Old Indian prāś- `(gerichtliche) Befragung', av. frasā f. `question', Old Indian pr̥ṣṭhā- (= av. parštå-) `Gerichtsfrage', praśná-, av. frašna- m. `Befragung, question' (= ahd. fragan `Specht' KZ 62, 31, 2), arm. harsn `bride, Neuvermöhlte, daughter-in-law' (compare got. fraíhnan); lat. procus `suitor', prex f. `request', precor, -ārī `bid, beg, ask', umbr. pepurkurent 3. Pl. Fut. `poposcerint'; got. fraíhnan `fragen', aisl. fregna, ags. frignan (and i̯o-present fricnan) ds., as. preterit fragn; ags. friccea `Herold'; germ. *frehti- in aisl. frētt f. `question, Erforschung', ags. freht f. `Wahrsagung'; ahd. frāga `question' (*frāg-ōn, -ēn, frāhēn `fragen'), aisl. frǣgr, ags. ge-frǣge, as. gi-frāgi `illustrious'; ablaut. ahd. fergōn `bid, beg, ask'; aisl. prositi `bid, beg, ask';

Maybe alb. porosit `order, demand' : aisl. prositi `bid, beg, ask'

lit. Iterat. prašaũ, -ýti `arrogate, bid, beg, ask'; toch. A prak-, В prek- `fragen'

References: WP. II 44, WH. II 346 f.

Page(s): 821-822

Root / lemma: perkʷu-s

English meaning: oak

German meaning: `Eiche'

Note:

Because of the common lat., gr., illyr., celt. kʷ- > p-, gʷ- > b- phonetic mutations, lat. quercus f. `oak' is the oldest IE cognate, hence Root / lemma: perkʷu-s : oak derived from an earlier Root kʷerkʷu-s.

Material: Old Indian parkatī- `sacred Feigenbaum', nind. pargāi `Steineiche'; ven. VN Quarquēni `Eichenmönner' (lat. Reliktö); Nymphis Percernibus perhaps ligurisch (Vaucluse); lat. quercus f. `oak'; ital.-trent. porca `pine' (röt. *porca); kelt. Hercynia silva `das deutsche Mittelgebirge' (from *Perkuniā, older *Perkʷuniā), cymr. perth f. `bush, hedge' (*kʷerkʷ-t-ö); kelt. VN Querquerni (goidel.) in Hispania Tarrac.; from *Perkuniā probably borrowed germ. *ferguniō, ahd. Fergunna `Erzgebirge', mhd. Virgunt f. `Waldgebirge westlich Böhmens', got. faírguni n. `mountain range', ags. firgen `Waldhöhe'; ahd. fereheih, langob. fereha `Speiseeiche', aisl. fjǫrr m. `tree, man'; ablaut. ahd. forha `pine tree', ags. furh; aisl. fura f. `pine', fȳri n. `Föhrenwald'; from ahd. *forh-is `Föhrenwald': nhd. Forst; from ahd. kien-forha (kien- to ags. cen `pinewood torch', ablaut. to ags. cīnan, above S. 355) wird nhd. Kiefer; doubtful whether after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff. here also got. fairƕus `world', ags. feorh, ahd. ferah `life', westgerm. Alaferhuiae (= *Alaferhwiōs), to aisl. fīrār (*firhw-jōR), ags. fīras Pl. `Mönner' etc.; alit. perkúnas Donnergott, lit. perkúnas `thunder', perkúnija f. `Gewitter', lett. pę̄̀rkuôns `thunder, Donnergott', Old Prussian percunis `thunder';

Maybe alb. përkund `shake' : lett. pę̄̀rkuôns `thunder, Donnergott'

aruss. Perunъ `Donnergott', russ. perún `thunderbolt, lightning' are volksetymol. after slav. *perō `hit' transfigured; unclear is Old Indian Parjánya- `thunderstorm God' (see above under per-3, perg-).

Maybe alb. pirun `fork (sharp weapon of the sky god)ö' corresponding to engl. fork, [OE forca, force corresp. to OFris. forke, OS furka, OHG furcha (Du. vork, G (dial.) Furke), ON forkr, f. Gmc f. L furca pitchfork, forked stake, whence (O)Fr. fourche, ONFr. fourque (which reinforced the wd in ME).]. Since lightning usually strikes the oak tree, Aryans and Illyrians named the fork, weapon, after the thunder goddess.

Also alb. (*Perunъ) perëndi f. `goddess', perëndim m. `west, sunset'.

References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme, Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71.

Page(s): 822-823

Root / lemma: per-1, perǝ- : prē-, preu-

English meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet

German meaning: `spröhen, spritzen, prusten, schnauben'

Note: identical as sper- `spröhen etc. `

Material: А. perǝ- : prē: gr. πίμ-πρη-μι, *πρήθω (πρήσω, ἔπρησα) `(fache an =) zönde an, verbrenne; blow; spritze from', πρηδών, -ονος f. `entzöndliche tumefaction', πρημαίνω `blow violent', πρημονάω `tobe', πρηστήρ `lightning, whirlwind, impetuous stream'; slav. *prēi̯eti in poln. przeć `sicherhitzen, braise', russ. prejet, pretь `schwitzen, simmer, seethe, boil', Old Church Slavic para `smoke, vapor', (Old Prussian pore `vapor' from poln. para); hitt. parāi- `anfachen, blow';

with t-forms aschwed. fradha `scum, froth, foam, slobber', mnd. vradem, vratem `haze, mist, breath, breeze'; with s-forms aisl. frǣs f. `das blast, Zischen', reduced grade norw. frasa `knistern'; ō-grade(ö) norw. frøsa `effervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen' (perhaps contaminated from frȳsa and fnøsa).

Maybe alb. fryj `swell, blow', fryma `breath'

B. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in Old Indian vi-pru- `after allen Seiten hin spröhen' (but compare pravatē `springt auf', eig. `auseinanderspringen');

preus-: Old Indian pruṣṇóti `spritzt from', Intrans. prúṣyati `spritzt', aisl. frȳsa `prusten, pant, sniff, snort', schwed. frusta ds., frūsa `spray'; lautmalend mnd. ahd. prūsten; baltoslav.*prausiō `spritze' in lit. praũsti `das Gesicht wash', lett. praũslât `leise lachen', prūšl̨uôt `prusten', lit. prùsnos, lett. prusnas `Lippen, mouth', Old Prussian Akk. Sg. prusnan `face'; Old Church Slavic prysnǫti, russ. pryskatь `spray'; from baltoslav. *prūṣa- (: schwed. frūsa) slav. *prychati in Church Slavic prychanije n. `fremitus' etc.; in addition perhaps as ven.-illyr. element in Gallischen die PN Pruso, Prusonius and the VN Prausi (leg. *Prousi);

preu-t(h)-: Old Indian prṓthati `prustet, schnaubt (of Rosse)', av. fraōϑat̃-aspa- `with schnaubenden Rossen', Old Indian apa-prōthati `schnaubt weg, blöst weg', pra-prōthati `aufpusten, inflate, bloat'; aisl. frauð n., froða f. `scum, froth, foam', ags. ā-frēoðan `schöumen';

here einige germ. words for `frog', as `the Geiferige': aisl. frauðr (compare frauð `slobber'), mengl. frūde `toad'.

C. consonant extensions from per- s. still under perk̂-, prek̂- `dappled', pers- `spröhen, spray, dappled'.

References: WP. II 27 f., Trautmann 230 f.

Page(s): 809-810

Root / lemma: per-2

English meaning: to go over; over

German meaning: `das Hinausföhren about'

Material:

A. Dient as preposition, preverb and Adverb: a. per, peri (locative of Wurzelnomens) `vorwörts, in Hinausgehen, Hinöbergehen about, in Durchdringen, in Übermaß', from which `about - out, through - toward';

Old Indian pári, av. pairi, Old pers. pariy, gr. περί, πέρ, alb. për (partly also = idg. *pro), pej, pe; besides per (*peri) with wiederhergestelltem r; lat. per (*per or *peri); osk.-umbr. per- and pert (*per-ti); gall. eri-, air. ir-, er- (analogical *ero-); cymr. corn. bret. er; got. faír-, ags. fyr-, ahd. fir- `ver-', ahd. as. firi- ds.; Old Prussian per, lit. per̃, per-; slav. per- in Old Church Slavic prě- etc.; from `vorwörts' entwickelte sich already idg. die meaning `very' (Old Indian pari-prī́- `very lieb', gr. περι-καλλής `very beautiful', lat. per-magnus `very groß'; lit. per̃-didis `to big, large', Old Church Slavic prě-blagъ `very good'), then die the Überlegenheit (Old Indian pári - as-, pári - bhū- `öbertreffen', gr. περι-εῖναι ds.), of Übermaßes or hohen Grades (Old Indian pári-vid-, gr. περί-οιδα, lat. per-vidēre `genau know, have knowledge of'); esp. Old Indian and gr. is die meaning `ringsum, umherum' (Old Indian pári i- `umhergehen', gr. περι-ίεναι; gr. περι-ζώννυμι = lit. pér-jousti `umgörten');

derivatives are:

Got. faírra Adv. `afar', as preposition `fern from', aisl. fjar(ri) Adv. `afar' (therefrom Kompar. firr, Superl. first), ags. feor(r), engl. far, as. ferr, ahd. ferro Adv. `afar, very', Kompar. ferrōr (*fer-ro- from *fer-ero-); Old Church Slavic prědъ `before; voran; das Vordere' (as na-dъ), prězъ `about - toward'; -ko-Adj.: prěkъ `quer', čech. příč(ka) `transom' = umbr. percam `virgam', osk. perk[ais] `perticis';

in zeitlicher Verwendung: Old Indian par-út, gr. πέρυσι etc. (see under u̯et- `year') and die derivatives lit. pérnai `in vorigen years', lett. pērns Adj. `the previous year, firn', mhd. verne `the previous year', vern `in vorigen years', got. only in af faírnin jēra `of Vorjahre', as. fernun gēre, fernun iāra `in Vorjahre', therefrom with i̯o-forms got. faírneis `παλαιός', aisl. fyrnd f. `age', ahd. firni `old; wise', nhd. Firn `alter snow'; also to zero grade got. faúr das aisl. forn `old', besides dem i-stem as. an furndagun, ags. fyrn, firn `old'; compare Old Indian purāṇá- `vormalig' to purā́, ap. paranam `vormals' to parā; lat. perendiē `öbermorgen' from *peren-dieö

auf per- in other Verwendung point at *per-u̯-r̥/n- in hom. πεῖραρ (Pind. πεῖρας), πείρατος, att. πέρας, -ατος `ending, end', hom. ἀπείρων `unendlich' = (att.) ἀπέρονα πέρας μη ἔχοντα Hes., hom. πειραίνω, att. περαίνω `vollende'; - besides in Old Indian eine gleichlautende family the meaning `knot': Old Indian párva- Nom. Akk. Pl. n. `knot, Gelenke' (instead of *parvr̥), páru- m. `knot, joint, limb, member (Ozean, sky, heaven)', paruṣ- n. `knot, joint, limb, member'; gr. πεῖραρ `knot' is doubtful (G. Björck Mél. Boisacq 1, 143 ff.).

b. Adj. pero-s `further': Old Indian pára-ḥ `further, jenseitig, fiend; prior; later', Superl. paramá-ḥ `fernster, last, best', av. ap. para- `ulterior, the other, spötere, könftige', para-tara- `fiend'; Old Indian paráḥ (Nom. Sg. m. with adv. End stress) preposition m. Akk. `about - out', with Abl. `fern from', with Instr. `beyond from', seldom adverbal = av. parō preposition m. Akk. `besides - apart from'; Old Indian párā, av. para (Instr. Sg.) adverbal `fort, weg, zur Seite'; Old Indian parḗ (Lok. Sg.) `darauf, fernerhin'; Old Indian param (Nom. Akk. Sg. n. = osk. perum) `out about, beyond, after', preposition with Abl.;

arm. heri `remote, distant, afar';

gr. πέρᾱ(ν), ion. πέρην (Akk. Sg. f.) `daröber out, beyond', Adv., preposition m. Abl. (Gen.); lat. per-perām `inverted', per-perus `incorrect', from which gr. πέρπερος `Geck'; gr. πέρᾱ `daröber out, beyond' (Instr. Sg. f. of stem *pero- = Old Indian párā `weg, fort') ; therefrom περαῖος `jenseitig' (περαίτερος), πέραθεν `from beyond her', τῇ περάτῃ (γῇ) `gegen Westen';

from a schwundstufigen additional form from πέρᾱ through -ko- extended is delph. πρᾱκος `with e. Geldstrafe covered', ion. πρήσσω att. πρά̄ττω `durchfahre, vollstrecke, vollföhre, verrichte, do';

osk. perum (= Old Indian param) `sine';

air. ī̆re `further, lönger' (*peri̯o-, das ī after sīr `long');

hitt. parā (= gr. πέρᾱ) `vorwörts, further, further', Postpos. `from - heraus'; perii̯a(n) `daröber out', Postpos. `about - out', parranda ds. (*= gr. πέραν + δε).

c. prai, p_erai (Richtungsdativ of stem per), also prei, pri, p_eri.

Old Indian parḗ `daraufhin' (Lok. Sg.);

gr. παραί `παρά', out of hom. (ion. att.) only in compounds, as kyren. Παραι-βάτᾱ; πρίν (hom. also πρί̄ν) `vorher; before'; probably reshaped from *πρῐς (*pri-is, to lat. prior, prīscus) compare kret. πρειν from *πρεις;

alb. pa `bevor', if from *pari̯- (in vowel after parë `erster' reshapedö);

lat. prae prefix `voran, ahead, öberaus', preposition `before, because of', osk. prai, prae-, umbr. pre `ргае', prefix and preposition, pre-pa `priusquam', Kompar. lat. praeter `vorbei an = besides, ausgenommen' (*prai-tero-), umbr. pretra `priōrēs';

alat. prī (*prei) `prae' (prehendō `ergreife' from *praehendō), Kompar. *pri-i̯ōs, *pri-is (from which prīs-) in prior `the fröhere', prīmus (from *prīs-mos), pöl. prismu `prīma', presumably also prīdem `before löngerer time, löngst'; prīs-cus `archaically' (*preis-ko-, compare arm. erēc̣, Gen. eric̣u `Ältester, priest', *preis-ku); prīstinus `vorig, vormalig, old', pälign. pri-trom-e `prōtinus', pristafalacirix `*praestibulātrīx'; here probably also lat. prīvus (*prei-u̯os) `for sich consisting, einzeln; eigentömlich; a thing stolen; looted', prīvō, -āre `a thing mug, rob', prīvātus `stolen; looted; jemandem as Sondereigentum gehörig', umbr. prever `singulis', preve `singulāriter', osk. preiuatud Abl. `prīvātō, reō';

p_eri- = kelt. [p]ari- in gall. are- (Are-morica, Are-brigium, abrit. Are-clūtā etc.) `by, before, esp. östlich from' (compare ir. an-air `from Osten');

ahd. as. furi `before, for, vorbei', aisl. fyr (and with Komparativendung fyrir) `before, for'; Kompar. ahd. furiro `the fröhere, vordere', Superl. furist, mhd. vörst `erster, vornehmster', as. furist, ags. fyr(e)st, engl. first, aisl. fyrr adv. `prior, vorher', fyrri `the fröhere', fyrstr `the erste', ags. fyrsta, as. ahd. furisto `prince, lord'; got. fri-sahts `Bild, example, riddle' contains zero grades *pri-, as also ahd. fri-liez besides fir-, far-, fra-liez.

prei- in lit. priẽ, žem. prỹ `by, an', Nominalpröf. príe-, priẽ-, prie-, prý- (also prei-kãlas m. `Amboß'), preverb pri-; preposition priẽš `against', príeš `before'; lett. prìe(k)ša `das Vordere' (*preiti̯ā); lett. pìere `forehead, Vorderseite' (*̲prìereö); Old Prussian prei `to, by', as prefix `also, before, an', prēisiks m. `fiend'; Old Church Slavic pri preposition and prefix `by, an, to';

from lat. prī[s]mus similar *prĭs_emi-, -ei: air. rem- prefix (lenierend) `before, voran' (rïam `vor ihm', remi `vor ihr'), remi- as preverb, preposition re (nas.).

d. p_eres, p_eros (and as 1. composition part pres- `before', Gen.-Abl. of stem per-):

Old Indian puráḥ Adv. and prefix `voran, vorn', preposition `before', av. parō Adv. `vorn, before', preposition `before', gr. πάρος Adv. `prior; voran, vorn', preposition `before'; pres- in gr. πρέσ-βυς, -γυς `old' (`*in Alter vorangehend', compare Old Indian purō-gavá- `guide, leader' (*Leitstier), see under gʷou- `rother, cattle'; to kret. πρεῖσγος see above); ahd. frist m. n., as. frist n., ags. first m. `Frist' from *pres-sti-, aisl. frest n. ds. from *pres-sto-, compare Old Indian puraḥ-sthita- `bevorstehend'; from *p_eros-stăti-s `in Alter voran seiend' probably air. arsaid, arsid `vetus' (Old Indian purástāt `before, voran, vorn, vorher' is certainly puraḥ + Abl. -tāt).

e. pr̥- `hervor', perhaps Nom. Sg. n. of stem per-: gr. πάρ in Eigennamen as Παρ-μενίσκος, in el. παρ-βαίνω under likewise, πὰρ τὸν νόμον under likewise; lat. por-tendō (: got. faúraÞanjan), -rigō, pol-liceor among others, umbr. purḫdouitu `porricito', falisk. por-ded `brachte dar, widmete'; got. faúr, as. for, fur preposition `before, for', ags. for ds., aisl. for- `before', with steigender meaning aisl. for-ljōtr `very ugly', ags. for-manig `gar viele, allzu viele';

germ. derivatives: aisl. forr `hasty, voreilig' (*furha-, compare from *pro: gr. πρόκα under S. 815); as. afries. forth, ford, ags. forð `fort, vorwörts'; mhd. vort `vorwörts, further, fort `, norw. fort `quick, fast, bald', aisl. forða, ags. ge-forÞian `fortbringen'; Kompar. *furÞera- in as. furÞor, furdor Adv., ags. furðor Adv. `further', furðra Adj. `größer, higher', ahd. furdir, -ar Adv. Adj. `vorder, vorzöglicher, prior, vormalig'.

compounds with forms from stā- `stand' in Old Indian pr̥ṣṭi- f. `Rippe', pr̥-ṣṭhá-m `hervorstehender back, acme, apex', av. par-šta- m. `back', par-šti- f. (Du.) `back', mnd. vorst- f. `ridge of the roof' from *for-stō, ags. fyrst ds. from *fur-sti-; besides with lengthened grade prefix ahd. first m., ags. fierst f. `First' from *fir-sti-; probably also lat. postis `Pfosten, doorpost' (*por-sti-s `hervorstehendes'); gr. παστάς (besides παραστάς) `Pfosten, Pfeiler, Törpfeiler', παρτάδες ἄμπελοι Hes. (*παρ-στάς), lit. pir̃štas, Old Church Slavic prъstъ `finger' (`hervorstehend');

f. peră Instr. Sg. of stem *per; Old Indian purā́ Adv. `vormals, prior; ehe, bevor', preposition `(to Schutze) before, without. besides', av. para, ap. parā Adv. `zuvor', preposition `before', therefrom Old Indian purāṇá- `vormalig, prior, old', ap. paranam Adv. `vormals'; gr. παρά, πάρα verbal prefix `before - toward, dar-', preposition `an etwas hin, along, besides; during'; `by, from the Nöhe weg, from seiten'; got. faúra, ahd. as. fora Adv. `vorn, vorher', verbal prefix `vorher, ahead, before', preposition `before', ags. fore preposition `before'.

g. pro, prō `vorwörts, vorn, voran', formation as *apo, *upo; prō with Auslautsdehnung.

Old Indian prá- prefix `before, vorwörts, fort' (before Subst. and verbs), `very' (before Adj.), av. frā, fra-, ар. fra- prefix `vorwörts, voran; fort, weg'; gr. πρό preverb `before', preposition `before', πρω-πέρυσι (rhythm. lengthening) `in vorvorigen year'; lat. prŏ-, prō- in compounds, prō preposition `before, for'; prōnus `vorwörts geneigt' (from *prōne, compare pōne `behind' from *post-ne); about prōdest s. WH. II 365; osk.-umbr. preverb. pro-, pru-;

air- ro-, cymr. ry-, abret. ro-, ru-, mbret. nbret. ra-, preverb and intensive prefix, e.g. air. ro-már `to big, large', gall. GN f. Ro-smerta;

got. fra-, ahd. fir-, nhd. ver- preverb (latter partly also = got. faír-, see above A.);

Old Prussian pra, pro `through', as preverb `ver-', lit. pra, prõ `vorbei', as preverb `vorbei-, through -, ver-', compare prã-garas `wolverine' = lett. pra-garis ds.; lett. pruô-jãm `weg, fort'; Old Church Slavic preverb pro- `through -, ver-', preposition russ. čech. pro `because of', ablaut. russ. prá-děd, serb. prȁ-djed `great grandfather';

doubled: Old Indian prápra, gr. πρόπρο `always vorwörts'.

pru- (Reim auf *pu, s. *apoö) lies the basic in gr. δια-πρυ-σιός `durchgehend', πρυμνός `das öußerste end from perhaps forming' (πρύμνη `Hinterschiff' etc.).

prō- `early, matutinal, morgens' in Old Indian prā-tár `early, matutinal, morgens', gr. πρωΐ (att. πρῴ) `early, matutinal, morgens', πρώιος `morgendlich', dor. πρώᾱν, πρά̄ν (*πρωᾱν), att. πρῴην (*πρωFιᾱν scil. ἡμέραν) `körzlich, vorgestern', ahd. fruo `in the Fröhe', fruoi, mhd. vröeje (= πρωίος) Adj. `early, matutinal' (idg. *prō); lit. prõ `vorbei', slav. pra- see above.

derivatives from pro-:

pro-tero- in Old Indian pratarám, -ā́m Adv. `further, prospectively', av. fratara- `the vordere, fröhere', gr. πρότερος `the vordere, vorige'; osk. pruter pan `priusquam' is einzelsprachlich to *prō- shaped, also Old Indian prātár `early, matutinal, morgens' see above;

in addition with Superlativsuffix -t_emo-: Old Indian pratamām `vorzugsweise', av. fratǝma-, ар. fratama- `the vorderste, vornehmste, erste' (besides Old Indian prathamá- `erster' and einzelne iran. forms with th); gr. *πρό-ατος (from πρότατοςö) perhaps in dor. πρᾶτος `erster'; but gr. πρῶτος ds. from *pr̥̄-to- (reshaped from *pr̥̄-mo- ds.); in addition πρητήν m. `one-year-old lamb' (see above S. 314);

pro-mo-: gr. πρόμος `Vorderster, Vorkömpfer, guide, leader', umbr. promom Adv. `prīmum', got. fram Adv. `further', preposition `from - her', aisl. fram Adv. `vorwörts', frā (*fram) preposition `weg from', ahd. fram Adv. `vorwörts, fort, further, immediately, right away', preposition `fort from, from - her', ags. from Adv. `fort', preposition `weg from'; aisl. framr `voranstehend, vorwörtsstrebend, distinguished', ags. fram `töchtig pert';

pr_e-mo- in gr. πράμος `guide, leader' (rather korrupt for πρόμος ds.ö), got. fruma `erster' (Sup. frumists), mhd. frum, vrom `proficient, brav' (nhd. fromm; ahd. as. fruma f. `benefit', nhd. Frommen); similarly lat. probus `good, proficient, brav', umbr. profe `probe' from *pro-bhu̯o-s : Old Indian pra-bhú- `salient, superb an power and Fölle', as well as in abg. pro-stъ `rechtschaffen, simple, just, schlicht', and (from *pr̥̄-mo-) as. formo, ags. forma `erster' (Superl. fyrmest), lit. рìrmas Old Prussian pirmas `erster', probably lat. prandium `Fröhmahlzeit' from *prām-edi̯om (*pr̥̄m-).

prō̆-ko- `voran seiend': gr. πρόκα (Nom. Akk. Pl. n.) Adv. `sofort', lat. reci-procus eig. `backwards and vorwörts gerichtet', alat. procum Gen. Pl., `procerum', after pauperēs reshaped to procerēs, -um `die Vornehmsten; die from the wall herausragenden Balkenköpfe'; procul `afar' (compare simul);

lat. prope `nahe by', Superl. proximus, eigentl. *pro-kʷe `and vorwörts (an etwas heran)', with Assimil. p - kʷ to p - p; in addition propter `besides' (*propiter) and propinquus `benachbart, related' (compare Old Indian praty-áñč- `zugewandt'); compare above S. 813 germ. *furha;

Old Church Slavic prokъ `öbrig', proče Adv. `λοιπόν, igitur' (*proki̯om);

auf ein *prō-ko- goes back bret. a-raok `vorwörts, voran, prior', cymr. (y)rhawg `auf lange', with Proklisenkörzung: bret. rak, corn. rag, cymr. rhag `before'.

prō̆-u̯o-: in Old Indian pravaṇā- `(vorwörts) geneigt, abschössig', n. `slope, Halde'; about lat. prōnus see above; gr. πρᾱνής, hom. πρηνής `vorwörts geneigt' after Leumann Homer. Wörter 77 f. from *προ-ᾱνης `face ahead'; with other meaning ahd. frō, as. frao, ags. frēa `master, mister' (*frawan-), got. frauja `master, mister' (aisl. Freyr GN to o-stem geworden), as. frōio ds., aisl. freyja `mistress; name the goddess', ahd. frouwa `wife, woman'; besides as. frūa, mnd. frūwe `wife, woman' from *frōwōn, idg *prō-u̯o-, das also in att. πρῷρα (lat. Lw. prōra) `Schiffsvorderteil' (πρωFαιρα-, -αρι̯α idg. *prōu̯ḫr̥i̯ā); perhaps lat. prōvincia, if auf a *prōu̯iōn `master, mister, Herrschaft' being based on; abg. pravъ `right, right' (`*gradaus');

with the same forms, but as lit. pìrḫmas `erster' from *perǝ- `shaped', idg. р_еrǝ-u̯o- in: Old Indian pū́rva-, av. paurva-, pourva-, ар. paruva- `the vordere, fröhere' (Old Indian pūrvyá-, av. paouruya- paoirya-, ap. paruviya `prior', then `primus'), alb. parë `erster', para `vor'; Old Church Slavic prъvъ prьvъ `the erste'; probably also die base from ags. forwost, forwest `the erste'.

h. preti, proti `compared with, entgegen, against', partly in sense of Entgelts; preti̯-os `equal in'.

Old Indian práti (in Iran. through paiti verdröngt) prefix `against, back etc. `preposition `against' etc.; gr. hom. προτί (kret. πορτί reconverted), ion. att. lesb. πρός (compare πρόσ(σ)ω `vorwörts' from *proti̯ō, πρόσθε(ν) `from vorn'), pamphyl. περτί (reconverted from *πρετί), öol. πρές, Adv. `yet in addition, moreover', prefix, preposition `against - toward, to, against', `an', `after a Bereich hin; by (in Schwören)', `from - her, from'; lat. pretium `Wert, Preis a thing' (Neutr. eines Adj. *preti̯os), compare Old Indian prati-as- `gleichkommen', apratā (stem *pratay-) `without Entgelt, free', av. pǝrǝskā (*pr̥t-skā) `Preis or Wert', Old Church Slavic protivъ, protivǫ `entgegen', kaschub. procim; wruss. preci, poln. przeciw `against' (also in sense, mind of Tauschverhöltnisses); lett. pret etc.

i. porsō(d): arm. aṙ `by, an, besides', verbal prefix and preposition; in addition aṙaj `Vorderseite, Anfang', aṙajin `erster'; gr. πόρρω, πόρσω (Pind.) `vorwörts' = lat. porrō `vorwörts, förder'; through ihren o-vocalism aufföllige formation.

References: WP. II 29 ff., EM.² 754 f., 801, 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351, 364 ff., Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff., 541 f., 543 ff., 654 ff.

Page(s): 810-816

Root / lemma: per-2: B. per-, perǝ-

English meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, fare

German meaning: `hinöberföhren or -bringen or -kommen, öbersetzen, durchdringen, fliegen'

Note: not certainly from per 2: C. to separate

Material: Old Indian píparti `föhrt hinöber, geleitet, furthers, öbertrifft', causative pāráyati `places about' (= pālayati `schötzt'), av. par- (with Pröfixen) `hindurch-, hinöbergehen', Kaus. -pārayeité, Old Indian pāra- `hinöberbringend, öbersetzend', m. n. `jenseitiges bank, border, shore, purpose, öußerste limit, boundary' (in addition pārya- `wirksam'), av. pāra- m. `bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end';

arm. hord `begangen, betreten', hordan `fortgehen', hordantam `lasse fortgehen', and heriun `Pfrieme'; thrak. πόρος, -παρα in place names = gr. πόρος `ford';

gr. περάω `dringe through', πείρω (πεπαρμένος) `durchdringe, durchbohre' (= Church Slavic na-perjǫ), διαμ-περής `durchbohrend', περόνη `cusp, peak, sting, prick, Spange'; πόρος `passage, Zugang, junction, ford; Ausweg; Pl. incomings', hom. πορεῖν `verschaffen', Aor. ἔπορον; πέπρωται `is, war of Schicksal bestimmt' (*pr̥̄-), πορεύω `lead, guide, verschaffe', Med. `fare, journey', πορίζω `grant, bestow passage; verschaffe', πορθμός `Überfahrt, Meerenge';

alb. pruva, prura `brachte, föhrte', sh-poroj `durchbohre, durchsteche' (dis- + *pērā-i̯ō), sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay `ds., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein' (dis- + *pērei̯ō), sh-pie `lead, guide hin' (*sem- + *perō); pirr(ë) f. `thorn' (*p_er-nā) etc.;

Maybe alb. perëndim `sunset, west' : Middle Persian: xwarōfrān, (Man.) xwrwpr'n `sunset, west' : Avestan: pǝrǝtu- [m] `crossing, bridge'; OAv. (fra)frā [1sg.subj.aor.act.] `to cross' (Y 46.10); LAv. fra-pāraiiā^̊ŋ́he [2sg.caus.subj.act.] `to bring over' (Yt 71.16); ni-pāraiieiṇti [3pl.caus.act.] `to lead to'

lat. portō, -āre `bear, carry, guide, lead, drive, bringen, offer', umbr. portatu `portato', portust `portaverit' (*poritō, to an iterative *porei̯ō);

got. faran, for `wander, pull, drag', farjan `drive, schiffen', st. V. ahd. ags. faran, aisl. fara `drive', schw. V. as. ferian, ahd. ferien, ferren, aisl. ferja `drive, schiffen'(farjan = *porei̯ō); aisl. fǫr f. `journey, Fahrt', ags. faru f. `Fahrt, journey, pull', mhd. var f. `Fahrt, way, kind of, Weise' (fem. to gr. πόρος); aisl. farmr, ags. fearm m. `shipload', ahd.farm `Nachen' (= russ. porom); lengthened grade Kaus. as. fōrian, ahd. fuoren, nhd. föhren, aisl. fø̄ra ds., ags. (as Iter.) fēran `gehn, pull, drag' (= av. pāráyati, Old Church Slavic pariti); ahd. fuora `Fuhre, Fahrt etc. `, ags. fōr f. `Fahrt, cart'; aisl. fø̄rr `fahrbar, geeignet', ahd. gi-fuori `fitting, bequem, nötzlich'; Verbalabstr. aisl. ferð, ags. fierd, ahd. mhd. fart `Fahrt' (*por-ti-);

russ.-Church Slavic na-perjǫ (= πείρω), -periti `durchbohren'; perǫ, pъrati `fly'; Iter. pariti `fly, schweben' (= Old Indian pārayati, germ. *fōrjan); pero `feather'; russ. poróm, skr. prȁm `Föhre' (= aisl. farmr); presumably here also Old Church Slavic porjǫ, prati `carve, slit'; about nhd. Farn etc. s. addendum S. 850.

per-tu-, por-tu-, Gen. pr̥-teus `passage, ford': av. pǝrǝtu-š m. f. (urar. *pr̥tú-š) and pǝšu-š m. (urar. *pŕ̥tu-š) `passage, ford, bridge' (hu-pǝrǝϑwa- `good to öberschreiten' = `Euphrat'); lat. portus, -ūs `Haustöre' (XII tab.); `harbor', angi-portus `narrow Passage, Nebengößchen'; besides ā-stem porta `Stadttor, gate' = osk. [p]úrtam; illyr. PN Nau-portus; gall. ritu- `ford' in Ritumagus, Augustoritum, acymr. rit, ncymr. rhyd, corn. rit `ford'; ahd. furt, ags. ford `ford' (zero grade aisl. fjǫrðr `narrow Meerbusen' from *per-tu-s); besides f. i-stem in nhd. PN Förth (*furti-).

Maybe alb. portë `door' from lat. porta `gate', port `harbor' from lat. portus `harbor'.

addendum to S. 817:

To Church Slavic pero `feather' belong *por-no- `feather' in Old Indian parṇá- n. `feather, leaf', av. parǝna- n. `feather, Flögel', as. ahd. farn `Farnkraut' (*Federkraut), ags. fearn m. ds., lit. spar̂nas, lett. spàrns m. `Flögel' (das s- from the root spher-);

*prǝti-s in gall. ratis, mir. raith f. `Farnkraut', bret. rad-enn collective ds.;

*po-port-i̯o- in lit. papártis, papartỹs `Farnkraut', lett. paparde, paparske ds.; with lengthened grade slav. *paparti- f. in russ. páporotь etc. ds.

WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313.

References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.

Page(s): 816-817

Root / lemma: per-2: C. per-, perǝ-

English meaning: to sell

German meaning: `verkaufen (eig. to Verkauf hinöberbringen'), `hinöberhandeln, zuteilen'; from dem Wert and Gegenwert in Handel also Wörter for `gleich, compare, begleichen'

Material: α. Gr. πέρνημι (present and Impf.), περάω, -ῶ (formal = περάω `dringe through'), ἐπέρασ(σ)α, and πιπρά̄σκω, περάσω (att. περῶ), ἐπέρασα, πέπρᾱκα `verkaufe', (gr. stem *perā̆-), πόρνη `meretrix'; air. ren(a)id `verkauft' (*pr̥-nǝ-: gr. περνᾱ-), Konj. 3. Sg. -rïa- (*rïā-after Indik. *[p]ri-na- for *[p]erā- eingetreten), Perf. 3. Sg. -rir (*ri-r-e); verbal noun reicc (Dat.) `Verkaufen' (in final sound after ícc `healing, payment' directed); compare with an old Gutt.-extension lit. perkù pir̃kti `kaufe'.

β. Av. pairyante `sie become compared', aipi-par- `(seine blame) begleichen, penance, atonement make', a-pǝrǝti-š `Söhne', pǝrǝϑa- n. `Ausgleichung (a blame), Söhne, punishment', pāra- m. `blame' (in addition probably also par- `verurteilen'); lat. pār (lengthened grade), păris `gleichkommend, gleich, pair', therefrom parō, -āre `gleichschötzen', comparāre `compare' (umbr. parsest `par est' hat das s from mers est).

γ. Old Indian pūrtá- n., pūrtí- f. `earnings' = lat. pars, -tis `part' (*p_ereti-), portiō `part, allotment' (nachklass.; klass. only prō portiōne, assim. from *prō partiōne); air. rann, cymr. rhan, mcorn. ran, abret. Pl. rannou `part' (*p_erǝ-snā); air. ern(a)id `grants', Konj. r-a-ǽra `er möge esgewöhren', preterit ro-ír `er hat gewöhrt' (*pēr-e), Fut. *ebraid (*pi-prā-s-e-ti); ro-rath `is gewöhrt worden' (*prǝ-to-ö); hitt. parš- `break, rupture, grind, split up, cut up, divide'.

References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.

Page(s): 817

Root / lemma: per-2: D. per-

English meaning: to bear (child)

German meaning: `gebören, hervorbringen'

Note: (as ferō: `geböre' in einstiger relationship to per-2: C `allot')

Material: α. Lat. pariō, -ere, peperī, partum, paritūrus `to give birth to children', reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum `wiederfinden, find, learn', partus, -ūs `to give birth to children, birth; Leibesfrucht', Parca (*parica) originally `Geburtsgöttin', Propertius eig. `the Fröhgeborene' = umbr. Propartie `Propertii', parō, -āre `bereite, erwerbe, kaufe', comparō `kaufe' (`sich etwas besorgen, verschaffen'); imperāre `anschaffen = order';

lit. periù, perė́ti `bröte', peraĩ Nom. Pl. `Bienenlarven'.

β. Old Indian pr̥thuka- m. `rother, cattle, calf, Tierjunges', arm. ort`, -u `calf of Rindes or Hirsches' (with formants -thu-); gr. πόρις, πόρταξ, πόρτις `calf, young cow'; cymr. erthyl `abortus'; ahd.far, farro, nhd. Farre, ags. fearr, aisl. farri (*farz-) `bull', with gramm. variation mhd. verse, nhd. Förse `young cow' (germ. *fársī, Gen. *fársjōs), to ags. héah-fore, engl. heifer; originally from jungen animals, compare engl. farrow `not pregnant', wfries. fear `gelt'; lengthened grade ags. fōr, mnd. vōr `Schweinchen'; Old Church Slavic za-prъtъkъ `wind-Ei', čech. s-pratek `fröh geborenes calf', klr. vy-portok `Fröhgeburt'.

References: WP. II 41 f., WH. II 255 f., Trautmann 215.

Page(s): 818

Root / lemma: per-2: E. per-

English meaning: to try, dare, risk; danger

German meaning: `versuchen, probieren, riskieren, Gefahr'

Note: (= per- `hinöberföhren, durchdringen')

Material: Arm. p`orj `Versuch' (express. p`-); gr. πεῖρα f. `Erfahrung, Versuch', öol. πέρρα (*περι̯α), πειράω, -άζω `versuche', ἔμπειρος `skillful, smart, adroit'; lat. experior, -īrī `versuche, pröfe', experīmentum `Versuch, Pröfung', comperiō, -īre `erfahre genau', opperior, -īrī, -ītus (and -tus) sum `warte, erwarte', perītus `skillful', perīculum `Versuch, Probe; danger; Prozeß; accusation'; das ī from perī-tus, -culum derives from den compounds with -perior; air. a(i)re `Wachen, attention', nir. faire, because of gallo-brit. areānī Pl. `Kundschafter' from *pǝrei̯ā; germ.*firina- `das Außergewöhnliche' in got. faírina f. `blame', ahd. firina `Verbrechen' etc.; germ.*fēra- `danger' in aisl. fār n. `danger, misfortune', ags. fǣr m., ahd. fār(a) `pestering, temptation; snare, danger', to got. fērja m. `Aufpasser', ahd. fārēn `auflauern' etc.; perhaps in addition with Abtönunggr. ταλαί-πωρος `afflicted' as `Gefahren erduldend'.

References: WP. II 28 f., WH. II 288 f.

Page(s): 818

Root / lemma: per-3, per-g-

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: Aryan only with t-formants: Old Indian pŕ̥t-, pŕ̥tanā `fight, struggle, fight', av. pǝrǝt-, pǝšanā `fight, struggle, battle', pǝrǝtamna `die miteinander Kömpfenden', paiti-parǝtata `bekömpft';

arm. hari `I schlug' (Aor. to present harkanem, see below), harac `vulnus'; orot `thunder', orotam `donnere';

alb. pres `haue ab, low, base; cut, bite', Aor. preva, më pret `es kömmert mich, is mir angelegen', pritem `werde geschnitten; zerkratze mich; kömmere mich um etwas';

lat. premō, -ere, pressi, pressum `push, press', prēlum `Presse, Kelter' (*pres-lom); root pr-em- (with durativem -em-) and pr-es- as gr. τρέμω `tremble: τρέω' (*tresō) ds.;

lit. periù, per̃ti `with dem Badequast hit, jemanden bathe; hit', lett. peŕu, pèrt ds.; lit. pirtìs, lett. pìrts `Badestube';

Old Church Slavic perǫ, pьrati `hit, esp. with dem Blöuel hit, wash', skr. pȅrêm, prȁti `wash'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic pьrjǫ, *pьrěti `contendere', sǫ-pьrja, sъ-роrъ `fight', čech. pr̂u, přiti se `quarrel' and Old Church Slavic *pьrǫ, *perti in russ. pru, pratь, peretь `press, urge, press, push', naporъ `shove' etc., aruss. pьrtь `Badestube';

perg-: arm. harkanem (pr̥g-) `hit, zerhaue (wood), fölle (Böume), slay, kömpfe'; air. orcaid, mir. oirggid `erschlögt, slays, verwöstet'; mir. cymr. orn `Morden, Zerstören'(*[p]org-no- od. -nā); abret. treorgam `perforō', orgiat `caesar' (= caesor), gall. orge `occide', PN Orgeto-rīx; different about kelt. org- s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to hitt. harganu- `destroy'; compare das air. verbal noun orcun from *orgenā); perhaps here Old Indian Parjánya- rain- and Gewittergott; see under perkʷu-s.

References: WP. II 42 f., WH. II 288, Trautmann 215;

See also: further to perg-1.

Page(s): 818-819

Root / lemma: persnā, -snī̆-, -sno-

English meaning: heel

German meaning: `Ferse'

Material: Old Indian pā́rṣṇi- f., av. pāšna- n. `calcaneus'; gr. πτέρνη f.; lat. perna f. (*pērsnā) `Hinterkeule, Schweineschinken, Schenkel, leg', pernīs `quick, fast' (with the calcaneus); got. faírsna, as. fersna, ahd. fersana `calcaneus' (*persnā), ags. fiersin f. ds. (*pērsni-); hitt. paršina (leg. paršna) `thigh, Lende', parš-(a)nāi- `hocken' (auf den Oberschenkeln).

References: WP. II 50 f., WH. II 289 f., Pedersen Hitt. 258.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: pers-

English meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes

German meaning: `spröhen, stieben, spritzen (bespritzt = gesprenkelt), prusten'

Material: Old Indian pŕ̥ṣat, pr̥ṣatá-m n. `drip'; pŕ̥ṣant-, f. pŕ̥ṣatī `dappled, dotted, spotted, varicolored', pr̥ṣatī `scheckige cow, gefleckte antelope'; av. paršuya- `of water', n., perhaps `Schneewasser'; aisl. fors, foss m. `waterfall';

lit. pur̃slas, pur̃sla `Schaumspeichel', pur̃kšti `as eine Katze prusten, schnarchen'; lett. pā̀rsla `Flocke' (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. pę̃rsla ds.; (compare lett. spurslā́t `prusten'); slav. *parṣa- m. `dust, powder' > *porchъ in Old Church Slavic рrachъ ds.; slav. pьrstь in Old Church Slavic prъstь `χοῦς', (*p_ers-), besides sloven. pr̂h m. `dust, powder, ash' (= aisl. fors), pŕhati `strew, distribute, whisk', čech. pršeti ds. etc.; toch. А В pörs- `sprinkle'; participle Akt. papörs, hit. papparš- `spritzen, sprinkle'.

References: WP. II 50; Trautmann 206 f.,

See also: extension from per-1 `spröhen'.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: perth-

English meaning: pole; sprout

German meaning: `Stange, Schößling'ö

Material: Arm. ort` (o-stem) `grapevine, Rebe';

Maybe alb. hardi, hardhi `grapevine' (see above) [common alb. ph- > h- phonetic mutation]

gr. πτόρθος m. `sprout' (compare πτόλεμος : πόλεμος etc.); perhaps lat. pertica `shaft, pole', whether not from per-ti-ca to osk. pert `bis to' from *per-ti, also originally `transom'; compare čech. příska ds., S. 810.

References: WP. II 49, WH. II 292 f.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: pes-3, pesos

English meaning: membrum virile

German meaning: `das mönnliche Glied'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian pásas- n. = gr. πέος n. `penis', gr. πόσθη f. ds., lat. pēnis (*pesnis); ahd. fasel, ags.fæsl, ahd. faselt `penis', mhd. vaselrint `Zuchtstier', nhd. Faselschwein `breeding pig', ablaut. mhd. vesil `fertile', visel `penis'.

References: WP. II 68, WH. II 281.

Page(s): 824

Root / lemma: pet-1, p_et-, petǝ-

English meaning: to open wide (the arms)

German meaning: `ausbreiten', especially die Arme

Material: Av. paϑana- `wide, breit' (das ϑ after pǝrǝϑu- ds.);

gr. Aor. πετάσσαι, πετάσαι, thereafter πετάννῡμι `breite from, öffne', previous present πίτνημι, πίτνω (from *p_et-), πέτασμα n. `curtain', πέτασος m. `breitkrempiger Hut', πέταλος `ausgebreitet', πέταλονn. `Platte, leaf', πατάνη f. `platter' (from *πετάνᾱ; out of it lat. patina ds.);

lat. pateō, -ēre `sich erstrecken, offenstehen'; in addition pandō, -ere `öffne, breite from' (the variation t : d expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalprös. 163), passus m. `footstep, Klafter'; patera `flat bowl' (from patina through influence of crater ö); whether here petīlus `thin and schmöchtig'öö; osk. pat[ítö] `patet', patensíns `panderent', volsk. Imper. an-patitu `*adpanditō';

schott.-göl. aitheamh (*eitheamh) `filament' (as Maß), = acymr. etem, ncymr. edau ds. (*petimā);

aisl. faðmr `hugging, embrace, Klafter, filament', FlN Fǫð, Gen. Faðar, ags. fæðm mf. ds. `filament, Klafter', engl. fathom, ahd. fadam, fadum `filament'; here also ags. foðer, engl. fother, nhd. Fuderö, ahd. fuodar, as. fōther, ags. fōðor `Wagenlast', nhd. Fuder, from germ. *fōðra- `das Umfassende'; got. faÞa, mhd. vade f. `fence' (as `Umfassung'); ahd. fedel-gold `Blattgold' (:gr. πέταλον), doubtful ags. gold-fell `Goldplatte', mhd. golt-vel `gold plating';

lit. petỹs `shoulder', Old Prussian pette f. ds.; pettis m. `shovel, scapula';

hitt. pattar, Dat. paddani `Tablett (ö)'.

References: WP. II 18, WH. II 244 f., 262, Trautmann 217.

Page(s): 824-825

Root / lemma: pet-2, petǝ- : ptē-, ptō- (gr. ptā-)

English meaning: to fall; to fly

German meaning: `auf etwas los- or niederstörzen, fliegen, fallen'

Material: Old Indian pátati `flies, wirft sich, föllt' (= πέτομαι, lat. petō, acymr. hedaṅt), Aor. apaptat; petǝ- in Fut. patiṣyati, Supin. pátitum, participle patitá-); patáyati `flies' (= gr. ποτέομαι), pātáyati `lößt fliegen, schleudert, lößt fall' (lengthened grade as pāta- m. `Flug, fall, Sturz', gr. πωτάομαι `flattre'), pra-pat- `hineilen, fall', pátman- n. `Flug, Pfad, pathway' (: πότμος, ποταμός); av. pataiti `flies, hurries', ap. ud-apatatā `erhob sich', av. patayeiti `flies', acapastōiš Inf. `hinabzufallen', paitipasti- f. `Entgegengehen, -treten' (compare Old Indian ati-patti- `Zeitablauf'), from an u-present parapaϑwant- `fortfliegend (of Pfeil)'; av. tāta- (*ptātá-), `fallend (of rain': gr. πτωτός ds.);

arm. t`ṙč̣im `I fliege' (*pter-i-skō).

gr. hom. πέτομαι `fliege' (ἐπτόμην); otherwise also πέταμαι, ἔπτατο `entflog', πτά̄ς, ἔπτην, dor. ἔπτᾱν, Fut. πτήσομαι; ὠκυπέτης `quick, fast fliegend', πετεηνός, (*πετεσᾱνός), πετεινός (*πετεσνός) `geflögelt, flögge', ποτή `Flug', ποτᾱνός, -ηνός `zum Fliegen beföhigt, beflögelt, fliegend', ποτάομαι (and ποτέομαι, see above) `flattre', πωτάομαι ds., πτῆσις, by Suidas πτῆμα `Flug', πτηνός, dor. πτᾱνός `fliegend';

stem πετα-, πτᾱ- `fly', but πετε-, πτη-, πτω- with the meaning `fall': πί:-πτω (for *πῐ-πτω after ῥί̄πτω) `fall'; Perf. πέπτωκα, participle πεπτηώς, att. πεπτώς from *πεπτᾱώς; ἀπτώς(Pind.), ἀπτής (dor. inschr.) `not fallend, nicht dem Falle ausgesetzt'; πίτνω `fall', εὐ-πετής `bequem, gönstig', προ-πετής `vorwörts fallend, geneigt' (: Old Indian pra-pat-), πέσος n.(Gen. πέσεος from *πέτεος) `cadaver', πότμος `lot, fate, fate, destiny, esp. trauriges', ποταμός `river', eig. `Wassersturz'; πτῶμα, πτῶσις `fall' (: πέπτωκα); πτωτός `fallend';

with the meaning-förbung of lat. petere: gr. πίτυλος `intense movement' (: lat. petulans; compare also ἐμπεσεῖν `impetum facere');

finally hat πτᾱ- : πτω- : πτα- also die probably from `niederstörzen' development meaning `sich niederducken' and `verzagt, in fear sein': κατα-πτήτην `(die Pferde) scheuten', πεπτηώς `geduckt', πτοίᾱ `fear, shyness, fright' (*πτωFιᾱ, compare Λητώ Πτῴα, ᾽Απόλλων Πτῴος), πτο(ι)εῖν `frighten, in Bestörzung versetzen', Pass. `from Schrecken ergriffen become'; with gutt. extension πτήσσω (*πτᾱκ-ι̯ω) `ducke mich' (Aor. ἔπτηξα, dor. ἔπτακα also trans. `frighten'; κατα-πτᾰκών), πτωσκάζω `ducke mich timorous, flee', πτώσσω (*πτώκσκι̯ω) ds.; πτώξ, -κός `shy, fleeting' (m. `hare'), ablaut. πτάξ m. f. `wimp', Gen. πτακός; πτωχός `beggar'; to letzteren, as it seems, also arm.t`ak`č̣im, t`ak`eay `sich conceal';

lat. petō, -ere, -īvī, ītum `auf etwas losgehen, to erlangen suchen, long, want' (petī-tor, -tio, also probably petīgo `mange; scabies' as `Befall'); petulans `aggressiv, pert, bratty, ausgelassen', petulcus `stoßend' (from *petulus, compare to l-forms gr. πίτυλος), impetus `assault, attack', praepes `in Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast';

acymr. hedant `volant', ncymr. eh-edeg `das Fliegen'; eh-edydd m. `Lerche';

lett. pētît `desire have, nachforschen'.

r- and n-formations: 1. with dem g-forms Old Indian pataṁgá- `fliegend, bird', pataga- `bird' (*petn̥-go-s; from den Indern as `in Fluge going' umgedeutet); av. fraptǝrǝjāt- (-jant-) `bird'; gr. πτέρυξ, -υγος `Flögel' (compare Old Indian patáru-); das Denom. πτερύσσομαι `hit with den Flögeln' after αἰθύσσω `shake'; ahd. fed(e)rah `Flögel', anfrk. fetheracco `alarum' (-a-c- through influence of ahd. fedara-, anfrk. fethera);

2. Old Indian páttra-, páta-tra- n. `wing, feather', patará-, patáru- `fliegend', av. patarǝta- `fliegend'; arm. t`ir `Flug', t`iteṙn `butterfly' (redupl.), t`ert` `leaf, foliage' (*pter-); gr. πτερόν `feather, Flögel'; πτέρις `Farn';

lat. acci-piter, -pitris `hawk, falcon' (to 1. part see under *ōku- `quick, fast'); penna `feather, Flögel' (*petnā); alat. pesna from *pets-nā; pinna is probably dial. form for penna; pro(p)tervus `boisterous vordringend, cheeky' (*pro-pteru-o-);

Maybe alb. (*penna) pendë `feather' [common alb. n > nd shift].

acymr. eterin `bird', Pl. atar, ncymr. aderyn, adar ds. (a secondary from e); air. ēn `bird' (*petno-), cymr. edn, acorn. hethen ds., abret. etn-coilhaam `hold Vogelschau', mbret. ezn, nbret. evn, ein `bird', acymr. atan (*pet_eno-), ncymr. adain `Flögel, Arm' (*pet_en-), bret. (h)adan `nightingale', with secondary a, as cymr. adaf `Flögel, hand' (*pet_emā); abret. attanoc `volitans'; mir. ette, nir. eite `Fittich' (from *pet-enti̯ā), mir. ethait `bird' = Old Indian pátanti `fliegend' (*pet-ontī); mir. eithre n. `tail' (*peteri̯o-);

Note:

Common arm. ph- > h-, zero phonetic mutation, spread in Sanskrit and Celtic

ANATOLIAN
Hittite pata- `foot'

WEST EUROPEAN
Latin pe:s, pedis `foot, of foot'
Old Irish 'water'
Tocharian A pöts `foot'
SOUTH EUROPEAN
Greek poús, podós `foot, of foot'
Armenian otn, otk' `foot, feet'
Sanskrit á:ts `foot', pá:dam (accusative case)
Avestan pad- `foot'

ahd. fedara, anfrk. fethera, ags. feðer, aisl. fjǫdr f. `feather' (*pétrā); ahd. fettāh, mhd. vittich, mnd. vit(te)k, nhd. Fittich;

hitt. pattar n., Gen. Pl. paddanaš `Flögel'.

*ptē̆i-, pti-: gr. πταίω `stoße an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune' (πταίσω, ἔπταισμαι, ἐπταίσθην), rare tr. `bump, poke, umstörzen', πταῖσμα `damage, loss, misfortune, Niederlage', ἰθυπτί̄ων `geradaus fliegend' (probably eig. `geradaus treffend = stoßend, aufschlagend'), πτίλον `feather, Flaumfeder'.

References: WP. II 19 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.

Page(s): 825-826

Root / lemma: peuk̂- and peuĝ-

English meaning: to stick; to punch

German meaning: `stechen', also `boxen' ('with vorgestrecktem Knöchel of Mittelfingers')

Material: 1. peuk̂-: gr. *πεῦκος n. `cusp, peak, sting, prick' in gr. περι-πευκές, hom. ἐχε-πευκές `with a cusp, peak versehen'; πευκεδανός `pricking, verwundend', later `bitter', πευκάλιμος `sharp, eindringend';

here as `die stechende' das root nouns peuk̂- : puk̂- `fir, spruce' in gr. πεύκη f. ds., thrak. PN Πεύκη, illyr. VN Peucetii, mir. ochtach f. (*puk̂tākā) `fir, spruce, spear, javelin'; ahd. fiuhta, asöchs. fiuhtia (*fiuhtjōn) `fir, spruce', Old Prussian peuse f. `pine tree' (balt. *piaušē), zero grade lit. pušìs f., Gen. Pl. pušų̃, ostlit. Nom. Pl. pùšes (conservative stem).

2. peuĝ-: gr. πύξ Adv. `with the fist', πυγμή f. `fist, Faustkampf', πυγμαῖος `eine Faust high, dwarf', πυγών, -όνος m. `ulna, ell', πύγ-μαχος, πύκτης `Faustkömpfer'; lat. pugil ds., pugnus m. `fist', pūgnō, -āre `fight', pungō, -ere, pupugī, punctum `prick', pūgiō m. `Dolch'.

References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Dekl. 57 f.

Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆-

English meaning: to clean, sift

German meaning: `reinigen, löutern, sieben'

Material: Old Indian Trans. punā́ti, Med. pávatē `purifies, cleans, löutert (sich)', pávitum; pavītár-, pṓtar- m. `Reiniger, Löuterer', pavítram `Löuterungsmittel, Seihe, Sieb'; pāvana- `reinigend', pāvaká- (also pavāká-) `lauter' = mpers. pavāg, np. pāk `lauter, pure'; Old Indian pūtá- `pure', pū́ti- f. `cleaning, purification'; av. pūitika- `zur Löuterung dienend';

lat. pūrus `pure' (formation as clā-ru-s), pūrgō, older pūrigō, -āre `clean'; pŭtus `pure', nepus `non pūrus' (*nepūt-s); putāre `clean, putzen'; mir. ūr `neu, fresh, edel', cymr. ir `fresh, green'; ahd. fowen, mhd. voewen `sieben, corn, grain clean' (*fawjan = Old Indian paváyati `purifies, cleans, löutert');

doubtful gr. πτύον, πτεόν `Wurfschaufel' (: ahd. fowenö).

References: WP. II 13, WH. II 390 f.

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu-2

English meaning: to research, to understand

German meaning: `erforschen, begreifen, verstöndig sein'

Material: Gr. νή-πιος (*νη-πF-ιος) and νη-πύ-τιος `unverstöndig, kindisch', πινυτός `smart', πινυμένην συνετήν Hes. (due to eines present *πι-νῡ-μι from *πυ-νῡμι); lat. puto -are (putāre) `to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts; hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think'; Old Church Slavic is-py-tъ `perscrutatio', pytajǫ, -ati `scrutāri, quaerere'.

maybe alb. (*peus) pyes `ask questions', pyetje `question' : gr. πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question'.

Note:

References: WP. II 13 f.; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696².

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu-3

German meaning: `Schaum'

See also: see under pū̆-1, S. 847.

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu̯ǝ-

See also: s. pū̆-2.

Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, Gen. pu-n-és, Lok. puu̯éni

English meaning: fire

German meaning: `Feuer'

Note: with mannigfacher Ausgleichung the r- and n-forms and of vocalism

Material: Arm. hur (Gen. hroy) `fire' (*pū̆r-), hn-oc̣ `oven' (*pū̆n-); gr. πῦρ, πῠρός `fire', wherefore πυρά̄ `Feuerstötte, stove, hearth, Scheiterhaufen', πυρετός m. `fever', πυρσός m. `Brandfackel', korinth. ΠυρFος `Pferdename' (*`feuerrot'), πυρρός, poet. πυρσός `feuerrot' (*πυρσFός);

Maybe illyr. TN Pirustae (Pipustae)

umbr. pir `fire' (*pūr), Akk. purom-e `ins fire' (*pŭr-), osk. aasaí purasiaí `in araigniaria';

aisl. fūrr m. `fire' (*pūr-) and fȳrr, fȳri; ahd. as. afries. fiur (*peu̯ri); ahd. older fuir (disyllabic, compare Musp. vugir), ags. fȳr (from dem Lok. *puu̯éri);

got. fōn `fire' (*pu̯ōn), Gen. Dat. funins, funin (latter from *puneni, a hybridization from *puu̯éni : *pun-és), aisl. funi m. `fire'; ahd. funko, mengl. fonke `spark'; with ablaut (*pu̯on-) mnd. vanke `spark';

Maybe illyr. TN Perestae (Penestae)

Old Prussian panno `fire', panu-staclan `Feuerstrahl' (*pu̯onḫu), Lw. finn. panu `fire';

slav. *pūri̯a- m. `glowing ash' in čech. pýř m. and pýři n. ds.; in addition ačech. pyřina `favilla', čech. pýřeti `glow', serb. upíriti `anfachen' etc.;

hitt. paḫḫur, paḫḫuwar, Dat. paḫhu(e)ni `fire'; toch. A por, В puwā̆r, pwār ds.

References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10; Pedersen Hitt. 187 f.

Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: pezd-

English meaning: to break wind

German meaning: `leise einen Wind streichen lassen'

Note: (compare *perd- `loud furzen')

Material: Gr. βδέω `leise einen streichen lassen' from *βzδέω (reconverted from *pezdō), wherefore βδό-λος `fetidness' with new formationer o-grade, and *βδε-λύ-ς `pēdens, scornful, ridiculing' in Βδελυ-κλέων `Cleontī oppēdēns', as well as as base from βδελυρός `disgusting', βδελύσσομαι `verabscheue, empfinde disgust, repulsion, loathing', βδύλλω `verabscheue, dread', but also `βδέω'; lat. pēdō, -ere `furzen' (*pezdō), pōdex `the Hintere' (*pozd-ek-s), pēdis `louse' (because of Demin. pēdiculus older *pēdex);

klr. pezdíty and zero grade (proto slav. *bьzd-) bzd́íty, russ. bzdětь `leise einen streichen lassen', sloven. pezdë́ti, lit. bezdù, bezdė́ti, lett. bezdêt `leise einen streichen lassen', lit. bìzdas `podex', bìzdžius `Stönker'; balt. *bezdēti based on auf *pzdēti besides *pezdēti; perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root bhes- `blow', above S. 146.

References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221;

See also: compare above pes-1.

Page(s): 829

Root / lemma: pē̆d-1, pō̆d-

English meaning: container, vessel

German meaning: `fassen; Geföß'

Material: Old Indian perhaps palla- m. `Kornbehölter', pallī `Getreidemaß' (whether -ll- from -dl-); ahd. fazzōn, mhd. vazzen `in ein vessel tun, catch, rösten, sich bekleiden', ahd. fezzil, mhd. vezzel `band, strap, manacle', ags. fetel(s) m. `belt, girdle', aisl. fetill m. `Schulterband' (germ. *fatila-), ahd. vazz `container, Kasten', as. fat n. `vessel', ags. fæt n. `vessel, barrel, vat, cask', aisl. fat n. `vessel, fur'; ags. fǣtels `vessel', ahd. givazzi `Bagage', mhd. gevæzze, nhd. `vessel'; got. fetjan, ags. fǣtan `adorn', aisl. fǣta `es with jemandem to tun have (`adorn' from `beautiful tunmitö'); lit. pė́das `Getreidegarbe', lett. pêda `bundle, armful, armload', ablaut. lit. púodas, lett. puôds m. `pot, pan'.

References: WP. II 22, Trautmann 227.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d-

English meaning: foot, *genitalia

German meaning: `Fuß'; verbal `gehen, fallen'

Grammatical information: m. Nom. Sg. pō̆ts, Gen. ped-és/-ós, Nom. Pl. péd-es

Material: 1. Old Indian pad- `foot' (pā́t, pā́dam, padáḥ), av. pad- ds.; Old pers. pādaibiyā `with den Fößen'; arm.ot-k` `πόδες', ot-n `πούς, πόδα'; gr. πώς, att. πούς, Gen. ποδός `foot' (ἑκατόμπεδος `100 feet long'); lat. pēs, pĕdis ds., umbr. peři, persi `pede' (dupursus `bipedibus', -u- probably from -ō-); air. īs `below' (whereof īse `low') m. dative, from dem Lok. Pl. *pēd-su `to Fößen' deutbar = alb. posh in përposh `under', posh-të `herab, unterirdisch; under, downwards'; got. fōtus, aisl. fōtr, ags. fōt (Nom. Pl. aisl. fø̄tr, ags. fēt from *fōtḫiz) ahd. fuoz `foot'; hitt. luv. pata-, Hierogl.-hitt. pat ds.; toch. A pe, В pai, Dual A peṃ, В paine;

Note:

Maybe alb. (*po-s) poshtë `below, under' from the same root as slav. languages slav. poḫdъ `below, under' from Root / lemma: apo- (pō̆, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : (foot, *genitalia).

to ped- `foot' belongs gr. dial. πεδά `μετά', originally `(jemandem) auf dem Fuße', compare lat. pedisequus, -a `servant, -in' eig. `auf dem Fuße folgend' and under die arm. from het `footprint' refined prepositions;

with -i̯-ós, -i-t- `going' are shaped: gr. πεζός `pedestris', lat. ped-es, -i-t-is `Fußgönger, Fußsoldat'; from lat. pēs derives pedāre `with a Fuß versehen, prop, support', and therefrom again pedum `Hirtenstab, pad';

pédi̯o- in Old Indian pádya- `den Fuß betreffend', pádyā `Fußtritt, hoof', av. paiδyā `foot', gr. πέζα f. `foot, unterer edge, border, hem, small fishing net', lat. acu-pedius `swift-footed', ahd. fizza `Gewinde, Garn' (= gr. πέζα), nhd. `Fitze', (wherefore germ. *fetī f. in aisl. fit `Schwimmhaut, edge', ags. fitt `break, section, poem', norw. dial. fiorḫfit `Eidechse', `τετράπεζος'), lit. lengva-pė̃dis `leisefößig'; pedī- in gr. πέδῑλον n. `sandal' and germ. *fetī; podi̯o-m: mir. u(i)de n. `journey'.

2. Verbal: Old Indian pádyate `goes, föllt' (ā-patti- `Unfall'; padāti-, pat-tí- m. `Fußknecht'), av. paiδyeiti `bewegt sich after downwards, legt sich nieder'; Old Church Slavic padǫ, pasti `fall' also po-pasti `catch' eig. `auf jemanden fall, anfallen' (or to pē̆d-1ö); napastь `casus'; lit. pė̃dinu, -inti `slowly go, leise tread', pėdúoti `Fußtritte make', gr. πηδάω `spring, höpfe'; compare zur ē-grade still lit. pėdà `footprint', pė́sčias `to foot' from *pēd-ti̯os, lett. pę̂da `Fußsohle, Fußstapfe, foot as Maß', pēc (from pêdis, Instr. Pl. from pę̂ds `footprint', compare lit. pė́das ds.) `after, because of, gemöß', Old Church Slavic pěšь `to foot', gr. πηδόν `Ruderblatt', πηδάλιον `rudder, helm'; auf the verbalen meaning `more abfallend or to Fallen, Verkommen geneigt' based on letzten Endes also the Kompar. lat. peior `bad' (*ped-i̯ōs), Superl. pessimus `the schlechteste' (*ped-s_emos); pessum `to bottom, zugrunde' (*ped-tu-m) = Infin. Old Indian páttum; aisl. feta st. V. (also with leiÞ, veg, heim) `den way find' ags. ge-fetan st. V. `fall', ahd. fezzan `labare', gi-fezzan `exire, excidere', aisl. fata `seinen way finden', ags. fatian (wīf) `uxorem ducere', ahd. sih uazzon `scandere', ags. fetian, engl. fetch `get, fetch' (ags. fatian and fetian could also to pē̆d-1 belong, as generally die beiden Sippen not sharp to separate are).

3. pedo-m etc.: Old Indian padá- n. `footstep, Tritt, Fußstapfe', av. paδa- n. `spoor' (and `foot as Maß'), ap. pati-padam `an seine Stelle zuröckkehrend';

arm. het, Gen. hetoy `footprint', preposition y-et (*i-het `in the footprint') `after', z-het, zetoy `behind after'; mir. ined (*eni-pedo-) `spoor (the Föße); place', air. ed n. `stretch of time', gall. candetum `spatium, centum pedum' probably for cant-[p]edum; compare lat. peda `vestigium humanum', aisl. fet n. `footstep; foot as Maß'; lit. pėdà `footprint', lett. pę̂da `Fußsohle' etc. (see above); gr. πέδον `ground, bottom', πεδίον `Ebene, field' (ἔμ-πεδος `tight, firm stehend'; about δάπεδον see above S. 198); lat. oppidō `vollig, ganz and gar' (ob + *pedom `auf the Stelle'); umbr. peřum, persom-e `πέδον `solum'; hitt. pedan n., place';

o-grade: lit. pãdas `Fußsohle, Stiefelsohle' = Old Church Slavic *podъ `bottom, Untergrund, Unterlage' (preposition podъ `below, under'), lit. pãdžiai Pl. `Untergestell a barrel', Old Church Slavic poždь `fundamentum, locus subterraneus';

schwundstufige forms: Old Indian upa-bdá- m. `Getrampel', av. fra-bda `forefoot' (from ped- `foot'), a-bda- `where man nicht hintreten, nicht festen Fuß fassen kann'; gr. ἐπί-βδαι `day after dem Feste'.

4. Bedeutungsgruppe `(Fuß)fessel, hindrance for die Föße': av. biḫbda- `zweifache manacle'; gr. πέδη `manacle', πεδάω, ποδίζω `feßle', ἀνδρά-ποδον n. `slave', ἐκ-ποδών `from dem Wege', ἐμ-ποδών `in Wege, obstructive'; lat. pedica `manacle, loop, noose, snare' (wherewith e.g. ein Tier an a foot angebunden wird); lat. peccāre `fehlen, söndigen' to *peccos < *ped-cos `einen Fehler am foot habend', wherefore also umbr. pesetom `peccatum', compes `Fußschelle, Fußblock', impediō, -īre `hinder', Gegensatzbildung expedīre `das Hindernis wegnehmen' (probably to *pedis f. `Fußfessel' shaped); in addition oppidum `die Schranken of Zirkus (also `quod pedibus obest'); Landstadt' (originally with Hindernissen verrammelte refuge); at most umbr. tribřic̨u, tribrisine `ternio' as *tri-pedikiō `Dreikoppelung'; aisl. fjǫturr m. `manacle, band, strap', ags. fëter, feotor f., as. fëtur, ahd. fëzzer ds.

maybe alb. pengë < lat. pedica -ae, f. `a fetter; a trap, snare (for animal's feet)'; alb. pengoj (nasalized *pêdica) `hinder' = lat. *pedica, impediō, -īre ;

References: WP. II 23 ff., WH. I 428 f., II 214 f., 269, 272 f., 293 ff., Trautmann 209 f.

Page(s): 790-792

Root / lemma: pē(i)-, pī-

English meaning: to harm, scold, put to shame

German meaning: `weh tun, beschödigen, schmöhen'

Material: Old Indian pī́yati `schmöht, höhnt', pīyú-, píyāru- `höhnend, schmöhend';

gr. πῆμα `ruin, affliction', ἀπήμων `unbeschödigt; unschödlich', πημαίνω `stifte mischief, richte zugrunde' (idg. *pē-mn̥), πήσασθαι μέμψασθαι Hes., ἠ-πανία `lack, Entbehrung'; πηρός, dor. πᾱρός `mutilated, blind', ἄ-πηρος `unverstömmelt'; lat. paene (pēne) `beinahe, fast; ganz and gar' (originally neuter eines Adj. *pē-ni-s `damages, mangelhaft'), paenitet `es reut, tut leid', pēnūria `lack'; from a participle *pǝ-tó-s `geschödigt' derives patior, -ī, passus sum `dulde, erdulde, suffer';

idg. pēi- in got. faian `rebuke, reproach', pī- in got. fijan, aisl. fjā, ags. fēon, ahd. fīēn `hate', participle present in got. fijands, ahd. fīānt etc. `fiend';

with fractured reduplication Old Indian pāpá- `schlimm, mad, wicked, evil'; pāpmán- m. `mischief, damage, affliction' previously after dem perhaps lallwortartigen pāpá- for *pāman- eingetreten; Old Indian pāmán- stands for `eine Hautkrankheit, scabies', pāmaná-, pāmará- `scabby', as av. pāman- `scabies, surface, plain, area, Trockenheit', wherefore presumably lat. paeminōsus, pēminōsus `brittle, rissig'; Old Indian pāpá- = arm. hivand- `sick' (Ernst Lewy).

References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.

Page(s): 792-793

Root / lemma: pē̆s-1

English meaning: to blow

German meaning: `blasen, wehen'

Note: (see also pēs-2 `dust, powder, sand')

Material: Aisl. fǫnn f. `snowdrift, Schneehaufe' (*faznō), -fenni n. ds.; as `in Winde wehender Faden': ahd. faso m., fasa f. ` fibre, filament, fringe, hem', ags. fæs(n) n. `fringe', engl. feaze `fibers'; aisl. fǫsull m. `band, strap', mnd. vese(n) `chaff, fibre, filament, fringe', ndl. vezel `filament', ahd. fesa `chaff, Spelze', nhd. Fehse, dön. fjæser, older f(j)øs `fibers', ahd. fasōn `untersuchen' (*rub, wear out);

Old Church Slavic рěchyrь `a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble', pachati `ventilare, agitare', russ. pachnútь `blow', páchnutь `duften, smell', zápachъ `smell, odor, Duft' etc.; russ. pásmo `Garnströnne', lett. puõsm(i)s `dividing off, partitioning off between zwei Endpunkten', `as much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht'; čech.-poln. pochva `tail' (`wedelnd'), Old Church Slavic о-раšь ds.; nasalized poln. pęchnąć `anblasen, anwehen', pąch, pęch `Witterung (of Hundes') etc.; perhaps bulg. pasmina `Rasse' (compare Old Indian tántu- `filament, fibre, Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny').

References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer 2, 320.

Page(s): 823-824

Root / lemma: pēs-2, nasalized pēns-

English meaning: dust, sand

German meaning: `Staub, Sand'

Material: Old Indian pāṁsú-, pāṁsuká- `dust, powder, sand', av. pąsnu-š ds.; Church Slavic pěsъkъ `sand';

presumably as `the wehende, gewehte' benannt and to pēs-1 `blow'.

References: WP. II 68, Trautmann 216 f.

Page(s): 824

Root / lemma: pēu- : pǝu- : pū̆-

English meaning: to hit; sharp

German meaning: `schlagen; scharf, schneidend hauen'

Material: Lat. paviō, -īre `hit, stomp', depuvere `caedere', pavīmentum `geschlagener Boden, Estrich'; from a participle *putos derives putō, -āre `cut, clip', amputāre `rings beschneiden, abschneiden', (ö) puteus `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole, stream, brook' (`ausgestochene pit, pothole'); auf a d- present `niedergeschlagen make, n. sein' based on probably pudet, -ēre `sich schömen', prōpudium `Schandtat, Scheusal', perhaps repudium `Verstoßung', tripudium `dreischrittiger Tanz', umbr. ahatripursatu `abstripodato'; here also lat. pāveō, -ēre `sich öngstigen' (pavor `a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm', pavidus `timorous') as `niedergeschlagen sein'; nd. fūen `with dem Fuebusch hit' (Fastnachtsgebrauch), ahd. urfūr `Verschnittener', arfūrian, ags. ā-fȳran `verschneiden';

lit. pjáuju, pjáuti (*pēu̯i̯ō) `cut, clip, reap, schlachten', ablaut. pjúklas m. `Söge', pjūtìs f. `harvest time, August', lett. pĺaũt `möhen, reap', pĺava f. `meadow' (= lit. piovà ds.), Old Prussian piuclan n. `sickle';

daß nachhom. παίω `hit' = lat. paviō sei, is after all possible; then mößte the Aor. ἔπαισα etc. (instead of *ἔπαυσα) new neologism zum present sein; to παίω jedenfalls dor. παιά̄ν, ion. παιήων, att. παιών as `the die Krankheiten through Zauberschlag heilende (Apollo)', then with den words ἰη πᾱιήων anfangender Lobgesang.

References: WP. II 12, 76 f., WH. II 266, 267, 381 f., 393 f., Trautmann 217.

Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: pǝtḗ(r) Gen. pǝtr-és, -ós

English meaning: father

German meaning: `Vater, Haupt der Großfamilie'

Material: Old Indian pitár-; av. pitar- besides Nom. pta, ta etc.; arm. hair (*pǝtēr), Gen. haur (*pǝtros); gr. πατήρ, πατρός, in compound εὐ-πάτωρ `ein good father'; lat. pater, -tris `father'; patres `Vorfahren, Patrizier'; osk. patir `father', umbr. Iu-pater `Juppiter', Dat. Sg. osk. patereí, mars.-lat. patre; air. athir (*pǝtēr), Gen. athar (*pǝtros) `father'; about gall. gutu-ater see above S. 413; got. fadar, aisl. faðir, ags. fæder, ahd. fater `father'; toch. A pācar, В pācer ds.; about Old Indian Dyāus pitā etc. see above S. 413.

Ableitnngen: Old Indian pítrya-, gr. πάτριος, lat. patrius `vöterlich', mir. aithre f. `vöterliche family'; Old Indian pítr̥vya-, av. tūirya- (*ptǝrvya-), lat. patruus, ahd. fetiro, fatirro, fatureo (germ.*faðuru̯ia-) `Vaterbruder', nhd. `cousin', ags. fædera `Vatersbruder' (compare gr. πάτρως from*pǝtrōus ds., with verschobener meaning πατρώιος `vöterlich'); Old pers. hama-pitar- = gr. ὁμο-πάτωρ, compare aisl. sam-feðra `from the same Vater' (*-fadrjans); compare gr. πατρυιός `Stiefvater' (after μητρυιά̄ `Stiefmutter'), arm. yauray ds.; only einzelsprachlich are gr. πάτρη, att. πάτρᾱ `Vaterland', πατρίς, -ίδος f. ds., lat. patria ds., patrōnus `Schutzherr', patrō, -āre `vollbringe, vollziehe'; proprius `eigen, eigentömlich, bestöndig' from *prop(a)trios `from den προπάτορες, den Altvorderen as ererbter Besitz öberkommen' (ö), s. WH. II 374 f.; mcymr. edryð `dwelling'could originally as `vöterlicher possession' with mir. aithre identical sein; aisl. feðgar Pl. `father and son' (compare gr. πατρικός `vaterlich'); feðgin Pl. `parents' (*feðr-gin).

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 263 ff.; of babble-word pā- derive ö Kretschmer WZKM. 51, 315 f; or to pō(i)- shield, watchö

Page(s): 829

Root / lemma: phel-

See also: s. (s)p(h)el-.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: pher-

See also: s. (s)p(h)er-.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: phō̆l-

English meaning: to fall

German meaning: `fallen'

Material: Arm. p`ul `Einsturz' (*phōlo-), p`lanim `I falle ein'; ahd. as. fallan, aisl. falla `fall' (*phol-n-), causative ahd. fellan, aisl. fella `föllen' etc.; lit. púolu, pùlti, lett. pùolu, pult `fall' (*phōlō); Old Prussian au-pallai `findet' (*verföllt whereupon).

References: WP. II 103, Trautmann 229.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: phu-

See also: see above pū̆-1.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: pid-

English meaning: to bear (child)

German meaning: `gebören'öö originally `stark ziehen'ö

Note: only germ. and kelt.

Material: Got. fitan `to give birth to children', perhaps to ags. fitt `fight', engl. fit `attack of a disease, malady', nwfries. fits `bissig'; mir. idu, Gen. idan, Nom. Pl. idain `throes of childbirth, pain'; die mir. inflection goes auf air. ā-inflection back, as e.g. mir. persu `person' auf air. persan; the air. Nom. Sg. muß somit *idan (*pidunā) gelautet have.

References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.

Page(s): 830

Home

Root / lemma: pik(h)o-

English meaning: lump, knot

German meaning: `klumpiges, Knoten'ö

Material: Av. pixa- `knot' in nava-pixǝm `neunknotigen'; lett. piks, pika `Erd- and Lehmklumpen', sniega-pika `Schneeballen'.

References: WP. II 70.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-lo-

English meaning: hair

German meaning: `Haar'

Note:

Root / lemma: pi-lo- : `hair' : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : `hair' derived from Root / lemma: pleuk- : `flake, feather, hair' common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel phonetic mutation recorded in centum languages first, mainly Latin.

Material: Lat. pilus m. `hair', whereof as collective `Haarknöuel' also pila f. `ball, Ballen, Strohpuppe'; auf an s-stem based on *pil-s-os `verfilzt', in gr. πῖλος m. `Filz', πῑλέω `filze', lat. pilleus, -eum `Filzkappe, Filzmötze' (*pilsei̯o-); Old Church Slavic plъstь `Filz'.

References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-n-

English meaning: a piece of wood

German meaning: `Holzstöck'

Material: Old Indian pínakā-m `staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. πίναξ, -ακος `Sparre, balk, beam, board, Schreibtafel, Gemalde'; ahd. witu-fîna f., mnd. vîne `Holzhaufen'; Old Church Slavic pьnь m., serb. pânj etc. `tree truck, -strunk'.

References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;

See also: probably to spei- `sharp, spitzes bit of wood'.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīp(p)-

English meaning: to squeak

German meaning: `piepen'

Note: also unredupl. pī̆- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indian píppakā `ein certain bird', pippīka- `ein bird'ö gr. πῖπος f. or πίππος m. `young bird', πῑπώ, πίπρα f. `a kind of Baumhacker', πιπ(π)ίζω `piepe'; lat. pīpilō, -āre, pīpiō, -īre, pīpō, -āre `piepen', pip(p)itāre `of Naturlaut the Möuse', pīpulum `das Wimmern', osk. pipatio `clamor plorantis', nhd. (nd.) piepen (with verhinderter consonant shift); lit. pỹpti `whistle' (Lw.ö); čech. piptěti `piepsen', sloven. pípa `chicken; duct, tube, pipe', serb. piра, eine disease, malady the Höhner' (nhd. Pips) etc.;

čech. pikati `piepen', under likewise; bulg. pile, skr. pïle `Köchlein' under likewise; similarly alb. bibë `young Wasservogel', arm. bibem `pigolare', gr. πίφιγξ, πιφαλλίς `ein bird'.

References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pīzdā-

English meaning: vulva

German meaning: `vulva'

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Alb. pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'; čak. pizdà, russ. pizdá, poln. pizda ds., out of it borrowed (ö) lit. pyzdà, lett. pīzda f. ds., and Old Prussian peisda `Arsch'.

References: WP. II 69, Trautmann 211;

See also: compare also pezd- S. 829.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: plab-

English meaning: to babble, etc..

German meaning: `plappern under likewise Schallvorstellungen'ö

Material: Air. labar `redselig', cymr. llafar `language, sound', acorn. lauar `sermo', bret. lavar `word', ir. amlabar `dumb', cymr. aflafar, acorn. aflauar `infans', air. labraid, rel. labrathar `speaks', cymr. llafaru `talk, speak',

Maybe alb. llaf `word, speech', llafos `talk', llafazan `talkative'.

corn. lauaraf `I rede'; kelt. FlN Labarā `Labor' (Bavaria); perhaps to ndd. mengl. flappen `hit, klatschen, babble, chatter', engl. flap `hit';

Maybe illyr. TN Labeatae (Labeates) `talkative people, babblers'ö : kelt. FlN Labarā `Labor'

in the kind of the onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung jedenfalls different is lat. plōrāre `clamāre (alat.); loud weep, cry'.

Maybe truncated alb. *lápati, llap `chat, talk, speak', llaf `word, speech' [see above Root / lemma: lep-1 : (expr. Root)]

References: WP. II 93.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: plā-k-1: plǝ-k-, ple-k- : plō̆-k-, plei-k- and pelǝ-g- : plā-g- : plǝ-g-

English meaning: wide and flat

German meaning: `breit and flach, ausbreiten'

Note: extension from pelǝ- S. 805

Material: Gr. πλάξ, -κός `surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte' (= aisl. flǣr Pl. from *flahiz), πλακόεις `platt', πλακοῦς, -οῦντος m. `flat cake' (out of it lat. placenta) under likewise;

lat. placeō, -ēre `gefallen, compliant sein', placidus `flat, eben, smooth, peaceful, friedlich', ablaut. plācāre `ebnen, besönftigen', nasalized perhaps plancus `Plattfuß';

aisl. flā, Pl. flǣr (*flah-iz = πλάκ-ες) and flār (*flahō) f. `Absatz an einer Felswand', norw.flaa ds.; norw. flag n. `offene sea', aisl. flaga `dönne Erdschicht', mnd. vlage `Erdschicht'; zero grade aisl. flō (*flōhō) f. `layer, Lage', ags. flōh (stānes) f. `Steinfliese', ahd. fluoh, mhd. vluo `Felswand, jöh abstörzender Fels', nhd. Flöhe, schweiz. Fluh, Flöh `Felswand, Felsplatte';perhaps germ. ō from idg. ō because of lett. pluoci m. Pl. `Lage, layer';

lit. plãkanas `flat', plõkas `Estrich', plãkė `the lead, Bressem';

lett. plāce `scapula', plācenis `flat cake'; plùoku (*planku) plakt `flat become', plaka `Kuhfladen', plakans `flat';

doubtful is die formale Beurteilung from lit. plókščias `flat, platt', plaštakà `flat hand' (at first through Dissim. from *plāskti̯os), lett. plāskaîns `smooth, flat and breit zugleich', Old Church Slavicploskъ `flat' (*plā̆k-sko-);

toch. AB plāk- `einverstanden sein', A plāköm `Erlaubnis', В plāki `Einverstöndnis', am-plākötte `without um Erlaubnis to bid, beg, ask';

auf a light root form *plek- based on probably lit. pleksnė̃ `breite beet, turnip', lett. pl'ęka (besides plaka `Kuhfladen'), plece `Plattfische, Butten', plęcs `shoulder', further:

zero grades *pl̥kā́ f., kelt. *(p)lika in gall. Arelica (Gardasee), eig. `eastern from the Felsplatte from Sirmione', fass. lia `bottom of Backofens' (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.), expressives -kk- in mir. lecc `Steinplatte', cymr. llech, bret. lec'h ds.

A i-root plei-k- in lit. pleikiù, pleĩkti `breit make', plaikstýti `die Oberkleider about Brust and Schultern, löften', eig. `sich breit aufmachen'; to mhd. vlīen, vlīgen `schichtweise lay, place, fögen, sort, order, arrange, zurechtmachen, adorn', md. vlī(h)en ds.

root form auf -g: gr. πέλαγος `offene sea' (`aequor'), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner the thessalischen Ebene, die Πελασγοί `Flachlandbewohner' (*πελαγ-σκοί); herald. πλάγος n. `Seite', τὰ πλάγια `die Seiten, Flanken', πλάγιος `(*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant, skew'; lat. plaga `surface, plain, area, net, Überzug; region, landscape', plagula `BIatt a Toga, leaf Papier', plagella `rag';

nisl. flōki m., ags. flōc m. `Flunder', engl. flook-footed `plattfößig'; ahd. flah (-hh-), ndl. flak, flach `smooth', as. flaka f. `Fußsohle', norw. flak n. `Scheibe, Eisscholle', aisl.flaki, fleki m. `Bretterverschlag', tirol.-körnt. flecken `board, plank, balk'.

References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.

Page(s): 831-832

Root / lemma: plāk-2, plāg-, also plēk-, plēg-

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'

Material: Gr. πλήσσω (*plāki̯ō), πλήγνῡμι `hit', πληγή, dor. πλᾱγα `blow, knock', πλῆκτρον `beetle, hammer etc. `; nas. πλάζω (*πλαγγι̯ω) `hit, verschlage' (πλάγξω, ἐπλάγχθην); lat. plāga `blow, knock, wound', plangō, -ere `hit: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve'; mir. lēn, Gen. lēoin `affliction, wound' (*plakno-), léssaim `schlage violent' (*plang-sō); got. faiflōkun `ἐκόπτοντο, betrauerten', ags. flōcan `Beifall klatschen', as. flōcan `verwönschen, verfluchen' (at first from `loud die Brust hit'), ahd. fluohhon ds., fluoh `Fluch', aisl. flōki `gestampfter Filz'; from dem Germ. here probably also words for `Anprall, gust of wind' and `with den Flögeln hit, flutter, flicker': aisl. flaga `plötzlicher attack', mnd. mhd. vlage `shove, attack, storm', engl. flaw `gust of wind, Sprung, crack'; aisl. flǫgra `flutter', ahd. flagarōn `umherfliegen'; with germ. k: aisl. flǫkra (flakurōn) `umherschweifen', mhd. vlackern, ndl. vlakkeren `flicker', ags. flacor `fliegend', flicorian `flicker', aisl. flǫkta (*flakutōn) `umherstreifen, flutter', expressive aisl. flakka `flutter, umherschweifen', older ndl. vlacken `twitch'; nasalized mnd. vlunke (`Flögel'); aisl. flengja `thrash' (engl. fling `throw' from dem Aisl.), wherefore (ö) lat. lancea `die originally spanische Lanze' (kelt. word);

lit. plakù, plàkti `hit, chastise, castigate', plõkis m. `Rutenstreich'; Old Church Slavic plačǫ, plakati sę `sich an die Brust hit, weep, cry, wail';

besides plāk/g- steht plēk/g-: lat. plectō, -ere `punish, curse, chastise, castigate', lit. plíek-iu, -ti `hit, thrash, chastise, castigate', dial. plėgà `Prögel, Zöchtigung'.

References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.;

See also: probably to pelǝ-: plā- S. 805, also originally `breit hit'.

Page(s): 832-833

Root / lemma: plā̆t- (plā̆d-), plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plǝt-

English meaning: wide, flat

German meaning: `breit and flach; ausbreiten'

Note: extension to pelǝ- : plā- ds., see there; to Vokalverhöltnis compare plāk- : plēk- ds. and plāk- : plēk- : plĕk- `hit'

Material: Aryan *pleth-: Old Indian práthati `breitet from', -tē `dehnt sich from, verbreitet sich', pr̥thá- m. `flat hand', práthas- n. = av. fraϑah- n. `Breite', Old Indian pr̥thú-, av. pǝrǝϑu- `wide, breit, capacious', fem. Old Indian pr̥thvī́, av. pǝrǝϑwī (also as Subst. `Oberflöche'), besides from *pl̥t(h)ǝu̯- : pr̥thivī́ f. `earth' (`Erdoberflache') = gr. Πλάταια, gall. GN Litavī f., gall.-lat. Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw `die Bretagne', mir. Letha ds.;

arm. lain `breit' (*pl_etǝ-no-).

gr. πλατύς `platt, breit' (= Old Indian pr̥thú-), πλάτος n. `Breite' (reshuffling from *πλέτος = Old Indian práthas- after πλατύς), πλάτη `Ruderschaufel', ὠμο-πλάτη f. `scapula', πλάτανος `sycamore' (`breitöstig'); πλαταμών `jeder flat body' (: Old Indian prathimán- m. `Breite, Ausdehnung'); πλαταγή `das Klatschen'; formal nicht right clear, bright are παλαστή `flat hand', πλάστιγξ `flat bowl';

lat. planta f. `Fußsohle' (*pla-n-tā); planta `Setzreis' is back-formation to *plantāre `den Boden ebnen';

cymr. lled, corn. les, bret. let, led m. `Breite' (from dem n. *pletos = Old Indian práthas-), cymr. lledu, bret. ledaff `outspread', air. lethaim `dehne from, erweitere' (probably also air. leth n. `side, flank' etc.), Kompar. cymr. lled `wide, further' (*plet-is), air. letha `wide', Positiv*pl̥t_eno- in air. lethan, cymr. llydan, bret. corn. ledan `breit', gall. Litana (silva), Litano-briga; mir. leithe `shoulder' (*pleti̯ā), mir. lethech `flounder, flat fish'; air. less, cymr. llys `castle' (*pl̥t-to-ö);

Maybe alb. (*pleti̯ā) fletë `(wide) wing, side, flank, (flat) leaf', fle- `lie, sleep' : air. leth n. `side, flank', mir. leithe `shoulder'; also alb. leth, ledh `mud, alluvium; wall, flat earth, mound, river mouth, balk' : air. less, cymr. llys `castle' (*pl̥t-to-ö) : gall.-lat. Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw, mir. Letha .

in Germ. with ablaut. а : ō: mhd. vluoder `Flunder', nasalized mhd. nd. flunder ds., mnd. vlundere ds., ndl. vlonder `thin board', aisl. flyðra f. `deadwood', schwed. flundra ds., norw. also `small platter stone'; germ. *flaÞōn in ahd. flado `Opferkuchen', mhd. vlade `wide, dönner cake', nhd. Fladen, Kuh-fladen, norw. flade m. `small Ebene, flaches field'; mnd. vladder `dönne Torfschicht';

lit. plõtyti ` outspread', plótas `Platte', plõtis `Breite', lett. plãtît, plèst, thin aufstreichen'; Old Church Slavic *plastъ `tortum', russ. plast `layer' (root form *plāt-); lit. splečiù, splė̃sti `breiten, breitlegen' (doubtful because of anl. s-, das in our family otherwise nirgends), platùs `breit' (a = o, different from πλατύς, pr̥thú-), plantù, plàsti `wide become', Old Prussianplasmeno f. `Vorderhölfte the Fußsohle'; from the root form plĕt-: lit. plėtóti `sich ausbreiten', Old Church Slavic plesna `Fußsohle' (*plet-s-nā, to es-stem Old Indian práthas-); but slav. *plęsati `tanzen' because of lit. plęšti not here (*plenk̂-);

Old Church Slavic plešte `shoulder', russ. plečȅ ds. (russ. bělo-plekij `weißschultrig', neologism to plečȅ = abg. plešte, compare above mir. leithe).

With auslautender voiced-nonaspirated: aisl. flatr, ahd. flaz `eben, flat', as. flat `flat, untief' (full grade mnd. vlōt ds.), aisl.-ags. flett n., as. flet, fletti `floor in Haus', ahd. flazzi, flezzi `geebneter bottom, threshing floor, Hausflur, Vorhalle' (nhd. Flötz `ebene Bergschicht'); ahd. flazza `palm'; lett. plañdît `breit make'.

References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.

Page(s): 833-834

Root / lemma: plek̂-

English meaning: to plait, weave

German meaning: `flechten, zusammenwickeln'

Note: presumably further formations from pel- `falten'

Material: Old Indian praśna- m. `netting, lurban' (also plā́śi- m. `intestines, entrails'); av. ǝrǝzato frašnǝm `with silbernem Panzerhemd'; gr. πλέκω `flechte' (= lat. plicō), participle πλεκτός; πλεκτή `rope, band, net', πλέγμα n., πλέκος n., πλόκανον `netting, wickerwork', πλοκή `netting; Rönke', πλόκος, πλόκαμος, πλοχμός (*πλοκ-σ-μος, compare den es-stem τὸ πλέκος) `braid, plait, curl', alb. presumably plaf `bunte, wollene cover' (*plok̂-s-ko-), plëhurë `grobe canvas, fabric'; lat. plicō, -āre `zusammenwickeln, zusammenfalten', with i after den compounds explicāre, implicāre, applicāre; t-present plectō, -ere, -xi, -xum `flax, wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten' = ahd. flehtan, ags. fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.), aisl. flētta `flax, wattle, braid'; aisl. flētta f. `lichen', ags. fleohta m. `hurdle', got. flahta `hair lock'; ahd. flahs, ags. fleax n. `Flachs' (about ndl. vlijen `flax, wattle, braid' s. Franck van Wijk 749); Old Church Slavic pletǫ, plesti `flax, wattle, braid' (if with `westidg. `guttural from *plek-tō), ablaut. Old Church Slavic plotъ `fence';

References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.

See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek̂-.

Page(s): 834-835

Root / lemma: pleuk-

English meaning: flake, feather, hair

German meaning: `Flocke, Feder, Haar, Abfall'

Material: Ahd. (expressive) floccho `lanugo', nhd. Flocke, mnd. vlocke `Woll-, snowflake';

Maybe alb. flokë `flake, hair'

norw. dial. flugsa, flygsa `snowflake'; lit. pláukas `ein hair', plaukaĩ `hair', lett. plauki `Schneeflocken; Abfall beim weaving; dust, powder; Mutterkorn', plaũkas `Abfall beim spinning, Flocken, fibers; Hölsen'; lett. plūcu, plūkt `pluck, tear, rend, pluck, schleißen', lit. plùksna, plùnksna `feather'.

References: WP. II 97.

Page(s): 837

Root / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti̯o-

English meaning: lung

German meaning: `Lunge'

Material: Old Indian klṓman- m. n. `die right Lunge' (Dissim. from p - m to k - m) = gr. πλεύμων `Lunge' (through support in πνέω also πνεύ̄μων); lat. pulmō, mostly Pl. `Lunge' (from *pelmōnes or *plumṓnes);

baltoslav. *pleuti̯ā- and *plauti̯ā- n. Pl. in lit. plaũčiai and lett. plàuši, plàušas m. Pl., Old Prussian plauti (secondary f.) `Lunge'; Old Church Slavic plušta and *pljušta n. Pl. (aruss. pljuča `Lunge'), serb. pljûća f. `liver'.

The Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also as `Schwimmer' to pleu- (pel-) `πλέω'.

References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.

Page(s): 837-838

Root / lemma: pleus-

English meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell

German meaning: `ausrupfen; gerupfte Wollflocken, Federn or Haare, Vlies, Zotten'

Material: Lat. plūma `Flaumfeder, Flaum' (*plusmā); mnd. vlūs, vlūsch `Schaffell, Vlies', nnd. vlūs(e), vlūsch `tussock hair, Böschel Wolle', mhd. vlius (*flūsi-) `Vlies', nhd. Flaus, Flausch; mhd. vlies, nhd. Vlies;

ags. flēos, flīes n. ds., with gramm. variation norw. flūra `zottiges hair'; aisl. flosa `splinter, offal', norw. dial. flos, flus(k), flustr ds. and `dandruff, scale auf dem Kopfe', as lett. plauskas and plaukstes `dandruff', lett. plūsni `in Winde flatternde birch bark', lit. pliū́šinti `rub, wear out', plūšà `Bastfasern' (in addition рlìūšė̃ `reed') etc.;

lit. plùskos Pl. `Haarzotten, hair', lett. pluskas `Zotten, rag', ablaut. plauskas f. Pl. `Schelfer'; lit. pláuzdinis `(Feder)bett, Deckbett', Old Prussian (with g-insertion) plauxdine `feather-bed'.

References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pleu-

English meaning: to run, flow; to swim

German meaning: `rinnen (and rennen), fließen; schwimmen, schwemmen, gießen; fliegen, flattern'

Note: probably extension from pel- `flow, swim', and originally ds. as pel(eu)- `föllen voll' (`Überfluß, öberfließend')

Material: Old Indian plávatē `schwimmt, hovers, flies' (= gr. πλέω, lat. perplovēre, Old Church Slavic plovǫ), pravatē `springt auf, hurries' (here and in av. ava nifrāvayenta `sie lassen in Fluge heimkehren', usfravā̊nte `(die Wolken) steigen auf' kann also ein idg. preu- `spring' vorliegen); Kaus. plaváyati `lößt swim, öberschwemmt' (= serb. ploviti, ahd. flouwen, flewen);

lengthened grade Old Indian plāváyati `lößt swim', av. usfrāvayōit `daß er wegschwemmen could' (= Old Church Slavic plavljǫ, plaviti `swim lassen, schwemmen');

plavá- `schwimmend; m. boat, Nachen' (= russ. plov); plutá- `öberschwemmt' (= gr. πλυτός `gewaschen'), pluti- f. `Überfließen, flood' (= gr. πλύσις `das Waschen'), udaḫpruḫt- `in Wasser schwimmend';

arm luanam, Aor. luapi `wash' (*plu(ʷ)a-);

gr. πλέ(F)ω (ἔπλευσα, πλεύσομαι) `schiffe, schwimme' (Inf. ion. πλέειν, πλῶσαι `schiffen', but πλώειν, πλῶσαι `swim'); ion. πλόος, att. πλοῦς m. `Schiffahrt', (=klr. plov), πλοῖον `Fahrzeug' (= aisl. fley `ship'); πλύ̄νω `wash' (*πλῠ-ν-ι̯ω; Fut. πλῠνῶ, Aor. Pass. ἐπλύθην), πλυνός m. `Waschgrube', πλύμα n. `Spölicht', πλυτός, πλύσις (see above); πλοῦτος m. `Fulle, richness'; from the lengthened grade plō[u]- besides πλώειν, πλῶσαι (see above), ἐπέπλων `beschiffte', πλωτός `schwimmend, fahrbar', hom. δακρυπλώειν `in Trönen swim' (from *δακρυπλώς);

illyr. FlN Plavis: lit. sea N. Plavõs;

lat. perplovēre (Fest.) `durchsickern lassen, leck sein', plovēbat (Petron.), pluit, -ere `rain'; pluvius, pluor `rain';

air. loun `trip food', loan, loon `adeps' (*plou̯_eno-; see under mnd. flōme); air. lu- `move', Abstr. luud `Antrieb', luud `aries = Mauerbrecher'; also cét-lud `coitus'; ess-com-lu- `proficisci', ess-lu- `fortgehen, entkommen', fo-lu- `fly', lūamain `das Fliegen', lūath `quick, fast', lūas `quickness'; air. lū(a)ë f. `rudder, helm, calcaneus, tail', (*pluu̯i̯ā), cymr. llyw `ruler, tax, tail', acorn. loe `ruler', mir. lūam `Steuermann', cymr. llong-lywydd ds., bret. levier ds.;

ahd. causative flouwen, flewen `spölen, wash' (= Old Indian plaváyati), aisl. flaumr `current', ahd. floum `colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend)', mnd. flōme f. `rohes Bauch- and Nierenfett', nhd. Flom, Flaum m. ds., aisl. fley (= πλοῖον, *plou̯iom) n. `ship'; aisl. flūð f. `blinde cliff' (i.e. `öberflutete'; ū : ō[ū] : ēu); plē- in mhd. vlǣjen `spölen'; plō[u]- in aisl. flōa, ags.flōwan `öberfließen', got. flōdus (: πλωτός), aisl. flōð f. n., ahd. fluot `flood', aisl. flōi m. `swamp, marsh';

lit. causative pláuju, plóviau, pláuti `wash, spölen', Fut. pláusiu (*plōusi̯ō); plū́tis `offene place in Eise'; plevėsúoti `flutter';

Old Church Slavic plovǫ, pluti `flow, schiffe', plujǫ `schwimme', Kaus.-Iter. serb. plòviti `schwemmen, swim', russ. plov `boat', klr. plov `natātiō', lengthened grade Old Church Slavic plaviti `swim lassen', -sę `navigare', plavati `swim'; serb. plȕta f., plȕto n. `cork'; *plū- in Inf. russ. plytь, serb. plȉti;

toch. А В plu- `fly, schweben', В plewe `ship'.

extensions:

pleu-d-: air. im-lūadi `exagitat', imlūad `agitatio', for-lūadi `schwenkt', lūaid- `move, erwöhnen, öußern'; in addition mir. loscann `frog' (`Springer'); aisl. fljōta, ags. flēotan, as. fliotan, ahd. fliozan `flow'; ags. flotian `swim', flota `ship', floterian `to flutter', önhd. flutteren `volitāre';

Maybe alb. flutur `butterfly' : rum. fluture `butterfly', alb. fluturonj `fly' : rum. flutura `wave, flutter, flaunt, fly'.

dubious is die apposition from got. flauts `prahlerisch', flautjan `sich großmachen', ahd. flōzzan `superbire'; lit. pláudžiu pláusti `wash, clean', lett. plaûst ds., lit. plústu, plū́dau, plū́sti `stream, fluten, öberfließen', pludė̃ `Schwimmholz', plūdìmas `das Strömen, Überfließen', lett. pluduôt `obenauf swim', pludi, pludińi `Schwimmhölzer', plûdi Pl. `inundation, flood', plūdît `ergießen, stream; bewössern'; lit. plúostas `Föhre' (*plōud-tā), pláustas ds. (*ploud-tā).

pleu-k-: schwed. norw. fly `moor, fen, puddle, slop' (*fluhja-); aisl. fljūga, ags. flēogan, ahd. fliogan `fly' (die Beseitigung of gramm. Wechsels probably through Differenzierung against fliehen = got. Þliuhan); in addition ags. fleoge, aisl. fluga, ahd. flioga `fly'; dissimil. from germ. *flug-la- (compare ags. flugol `fugax') probably die words for `bird': aisl. fugl, fogl, got. fugls, m., ags. fugol, as. fugal, ahd. fogal m.; lit. plaũkti `swim'; plùnksna f. `feather', older plū́ksna.

References: WP. II 94 f., WH. II 326 f., Trautmann 223 f.

Page(s): 835-837

Root / lemma: plēi-, plǝi-, plī-

English meaning: naked, bare, bald

German meaning: `kahl, bloß'

Material: Norw. dial. flein `naked, bald, bleak, naked', Subst. `kahler Fleck', fleina `entblößt, baldheaded become' and `die Zöhne show, grinsen'; lit. plýnas `eben, bare, baldheaded', lit. plýnė, pleĩnė `kahleEbene'; plìkas `baldheaded', plìkė `Kahlkopf, nackte Ebene', pleĩkė `Glatze', plinkù, plìkti `baldheaded become', lett. pliks, pleiks `entblößt, naked, bald, bleak'; r.-Church Slavic plěšь `Kahlheit', plěšivь `naked, bald, bleak', čech. pleš f. `Glatze' etc., compare also norw. flisa `grinsen, lachen, kichern', fleis `face' (eig. `grinsendes face, Grimasse'), flire `kichern, lachen', aisl. flim `derision';

here also the oberital. (raet.) PN Plinius.

References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;

See also: compare under under plēk̂- etc.

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plēk̂-, plǝk̂- and plēik̂-, plīk̂-

English meaning: to tear, peel off

German meaning: `reißen, abreißen (abschölen)'

Material: 1. Aisl. flā (*flahan), ags. flēan `die Haut abziehen', aisl. fletta (*flahatjan) `(den bag, die dress) abziehen', norw. flaga `abgeschölt become (from the bark)', aisl. flagna `sich peel'; nasalized aisl. flengja `throw', norw. ds., `losreißen'; with germ. -k- (= idg. g), aisl. flakna =flagna (skip-flak `Schiffswrack'), flaka `aufklaffen, sich unpick, yawn';

lit. plė́š-iu, -ti `rend' (trans.), nuplė́šti `abreißen (e.g. dress), die Haut abschinden', plėšzinỹs `fresh aufgerissener farmland'; lett. pluôsît Iter. `rend, pull';

perhaps alb. plas `berste, break', plasë `Ritze = col, gap, Sprung; Schießscharte', pëlsás, Aor. plasa `berste, spring, go zugrunde'.

2. ēi-, ī-forms: lit. pléišu, -ėti `rend, platzen (from the Haut)', plaiš-inti `break, crack make', plýš-ti `rend, Intr. `, plyšỹs, plyšė̃ `crack, col, gap'; lett. Intrans. plîst `rend', plaîsa, plaîsums `crack', plaisât `Risse bekommen'; diese alien i-forms gestatten also die citation of norw. dial. flīk(e) `göhnende wound' (eig. `crack, col, gap'), aisl. flīk, Pl.flīkr and flīkar f. `scrap, shred, rag', ags. (kent.) flǣc (*flaiki) `Fleisch' (k probably from kk), flicce `Speckseite', aisl. flikki ds., mnd. vlicke ds., `Flicke, abgetrenntes Stöck'; ahd.flëc, flëccko, mhd. vlec, vlecke (proto germ. *flikka) `Stöck Zeug, Stöck Haut, Stöck Land, place, andersfarbige place, macula'; aisl. flekkr `Fleck, Stöck Land' (mnd. vlacke `Fleck' is neuerAblaut);

because of ags. flǣc `Fleisch' is also kinship from ags. flǣsc, as. flēsk, ahd. fleisk `Fleisch', aisl. flesc (*fleisk) `bacon, ham' to consider, yet barely under a basic form *flaik-sk-, da mnd. mndl. vlēs, vlees `Fleisch', aisl. flis `abgeschnittenes Stöck, splinter', schwed. flīs, flīsa ds., norw. mdartl. flīs ds., kjøtḫflis `dönnes Stöck Fleisch' eine cognate, germ. root form auf -s instead of guttural show, die in schwed. flister `Schinnen' and lit. pléiskanos `Schinnen in Haar', lett. pliska `zerlumpter person' wiederkehrt.

References: WP. II 98 f.,

See also: derived from plē-, plǝ-, above S. 834.

Page(s): 835

Root / lemma: plē-, plǝ-

English meaning: to split, cut off

German meaning: `abspalten, abreißen'

Note: with -s- extended

Material: Aisl. flasa f. `dönne Scheibe, splinter', fles f. `flat cliff', isl., aschwed. flas `dandruff, scale', norw. flasa `absplittern, abspalten', isl. flaska `gespalten become'; lit. plãskanos Pl. `Schinnen in Haar'.

References: WP. II 93;

See also: compare under plēk̂- etc.

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plǝi-, plǝu-

English meaning: to expand; to boast

German meaning: `breit schlagen, breit machen'

Material: 1. plǝi-t- (compare pleik- under 1. plāk- `breit') in gr. πλαισίον n. `löngliches Viereck', lit. plaitýtis `sich breit machen, brag, boast'; with anlaut. s-: lit. splintù, splitaũ, splìsti `breit become'.

2. plǝu-d-, plǝu-t- in lat. plaudō, -ere, -sī, -sum `klatsche, hit, klatsche Beifall', plausus, -ūs `Beifall' (compare aplūda `chaff, bran' from *ab-plaudā `die abgeschlagene') ; lat. plautus `breit, platt, plattfößig', PN Plautus, prön.-lat. Plautios, pöl. Plauties, with umbr. ō:Plōtus; umbr. Imper. pre-plotatu `prosternito'; lett. plaũksta `flat hand' (different Möhlenbach-Endzelin III 325).

References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;

See also: extensions the root pelǝ- `flat, eben', above S. 805.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: plouto-, pluto-

English meaning: a kind of wooden stockade

German meaning: `from Brettern or Stangen Gefertiges'

Material: Lat. pluteus, -um `Schirmdach, Wandbrett, Zwischenwand', changing through ablaut with lit. plaũtas `Steg am beehive', lett. plāuts `Wandbrett', plautaĩ `die Bönke an the wall the Badestube' and aisl. fleyðr f. `Dachsparren', norw. expressive flauta f. `crossbar, crossbeam an einem sled'.

References: WP. II 90.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pneu-

English meaning: to breathe

German meaning: and andere with pn- anlautende Sippen for `keuchen, atmen'; schallmalend

Material: Gr. πνέω (πνεῦσαι) `blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell', πνεῦμα `das Wehen, breath, breeze, breath etc. `, πνοή `das Wehen, snort'; in addition perhaps also ποιπνύ̄ω `sich röhren, astir sein', trans. `sich eager wherewith beschöftigen', Perf. πεπνῦσθαι `spiritually astir, sensible, wise sein', πνυτός ἔμφρων, σώφρων Hes., ἀμπνῦσθαι `again zum Bewußtsein come', if `sich röhren, astir, esp. spiritually astir' from `beim Laufe keuchen' and `breathe = agile, lively sein' has evolved;

aisl. fnȳsa `pant, sniff, snort', ags. fnēosan `sneeze' (fnora `das Niesen'), mhd. pfnūsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze' (pf- schallverstörkend for f), pfnust m. `unterdröcktes laughter', norw. fnysa `kichern'; besides germ. *fnēs-, *fnōs-, *fnas-: ags. fnesan `anhelare', fnǣst m. `breath, breath, breeze', fnǣsettan `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', mhd. pfnāsen `pant, sniff, snort', pfnāst m. `das snort', ahd. fnāsteōn `anhelare'; aisl. fnø̄sa `pant, sniff, snort'; aisl. fnā̆sa `pant, sniff, snort'; ahd. fnaskazzen, fneskezzen, mhd. phneschen `pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp';

germ. fnē̆h-: ahd. fnehan, mhd. pfnehen `breathe, pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp', ahd. fnāhtente `schnaubend' (mhd. pfnuht m. `snort' braucht nicht die zero grade from idg. pneu- widerzuspiegeln).

References: WP. II 85, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696.

Page(s): 838-839

Root / lemma: pn̥ksti-

English meaning: fist

German meaning: `Faust'ö

Material: Ahd. fūst, ags. fȳst = abg. pęstь (*pìnstь) `fist'.

Note: Obviously Root / lemma: pn̥ksti- `fist' derived from penkʷe `five (fingers)'

References: WP. II 84, Trautmann 218 f.;

See also: to germ. faŋχan (pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-, S. 788) or to penkʷe `fönf'.

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: polo- : pōlo-

English meaning: swollen, fat, big

German meaning: `geschwollen, dick, groß'

Material: Lat. polleō, -ēre `bin strong, vermöge', Denomin. eines *pollos from *pol-no-; in addition pollex, -icis m. `Daumen, big, giant toe'; proto slav. palъ in russ. bez-palъij `fingerlos'; aruss.-Church Slavic palъcъ `Daumen' (*poliko-), etc. ;

Maybe alb. (*poliko-) prek `touch, palpate'

perhaps in addition as `with dem Daumen touch' npers. pālidan `suchen, spören', bulg. pálam `search, seek', ahd. fuolen, nhd. föhlen, ags. fǣlan, engl. feel, (*fōljan), aisl. felma `tap, grope', ablaut. falma ds.

References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.

Page(s): 840-841

Root / lemma: pork̂o-s

English meaning: pig

German meaning: `Schwein' ('neugeborenes Tier, Ferkel')

Note:

From an extended zero grade of Root / lemma: eĝhi- : `hedgehog' derived Root / lemma: ĝhers-, ĝher- : `rigid, *pig' > Root / lemma: pork̂o-s : `pig' : illyr.-italic-celtic ĝʷh- > p- phonetic mutation.

Material: Sakisch pāsa (*parsa), kurd. purs, borrowed finn. porsas, mordw. puŕts `swine';

lat. porcus `das zahme swine', umbr. porca, purca `porcās'; mir. orc m. `piglet, young animal', abrit. Orcades (with gr. ending) = mir. Innsi Orc `Orkney-islands';

ahd. far(a)h n., ags. fearh m. n. `swine', (dön. fare `piglet throw'); lit. par̃šas `a castrated boar', Old Prussian prastian `piglet' (*parsistian); abg. prasę, -ęte `swine, piglet' (deminut. nt-Suff.); to lat. porcīnus `of swine' compare lit. paršienà `Ferkelfleisch', to lat. porculus `Schweinchen' das lit. paršẽlis `piglet', ahd. farheli, mhd. varchelīn, nhd. Ferkel.

References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BSL. 45, 74 ff.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 34 to perk̂- `tear open' (see 821).

Page(s): 841

Root / lemma: pos

English meaning: by, about, around, beside

German meaning: `unmittelbar bei, hinter, after'

Note: probably *p + os, Gen.-Abl. to *(e)p-, above S. 53 f.

Material: Gr. in ark.-kypr. and auf gr. Inschriften Phrygiens πός, vor vowel also πο-, geltungsgleich with πρός (see *per `out - about', Nr. 8) and dor. ποτί; lit. pàs preposition `an, by'; probably also Old Church Slavic po in the meaning `behind, after'; compare das erhaltene s- in Old Church Slavic poz-dъ Adj. `late', poz-dě Adv. `late', pozderije (paz-derije) `καλάμη, στυπεῖον'. To lit. pàs also pãstaras `the letzte, hinterste'.

derivatives: 1. with -ti probably arm. ǝst `after', Adverbal and preposition `after = secundum, gemöß'; in addition stor `the untere part'ö; lat. post, alat. poste `after, behind', örtlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. Akk., osk. púst, post, umbr. post, pus `post' örtlich and zeitlich, preposition m. Abl., therefrom lat. posterus, osk. pústreí `in postero', umbr. postra, lat. postumus, osk. pustma[s] `postremae'; umbr. postne, lat. pōne from *posti-ne; osk. pústin, umbr. pustin (from *posti en) `je after' preposition m. Akk.; umbr. pust-naiaf `posticas', purnaes `posticis'; lat. postīcus `hinten situated'.

2. -ko- Old Indian paścā́ (Instr.) Adv. `behind, westlich, later' = av. pašca preposition `behind, after', örtlich and zeitlich, Old Indian paścā́t (Abl.) preposition `behind, after, westlich', av. paskāt̃ Adv. `vonhinten her, hinterdrein' spacial and zeitlich; lit. paskuĩ, pãskui (Dat.) Adv. `afterwards, nachher', preposition `after'.

3. In ending still strittig is ap. pasā `after', preposition örtlich and zeitlich; alb. pas, geg. mbas preposition `behind, after' (idg. *pos + Demonstr. si).

References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508.

Page(s): 841-842

Root / lemma: poti-s

English meaning: owner, host, master, husband

German meaning: `Hausherr, Herr; Gatte'

Material: Old Indian páti-, av. paiti- `master, mister, lord, master, Gemahl'; Old Indian pátnī `mistress, wife', av. paϑnī- `mistress'; Old Indian pátyatē `herrscht, is teilhaftig' (: lat. potior);

av. x ̌aē-pati- `er selbst';

gr. πόσις `husband', πότνια `mistress (of Hauses), wife'; δέσ-ποινα `mistress of Hauses' (*δεσ-πονι̯α, from *δεσ-ποτνι̯α), δεσ-πότης, -ου `master, mister of Hauses' (see above S. 198); alb. pata `had', pashë `gehabt' (*pot-to-) (to a present as lat. potior, Old Indian pátyatē);

lat. potis (potior, potissimus) `vermögend, mighty', possum, alat. also potis sum `kann', potui, potens from an ē-denominative as osk. pútíad `possit', pútíans `possint', lat. potestās `power', potior, -īrī (potĭtur and potītur) `sich bemöchtigen'; com-pos `teilhaftig' (*`Mitherr'), hospes, -itis `guest's friend', pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots `Gastherr'); ein unflektiertes *poti `selbst' placed in utpote `as natörlich, da nömlich, namely', eig. *ut *pote (est) `as es possible is = natörlich', further with syncope in mihī-, meō-, suāpte etc.;

got. brūÞ-faÞs `bridegroom', hunda-faÞs `Befehlshaber about 100 Mann'; engl. fad `strong, valiant, big, large';

lit. pàts `husband' and `selbst' (old patis), lett. pats `householder' and `selbst', lit.viẽšpats `master, mister' (old viešpatìs), Old Prussian pattiniskun Akk. f. `matrimony'; f. alit. viešpatni; *patnī under influence of *pati- transfigured to *patī in Old Prussian waispattin Akk. `wife, woman', lit. patì `wife', lett. pati `Wirtin'; indekl. particle lit. pàt, lett. pat `selbst, sogar, straight'; about Old Church Slavic gospodь `master, mister', see above S. 453;

hitt. -pat `eben(so), also, rather'; toch. A pats `husband'.

References: WP. II 77 f., WH. I 660 f., II 350 f., 379 f., Trautmann 208, Benveniste Origines 1, 63 f., Pedersen Hitt. 77 f., Endzelin Lett. Gr. 396 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: po-ti

English meaning: against

German meaning: `compared with, entgegen, gegen'

Note: through das Adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from *po (see under *apo `ab') extended

Material: Av. paiti, ap. patiy preverb. and preposition `against, entgegen, to, auf, by'; `an; for, um'; `from - from'; `in - toward, in'; hom., böot., lak. etc. ποτί `πρός' preverb. and preposition `against - toward, against, compared with; an, to', `in - toward, from-'.

References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: pougo- or pougho-

English meaning: clear, sound

German meaning: `integer, lauter'

Note: only kelt. and slav.

Material: Air. ōg `jungfröulich', ōge `Jungfröulichkeit'; čech. pouhý `lauter, bare, simple, just'.

References: WP. II 77.

Page(s): 843

Root / lemma: pō(i)-1 : (pǝi-ö:) pī-

English meaning: to graze

German meaning: `Vieh weiden, höten'; out of it `schötzen, also durch Bedecken'

Material: Old Indian pāti, av. pāiti `hötet, bewacht, schötzt', Old Indian gō-pā́- m. `herdsman, shepherd', av. rāna-pā `Beinschutz, -schiene', Old Indian pāyú- `Höter' (compare πῶυ), pālá- m. `Wachter, herdsman, shepherd', -pāvan `schötzend', ар. xšaϑ^ra-pāvan `Landvogt, Satrap'; Old Indian nŕ̥-pī-ti- f. `Mannerschutz'; nr̥-p-a- m. `Mönnerschötzer =king'; pā́tra- n. `container' (= got. fōdr);

gr. πῶυ `herd' (n. to Old Indian pāyú-), ποιμήν `herdsman, shepherd' (: lit. piemuõ), ποίμην `herd', ποιμαίνω `treibe auf die Weide, höte; ziehe auf; πῶμα (pō-mn̥) `cover';

got. fōdr n. (= Old Indian pā́tra-, yet stimmt in addition in Akzent only ags. fōðor) `θήκη, vagina', ags. fōðor, fōdor `sheath, vagina'; spötaisl. fōðr n. `food (of clothing)' from mnd. vōder ds.; ahd. (fedar)fōtar `canna', spötahd. fūoter `theca', nhd. Futter (of clothing), Futteral;

lit. piemuõ `herdsman, shepherd', Akk. píemenį (*pōimen-).

References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: pō(i)-2 : pī- and (from pō- from) p_o-

English meaning: to drink

German meaning: `trinken'

Grammatical information: Aoristwurzel, wherefore secondary present pi-pō-mi, pi-bō-mi, themat. pi-bō

Material: Old Indian pā́ti `trinkt', Aor. ápāt, pāy-áyati, páyatē `trönkt' (: Old Church Slavic pojǫ, pojiti), pānam n. `Trunk' (: gr. εὔπωνος `pleasant to drink' Hes., mir. ān f. `vessel'), Inf. pātavē `to drink' (= Old Prussian poūtwei ds.), pā́tar-, pātár- m. `Trinker' (= lat. pōtor ds.), -pā́yia-, -pāyya- `to trönken, Trunk' (= Old Prussian poūis m. `das Trinken'), pātra- n. `drinking vessel' (*pō-tlo-m = lat. pōculum `goblet'); participle Pass. ablaut. pītá- `getrunken (habend)', pītí- f. `das Trinken, Trunk', av. vispo-pitay- `alltrönkend'; Old Indian Inf. pātum, pātavē, Gerund. pītvā- (: lat. pōtus m. `Trank'); redupl. athematic present 3. Pl. pi-p-atē, participle pí-p-āna-, Aor. á-pipī-ta-; thematic píbati `trinkt' (= air. ibid);

arm. ǝmpem `trinke' (formation unclear);

gr. πί̄νω, lesb. πώνω (of Nominalst. *pō-no-, compare above εὔπωνως) `trinke', Fut. (Konj.) πίομαι, Aor. ἔπιον, Imper. πῖθι, Perf. πέπωκα, Med. πέπομαι `trinke', πῶμα, πόμα n. `Trinken, Trank', πότος m., πόσις, -ιος and -εως f. ds., ποτήρ m., ποτήριον n. `drinking cup', πῖνον n. `Gerstentrank', πιπί̄σκω (Fut. πί̄σω) `give to drink';

alb. pī `trinke' etc.;

lat. bibō, -ere `trinke' (assimil. from *pibō; falisk. pipăfo `I werde drink'; lat. pōtō, -āre `trinke strong', pōtus `betrunken, getrunken' (= lit. puotà f. `Zechgelage'), pōtus, -ūs m. `Trank' (= Old Indian pātum Inf.), pōtiō f. `Trinken, Trank' (: gr. ἄμ-πωτις f. `Ebbe', Old Prussian poūt `drink' from *pōti-), pōculum `goblet' (*pō-tlo-m), pōtor m. `Trinker' (= Old Indian pā́tar-); umbr. puni, poni `milk' (: Old Indian pānam `Getrönk'); air. ibid (*pibeti) `trinkt', Verbalnom. Dat. Sg.oul (disyllabic) `Trinken' (*poi̯ǝ-lo-); acymr. iben `bibimus', corn. evaf `bibo', mbret. euaff ds.; mir. ān f. `drinking vessel' (: Old Indian pānam `Trunk');

baltoslav. *pōi̯ō and *pii̯ō `trinke' in Old Prussian poieiti `trinkt', poūis m. `das Trinken', Old Church Slavic pijǫ, piti `trinke'; pirъ m. `Bankett', pivo n. `Getrönk', čech. etc. `beer'; Kaus. Old Church Slavic pojǫ, pojiti `trönke'; baltoslav. *pōta- and *pīta- `getrunken' in lit. puotà f. `Trinkgelage' and Old Church Slavic pitijь `trinkbar'; baltoslav. *pōti uud *pīti f. `das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf. poūt (*pōti-) and slov. pît f. `Getrönk' (Infin. *piti); baltoslav. *pōtu- m. `das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf. puton, pouton and poutwei `drink', ablaut. passive russ.-Church Slavic pitъ.

References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.

Page(s): 839-840

Root / lemma: pōu- : pǝu- : pū̆-

English meaning: small, little; young (of animals)

German meaning: `klein, gering, wenig', vielfach for `Junges, Tierjunges, kleines Tier'

Material: 1. With -o-suffix; got. fawai Pl. `wenige', aisl. fār `wenig, wortkarg', fā-tøkr `arm' (as lat. pauper), ahd. fao, fō `wenig', Dat. Pl. fouuem, as. fā, ags. fēa, Pl. fēawe, engl. few `wenige'.

2. With formants -ko-: lat. paucus `wenig', pauper `arm' (*pauco-paros or pau-parosö `wenig erwerbend, wenig sich constituting, originating'); ahd. fōh `wenig';

maybe alb. (*pauc-) pak `little'.

With suffix -lo-: lat. paul(l)us `small, wenig' (*pauks-lo-), pauxillus `ganz wenig' (*pauk-s-lo-lo-).

3. With formants -ro-: gr. παῦρος `small, little', lat. with rearrangement parvus `small', parum (*parvom) `to wenig'.

4. `Junges, Tierjunges':

gr. παῦς (att. Vasen), Gen. παFός (kypr., in addition ein neuer Nom. πας), παῖς, Gen. παιδός m. f., hom. πάις, παFιδ- `kid, child'; lat. puer `kid, child, knave, boy, girl' (*puu̯ero-), puella `girl';

got. fula, aisl. foli m., fyl n. (*fulja-), under fylja f., ags. fola, ahd. folo, fulī(n) `Föllen, foals'; besides *pō[u]los in arm. ul `goat', am-ul `unfruchtbar' (*n̥-pōlo-), yɫi f. `pregnant'(*iḫpōlniyā); gr. πῶλος `foals', also `young man, young girl', πωλίον `small foals, Junges', alb. pelë, pēlë `mare' (Fem. to *pōlos); perhaps med. Arbu-pales, if es `weiße foals besitzend' stands for.

5. With t-formant: putrá- m., av. ар. puϑ-ra- m. (latter from pūtlo- = osk. puklo-) `son, kid, child';

maybe alb. putra `paw (of a young animal', puta `sole'

gr. names as Πώ-ταλος; lat. putus, putillus `knave, boy', next to which *pūt-so- in pūs(s)us, -a `knave, boy, girl', but pŭsillus `very small' is Demin. from pullus (*putslo-lo-s); osk. puklo- `kid, child' (= Old Indian putrá-), pälign. puclois Dat. Pl. `pueris', mars. pucles; lat. pullus `young, Tierjunges' (*put-s-lo-);

maybe alb. (*putillus) pulisht `donkey's colt'

baltoslav. *putā `bird' in russ.-Church Slavic pъta `bird', pъtištь `small bird' (`bird' eigentl. `young bird'), lit. putýtis `young animal, young bird' (Zörtlichkeitsausdruck), balt. *put-n-a- in lett. putns `bird'; with other, demin. Formansverbindung lit. paũ-kštis `bird'.

maybe alb. pata `goose' Slavic loanword from russ.-Church Slavic pъta `bird' : Serbo-Croatian: pà ̀tka `duck' [f].

References: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233.

Page(s): 842-843

Root / lemma: prāi-, prǝi-, prī- (pri-)

English meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly

German meaning: `gern haben, schonen, friedlich-frohe Gesinnung'

Material: Old Indian prīṇā́ti `erfreut', Med. `is vergnögt about etwas', prīyatē ds., `liebt', prītá- `vergnögt, befriedigt; geliebt', prītí- f. `pleasure, joy, Befriedigung', priyāyátē `behandelt liebevoll, befreundet sich' (: got. frijōn, Old Church Slavic prija-jǫ), priyá- `lieb, erwönscht, beliebt', m. `lover, husband', f. `Geliebte, wife' (= av. frya-, aisl. Frigg etc., and got. freis, c. rhydd `free'), priyatvá-m `das Liebsein or -have' (: got. frijaÞwa f. `love'), priyátā ds. (= ags. frēod `love'); with*prǝi- : práyaḥ n. `pleasure, enjoyment', prēmán- m. n. `love, Gunst', prētár- `Wohltöter, Liebhaber, Pfleger', Superl. práïṣṭha- (ved.), prḗṣṭha- `liebst, teuerst', whereupon Kompar. prḗyas- `lieber' for older *prāyas-; av. frāy- `satisfy', e.g. frīnāmahi participle frita-, frīna-, friϑa- `blithe, glad; befriedigt; geliebt', friti- f. `prayer', frya- `lieb, wert'; perhaps the hispan. (ven.-illyr. ö) VN Praesta-marci (: ags. frīd-hengest);

Note:

alb. geg. prende, tosk. Premte [*prēmán- dies]'Friday' was created on the same basis as lat. L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk Aphrodites hemera day of Aphrodite, germ. Freitag `day of Freya = goddess of love' similar to gr. παρασκευή'Friday' from gr. πρᾱΰς `soft, mild'

gr. πρᾱΰς `gentle, mild' from *πρᾱι̯υ- with jöngerer o-inflection πρᾳος, beweist idg. āi; whereas. belongs air. rīar f. `volition, wish' to erei-, S. 330;

cymr. rhydd `free' = got. freis (akk. frijana), ahd. as. frī, ags. frēo, frī `free, los, free from', aisl. in frjāls from *frīhals (die meaning `free' originally `to den Lieben gehörig'); aisl. Frigg, ahd. Frija `wife Wotans', ags. frēo f., as. frī n. `woman from noble lineage' (`die love'); got. frijōn `lieben', aisl. frjā ds., ags. frīogan `lieben, befreien', mdn. vrīen, as. friohan `freien, werben', participle got. frijōnds `friend', aisl. frǣndi, Pl. frǣndr `friend, kinsman, relative', ags. frīond, as. friund `friend, lover, kinsman, relative', ahd. friunt `friend, lover'; aisl. frīðr `beautiful', ags. frīdḫhengest `stattliches horse'; from *frīða- in the meaning `geschont' derives got. freidjan `spare, look after', ahd. vrīten `hegen' (frīthof `eingefriedigter courtyard', nhd. Freithof and popular etymology Friedhof); with ĭ aisl. friðill `lover, lover', f. friðla, frilla, ahd. fridel, f. fridila `Geliebte(r)', next to which from participle *frijōða- from: as. friuthil, ahd. friudil ds.; ahd. fridu m. `peace, protection, certainty, Einfriedigung', as. frithu m. `peace', ags. frioðu m. `peace, protection, certainty', aisl. friðr m. `love, peace', got. ga-friÞōn `spare, look after', aisl. friða `Frieden make, versöhnen', ags. friðian `shield', ahd. gifridōn `beschötzen';

Old Church Slavic prějǫ `be favorable to, take care of', prijaḫjǫ, -ti ds., prijatelь `friend, lover'; probably also lett. priêks `pleasure, joy'.

maybe alb. prek `touch, make love' : lett. priêks `pleasure, joy', alb. geg. me pritë `to host, protect, expect, wait.

References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231.

Page(s): 844

Root / lemma: prā-

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Note: ö; only lat. and kelt.

Material: Lat. prāvus `inverted; slant, skew; evil, bad'; in addition prātum `meadow' (as `incurvation of Bodens', compare e.g. lit. lankà `Einsenkung, meadow': leñkti `bend') and (as `Aufbiegung, bulge, hill'); mir. rāth, rāith m. f. `Erdwall, fortress', mcymr. bed-rawt, ncymr. bedd-rod m. `burial mound, grave', bret. bez-ret f. `Begrabnisplatz, graveyard', gall. rātin Akk. Sg. `castle(högel)', PN Argento-rāte.

References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.

Page(s): 843-844

Root / lemma: preg-

English meaning: willing, covetous, active

German meaning: `gierig, heftig'

Material: Got. (faihu-)friks `(geld-) greedy', aisl. frekr `greedy, strong, hard, agile, lively', ags. frecc `greedy, audacious' (*frakja-), ahd. freh `greedy', nhd. frech dial. also `agile, lively, fresh'; ags.fræc `begierig, audacious', mnd. vrak, norw. schwed. dial. frak, dön. frag `quick, fast, gamy'; norw.frǣc ds. (*frākja-); aisl. frø̄kn, frø̄kinn `gamy', ags. frēcne `audacious, wild', as. frōkni `wild, cheeky, foolhardy', ahd. Frōhn, Fruochan- in PN; frōhni `iactura'; poln. pragnąć `greedy long, want', čech. prahnouti `lust, crave' etc.; here aisl. frakkr `gamy' and the VN Franken.

References: WP. II 88;

See also: belongs to gr. σπαργάω `bin horny, lustful', see under sp(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: prep-

English meaning: to come in sight

German meaning: `in die Augen fallen; Erscheinung, Gestalt'

Material: Arm. erevim `werde visible, erscheine', erevak `shape, Bild, mark, token, sign', eres (*prep-s-), mostly Pl. eresk` `face, Miene, sight, Vorderseite', eresem `zeige mich, erscheine'; also orovain `belly' etc. (*prop-n̥-i̯o-)ö

gr. πρέπω `falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne mich from', πρέπει `es ziemt sich', ἀρι-, δια-, ἐκ-, εὐ-, μετα-πρεπής `hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend'; θεο-πρόπος `seer' (`the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende'); perhaps πpαπίς `Zwerchfell'; different above S. 620.

air. richt `form, shape', cymr. rhith `species' (*pr̥pḫtu-);

ahd. furben `clean, putzen, fegen' (`in die Augen fallend machen, ein Ansehen give'), mhd. vörbe `cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe', and. wel gifurvid `casta'.

References: WP. II 89.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: pret-, prō̆t-

English meaning: to understand

German meaning: `verstehen'

Material: Mir. rāthaigid `bemerkt'; got. fraÞi n. `sense, mind, Verstand', fraÞjan, frōÞ `understand, comprehend', frōÞs `smart, sensible, wise', aisl. frōðr, as. ags. frōd, ahd. fruot ds., mhd. vruotec, vröetec `quick, fast determined, alert, awake, smart, valiant', nhd. schweiz. fruetig `blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast', also ahd.frad `strenuus efficax', fradah-līh `procax'; perhaps ahd. ant-frist `interpretatio' (*pret-sti-); lit. prantù, pràsti `habitual, customary become', su-pràsti `understand, comprehend', prõtas `Verstand', lett.prùotu, prast `understand, comprehend, conceive, merken', pràts `Verstand, sense, mind, volition, opinion, Gemöt', Old Prussianprātin Akk. `Rat', iss-prestun `understand, comprehend', is-presnan Akk. `reason', issprettīngi Adv. `namely';

toch. A pratim, В pratiṃ `Entschluß'.

References: WP. II 86, WH. I 711, Trautmann 230.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: preus-

English meaning: to fry; to burn

German meaning: `frieren' and `brennen'

Material: A. Old Indian pruṣvā́ f. `drip, hoarfrost, gefrorenes water'; lat. pruīna `hoarfrost, frost' (*prusu̯īnā); got. frius `frost, coldness', aisl. frør, frer n. `Frostwetter', aisl. frjōsa, ags. frēosan, ahd. friosan `freeze', ahd. frōren `congeal, freeze make', ahd. as. frost (*frus-taz); ags. forst m. aisl. frost n. `frost';

B. Old Indian plṓṣati `versengt, burns', pluṣṭa- `versengt, verbrannt'; alb. prūsh `burning coals, blaze, glow'; lat. prūna `glowing coals' (*prusnā), prūrīre `itch'.

References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: preu-

English meaning: to jump

German meaning: `springen, höpfen'

Material: Old Indian právatē `springt auf, höpft, hurries', pravá- `fluttering, schwebend, fliegend', upa-prú-t `heranschwebend, heranwallend' (Zusammenschluß with den Abkömmlingen from *pleu- `rinnen', see there), plava- m. `frog', eig. `Springer', maṇḍūka-pluti- m. `Froschsprung = Überspringung mehrerer Sutra', plava-ga-, plavą-gama- m. `frog, ape' (d. h. `in Sprunge going'); aisl. frār `quick, fast, agile', urnord. Frawa- (eig. `springend' = Old Indian pravá-), as. frā `blithe, glad', ahd. frao, frō, frawēr `strenuus, alacer (Gl.); blithe, glad', whereof ahd. frouwen, frewen `sich freuen', frewī, frewida `pleasure, joy'; russ. prytь f. `schneller run, flow', prýtkij `hurtig, hasty'.

Maybe rum. (*breuska) broască `toad, frog' : alb. (*breustka) bretkosa `toad, frog'; gr βάτραχος `frog'; also rum. broască-ţestoasă `tortoise, water animal' : alb. (*breuska ) breshkë `turtle, tortoise'.

guttural extension in aisl. frauki, ags. frogga `frog'; from *prug-skō `höpfe' germ. *fruska- in aisl. froskr, ags. frosc, forsc, nhd. Frosch; russ. prýgnutь `einen Sprung, einen Satz make', prýgatь `höpfen, spring', pryg `Sprung, Satz'.

also alb. pragu (*preug) `(high) threshold', bregu (*breug) `shore, hill'

References: WP. II 87 f.

Page(s): 845-846

Root / lemma: prīs-

English meaning: to granulate

German meaning: `zerkleinern'öö

Note: only gr. and alban.

Material: Gr. πρί̄ω (ἐπρίσθην, πριστός) `durchsöge, knirsche with den Zöhnen', πρί̄ων, -ονος `Söge', πρῖσμα `das Gesögte, Sögespöne; dreiseitige column';

alb. prish `spoil, rupture, destroy, smash'.

References: WP. II 89.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: prōk̂to- : prǝk̂to-

English meaning: buttocks

German meaning: `Steiß'ö

Note: only gr. and armen.

Material: Arm. erastank` Pl. `ἕδραι' (from *erast = prǝk̂to-) kann die Redukt.-stem besides gr. πρωκτός `rump, After' sein.

References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse² 142.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: prō̆-

See also: s. per-2 S. 813 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pr̥so- (ö)

English meaning: onion

German meaning: `Lauch'

Note: is mediterranes loanword

Material: Gr. πράσον `Lauch': lat. porrum, porrus `Lauch'.

References: WP. II 84, WH. II 343, Szemerényi Gl. 33, 261 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pster-, pstereu-

English meaning: to sneeze

German meaning: `niesen', schallmalend

Material: Arm. p`ṙngam, p`ṙnč̣em `niese'; gr. πτάρνυμαι, πταίρω `niese', πταρμός m., πτόρος m. `das Niesen' (with Inlautbehandlung the Anlautgruppe pst- : ἀποφθαράξασθαι `schnarchen' Hes.); lat. sternuō, -ere `sneeze'; air. srëod `das Niesen', cymr. ystrew, trew ds., ystrewi, trewi ds., mbret. streuyaff, nbret. strefia `sneeze' (*striw-).

Maybe alb. (*pstereu-) psherëtij, teshtij `sneeze'.

References: WP. II 101, WH. II 591.

Page(s): 846-847

Root / lemma: ptel(e)i̯ā

English meaning: a kind of tree

German meaning: Baumnameö

Material: Gr. πτελέᾱ, epidaur. πελέᾱ `elm, Röster' (latter with probably older Anlautsvereinfachung; unclear are τιλίαι `black poplar' Hes. and because of Anlauts ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος Hes.); lat. tilia `Linde' (mir. teile derives from dem Engl.); ven. FlN Tiliaventusö

arm. t`eli `elm' is Lw. from πτελέα;

perhaps *ptel-ei̯ā `die Breitblöttrige' or at most `weit die Äste Breitende'.

References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.

Page(s): 847

Root / lemma: puk̂-2

English meaning: to enclose, put together

German meaning: `zusammendröngen, eng umschließen'

Note:

Root / lemma: puk̂-2 : `to enclose, put together' derived from Root / lemma: ku-, kus- (*kʷukʷh-) : `to kiss' common Celtic - Greek - Illyrian kʷ- > p- phonetic mutation.

Material: Av. pusā- f. `Stirnband'; gr. ἄμ-πυξ m. `Stirnband', Adverb. πύκα `tight, firm, dense, sensible, wise, painstaking', in compound πυκι- (πυκι-μήδης `sensible, wise'), out of it πυκι-νός newer πυκνός `dense, tight, firm, proficient', πυκάζω `make tight, firm, wrap dense'; alb. puth `kösse', eigentl. `umarme'.

References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gr. etym. Wb. 290.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pu-lo-

English meaning: hair

German meaning: `steifes Haar'

Note:

Material: Old Indian pula-, pulaka- m. `das Ströuben the Hörchen am body', pulastí- m. `schlichtes hair of the head bearing, carrying'; Substantiv `hair of the head', Patronymikon Pāúlastya-; gr. Plur. πύλιγγες `hair am Hintern, Locken' Hes.; mir. ul `beard' (*pulu-), ulach `bearded', ulcha f. `beard', Ulaid `die Leute from Ulster' (*Ulutī).

References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 191.

Page(s): 850

Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk-

English meaning: thick-haired, *fox

German meaning: etwa `dense behaart, buschig (buschiger Schwanz), dichtwollig'

Material: Old Indian púccha-, -m `tail, member, rod' (kann *pu[k]-sko- sein); after dem buschigen Schwanz benannt, seems got. faúhō, aisl. fōa, ahd. foha `vixen' (germ. -ōn), besides with masc. -s-: ags. fox, ahd. fuhs `fox' etc.; lit. paustìs `Tierhaar'; russ.-poln. puch (*peukso-, poukso-) `Flaumfedern, Daunen, feines wolliges Haar an animals' (out of it lit. pũkas `Flaumfeder'), russ. pušistyj `fleecy, dense, buschig', pušnój továr `Pelzwerk', čech.-nsorb. o-puš (*puchъ), opyš `tail', russ. opúška, opušina `edge (of Waldes), hem, Verbrömung'.

Note:

Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk- : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of older lat. volpes ‘fox’, gr. alôpêx a fox. Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)].

References: WP. II 82 f.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pū̆-1, peu-, pou- also phu-

English meaning: to blow, blow up

German meaning: von der Schallvorstellung der aufgeblasenen Backen; `aufblasen; aufgeblasen, angeschwollen, angeschwollen, aufgebauscht' etc.

Material: Old Indian phupphukāraka- `keuchend' (Lex.), pupphula- `Blöhung' (Lex.), phuphusa-, -m `Lunge', pupphusa- `Lunge, Samenkapsel the Wasserrose' (Lex.), phū̆t-karóti `blows, pustet, shouts, howls from vollem Halse'; arm. (h)ogi `breath, breeze, breath, soul' (*pou̯io-), heval `short or heavy breathe' (*peu̯ā-), hoylk` `congregation, meeting. Truppe'; mir. ūan `scum, froth, foam' = cymr. ewyn, bret. eon ds. (*pou̯-ino-), Pl. eien `Quellen' (compare lit. putà `Schaumblase'); abret. euonoc `schöumend'; lett. pùlis `heap, herd, nest, Strichregen', pùl̨uôt `fester', pūl'i `Regenwolken', russ. púlja, klr. púl'a `ball';

lit. pūrė̃ `tassel', lett. paurs, paûre `Hinterhaupt, cranium; acme, apex' (`bulge'), lit. púras `measure of capacity', lett. pūrs `measure of capacity for corn, grain, Aussteuerkasten', puns, pune, punis `hunch, outgrowth am tree, hunch', paûns, paûna `cranium, Stirnknochen', also probably Old Prussian pounian `buttock', lit. púnė̃, lett. paũna `Rönzel, bundle'.

pu-g-: gr. πυγή `the Hintere'; aisl. fjūk `Schneesturm', fjūka `quick, fast through die Luft drive, whisk', fok `snow flurry', mhd. fochen `blow'; lett. pũga `gust of wind', pauga `Polster, head'.

p(h)u-k-: arm. p`uk` `breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart', Pl. `bellows', p`č̣em `hauche', p`k`am `blase mich auf'; npers. pūk `das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows', afgh. pū, pūk `a puff, a blast, the act of blowing';

lit. puknė `blister, bubble', pukšlė `swelling, blister', pūkščiù, pūkšti `pant, gasp, wheeze', pūkỹs, pũkis `chub' (*`Dickkopf'); lett. pukuls `tassel' (eig. `thick tassel').

pu-p- (probably broken Redupl.): alb. pupë `curd, grape, hill', púpëzë `bud, Mohn', púpulë `back'; lat. pūpus `small kid, child, knave, boy, Böbchen', *pūpa `small girl' and (late) `Pupille of Auges' (das small Spiegelbild of Beschauers in Auge of Angesprochenen'), vulgör-lat. *puppa (frz. poupe, ital. poppa) `nipple'; air. ucht `breast' (*puptu-); lett. pups `Weiberbrust', paupt `to swell', pūpuol'i pūpuol'i `Weidenkötzchen' (with voiced-nonaspirated pubulis `bubble auf beer, knot in Garn'), lit. pupele, pupela, pupuole `bud', probably also lit. pupā, lett. pupa `bean'.

p(h)u-s-: Old Indian púṣ́yati, puṣṇā́ti, pṓṣati `gedeiht, makes thrive, wöchst to, ernöhrt', puṣṭá- `wohlgenöhrt, rich', púṣti-, puṣtí- f. `prospering; flourishing, growth, fullness, wealth', pṓṣa- ds., púṣpa-m `flower, blossom, bloom, blossom', puṣkalá- `rich, pröchtig, in voller vitality'; gr. φῦσα `blast, bellows, bubble' (*φῡσσα or *phūt-i̯a), φῡσάω `blow, blase auf', φῡσιάω `snort', φῦσιγξ f. `garlic, onion, bulb', φυσαλ(λ)ίς f. `bubble', φύσκα f. `bubble, weal, callus', φύσκη f. `intestine, sausage', φύσκων `Dickbauch', ποι-φύσσω `blow, snort'; lat. pussula, pustula `bubble, vesicle, blister, bubble'; norw.føysa (*fausian) `swell up, aufgöhren', f(j)usa `sausen, with Gewalt ausströmen'; lit. pūslė̃ `bubble', lett. pùslis ds., lit. pusnìs, pusnýnas `zusammengewehter Schneehaufe', pùšė (pũšė) `blister, bubble', pùškas `Hitzblöschen auf the Haut', lett. pušḱis `bouquet, Banderstrauß, tussock' under likewise; Old Church Slavic *puchati `blow', *opuchnǫti `to bloat, bulge, swell', puchlъ `cavus (aufgedunsen)', russ.pychátъ `pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give', pýchatь `aufgeblasen, hochmötig sein', pýšnyj `luscious, aufgeblasen, hochmötig' etc., Old Church Slavic napyštiti sę `sich aufblasen', russ. pýščitь ds. (*pyskiti; probably also čech.-poln. etc. pysk `snout, muzzle with dicken Lippen'); compare above S. 790 pāuson-ö

pu-t-: Old Indian puppuṭa- `intumescence of the palate and gums'; gr. πύννος `rump' Hes. (*put-snos); lat. praepūtium `Vorhaut' (from a *pūtos `penis', compare wruss. potka ds.); perhaps ir. uth `udder' (*putus); balt. *puti̯ō `blow' in lit. pučiù, pũsti `blow', reflex. `to swell', puntù, pùsti `to swell, sich aufblasen', pūslė̃ f. `bubble, bladder', putlùs `sich blöhend, aufgeblasen, stout, proud', putà `Schaumblase', pùtmenos f. Pl. `swelling, lump, growth', pari-pũtėlis `aufgeblasener person', pãpautas `weal, callus', also paũtas `egg, testicle', pùšu, pùst `blow, breathe, breathe', pũsma `breath', pūte `bubble, blister, bubble', probably also lit. putrà `Grötze', lett.putra `Grötze, porridge, mash'; auf voiced-nonaspirated: lett. pudurs, puduris `tussock, heap', pudra `heap'; wruss. potka (*pъtьka) `male limb, member'.

References: WP. II 79 ff., WH. II 389 f., 392, Trautmann 233 f.;

See also: compare above b(e)u-2.

Page(s): 847-848

Root / lemma: pū̆-2 : peu̯ǝ-

English meaning: to rot, stink

German meaning: `faulen; stinken'

Note: presumably from a pu `fie!' evolved

Material: Old Indian pū́yati `wird faul, stinkt' = av. puyeiti `wird faul', Old Indian pūya-, -m `pus', pū́ti- `faul, stinkend; Jauche, pus' = av. pūtay- `Fauligwerden, Verwesung'; pashto pūl `Tröbung of Auges', westosset. ambud `faul'; Old Indian pū̆tāu (: aisl. fuð) `buttocks'; with -sk̂o-: mpers. pūsinītan `faulen', aisl. fauskr `morsches wood'; arm. hu `eitriges blood'; gr. πύ̄θω `manche faulen', πύ̄θομαι `faule', πύον (*puʷom), πύος, -εος n. `pus'; perhaps also πῡός m., πῦαρ, πύ̄ατος, πῡετία `beestings'; lat. pūs, pūris `pus' (*puu̯os), pūteō, -ēre `faulen', pūtidus `faul' (from a participle *pū-to-s), pŭter, -tris, -tre `faul, morsch' with ŭ-, as mir. othrach `dunghill', probably also othar `ein sicker' (*putro-), othar-lige `Krankenbett, Begröbnisplatz'; aisl. fūinn `decayed, rott', fūi `decay', fūna `faulen', feyja `verfaulen lassen, verrotten lassen', got. fūls, aisl. fūll, ags. ahd. fūl `faul';

aisl. fuð f. `pudenda', mhd. vut `pudenda', alem. vödeli Kinderwort `Popo', geminated mhd.votze; lit. pųvù, púti `faulen', causative púdau, -yti `faulen make', lett. pũt `faulen', causative pũdêt `faulen make', lit. piáulas (*pēu-lo-s) m. `verfaulter tree', lett. praûls `verfaultes wood' (*pĺauls), lit. púliai m. Pl. `pus', puvė̃s(i)ai m. Pl. `verfaulte Sachen', lett. puveši m. Pl. `pus', pũžńi m. Pl. ds., papuve f. `Brachfeld'.

with ĝ: aisl. fūki `Stank', nisl. fūki also `verfaultes seaweed, kelp', as lett. pũnis `faulendes, pustulating', pũnes Pl. `Modererde';

with s: norw. føyr (*fauza-) `morsch', ndl. voos `schwammig', schweiz. gefōsen `morschgeworden'; about aisl. fauskr see above;

References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -ti- 151.

Page(s): 848-849

Root / lemma: pū̆-3

See also: see under peu- and pōu-.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pū-ro-

English meaning: corn

German meaning: `Korn(frucht)'; griech. also `Kern, Stein von Obstfröchten'

Material: Gr. πῡρός, dor. σπῡρός `Weizenkorn, wheat', πῡρήν `Kern from allerlei Obst and sonstigen Fröchten', διός-πυρος, -ον `eine the Weichselkirsche similar fruit'; lit. pūrai `Winterweizen', lett. pûr̨i `wheat', Old Prussian pure f. `Trespe, Bromus secalinus', Old Church Slavic pyro `Spelt', čech. pýr `Quecke', slov. pîr m., píra f. `Spelt' etc.; ags. fyrs `Quecke, Ackerunkraut', engl. furze.

References: WP. II 83, Trautmann 232; compare georg. puri `bread'.

Page(s): 850

Root / lemma: rabh- or rebh- : r_ebh-

English meaning: to rage, be furious

German meaning: `von Ungestöm, Wut ergriffen sein'ö

Material: Lat. rabiēs `fury, Tollheit', rabiō, -ere `toll sein, rage' beröhrt sich in the meaning very nahe with Old Indian rábhas- n. `Ungestöm, force, might', rabhasá- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand', saṁ-rabdha- `furious', das above S. 652 irrig to rábhatē `erfaßt, hölt sich fest' = Iábhatē, lambhatē `erfaßt, ergreift', placed wurde; compare mir. recht `plötzlicher attack, fury', das also to lat. rapiō, root *rep- belong could; ags. rabbian `dash' from vlat. rabiāre ds.; toch. A rapurñe `ferventness, passion'.

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 413.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rāp-, rēp-

English meaning: turnip

German meaning: `Röbe'

Note: Wanderwort unbekannter origin

Material: Gr. ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς f. `beet, turnip', ῥάφανος, ῥαφάνη `Rettig', att. `Kohl', ῥαφανί̄ς, -ῖδος `Rettig'; lat. rāpum, rāpa `beet, turnip', rāpistrum `wild turnip', rāpīna `Röbenfeld' (as lit. ropienà) and `Röben'; ahd. ruoba, ruoppa (*rōbjō) `turnip', besides j-lose additional form in aisl. rōfa `the knochige part of Pferdeschwanzes', norw. rôva `tail', in addition in ablaut ahd. rāba, mhd. rābe, rāpe, rappe ds., schweiz. röb(e) bair. röben (also is ahd. rēba as jō(n)-stem must be assumed); die germ. forms can nicht from dem Lat. derive; certainly lat. Lw. is only ndl. raap, engl. rope;

lit. rópė `turnip', ropienà `Rubenfeld'; r.-Church Slavic rěpa `turnip'; alb. repë `turnip' from dem Lat. or Slav.; unclear is cymr. erfin `Röben' (Plur.), bret. irvin ds. (*arbīno-);

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell, Pflanzennamen 1, 659.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rā̆̆s-

English meaning: to sound, cry

German meaning: `ertönen, schreien'

Material: Old Indian rásati, rā́sate `bellow, roar, wiehert, heult, shouts, howls, ertönt'; Old Indian rasitá- n. `Getön, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder'; got. razda `voice', ahd. rarta f. `modulatio', aisl. rǫdd f. `voice'; with ablaut ags. reord f. `voice, sound, language';

whether here dön. ralle, schwed. dial. ralla etc. `glucksen, babble, chatter' (*razlōn)ö

References: WP. II 342.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rebh-1

English meaning: to move, hurry

German meaning: `sich bewegen, umher eilen'

Material: Npers. raftan `go', mparth. raf- `assail, fight', osset. rövög `quick, fast';

mir. reb `game, Töcke' (*rebā), rebrad `Kinderspiel', rebaigim `I spiele';

germ. *reb- `in heftiger Bewegung sein', mhd. reben st. Vb. `sich bewegen, röhren', nhd. bair. rebisch `alert, awake, smart', schweiz. röbeln `rant, roister', mhd. reben `tröumen, baffle sein', mnd. reven `nonsensical talk, speak, think', norw. dial. rava `hin and her taumeln' etc.

References: WP. II 370, Szemerényi ZDMG. 101, 207 ff.;

See also: extended from er-.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rebh-2

English meaning: to roof

German meaning: `öberwölben, öberdachen'

Material: Gr. ἐρέφω, ἐρέπτω `öberdache' (*öberwölbe), ὑψ-ηρεφής `with hoher Bedachung', ὄροφος `das reed, wherewith man die Höuser deckt, roof, ceiling', ὀροφή `Bedachung'; ahd. hirnireba `cranium' (*`Hirn-bedachung'); ahd. rippa, rippi, as. ribbi, ags. ribb, aisl. rif n. `Rippe' (*rebhi̯o-; die Rippen cover die Brusthöhle, as das Dach das Haus); russ.-Church Slavic rebró `Rippe'; engl. reef `Riff' is dön. Lw.

References: WP. II 371, Trautmann 241.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: red-, rod-

English meaning: `flow'

German meaning: `fließen'

See also: see above S. 334 (ered-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: reg-1 (and sreg-ö)

English meaning: to paint

German meaning: `förben'ö

Material: Old Indian rájyati `förbt sich, rötet sich', newer rajyate, Kaus. rajayati `förbt', secondary rañjayati; rāga m. `das Förben, rote paint, color';

gr. ῥέζω, Aor. ῥέξαι `förben', ῥέγμα `geförbter Stoff', ῥαγεύς (also ῥογεύς) `Förber', χρυσο-ραγές χρυσοβαφές Hes.; daß ῥέζω keinen Vokalvorschlag erfahren hat, is aufföllig; compareSchwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 310 and Boisacq 838.

References: WP. II 366.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: reg-2

English meaning: to see

German meaning: `sehen'ö

Note: only albanesisch and Baltic

Material: Alb. ruaj `sehe an, look, see'; lit. regiù, regė́ti `see', rãgana `witch' (compare `böser look'), régimas `visible, apparent, manifest, obvious', lett. redzêt `see'.

References: WP. II 366, Jokl Stud. 75.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: reĝ-1

English meaning: right, just, to make right; king

German meaning: `gerade, gerade richten, lenken, recken, strecken, aufrichten' (also unterstötzend, helfend); direction, line (Spur, Geleise) under likewise

Grammatical information: forms idg. neither root present nor perfect tense; participle Perf. Pass. reĝ-to- `law'

Note:

Alb. shqipe `eagle' seems related to Old Indian r̥ji-pyá `darting along' epithet of the bird śyená- (`eagle, falcon'), [rum. ºoim `falcon'], Av. ǝrǝziḫfya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), arm. arcui (< *arciḫwi) `eagle' which is evidently a form of the same word; that it is Macedonian confirms its reality.

Alb., gr., av., and Old Indian prove that from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : `eagle' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-ö), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'.

Material: Old Indian ŕ̥jyati, nasalized r̥ñjáti `stretches itself, it hurries (from horses)'; probably also irajyáti (with unclear i-) `arranges, orders, enacts, decrees'; r̥jú-, av. ǝrǝzu- `just, right' (in addition ǝrǝzuš `finger', Gen. ǝrǝzvō), Kompar. Superl. Old Indian rájīyas-, r̥jīyas- `straight', rájiṣṭha-, av. razišta- `the justest, justest';

Old Indian r̥jrá- from horses = r̥ju-gāmin, r̥jrāśva-, av. ǝrǝzrāspa- EN eig. `whose steeds haste straight on; with fast horses', next to which compound form *r̥ji- in r̥ji-pyá- (2. part unclear) `soaring straight ahead' (epithet of śyēná- `eagle, falcon'), av. ǝrǝzi-fya- m. `eagle, name of a mountain or mountains', by Hes. ἄρξιφος (i.e. ἄρζιφος) ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις, arm. arciv (*arcivi) `eagle' (beside it *r̥ju-pya-, ap. *ardufya- in npers. āluh `eagle', compare gr. αἰγυπιός, if transfigured by folk etymology after αἴξ from *ἀργυπιός); r̥ji-śvan- EN eig. `with fast dogs', compare in gr. ἀργός (from *ἀργ-ρος diss.) `fast, quick', above S. 64;

maybe truncated alb. (*ἄρξιφος), ξιφο-, shqiponjë `eagle', alb. geg. Shqipni, alb. tosk. Shqipëri `land of the eagles'.

Old Indian rají- `sich aufrichtend, straight', ráji- RV perhaps `line, row' (= mnd. reke under S. 856); rájas- (av. razah-) n. `Raum';

av. raz- (rāzayeiti, participle rā̆šta-, gr. ὀρεκτός, lat. rēctus, got. raíhts; av. rāštǝm `in gerader direction') `richten, gerade richten, sort, order, arrange', razan- `order, statute', rašnu- `gerecht' (compare gr. ὀρέγνῡ-μι), probably also razura- n., razurā f. `wood, forest', rāzarǝ, rāzan- `command, alignment'; rasman- m. n. `Schlachtreihe' (: gr. ὄρεγμα, lat. regimen);

Old Indian rāj- (Nom. Sg. rā́ṭ) `king' (= lat. rēx, air. rī, s. also got. reiks), rā́jan- ds., rā́jñī `queen, Förstin', rā́ṣṭi, rā́jati `is king, herrscht, glares, gleams' (denominative), rājyá- `royal' (= lat. rēgius, compare also ahd. rīhhi), rājyá-, rā́jya- n. `Herrschaft' (= mir. rīge, compare also got. reiki), rāṣṭrī `Herrscherin', rāṣṭrá- n. `Herrschaft, Reich', av. rāstar- `Lenker, ladder';

arm. arcvi see above; doubtful thrak. PN ΏΡῆσος;

gr. ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνῡμι only in hom. participle ὀρεγνύ̄ς) `to reach, stretch, stretch out; to reach out, hold out, hand, give; to stretch oneself out, stretch forth one's hand; to reach at or to a thing, grasp at; metaph. to reach after, grasp at, yearn for a thing; to help oneself to' (ὀρεκτός = av. rašta- etc.), ὀριγνάομαι `strecke mich, long, reiche' (ὀ- is prefix), ὄργυια or ὀργυιά, ion. ep. ὀργυιή `Klafter', ὀρόγυια ds. (probably from *ὀρέγυια ass.); in compound ὠρυγ-, e.g. δεκώρυγος; ὄρεγμα (= av. rasman-) `das Recken the hands, the Föße (footstep); Darreichen'; about ἀρήγω see under beim Germ.; about ἀργός see above;

venet. Reitia `Geburtsgöttin (compare gr. ᾽Ορθία), die die Kinder in die richtige Lage bringt' or `goddess the Erektionö';

lat. regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctum (ē secondary lengthening) `gerade richten, lenken, rule, reign' (= ὀρέγω, ὀρεκτός), ērigo `richte auf (= ir. ēirgim `surgo') etc.; about pergō, porrigō, surgō, Adv. corgō, ergō, ergā s. WH. s. vv.), regiō `direction, line; line, region', rēgula `Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath' etc., rēgillus `with senkrechten Kettenföden gewebt'; osk. Regaturei `Rectōri'ö (from a verb *regāre); lat. rogō, -āre `(die Hand ausstrecken =) ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, fragen'; rogus `Scheiterhaufen' (gr. sizil. ῥογός `Getreidescheune' is lat. Lw.) probably eig. `aufgerichteter shove' (= germ. *rakaz); rēx, rēgis `king' (= Old Indian rāj- etc.), rēgīna `queen' (marr. regen[ai] Dat.), rēgius `royal' (= Old Indian rājya-);

lat. rigeō, -ēre `to be stiff, be numb, stiffen; to be stiff, be rigid, stand on end, bristle, stand erect; stand out, to stand stiff, stand upright, rise', rigidus `stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid', rigor `stiffness, inflexibility, rigidity, numbness, hardness, firmness, rigor, esp. for coldness; the coldness' (this specific meaning perhaps preferred through frīgus); whether for *regēre after ērigĕreö;

air. reg-, rig- `austrecken, e.g. die hand', Perf. reraig (*re-rog-e) `direxit'; *eks-reg- (: lat. ērigō) e.g. in at-reig `uplifts sich', ēirge `surrectio'; ablaut. air. rog(a)id `strecktaus', mcymr. rho `gift', rhoï `give'; mcymr. dy-re `steht auf', dy-rein `sich erheben', rhein `stiff, gereckt' (: mir. rigin ds.), acymr. ar-cib-renou `sepulti', mcymr. ar-gyu-rein `Begraben' (*are-com-reg(i)-no) etc.; mir. rēn `span' (*regḫno-); air. recht (tu-stem), cymr. rhaith `law', bret. reiz `order, law, right';

Maybe alb. mbret (mbë-ret) `king'

gall. Rectu-genus; air. rī-, Gen. rīg `king' (= Old Indian rāj-, lat. rēx), cymr. rhi `prince, lord', gall. Catu-rīx, Pl. -rīges eig. `people of C. `, Rīgo-magus eig. `Königsfeld' (acorn. ruy, mbret. roe, nbret. roue `king' probably frz.), air. rīgain `queen' (*rēĝ_enī =) cymr. rhiain `queen, Dame'; mir. rīge n. `Königreich' (*rēĝi̯om); air. rīched n. `Königreich' (*rēĝiḫsedom);

got. raíhts, aisl. rēttr, ags. riht, as. ahd. reht `right, straight' (= av. rašta- etc.), got. ga-raíhtjan, ahd. rihten etc. `richten'; aisl. rēttr, Gen. rēttar `das right, law, court' (= kelt. *rektu-; wgrm. through das n. of participle ahd. etc. reht `right' ersetzt); got. rahtōn `darreichen'; Kaus. got. uf-rakjan `in die Höhe recken, ausstrecken', ahd. recchen `ausstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define', nhd. recken, as. rekkian `tell, define', ags. reccan (reahte) `ausstrecken, leiten, define, reckon', aisl. rekja `strecken, outspread, define, announce, declare' (partly iterative *rakjan under Verdröngung from *reĝō, partly denominative); aisl. rakna `ausgestreckt become, zur Besinnung come';

ags. racu f. `riverbed, run, flow', engl. rake `pathway, way, Geleise', ags. racian `run, leiten, lenken', aisl. rekja spor `die spoor pursue', mnd. reke f. (*raki) `row, order', raken `meet, reach'; ags. racu f. `narration, account', as. raka, ahd. rahha `Rechenschaft, thing', aisl. rǫk Nom. Pl. `origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, Ursache, ground'; aisl. rakr, fries. mnd. rak `straight, right' (= lat. rogus); e-grade: mhd. gerech `wohlgeordnet', as. rekōn `richten, sort, order, arrange', mnd. reken `right, unhindered, often', ahd. rehhanōn `sort, order, arrange, reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen', ags. ge-recenian `define', engl. reckon `therefore halten'; ags. recen `quick, fast, willing, ready'; aisl. land-reki `king', ahd. anet-rehho `drake, male duck'; whether with the outlook the zum Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of got. rikan `anhöufen', mhd. rechen `zusammenscharren, anhöufen, gather, collect', aisl. raka, mnd. raken (*rakēn) `(together)scratch', aisl. reka, ahd. rehho `rake, rake', as. reka f. `rake', as. raka, ags. racu, schwed. raka f. ds., ē-grade: norw. dial. raak f. `spoor, Streif, furrow, row', isl. rāk f. `Streif' (compare Old Indian rāji-, rājī `stripe, row') here belongs, is dubious; through borrowing from dem Kelt. vor the Mediaverschiebung: got. reiks `ruler, vornehm, mighty' (kelt. rīg-s), aisl. rīkr `mighty'; ahd. rīhhi, as. rīki, ags. rīce (kelt. *rīgi̯o-) `mighty, vornehm, rich', nhd. reich; got. reiki, ahd. rīhhi `Reich' (kelt. *rīgi̯on);

ō-grade, with from `uplift, set up, help' entwickelter meaning: aisl. rǿkja, ags. reccan (for*rēcan after reccan `ausstrecken'; but preterit rōhte), as. rōkian, ahd. geruohhen `care bear, carry, Röcksicht nehmen', ahd. ruoh, ruohha `Achthaben, Bemöhung, Sorgfalt', mnd. rōke m. ds., mhd. ruochlōs, ags. rēcelēas (nhd. ruchlos, engl. reckless) `unbekömmert, unworried', aisl. rǿkr `sorgsam', die with gr. ἀρήγω `help, stehe bei', ἀρηγών, -όνος, ἀρωγός `helper', ἀρωγή `help' sich engstens zusammenschließen;

nasalized (compare das Lit., also Old Indian r̥ñjáti): ags. ranc `straight, stout, proud, bold', mnd. rank `slim, thin, weak' (*gereckt), aisl. rakkr `slim, erect, bold'; as. ags. rinc, aisl. rekkr `man';

lit. nasalized žem. rę́žious, rę́žtis `sich recken', ablaut. rą́žaus, rą́žytis (16. Jh. ranszies), rąžà f. `Recken', lett. ruôzîtiês `sich recken'; russ. su-rázina `good order';

toch. A rök-, rak- `hinbreiten, cover', В rök- ds., A rköl `cover'.

References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 106, Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 854-857

Root / lemma: reĝ-2, rek̂- (rek-ö)

English meaning: damp; rain

German meaning: `feucht, bewössern, Regen'

Material: 1. reĝ-: lat. rigāre `bewössern' (with i from e), alb. rrjeth, Aor. rrodha `flow, quelle, tropfe'; norw. dial. rake m. `dampness, Nösse', aisl. raki ds., nisl. rakr `humid, wet';

2. rek̂- (rek-ö) in: got. rign n. `rain' (*rek̂-nó-), krimgot. reghen, aisl. regn n., as. regan, regin m., afries. rein, ags. reg(e)n, rēn m., ahd. regan, regin, regen, mhd. regen m.; aisl. rigna `rain', ahd. reganôn ds. etc.; lit. (with westidg. kö) rõkia, rõkti `fein rain', rôkė `dust rain'.

References: WP. II 365 f., WH. II 435.

Page(s): 857

Root / lemma: regʷos-

English meaning: darkness

German meaning: `Dunkelheit'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian rájanī- `night'; gr. ἔρεβος `darkness of the underworld' (ἔ-suggestion); arm. erek and erekoy `evening'; also Adverb erek `yesterday'; got. riqis, -izis n. `darkness', nisl. røkkr, -rs `darkness, dawn, twilight'; here perhaps gr. ὀρφνός `dark' (*orgʷsno-) and toch. A orköm (*orgʷmo-) `darkness'; different above S. 334.

References: WP. II 367, Benveniste Hirt-Festschrift 2, 236, Burrow BSOAS 12, 645 f.

Page(s): 857

Root / lemma: reibh-

English meaning: expr. root

German meaning: `ertönen'ö

Material: Old Indian rébhati `creak, knistern, mumble, murmur; cry'; lett. rìbêt (also ribêt) `din, drone, rumble, bawl, blaster'.

References: WP. II 349;

See also: probably to rei-3.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reidh-

English meaning: to ride, go

German meaning: `fahren, in Bewegung sein'

Note:

Root / lemma: reidh- : `to ride, go' derived from zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move' in -eidh- formant.

Material: Mir. rīad(a)im `travel' (*reidh-); cymr. rhwydd-hau `beeilen, erleichtern'; aisl. rīða `in schwankender Bewegung sein, ride'; ags. rīdan `ride'; afries. rīda, mnd. rīden, ahd. rītan, mhd. rīten, nhd. reiten;

lett. raidīt `eilig senden, hetzen', raiditiês `wriggle';

germ. *ridjan- placed in ags. ridda, ahd. ritto `equestrian', extended in afries. ridder, mnd. ridder (out of it aisl. riddari), mhd. ritter;

gall. rēda `vierrödriger Reisewagen'; ir. dē-riad `Zweigespann' (idg. *reidhā); aisl. reið f. `Reiten, Reiterschar, cart', and. brande-rēda `Brandbock'; ags. rād f. `Reiten, pull, journey; Musik'; engl. road `way'; ahd. reita, mhd. reite `cart, campaign, kriegerischer attack' (germ. *raidō, idg. *roidhā); (compare ahd. reisa `departure, wagon, war train, trip' in Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : `to move' in -eis- formant.

compare moreover gall. rēdārius `Lenker a rēda'; PN Еро-rēdia, PN Epo-rēdo-rīx; cymr. ebrwydd `quick, fast' (*epo-rēdi-);

germ. *(ga)-raiðia- in got. ga-raiÞs `angeordnet, bestimmt', aisl. greiðr `light to bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright'; afries. rēde, ags. gerǣde, rǣde `fertig, light, clear, bright, simple, just' (engl. ready); mnd. gerēde, rēde `willing, ready, fertig'; mhd. gereit, gereite `fertig, willing, ready, zur Hand'; as Substantiv in aisl. reiði n. and m. `Ausröstung', norw. greide n. `Pferdegeschirr'; ags. gerǣde n. `Geschirr, armament, armor'; mnd. gerēde `appliance, dowry'; ahd. gireiti n. `wagon, cart'; mhd. gereite n. `cart, Geschirr, tool'; aisl. reiðr `durchreitbar, willing, ready';

got. ga-raidjan `dispose, festsetzen'; aisl. greiða `sort, order, arrange, pay, help'; ags. (ge)rǣdan `sort, order, arrange, help'; mhd. (ge)reiten `bereiten, sort, order, arrange, reckon, pay'.

reidhi- in ir. rēid `planus, facilis'; acymr. ruid, ncymr. rhwydd `light, free'; abret. roed in den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau, nbret. rouez `rare, clair-semé'; lett. raids `willing, ready'.

reidho- in ir. rīad `Fahren, Reiten'; cymr. gorŵydd `horse'; mlat.-gall. ve-rēdus, para-ve-rēdus (from *vo-rēdos) `Beipferd'; compare ahd. ga-rît n. `equitatus'; mhd. īn-rit m. `Einritt'; mnd. rit n. `Ritt';

to reidh- also das Abstraktsuffix cymr. -rwydd m.: air. Kollektivsuffix -rad in air. ech-rad f. `Pferde' (*ek̂u̯o-reidhā);

gr. ἔρῑθος `servant' with prothet. ἐ- reiht sich an die Dienernamen with a primary meaning of Laufens an, whether here gehörig.

References: WP. II 348 f., WH. II 425.

Page(s): 861

Root / lemma: reid-

English meaning: to lean on, support

German meaning: `anlehnen, stötzen'ö

Material: Gr. ἐρείδω `lehne an, unterstötze, drönge, strenge mich an' (hom. ἐρηρέδαται for -ριδ-), ἔρεισμα `pad', ἀντ-ηρίς -ηρίδος `Strebepfeiler, pad'; lat. ridica `ein through fissures größerer Pflöcke gewonnener Weinpfahl'ö

References: WP. II 348, WH. II 434;

See also: probably to rei-5.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reig- or reiĝ-

English meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Ir. ad-riug `alligō', con-riug `colligō', do-riug `nudō', fo-riug `sistō'; *rigo- placed in mir. ārach `manacle' (bret. ere) from *ad-rigo-, cenn-rach `halter' (= cymr. pen-rhe `Stirnband'); *reigo- in cymr. modrwy f. `ring', rhwym (*reig-smn̥) m. `manacle' (Pl. acymr. ruimmein), aerwy (*adḫreigo-) `halter', air. būarach, cymr. burwy `Kuhfessel', cyfrwy `saddle' (*kom-reigo-); mbret. rum `bande, troupeau' goes auf *roig-smn̥ back;

ir. cuimrech n. `manacle, Fesseln' (bret. kevre `lien') corresponds, da die basic form*kom-rig-om is, bis auf das suffix dem lat. corrigia, corrigium `Schuhriemen, strap';

mhd. ric Gen. rickes m. `band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, knot' and ricken `anbinden'.

References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;

See also: probably extension from rei-1; meaning development as (see 858) rei-p- `wickeln, bind'.

Page(s): 861-862

Root / lemma: (reiĝ-), rēiĝ-

English meaning: to stretch, stretch out (the hand)

German meaning: etwa `recken, ausstrecken, with ausgestreckter Hand langen or darreichen under likewise'

Note: bedeutungsverwandt with reĝ-1.

Material: Ahd. reichen `reach, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken', mnd. rēcken, ags. rǣc(e)an `ausstrecken, reichen, darbieten' (engl. reach), aisl. reik f. `Scheitel in Haar'; lit. réiž-iuos, -tis `sich brösten', ráiž-from, -ytis `sich wiederholt recken'; as `Tortur through Strecken the Glieder' seems also related air. riag `Tortur', ringid `foltert, peinigt'; mir. rēimm `buffoon' (*reiĝḫsmi-), mcymr. dir-rwyn (*reiĝ-no-) `Tortur, affliction'; cyf-rwyn-ein ds.

References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: reik-

English meaning: to shake; pole (ö)

German meaning: `sich aufrecken' and `wackeln'; `Stange, Latte'

Material: Norw. rjaa m. `shaft, pole zum Trocknen of Getreides' (*rīhan-), schwed. dial. ri f. `picket, pole, shaft, rod'; mnd. rick, reck n. (*rikkó-) `lange dönne shaft, pole', mhd. ric, -ckes m. `waagrechtes Gestell, shaft, pole', nhd. Reck; ahd. rigil m., mnd. regel m. `bar, bolt, Reeling', nnd. also rīchel, older ndl. rijgel now, yet richel `bar, bolt'; isl. rīgr m. `stiffness' (also name of Heimdallr); mnd. rēch `stiff', aisl. reigjask `den body uplift, set up, sich anspannen', ags. rǣge-rēose `Muskeln am backbone, spine'; aisl.riga, -aða `(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen', schweiz. rigelen `waver'; norw. dial.rigga `upset'; norw. rikke `move, röcken', ostfries. rikke(l)n `hin and her bewegen, wobble, sway'; lett. rìku (rìkstu), rikt `curdle, coagulate, harden, fest become'.

References: WP. II 346 f.;

See also: probably as reik̂- to reiĝ-; s. also rei-5.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rei-1

English meaning: to tear, cut

German meaning: `ritzen, reißen, schneiden'

Material: Lat. rīma `Ritze' (*rei-mā); mir. rēo `stripe' (*ri-u̯o-); ags. rāw, rǣw f. `row' (*roiḫu̯ā); lit. rievà `Felskluft, Fels, hill' (compare lat. rumpō : rūpēs), raĩvė `stripe', lett. riêwa `Ritze, crease, furrow'; in addition probably as `border line' or `Högelreihe': mir. rōen `way, Bergkette' (therefrom rōenaid `*bahnt sich einen way' > `besiegt', rōen Niederlage'), bret. run `hill'; aisl. rein f. `border line', ahd. rein, nhd. Rain ds. (kelto-germ. *roi-no-).

extensions:

reib-: ags. rī̆pan, riopan `reap' (engl. reap), rifter `sickle', rī̆p n. `harvest', norw. rīpa `ritzen', rĭpa `abreißen, abstreifen', mengl. ripelen, nengl. ripple `Flachs break, rupture', mnd.repen, repelen ds., ahd. rifila, riffila `Söge, jagged mountain ridge'; as. rīpi, ags. rīpe, ahd.rīfi, nhd. reif (`zum Ernten reif').

reig- see under different Schlagwort.

reik(h)-: Old Indian rikháti, likháti `scarifies', rēkhā́, lēkhā́ `crack, line, line'; gr. ἐρείκω `rupture, tear, rend', ἤρικε `barst', ἐρεικίς, ἐρικίς, -ίδος `geschrotete barley' (-ι- spelling for -ει-); perhaps lat. rixa `tötlicher quarrel, fight'; cymr. rhwygo `tear', rhwyg m. `break, col, gap', mbret. roegaff `tear, rend', nbret. reuga; ablaut. mcymr. go-rugaw `tear'; mhd. rīhe `line', nhd. Reihe, ahd. rīhan `auf einen Faden pull', with ablaut and gramm. Wechselahd. riga `line', mhd. rige `line, row, könstlicher Wassergraben', nhd. Riege; norw. reig m. `row, Zeile';

lit. riekiù, riẽkti `(bread)cut, clip, zum erstenmal pflögen', riekė̃ `Brotschnitte', raikaũ, -ýti `bread mehrfach in Schnitten schneiden';

similarly reik̂- in Old Indian riśáti, liśáti `rupft, reißt ab, weidet ab' (npers. rištan `spinnen', bal. rēsag, rēsaɣ `spinnen, flax, wattle, braid').

reip-: gr. ἐρείπω `störze um (tr.), störze low, base' (intr.), ἐρείπια n. Pl. `ruinae', ἐρίπνη f. `Absturz, slope'; lat. rīpa `steiler edge, bank, border, shore'; aschwed. rīva, aisl. rīfa `tear (tr.)', rifna `zerspringen, aufspringen', rifa f. `crack, col, gap', mnd. rīven `rub', afries. rīva `rend', nd. ribben `pluck, Flachs pluck'; aisl. rīfr `erwönscht' (compare `sich um etwas reißen'), ags. rīf `vast, grand, violent', mnd. rīve `wasteful'; ablaut. aisl. reifr `blithe, glad, aufgeröumt', reifa `fördern, beschenken'; ostfries. riffel `furrow', ags. ge-riflian `furrow'; with p through consonant stretch: aisl. rīp `Oberkante eines Bootes', ostfries. rip(e) `edge, bank, border, shore', mhd. rīf `bank, border, shore';

besides eine germ. family with `scrap, shred, stripe' as basic meaning, so that here anreihbar, and `wickeln, bind' as abgeleitete meaning: aisl. rif n. `Reff', mnd. rift ds., aisl. rift (ript) f. `Stöck Zeuges', rifr m. (*riƀi-) `pulley, Weberbaum', rifa `sew', ags. rift f. `dress, Schleier, curtain', ahd. bein-refta `britches'; aisl. reifar Pl. f. `Wickel', reifa `wickeln', ags. ā-rāfian `loswickeln' (similarly ndl. dial. rijvelen `wear out');

with consonant stretch -p(p)-: got. skauda-raip `Schuhriemen', aisl. reip, ags. rāp `rope, band', ahd. reif `strap, Faßreif, ring';

with germ. -sp- (from -ps-ö): aisl. rispa `tear open' and f. rispa `ein light Kratzer', aschwed. rispa `discord', nd. rispe `Flachsraufe', rispen `den Flachs through die Raufe pull'(nhd. Rispe `Samenböschel' but probably with originally hr-), ahd. rispeln `snatch', bair.ab-reispen `abzupfen, abbrechen', mhd. be-rispeln `rebuke, reproach, bestrafen'.

reis-: Old Indian riṣyati, réṣati `wird injures, hurts, disables, nimmt damage; damages', riṣṭá- `injures, hurts, disables', rēṣayati `schödigt, straft', riṣanyáti `geht fehl', riṣaṇyú- `unzuverlössig'; av. raēš-, iriš- `injure, verwunden; damage leiden' (present raēšyeiti tr., irišyeiti tr., intr., Kaus. raēšayeiti), participle irišta- `damages', raēša- m., raēšah- n. `Schödigung', probably also raēša- `cleft, fissure in the earth'; aisl. rīsta (reist) and rista schw. V. `cut, clip, ritzen, aufritzen', rista `Ritz, slit', aschwed. rīsta `(Runen) ritzen', mnd. risten `carve', aisl. ristill m. `Pflugeisen', mhd. rist m. n. `plowshare, plough handle, plough stilt'; lett. risums, risiêns `crack, slit', Old Church Slavic rěšiti `loosen'.

References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241.

Page(s): 857-859

Root / lemma: rei-2, roi-

English meaning: variegated, speckled

German meaning: in Worten for `buntgestreift, fleckig'

Material: Lit. raĩ-nas `gray, buntgestreift'; raĩ-mas `varicolored'; air. rīabach `dappled', lit. raĩ-bas `dappled, graubunt' (raĩbti `flicker'), lett. ràibs `varicolored, fleckig', esp. from animals, Old Prussian roaban `gestreift', russ. klr. ribyj `varicolored'; *roi-k̂o- seems die base from ahd. rēh n., rēho m., ags. rā, rāha m. `roe deer', aisl. rā f., ags. rǣge (*raigjōn-), ahd. rêia, réia (unclear) and nhd. Ricke, ndl. rekke `Ricke', (expressive) wherefore probably Old Indian riśya- m. `male antelope'.

References: WP. II 346, Trautmann 235 f., Specht Idg. Dekl. 115.

Page(s): 859

Root / lemma: rei-3, rē(i)-

English meaning: to cry, bellow, etc.. onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel `schreien, bröllen, bellen' etc.

Note: s. also reu-, rēu-, rū̆-

Material: Old Indian rā́yati `barks'; lit. ríeju ríeti `losschreien, scold, chide', refl. `sich quarrel, squabble'; lett. reju, rêju, riêt `bark, bay'; ablaut. rãju, rãt `scold, chide', lit. rojóju, rojóti `unordentlich crow, cackle' (of rooster, cock)ö, Church Slavic rarъ `clangor' (čech. raroh m. `Wörgfalke'), russ. rájatь `clink, sound'; aisl. rāmr `hoarse' (*rēma-); derived from a noun *rama is remja `roar, bellow'; possible here also rōmr `voice, sound, pronunciation'; compare further ags. rārian `bloken, roar, bellow', ahd. rērēn ds. etc.;

aisl. jarma `bleat', wherefore arm. oṙnal `heule' belongs, weis perhaps auf eine vollere root erǝ-, rē- there.

extensions:

rēb- `rölpsen':

norw. dial. ræ̆̄pa `den Mund run lassen' (*rēpjan), rapa `rölpsen'; aisl. repta (*rapatjan) `rölpsen'; dön. ræbe ds., jöt. also `quaken' s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reub- under reu-1.

rē̆k- `roar, bellow, cry':

lat. raccāre, rancāre `roar, bellow' (of Tiger); rāna (*rācsnā) `frog'; cymr. rhegen f. (*rakinā) `Wachtel'; mhd. ruohen `roar, bellow, grunt' (besides rōhen to reu-k-), amhd. ruohelen, mhd. röehelen `neigh, roar, bellow, röcheln' (besides röheln, röcheln to *reu-k-); lit. rėkiù, rė̃kti `roar, bellow', lett. rèkt ds.; Old Church Slavic rekǫ `say'; with g: lat. ragere `roar, bellow'.

rēt- `roar, bellow, rant, roister':

mhd. röeden `rant, roister', bair. röeden `roar, bellow, rant, roister, in the rutting, heat sein'; ahd. ruod `bellowing, braying, roar', ir-ruota `rugiebam', ags. rēðe, `cruel, savage, terrible'.

References: WP. II 342 f., WH. II 414, 416, 421 f., Trautmann 242 f.

Page(s): 859-860

Root / lemma: rei-4 : rēi-

English meaning: thing; possession

German meaning: `Besitz, Sache'

Note: after Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) wöre ē from eH vor i̯ originatedö

Material: Old Indian rai- m. f. `possession, richness' in rā́ḥ, rāyáḥ (originally i-stem); das ā from rāḥ after dem Akk. Sg. rām, the likewise analogisches ā hat (after gām, above S. 482); rayí- `gift, possession, jewel' (av. Akk. Pl. raēš, leg. rayīš), rayi-vánt-, mostly rē-vánt- `rich'; av. Instr. Sg. raya (leg. rāyā) = Old Indian rāyā́ (to rā́ḥ), av. raēvant `rich'; Old Indian av. rā- `give' (extended Old Indian rāsatē `gives'), Old Indian rātí- `gift, giver'; Old Indian rāta-, av. rātō `bestowed';

lat. rēs, reī `thing, possession' (das ē after dem Akk. rēm from *reHimö), umbr. re-per `pro rē', Dat. Abl. ri; in addition lat. reus `Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte' (*rēi̯-os); unclear mcymr. rei `richness'.

References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O. Szemerényi nimmt (brieflich) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowicz (Études 36 f.) eine basic form *reHi- for das noun and *reH- for das verb an (ö).

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-5

German meaning: `stötzen'

See also: see under reid-, reik- and rem-.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-r(ēi)-

English meaning: to tremble (expr.)

German meaning: `beben, zittern'; Schallwort

Material: Old Indian lēlāyáti, lēlīyáti `sways, swings, zittert', lēlā́yā Instr. `fluctuating, in unruhiger Bewegung';

got. reiran (schw. V.) `tremble, quiver', reirō `Zittern, Erdbeben'.

References: WP. II 349.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rei̯ǝ-, rī-

German meaning: `bewege, fließen'

See also: see above S. 330 f. (er-3)

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rek-1

English meaning: to tower; pole

German meaning: `emporragen'; `Stange' etc.

Note: as reik-, see there.

Material: Aisl. rā f. (*rahō) `shaft, pole in a scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen, Schiffsrahe', mnd. rā, mhd. rahe f. `shaft, pole, Rahe'; norw. dial. raaga (*rēgōn-) `dönne shaft, pole', nd. rack `Gestell, Wandregal', mhd. reck(e) `lange dönne shaft, pole, esp. zum Überhöngen from Kleidern'; mhd. rach, -hes and rac, -ges, lengthened grade ræhe `stiff'; mhd. regen st. V. `sich erheben, stare, emporragen', Causative. regen schw. V., `uplift, set up, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive' (*ragjan), nhd. regen; norw. dial. raga `waver'; very doubtful, whether as reduced grade here mhd. rogel `not fest, fluctuating', sich rugelen `sich röhren', nhd. dial. rogeln `wobble, sway', aisl. rugla `in Unordnung bringen, stören'; geminated rugga `swing, move'; rykkia `röcken, hurry', ags. roccian `swing' (engl. rock), ahd. rucken, nhd. `röcken', aisl. rykkr, ahd. ruc m. `jerk' (*rukki-);

lit. rė́klės `Stangengeröst zum Trocknen, Röuchern'.

References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rek̂Þh-

English meaning: to harm

German meaning: `schödigen'

Material: Old Indian rákṣas- n. `agony, Quölgeist, fiend, demon', av. rašah- `Schödigung, damage, esp. the in other Leben', rašayeiti `schödigt'; gr. ἐρέχθω `zerre and beutle hin and her' (the storm das ship); ᾽Ερεχθεύς `the Erderschötterer'. common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 362;

See also: in addition ŕ̥k̂Þos `bear' as `damager'.

Page(s): 864

Root / lemma: rek̂-, reĝ-

English meaning: to bind

German meaning: `binden'ö

Material: Old Indian raśanā f. `rope, strap, belt, girdle', raśmi- m. `Strang, strap, rein'; aschwed. hurraka (hurð-) `Heck-band, strap', aisl. rakki m. `Stropp zum Festhalten the Rahe', ags. racca m. ds., aisl. rekendi n., rekendr f. Pl. `chain, manacle'; ags. racente, racete f., ahd. rahhinza f. d.

References: WP. II 362.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, r_omb-

English meaning: to hack, notch

German meaning: `hacken, kerben, Kanten machen'

Note:

Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, r_omb- : `to hack, notch' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: ereb-, orob-, rōb- : `to drill, make holes'

Material: Mhd. rumph, nhd. Rumpf, isl. rumpr `rump', md. mnd. rump `trunk' (*`abgehacktes Stöck'); whether to lit. rum̃bas `scar', rumbúoti `umsöumen' (*r_ombo-), ablaut. rémbėti `Narben bekommen', lett. rùobs `incisure' (*rombo-), slav. *rǫbъ m. in serb. rûb `hem', slov. rǫ̂b `edge, hem', slov. rǫ́biti `hacken, einsöumen', čech. roubiti ds. etc.ö

Maybe alb. rrëmbej `kidnap'

References: WP. II 373, Trautmann 236, Vasmer 2, 541 f.

Page(s): 864-865

Root / lemma: rem-, remǝ- (*_erǝ-mo-)

English meaning: to rest; to support

German meaning: `ruhen, sich aufstötzen; stötzen'; in Germ. `Latte, Leiste'

Note: relationship to erǝ-, rē- `rest' (see 338 f.) is doubtful

Note:

Root / lemma: rem-, remǝ- : `to rest; to support' derived from a zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: erǝ-2, rē- : `to be still' in -m- formant (*_erǝ-mo-)

Material: Old Indian rámatē `steht still, ruht, findet Gefallen, pflegt the love', rámati, ramṇā́ti, rā̆mayati `bringt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergötzt'; av. rāmyat̃ `er soll rest', rāmōiδwǝm `ihr mögetstehen bleiben', rāmayeiti `beruhigt', osset. urōmun, urōmyn `restrain, hemmen, beruhigen'; Old Indian rā́ma- m. `lust, pleasure, joy', rāmá- `erfreuend, mellifluous, reizend', av. rāman- n. `tranquility, peace', npers. rām `tranquility; cheerful, cheerful'; Old Indian ránti f. `refreshment, Ergötzung', raṁsu Adv. `joyful, gratifying'; ratá- `stand geblieben, sich genögen lassend, sich ergötzend', ratá- n. `Liebeslust', ráti- f. `rest, tranquility, lust';

with unclear η: gr. ἠρέμα, -ας `peaceful, gentle, leise', ἠρεμαῖος `peaceful', ἠρεμέστερος Kompar. (compare den es-stem got. rimis);

air. fo-rim- `place, lay, place' (originally *`stötzen'; ri- = r̥-); perhaps mir. rinde `vessel';

ahd. rama `pad, Gestell, Webe- or Stickrahmen', mnd. rame (= mnd. mhd. reme), ramen ds.; got. rimis n. `tranquility'; aisl. rǫnd f. `edge, hem, shield', ags. rand m. `Schildrand, shield', ahd. rant m. `edge, Einfassung, shield', norw. rande and ablaut. rinde `Erdröcken, bench', krimgot.rintsch `mons', span. (*got.) randa `Leiste'; norw. rand f. `crossbar, crossbeam, Sims', nhd. bair. ranten `shaft, pole' (: lit. ram̃tis, ram̃stis `pad, handrail'); ahd. ramft `edge, Einfassung' kann *rom-ti- sein, but at most also auf the extension rem-bh- based on, compare Old Indian rambhá- m. `staff, pad', norw. rimb, rimme `Erdröcken', lit. rambùs `idle', rémbėti `tröge sein; nicht right wachsen wollen';

aisl. rim f. `langes, thin board', engl. dial. rim `Leitersprosse', ostfries. rim `Dachsparren'; ags. rima `edge, limit, boundary, Köste' (engl. rim), aisl. rimi m. `Landröcken'; perhaps through hybridization with a root rei-, deren extensions in reid- and reik- vorliegen (Wissmann);

lit. remiù, rem̃ti `stötzen', Inchoativ rìmsti, rìmti `peaceful become', causative ramìnti and rámdau, -yti `beruhigen', ram̃tis `pad', ràmas `tranquility', ramùs `peaceful', rōmùs `peaceful, sanftmötig', lett. rāms `tame, domesticated, still, godly, pious';

toch. А В röm-, В ram- `sich neigen, bend, bow'.

References: WP. II 371 f., Trautmann 243 f.

Page(s): 864

Root / lemma: rendh-

English meaning: to tear

German meaning: `(zer)reißen'

Material: Old Indian rándhram `aperture, cleft, fissure, Нöhle'; ags. rendan `tear', mnd. rende `Zerbrochenes'; ahd. rinda, rinta, nhd. Rinde, ags. rind(e) f. `bark, crust', ablaut. mnl. hess. runde f. `Wundschorf'.

References: WP. II 372, 374.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rent-

English meaning: thing

German meaning: `thing'ö

Material: Under this root could combined become:

Old Indian rátnam `property, possession, blessing' (*rn̥tnó-) and ir. rét `thing' (*rn̥tu- or *rentu-); also lett. ruotîgs `with all versehen' (whether from *ront-).

References: WP. II 374.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rep-

English meaning: to grab, rip out

German meaning: `an sich reißen, raffen'

Material: Old Indian presumably rápas- n. `Gebrechen, körperlicher damage, injury', raphitá- `woeful, wretched, miserable (damages)'; gr. ἐρέπτομαι `rupfe, reiße ab, devour', ἅρπυια (Asper after dem unverwandten ἅρπη, ἁρπάζω, whereat s. *ser-, serp- `sickle'), ἀρέπυια `Harpye', hom. ἅρπυιαι ἀν-ηρέψαντο (Hs. ἀνηρείψαντο); alb. rjep `ziehe from, ab, rob';

Maybe alb. rrep-të ‘strict, tough, inexorable, tough, unkind, hard’

lat. rapiō, -ere `pile, an sich reißen, hastig gripe, rob' (a = _e); mir. recht `rage, fury, fury' (*reptu-), s. also rabh-; germ.*rafisjan originally `körperlich punish, curse' (denominative eines -es-stem as Old Indian rápas-); aisl. refsa, ahd. refsen `chastise, castigate, punish, curse', as. respian ds., ags. refsan, repsan, respan `rebuke, reproach', next to which *rafjan in mhd. reffen = refsen, compare with lengthened grade ags. gerǣf n. (ö) = geresp `accusation, reprimand';

aisl. rafr `stripe Heilbuttenfleisch', refill `stripe, Stöck eines Gewebes' (`ragged'), ndl. rafel `fibre, filament, ausgezupfter filament', rafelen `wear out';

lit. ap-rė́pti `catch, gripe, conceive', lit. rẽplės (Old Prussian raples) f. Pl. `pliers'.

References: WP. II 369 f., WH. II 417, Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: ret(h)-

English meaning: to run, to roll

German meaning: `laufen, rollen'

Material: Old Indian rátha- m. `cart', rathī́- `Wagenlenker', ráthya- `zum cart gehörig', rathar-yáti `travels in cart'; ratheṣṭhā̆́- `warrior' = av. raϑaēštå ds.; av. raϑa- `cart', raiϑya `Fahrstraße'; lat. rota `wheel', birotus `zweirödrig' (: lit. dvirãtis), rotundus `scheibenrund';

Maybe alb. rota `wheel'.

ir. roth m. `wheel'; cymr. rhod f. `wheel'; gall. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); kelt. *-reto- `run, flow', neutr. Abstraktsuffix in cymr.brith-red `perplexity' = mir. brecht-rad `Mannigfaltigkeit', Kollektivsuffix in mir. aig-red `ice'; lengthened grade *-rōto- in mcymr. rhawd `run, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar', gaeaf-rawd `Winterszeit' = mir.gem-rad ds., mcymr. bedḫrawd, cymr. bedd-rod, bret. bez-ret `Gröber' (cymr. bedd `grave'), in addition mir. rā(i)the `season, quarter of the year' (*rōti̯o-);

air. rethim `laufe' with compounds, Kaus. roithim `treibe an';

Maybe alb. rreth `hoop, rim (of wheel); circle', rrethim `siege';

air. Verbaln. riuth m. `run, flow' (*r̥tu-);

Maybe alb. rrjethë, rrjedhë f. `run, flow' (*r̥tu-);

to air. do-riuth `accurrō' belongs cymr. tyred (*to-rete) `come!'; air. fo-riuth, cymr. guo-redaf `succurrō', acymr. Perf. gua-raut = ir. fo-ráith (*upo-rōt-e);

aisl. rǫðull m. `Strahlenkranz, sun' and as. radur, ags. rador, rodor m. `sky, heaven'; got. *raÞs `light', (Kompar. n. raÞizo) ags. ræd `quick, fast, behend', ahd. rado, rato adv. `quick, fast'; and. rath, afr. reth, ahd. rad `wheel', radelōt `with Röderchen versehen'; lit. rãtas m. `wheel, circle' (Plur. rātai `Karren, cart'), lett. rats `wheel' (Plur. rati `cart'), lit. ratẽlis m. `Rödchen' (compare ahd. radelōt and lat. rotula f. `Rödchen'), dvirãtis (mostly Pl. dvirãčiai) `zweirödriger cart';

maybe alb. geg. me rotullue `to circulate', illyr. GN Redon, Rodon

lit. ritù, rìsti `roll' (*r̥t-); but gall. petor-ritum `vierrödriger cart' kann lat. development from *petor-roto- sein.

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 443 f., Trautmann 238.

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: reu-b- and reu-g-

English meaning: to vomit, retch

German meaning: `sich erbrechen, rölpsen, hervorbrechen', also `Wolke, Rauch'ö

Material: 1. reub-: aisl. rjūpa f. `Schneehuhn', norw. rjupa, rype (compare lett. rubenis `Birkhuhn'ö); ablaut. aisl. ropa `aufstoßen', rypta `sich erbrechen', ahd. roffezzen `aufstoßen' (*rupatjan), mhd. rofzen, nhd. reshaped to rölzen, rölpsen.

maybe alb. rjep, ropa (aor.) `skin (an animal by blowing the air inside the skin)' similar to ahd. roffezzen `push open, belch'

2. reug-: Npers. ā-rōɣ `das Rölpsen'; arm. orcam `erbreche mich, burp' (from *orucam, o- is Vorschlagsvokal); gr. ἐρεύγομαι `speie from, erbreche mich', ἐρυγγάνω `burp', ἐρυγή `Aufstoßen'; lat. ērūgō, -ere `ausrölpsen', ructō, -āre `rölpsen, ausspeien'; ags. rocettan `rölpsen', edroc `das Wiederköuen', ahd. it-ruchen, mhd. iteröcken `wiederkauen', iteroche f. `gullet from ruminants', nisl. jōrtr n. `das Wiederköuen' (about *ī-urtr from *ið-ruhtr-); aisl. jōrtra `wiederköuen';

lit. rjáugmi (riáugėju), raugiù, rúgiu `burp, have saures Aufstoßen', Old Church Slavic rygajǫ sę `burp', lit. rúgstu, rúgti `sour become, ferment, seethe', ìšrūgos `wheys', rūgȳs `sauertöpfischer person', rúgžtas `sour', ráugas `sourdough', lett. atraugas f. Pl. `Aufstoßen', atraugties `aufstoßen', raudzēt `söuern', rūkts `bitter, herb', Old Prussian ructan dadan `sour milk', raugus `rennet';

as *reu-smen `Wiederköuen; gullet' (see 873) auf the Lautgebörde *reu- being based on;

under a Mittelbed. `hervorbrechen', or `exhalāre' reiht man (yet very doubtful) an: aisl. rjūka `smoke, whisk, hurry', ags. rēocan `smoke, steam, stink', mnd. rēken, rūken `smell', ahd. rouhhan `smoke, steam, smell', ahd. rouh, as. rōk, ags. rēc, aisl. reykr m. `smoke', mhd. ruch, mnd. röke m. `smell, odor', isl. norw. rok n. `Scatter, sprinkle, drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, storm';

if alb. rē `cloud' from *rougi- originated is, as nhd. Rauch, is ein previously proto idg. *reug- `cloud, smoke' voraussetzbar.

Note:

Wrong etymology since alb. rē `cloud' = rum. roi `swarm, hive, cluster, cloud', a loanword from:

Proto-Slavic form: roj ь

See also: rějati; rěkà; rinǫti

Russian: roj `swarm' [m jo]

Polish: rój `swarm' [m jo], roju [Gens]

Serbo-Croatian: rōj `swarm' [m jo]

Slovene: ròj `swarm' [m jo] see Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : to move

References: WP. II 357, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 871-872

Root / lemma: reudh-

English meaning: red

German meaning: `rot'

Material: Old Indian rṓhita- = av. raoiδita- `red, reddish', rōhít- `rote mare, Weibchen a gazelle', rṓhi- m., rōhī f. `gazelle'; Old Indian lōhá- `reddish', m. n. `rötliches metal, copper, iron' (formal = lat. rūfus, air. rūad, got. rauÞs, lit. raũdas, Old Church Slavic rudъ), rōdhra-, lōdhra- m. `symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes Pulver bereitet wird', loṣṭa- n. `Eisenrost' (*reudh-s-to-); rudhirá- `red, blutig', n. `blood' (*rudhḫiḫro-, contaminated from *rudh-ro- and*rudh-i-); khotansak. rrusta- `red' (*reudh-s-to-);

gr. ἐρεύθω `I röte' (= aisl. rjōða), ἔρευθος n. `Röte' (compare lat. rubor); ἐρυθρός `red' (= lat. ruber, Old Church Slavic *rъdrъ etc.); ἐρυσί̄βη `Mehltau, robīgo' (ambiguous ending), ἐρυσί-πελας `Röteln' (*ἐρυσσι-, *rudh-s-);

lat. rūbidus `oxblood, indigo' (with -do- further formations = Old Indian lōhá-);

with dial. f: rūfus `lichtrot, fuchsrot', umbr. rofu `rubros'; with dial. ō from *ou lat. rōbus, rōbeus, rōbius `red', rōbīgo `Rost; Mehltau, Getreidebrand', also probably rōbus, rōbur `Hartholz, heartwood'; ruber, rubra, -um `red' (umbr. rufru `rubros'), lat. rubor `Röte', rubeō, -ēre `red sein' (: ahd. rotēn, Old Church Slavic rъděti), russus `fleischrot' (*rudh-so-); auf *rudhro- go die auson. Lw. rutilus `reddish', VN Rutuli (with Dissim.) back; compare lig. fundus Roudelius, illyr. Campī Raudii, apul. PN Rudiae (Szemerényi Arch. Ling. 4, 112 f.); about lat. raudus see under;

air. rūad, cymr. etc. rhudd `red', air. rucc(a)e `Schande' (*rud-ki̯ā), nasal. fo-roind `rötet'; gall. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus, GN Rudiobos (`roter Schlöger'ö), Rudianos; kelt. roudo- `red' and `strong';

aisl. rjōðr, ags. rēod `red', aisl. rjōða `blutig make', ags. rēodan `red förben', got. (about `shamefaced blush') ga-riuÞs `ehrbar', ga-riudei `Schamhaftigkeit'; ablaut. rauÞs, aisl. rauðr, ags. rēad, ahd. rōt `red', aisl. rauði m. `rotes Eisenerz', roðra f. `blood', roði m. `Röte', ryð n. and ryðr m. `Rost', roða `red sein or become', ahd. rotēn `blush', mhd. rot `red', ahd. rotamo, rosamo (*rudh-s-men-) `Röte' (moreover aisl. rosmu-fjǫll `rötliche Berge'), ags. rudu `Röte', rudig `reddish'; ā-ryderian `blush'; ags. rūst, ahd. as. rost `Rost' (*rū̆dh-s-to);

lit. raũdas, raudónas `red', raudà `rote paint, color'; rùdas `puce' (lett. ruds `reddish'), ruduõ `autumn', rudė́ti `rosten', rūdìs f. `Rost', rūdýnas, rūdynà, rūdỹnė `swamp, marsh with rötlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop', raũsvas (*roudh-s-u̯o-) `reddish', lett. rûsa (*rūdh-s-ā) `Rost', lit. rùsvas `reddish brown' (*rudh-s-u̯o-), ruslis `Bratrost', rusė́ti `gleam, burn', lett. rusla `kind of rotbrauner paint, color', lit. rùstas `bröunlich, purple, mauve' (*rudhḫsḫto-), lett. rusta `braune paint, color', rustēt `red förben';

Old Church Slavic rudъ `red', ruda `Erz, metal', rusъ (*roudh-s-o-) `reddish, blond'; *rъdrъ `red' in r.-Church Slavic rodrъ; rъděti sę `sich röten', rьžda `Rost', russ. rysyj `reddish blond' (*rūdh-s-o-, compare lett. rūsa);

toch. A rötr-ārkyant `rotglönzend', rtör, В rötre `red' (*rutre-ö).

Old Indian ravi- m. `sun', arm. arev ds. kann only very doubtful as `the Rote' gedeutet become; lat. raudus, rōdus, rūdus `ein formloses Erzstöck as Mönze' is perhaps with Old Indian lōhá- `rotes metal, copper, iron' and aisl. rauði `rotes Eisenerz', Old Church Slavic ruda `Erz, metal' to connect and gall. or illyr. Lw.;

maybe alb. rrotull `wheel, sunö' [diminutive -l]

also ahd. aruzzi, erizzi, aruz, as. arut `Erz, Erzstöck', aisl. ortog (*arutia-taugo) `Drittel eines øre' are because of Schwankens the forms as borrowed to betrachten; hence bestehtHommels derivation from sum. urud `copper' letztlich to right, different Kretschmer Gl. 32, 6 ff.

References: WP. II 358 f., WH. II 420 f., 444 f., 455, 456, Trautmann 239.

Page(s): 872-873

Root / lemma: reugh-m(e)n-

English meaning: cream

German meaning: `Rahm'ö

Material: Av. raoɣna- `butter', mpers. npers. rōɣan `(ausgelassene) butter'; aisl. rjūmi m. `skimmings', changing through ablaut ags. rēam, mnd. rōme, ahd. roum `cream', and mnd. rāme (for *rōme), from which nhd. Rahm, with ū schweiz. rūm ds.

References: WP. II 357 f.; s. also above S. 868.

Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reu-1, rēu-, rū̆-

English meaning: to roar, murmur, etc.. (expr.), onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel `bröllen, heisere Laute ausstoßen'; `brummen, murren'

Material: Old Indian rā́u-ti, ruváti, ravati `bellow, roar, lörmt, dröhnt', ráva-, ravátha- m. `bellowing, braying, roar'; gr. ὠρύ̄ομαι `heule, brölle, stoße einen scream from', ὠρῡδόν Adv. `with bellowing, braying, roar' (prefix idg. ō); lat. rūmor `noise, shout, call, rumor'; răvus `hoarse', ravis f. `hoarseness', raucus `hoarse', raviō -īre `sich hoarse talk, speak';

ags. rēon `Wehklagen', mhd. rienen (*reunōn) `wail, lament'; aisl. rymja `roar, bellow, drone, grumble', rymr m. `grobe voice';

Church Slavic revǫ, rjuti and Old Church Slavic rovǫ, ruti `roar, bellow', čech. řujě (old), říje f. `clamor of Hirsches, rutting', poln. ruja f. `rutting, heat(zeit)' (out of it lit. rujà, lett. ruoja f.); slav.*rovǫ besides *rjuti from *reu̯ō, *reuti, thereafter *rjovǫ > *rjevǫ;

with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: air. rūn `mystery', cymr. rhin ds.; got. rūna f. `mystery', as. rūna, mnd. rūne `heimliches Flöstern, h. Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen', ags. rūn ds., mhd. rūne `Flöstern, heimliches Beratschlagen', aisl. rȳna `vertraulich together talk, speak', ags. rūnian `flöstern, sich verschwören', ahd. rūnēn `flöstern, raunen', changing through ablaut ags. rēonian `flöstern' (as above rēon, mhd. rienen), norw. dial. rjona `babble'.

extensions:

a. reud-: Old Indian rudáti, róditi `heult, weint, jammert', av. raod- `weep, cry', Old Indian róda- m. `Klageton, Winseln, Weinen' (= ahd. rōz m., compare lit. raudà); gr. ῥύζωö (see above); lat. rū̆dō, -ere, -īvi `cry; roar, bellow'; ahd. riozan `weep, cry', rōz `das Weinen, Winseln', ags. rēotan `wail, weep, cry', ablaut. aisl. rauta `roar, bellow'; bair. rotzen `weep, cry'; lit. ráudmi `I wehklage', raudóju, raudóti ds., lett. raûdât `weep, cry, beweinen', lit. apsi-rústu, preterit su-rúdau `mad, wicked, evil, sad become', rústas `grumpy, surly, sullen, fierce, grim'; slov. rydati `weep, cry', ačech. ruditi `afflict, sadden'.

b. reuĝ-: gr. ἐρυγόντα `den bröllenden', ἐρύγμηλος `bröllend (of bull)', ὀρυγμάδες θόρυβοι Hes. (also ὀρυμαγδός `großer din, fuss, noise' is from *ὀρυγμαδος reconverted), ὠρῡγή, ὤρῡγμα, ὠρῡγμός `bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (to ὠ- see above); ῥύζειν `growl, bark, bay' Hes.; lat. rūgiō, -īre `roar, bellow (of Löwen)' (after mūgiōö); mir. rucht `bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (*rug-tu-); ags. rēoc `wild', wherefore probably got. in-rauhtjan `ergrimmen'; (but aisl. raukn n. `draft animal' for rǫkn = vrǫkn); slav. *ruži̯eti `wiehert' in Old Church Slavic rъžetъ, rъzati, serb. ȑžê, ȑzati etc. (lit. rūgóti `evil nehmen' is Lw. from russ. rugátь `vilify, scold' = Old Church Slavic rǫgati sę `mock').

c. reuk-: ags. rȳn `roar, bellow' (*rūhjan), mnd. rǖjan ds., ahd. rūhin `bellowing, braying, roar', besides ruhen (from *ruhjan), ahd. rohôn `rūgīre' (Wissmann Nom. postv. 87 f.); lett. rucu, rùkt `roar, roar, bellow', lit. rūkti `roar, bellow'; Old Church Slavic rykajǫ, rykati `rugire', russ. rykátь `roar, bellow'; besides Old Church Slavic rikajǫ `brölle' (from *rjūkajǫ), ablaut. slov. rûk m. `rutting, heat the Hirsche', rúkati `roar, bellow' etc.

d. ein cognate reus- seeks man in:

nhd. rösten (after dem knisternden Tonö), ahd. rōst `Rostpfanne, Scheiterhaufen', ahd. rō̆sc, mhd. rosch, rösch `knisternd, brittle, resch', ags. ge-roscian `beim fire dry'ö; in addition probably lit. rúzgiu `roar, foam, schnurre, grumble'.

References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248.

Page(s): 867-868

Root / lemma: reu-2, reu̯ǝ- : rū̆-

English meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc..

German meaning: `aufreißen, graben, aufwöhlen; ausreißen; raffen'

Grammatical information: participle Perf. Pass. rū̆-tó-

Note: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu- (see under)

Material: Old Indian rav-, ru- `shatter, shatter' (rávat, rudhí, rāviṣam, rṓruvat; meaning probably from `her and in Stöcke reißen'), participle rutá- `shatter, zerschmettert' (= lat. dī-, ē-, ob-rŭtus); rṓman-, lṓman `hair' (compare under n. ir. rūaimneach and aisl. rǫgg `langes hair'); gr. ἐρῠσί-χθων `die Erde aufwöhlend';

lat. ruō in the meaning `tear open, wöhlen, scratch', ē-, dī-, ob-ruō, -rŭtus (see above), rūta caesa `all, was auf a Grundstöck ausgegraben and geföllt is', rū̆trum `spade, hack, mattock, hoe, Kelle', rutellum `small shovel', rutābulum `shovel, Scharre';

mir. rūam `spade, Grabscheit', rūamar `effossio'; nir. rūaimneach `langes hair';

aisl. rȳja `den Schafen die Wolle ausreißen' (norw. rū f. `Winterwolle'), as. rūwi f. `rauhes fell, fur';

aisl. rǫgg f., rǫggr m. `langes hair, long wool' (*rawwa-), schwed. rugg `zottiges hair' (*ruwwa-); out of it engl. rug;

got. riurs `vergönglich' (riurjan `spoil'), aisl. rȳrr `small, arm';

presumably as. ahd. riomo `strap, leathery band, strap, belt, girdle' (*`abgerissener Hautstreifen'), ags. rēoma, rēama ds., also `dönne Haut' (compare S. 873 *reugh-m(e)n- `skimmings'); mnd. mndl. rūn, rūne, schwöb. raun `Wallach, Gaul', because of ofries. han-rūne `Hahnrei' (actually `verschnittener rooster, cock') originally `equus castratus', mnl. runen, ruynen `cut, clip, kastrieren'; (nhd. runken); borrowed lett. rūnīt `kastrieren', also finn. ruuna `Wallach', ruunata `kastrieren';

lit. ráuju, ráuti `ausreißen, ausjöten', ravė́ti `jöten' (rãvas `Straßengraben', Old Prussian rawys `ditch, trench, channel' Lw. from poln. rów `ditch, trench, channel'); lett. raûklis `Raufeisen'; Old Church Slavic ryjǫ, ryti `dig', rъvǫ `reiße from, jöte from', rylъ, rylo `Grabscheit, spade, hack, mattock, hoe', rovъ `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole', runo `Fließ';

s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2, wherefore perhaps also lit. ùrvas m., also ùrva f. `cave'.

extensions:

a. reub-: `reissen' in lat. rubus `Brombeerstaude, blackberry' (`*shrub, bush, whereof man sich reißt'), rūbidus (panis i. e. `parum coctus') `raw, rauhrissig'; perhaps also rubēta `toad'; mir. robb `animal'ö; germ. *raup-, *rupp- (with intensification) in got. raupjan `pluck', ags. rīepan `ausplöndern', ahd. roufen, mhd. roufen, reufen, raufen `pluck'; mengl. ryppen, engl. rip `rend', mhd. rupfen, ropfen `pluck', aisl. ruppa, rupla `losreißen', rupl n. `booty, robbery'.

b. reud- `zerreissen'; rud-ló- `raw, wild'.

lat. rūdus, -eris n. `zerbröckeltes Gestein, detritus, rubble'; also rudis `unbearbeitet, raw', rullus `coarse, böurisch' (*rud-lo-); mir. rūad `Ruine', cymr. Pl. rhuddion `offal, bran' (*roud-); anord. reyta (*rautjan) `abreißen, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck', also mndl. rūten, holl. ruiten `rend, plöndern, rob', mnd. röter, holl. ruiter (nhd. Reuter) `Plönderer, robber' (influence of mlat. ru(p)tarius); ein zugehöriges word for `junk' places mhd. riuze, alt-riuze `wer mitGerömpel handelt or es ausbessert' ahead; auf das through Wössern and Faulenlassen of Flachses vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaser weisen aisl. rotinn `faul, decayed' (but ū-rotinn still `wer die hair nicht verloren'), rot n. `decay; Ohnmacht', as. rotōn `from Rost verzehrt become', ags. rotian `faulen, wither, wilt'; mnd. rӧ̄ten `Flachs rösten', ahd. rōzzen `faulen', mhd. rōzzen and ræzen `faulen lassen', nhd. bair. rӧ̄ssen `Flachs faulen lassen' (reshaped to röstennach rösten `auf dem Rost braten'), mhd. rōz `mörbe';

here Old Indian Rudrá- GN (*rud-lo-), pāli ludda- `cruel, savage' after W. Wöst Rudrá-.

c. reudh- `reuten, roden'.

Av. raoiδya- `arable to make';

aisl. rjōða `reuten, röumen', mhd. rieten st. V. `ausrotten, destroy'; aisl. rjōðr n. `offene place in Walde', ahd. reod `gerodetes Land', nhd. dial. Ried ds., ahd. riuti ds., riuten (*riutjan) `reuten', ablaut. aisl. ruð n. `gerodete place in wood, forest', mnd. rot `das Roden', aisl. ryðja `roden; aufröumen, ausrotten', ags. ā-ryddan (engl. rid) `mug, rob, plöndern'; mhd. roten, nhd. rotten; mnd. roden, out of it nhd. roden, afries. tō-rotha `ausrotten'.

d. reuk- (partly probably also reug-, reugh-ö) `pluck'.

Old Indian luñcati `rauft, rupft, enthölst', luñcana- n. `das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen', rūkṣá- see under;

gr. ὀρύσσω, att. -ττω `grabe, scharre', ὀρυχή, ὀρυγή `das ditch, trench, channel', ὄρυγμα n. `ditch, trench, channel', κατωρυχής `in the Erde vergraben'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > kṣ- : Gr. -ĝh- > -ss-, -tt- phonetic mutation

lat. runcō, -āre `jöten, ausjöten', runcō, -ōnis `Reuthacke, Jöthacke'; gr. ῥυκάνη `plane' (the Vokalvorschlag getilgt perhaps after ῥῡσιάζω `reiße weg' to *u̯er-s-, -u-öö), from which lat. runcina ds. (-n- through Fernassimilation, unterstötzt through runcāre); ir. rucht `swine' (`Wöhler' *ruktu-); mcymr. rhwgn `Reiben, Kerben' (*runk-no-ö s. Loth RC. 42, 138 f.);

with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness (as S. 868 aisl. rǫgg): Old Indian rūkṣá- `rough', common Old Indian -ĝh- > kṣ- : Gr. -ĝh- > -ss-, -tt- phonetic mutation

ahd. rūh, ags. rūh `rough, behaart; ungebildet'; as. rūgi, rūwi f. `rauhes fell, fur, grobe cover', mhd. riuhe, rūhe `Pelzwerk', nhd. Rauchwerk, ags. rȳhe, rūwa, rēowe `grobe Wolldecke', aisl. rȳ f. ds.;

as `crack, furrow' perhaps here lit. raũka f., raũkas m. `wrinkle', raukiù, raũkti `in Falten pull, furrow', runkù, rùkti `wrinkly become' and with g: lat. rūga `wrinkle, crease'.

Maybe alb. (*rūga) rudha `wrinkle' common alb. -g > -dh phonetic mutation in the middle of the word.

e. reup- `ausreißen, tear, break, rupture'; roupā- `hole, aperture', rūpēis- `Fels'.

Old Indian rōpayati `verursacht Reißen, bricht ab', rúpyati `hat Reißen in Leibe', *rōpa- n. `hole, cave' (= lit. raupaĩ, compare aisl. rauf f., serb. rȕpa);

lat. rumpō, -ere, rūpī, ruptum `break, rupture', rūpēs `steep Felswand, cliff, Felskluft, jöher abyss' (compare under lit. rupis `Fels', wherefore illyr. PN ΏΡύπες, Achaia, and in similar meaning nhd. Riepe `Schuttreuse' and die tirol. place names roupǝ, roufǝ, inscribed Roppen, Rofen), rūpex, -icis `ruppiger uncouth, clumsy person, Röpel' (compare lit. rupùs `rough, coarse');

aisl. riūfa, ags. rēofan `break, rupture, tear' (ahd. ā-riub `atrox, dirus', actually `ungebrochen'); aisl. rauf f. `col, gap, hole', ags. rēaf n. `robbery, booty, dress, armament, armor' (*roupā = slav. *rupa `hole'), ahd. roub m. ds., to got. bi-raubōn, ahd. roubōn, as. rōƀōn `rob', aisl. raufa `durchbrechen, rob' and reyfa `durchbohren, tear', ags. bе-rīefan `mug, rob'; aisl. reyfi `gerupfte wool, rauhes fell, fur', mndl. roof `abgezogenes fell, fur'; geminated ostfries. rubben `scratch, scrape, rub, pluck', nd. rubbelig, rubberig `uneven, rough', nhd. ruppig `struppig', engl. rubble, rubbish `rubble, offal'; aisl. rūfinn `bristly, struppig, rauhhaarig'; nhd. röffeln `scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen';

lit. rūpė́ti `sich kömmern', rūpùs `besorgt' (to russ. rupá `care, ruefulness'), raupýti and (idg. ablaut ou : ōu) ruõpti `dig, hollow out', rùpas `rough, bumpy', rupùs `rough, coarse', rupìs `Fels', ostlit. raupaĩ Pl. `measles, pox' ('Rauhigkeit in the Haut'), raupsaĩ `leprosy'; also lit. rupužė̃, raupežė̃ `toad' (from the roughness the Haut), compare also lett. raupa `goose bumps' (`shudder, shiver'); serb. rȕpa `hole, pit, pothole' (*roupā), poln. rupić się `sich kömmern', ablaut. rypać `scindere, friare'.

f. reus-: aisl. reyrr m. `cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind', rūst f. `Trummer, zerfallene wall' (see above S. 686 about Old Indian loṣṭá- m. n.); ahd. riostar `plough handle, plough stilt', ags. rēost `ein Teil of Pfluges', nhd. dial. riester `rag zum Schuhflicken'; dön. ros `Schnitzel, offal', norw. dial. ros, rys `Fischschuppe', rus `dönne bowl', rosa `ritzen, die Haut aufscheuern, sich lösen', isl. rosm n. `offal', rusl n. `offal', as. ruslos m. Pl. `Speckseite', ags. rysel m. bacon, fat, under likewise; ndl. rul `lax and dry, e.g. of sand, rough' (*ruzlá-); aisl. ryskja `rend, pluck', norw. rusk `offal, dust, powder' (also mnd. rūsch `intestines, entrails', bair. geröuschö still insecure mhd. roesche, nhd. dial. rösch `hard and light frail, breakable under likewise'); with germ. Wurzelvariation aisl. raska `in Unordnung bringen'; with -p- probably ahd. gi-rūspit gl. to inhorruit (aper), and (as `in Halse scratch, scrape') nhd. röuspern, mhd. riuspern, riuspeln, rūspern, compare lat. rūspor, -āri `suchen', actually `aufreißend, durchwöhlend, whereupon forschend', as ital. ruspare `scratch (from the hen)', ruspo `rough, neugemönzt', rospo `toad' show;

lit. rausiù, raũsti `scratch, wöhlen', rūsỹs, rúsas `pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffeln', pelen-rũsis, -rūsà `Aschenbrödel', rùsinti `schören', lett. raust `schören, wöhlen', raustīt `pull, rend', rūsa `aufgehöufter rubble'; about Old Church Slavic rušiti `umstörzen', *ruchъ `movement', see above S. 332.

References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176 f.

Page(s): 868-871

Root / lemma: reu-3, reu-s-

German meaning: `eilen'

See also: see above S. 331 f. (er-3), wherefore still mir. rūaimm `onrush', bret. rumm `Schaar' (reu-smen).

Page(s): 871

Root / lemma: reu-4

German meaning: `nachforschen'

See also: see above S. 337 (ereu-).

Page(s): 871

Root / lemma: reu-smen-

English meaning: chewing; throat

German meaning: `Wiederköuen; Kehle, Gurgel'

Material: Old Indian rōmantha- m. `Wiederköuen'; wakhi ramöt (*raumąϑa-) ds.; kati žëmɛtr (*romantra-) ds.;

lat. rūmen, -inis `throat, pharynx, gullet', rūma, rūmis, -is ds. (can m from mn have, as:) rūmāre besides rūmināre `wiederkauen'; kymr. rhumen `paunch, udder'; compare above S. 872.

References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales-th- 14 f.

Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reus-

English meaning: elm

German meaning: `Röster'ö

Material: Ir. rúaimm `betula alnus, alnus glutinosa' (*reus-men);

to ahd. rust, mhd. nhd. Rösterö

References: WP. II 361.

Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reuto-, routo-, rut-

English meaning: stomach, intestines (of an animal)

German meaning: `Tiermagen, Eingeweide'

Material: Mpers. rōt `intestines, entrails of Rindes', npers. rūda, Pl. rūdag-ānī `Gedörme, intestines, entrails' (*reuto-ko-); jav. uruϑwarǝ, -wan- n. (*rut-u̯ar-, -u̯an-) `intestines, entrails, belly';

ags. rēada `Tiermagen', engl. read `Labmagen' (*routo-), andl. roode `psalterium'; schwed. dial. rudda f. `Labmagen' (*ruddōn-).

References: Lidén KZ. 61, 14 f.

Page(s): 873-874

Root / lemma: reu̯ǝ- : rū-

English meaning: to open; wide

German meaning: `öffnen'

Material: Av. ravah- n. `Raum, Weite', ravas-čarāt- `was sich in Freien bewegt';

lat. rūs, rūris `land (in contrast to town, city), estate' (*reu̯os); mir. róe, rói f. `ebenes field' (because of Eigennamens Cú Rói, welcher older Cú Raui lautet, from *rōu̯i̯ā);

germ. rū-ma- in got. rūms `capacious, wide', rūm n. `Raum', aisl. rūmr `capacious', rūm n. `Raum, place', as. rūm m. `Raum', afries. ags. rūm `capacious', m. `Raum, stretch of time, Gelegenheit', ahd. mhd. rûm m. `Raum, aperture, freie Röumlichkeit', mhd. rūm `capacious'; ahd.rūmi, mhd. rūme `capacious, wide, afar'; abgel. verb germ. *rūmian: aisl. rȳma `capacious make' etc.;

Old Church Slavic ravьnъ from *orvьnъ `eben'; russ. roves-nyk `Altersgenosse'; Old Prussian arwis `true, certainly';

toch. AB ru- `öffnen'.

References: WP. II 356 f., WH. II 454, Trautmann 14.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rezg-

English meaning: to plait, wind

German meaning: `flechten, winden'

Material: Old Indian rájju- f. `rope, band'; lat. restis ds. (*rezgtis) = alit. rekstis `basket'; ags. resc(e), risc(e), mnd. risch `bulrush'; norw. rusk m. ryskje n. `Schmiele', ags. rysc, rysce f. `bulrush'; mnd. rusch `reed, bulrush', mhd. rusch(e) f. `bulrush'; lit. rezgù, rèksti `flax, wattle, braid, knit, bind, lace, tie', lett. režǵēt `flax, wattle, braid', režǵis `wickerwork'; abulg. rozga `rod, twig, branch', through secondary Beeinflussung of Pröfixes raz-: russ.-Church Slavic razga.

References: WP. II 374, WH. II 431, Trautmann 245.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rēd-1

English meaning: to excite; joyful

German meaning: `aufmuntern, froh'

Note: only germ. and balto-slavisch

Material: Ags. rōt `freudig, blithe, glad, good', ā-rētan `aufmuntern'; aisl. rö̥́task `heiter become', mál-rǿtinn `redeliebend'; lit. rõds `gern, willing'; Old Church Slavic radъ `libens', skr. rȁd, čech. rád ds.

References: WP. II 369, Trautmann 235.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rēd-2 : rōd- : rǝd-

English meaning: to shuffle, scrape, scratch

German meaning: `scharren, schaben, kratzen, nagen'

Material: Lat. rōdō `gnaw, benage' and rādō `scharre, scrape, scratch' (from *rad^zd(h)ō s. cymr. rhathu), wherefore rāstrum `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst', rādula `rasper', rāllum `plowshare', rāmentum `Abgang, chip, splinter, splinter' and rōstrum `(Nagewerkzeug) bill, beak, neb, snout, proboscis, prow, bow of a ship'; cymr. rhathu `raspeln, smooth, ebnen', rhathell `Raspel', rhath `Ebene, surface, plain, area', bret. raza `raser'; brit.rath- and lat. rādō are under *răzdō (from *rad^zd(h)ō, d(h)-present) compatible;

ahd. rāzi `sharp from taste, wild', mhd. rāze rǣze ds. prove die ē-grade *rēd-; in addition germ. *rattō `Ratte' (=nibbler): as. ratta, ags. rætt m., mhd. ratze, ratz etc.; in nhd. Dialekten comes Ratz in the meaning `marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm' vor; ahd. rato, radda, ratta.

References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: rēi-1 : rī-

German meaning: `zöhlen, ordnen'

Note: extended rēi-dh-.

See also: see above S. 60 (ar-).

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rēi-2, rōi-

German meaning: `Nuß'

References: (see Trautmann 241 f.)

See also: see above S. 61 (ar-3).

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rēito-, rēiti-

English meaning: scapula; shoulder (of animals)

German meaning: `Bug, Schulter von Tieren'

Material: Arm. eri, Gen. ervoy `Bug, shoulder from animals'; lit. ríetas m. `thigh, Lende', lett. rieta f. `leg'; Church Slavic ritь, čech. řít́ `podex'.

References: Trautmann 242, Lidén Mél. Pedersen 88 f.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rē̆k-2

English meaning: to arrange, prepare

German meaning: `anordnen'

Material: Old Indian racayati `verfertigt, bildet', racana- n. `Ordnen, Betreiben'; got. rahnjan `reckon'; ragin n. `Rat, decision', aisl. regin, Pl. rǫgn `die ratschlagenden Möchte, gods', as. ragino giscapu `Beschlösse the göttlichen Möchte', ahd. regin- in Eigennamen; Old Church Slavic rokъ m. `bestimmte time, purpose', rekǫ, rešti `say', raknǫti, račiti `wollen' etc.; toch. A rake, В reki, Pl. rekauna `word';

with ē: got. ga-rēhsns f. `determination, Ratschluß'; Old Church Slavic rěčь f. `accusatio';

quite doubtful Zusammengehörigkeit with aisl. rān n. `robbery' (*rahna-), rǣna `rob' (*rahnjan), ahd. biḫrahanen `erbeuten'; primary meaning wöre `Raub-Anschlag'ö

References: WP. II 362, Trautmann 243.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rē-1, rǝ- extended rē-dh- etc.

German meaning: `berechnen, zöhlen', `bereit machen, öberlegen'

See also: see above S. 59 f. (ar-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē̆-2 extended rē-dh-

German meaning: `zertrennen'

See also: see above S. 332 f. (er-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-3

German meaning: `rudern'

See also: see above S. 338 (erǝ-).

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-4

German meaning: `ruhen'

See also: see above S. 338 f. (erǝ-)

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-5

English meaning: dark

German meaning: `dunkel'

Material: Old Indian rāmá- `swart, black'; n. `darkness, night'; rāmī f. `night'; mhd. rām, rōm m. `smut, smut'; nisl. rāma-legr `dirty, filthy'; ahd. rāmac, mhd. rāmec, rāmig `dirty, filthy, rußig', ags. rōmig `rußig', ne. room `scurf on the head, dandruff';

Old Indian rātrī `night' better to lat. lateō etc., above S. 651 nachzutragen.

With -u̯o-formants: lat. rāvus `gray, gray-yellow'.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rē-6

English meaning: to cry

German meaning: `schreien'

See also: s. rei-3.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rēp-1 (rep-ö)

English meaning: to crawl, sneak

German meaning: `kriechen, schleichen'

Material: Lat. rēpō, -ere `grovel, truckle, creep, slink'; ahd. rebo, reba, repa, mhd. rebe `Schlingschößling'; ablaut. mnd. wīn-rāve `Weinrebe';

lit. rėplióti `grovel, truckle, creep', ablaut. roplóti ds., lett. rãpât, rãpt ds., Old Prussian rīpaiti `folget'; barely in addition wruss. rapuxa, poln. ropucha `toad'.

References: WP. II 370, WH. II 430, Trautmann 246, Kluge-Goetze¹⁶ 604.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rēp-2, rǝp-

English meaning: pole; beam

German meaning: `Pfahl, Balken'

Material: Ahd. rā̆vo `Sparren', aisl. rāfr, rǣfr m., rāf n. `Sparrendach'; aisl. raptr m. `stick, Sparren' (vandal. PN Raptus), ags. ræfter ds., mnd. rafter, rachter `small balk, beam, lath'; lit. rė́plinti `uplift, set up, hinstellen'; Old Church Slavic rěpьjь, rěpijь `picket, pole', rěpьje `τρίβολος'.

References: WP. II 370.

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: rēs-, rōs-

German meaning: `fließen'

See also: see above S. 336 f. (ere-s-2).

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: rēt-, rōt-, rǝt-

English meaning: pole; trunk

German meaning: `Stange, stem, Balkengeföge'

Material: Ahd. ruota, aisl. rōða `rod, shaft, pole', as. rōda `(picket, pole)kreuz', ags. rōd ds. and Church Slavic ratište, ratovište `Lanzenschaft'; perhaps in addition lat. rētae `from dem bank, border, shore of Flusses hervorragende Böume', rētāre `den river from solchen clean' and rătis `Floß'.

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: roi-no-

German meaning: `Weg, Rain, Högel'

See also: see under rei-.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rughi̯o-

German meaning: `Roggen'

See also: see under u̯rughi̯o-.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: ruk(k)-, rouk(k)-

English meaning: a kind of cloth

German meaning: `Gespinst'

Note: only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. rucht (*ruktu-) `tunica'; mcymr. rhuch(en) `mantle' (*roukkā); got. *rukka (ital. rocca), ahd. rocko `distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning)'; aisl. rokkr `Rock' derives from ags. as. rocc `Rock'.

References: WP. II 374, Loth RC. 42, 62 f.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: r̥ksā

English meaning: tether

German meaning: `Köte, Fessel (bei Huftieren)'ö

Material: Old Indian r̥kṣálā, r̥cchárā f. `manacle' perhaps to lit. rė́ša `Kötengelenk of Pferdes'; different about Old Indian r̥kṣálā above S. 673. common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation

References: WP. II 322.

Page(s): 875

Root / lemma: ŕ̥k̂Þo-s

English meaning: bear

German meaning: `Bör'

Note: (or r̥k̂-s-o-s besides r̥k̂-to-sö)

Material: Old Indian ŕ̥kṣa- m. `bear' (in addition a new fem. r̥k̂ṣī `Börin') = jav. arša-,

common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : jav. -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation

osset. ars, arm. arj (influenced from arjn `dark brown'), alb. ari, gr. ἄρκτος, newer ἄρκος, in addition (ö) the VN ᾽Αρκάδες,

Note:

Alb. harusha `she-bear' : aquitan. PN Harsus : Old Indian ŕ̥kṣa- m. `bear' proves the cognate for she-bear was older than cognate for bear since ending -a is feminine; alb has saved the matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess.

Alb. arithi (diminutive)`standing like a bear' (*ar(h)i) ari `bear' (The stem final -θ - has been dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in order to avoid semantic confusion with the hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -th.) : arm. arj `bear', cymr. arth `bear' [common alb. - cymr. - k̂ > -th phonetic mutation].

mir. art, cymr. arth `bear', gall. Deae Artioni `Börengöttin', lat. ursus `bear', perhaps hitt. ḫartagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitan. PN Harsus, bask. hartz `bear' are kelt. Lw.; npers. xirs `bear' soll auf iran. *r̥sa- = idg. r̥k̂o- weisen, whereupon also osset. ars go back could.

References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., Idg. Dekl. 239 f., interprets the bear as `destroyer, damager', to Old Indian rákṣas- n. `destruction', av. raš- `beschödigen' (see 864); compare also Frisk Gr. et. Wb. 141 f.

Page(s): 875

Root / lemma: saip-

English meaning: stall, fence

German meaning: `Umfriedung from Dickicht, Hörde'ö

Material: Gr. αἱμός (Aisch.) `thicket' (*saip-mo-ö), αἱμασία `fence, wall' (*saip-mn̥tiā́ö);

lat. saepēs, -is `fence, paddock', saepiō, -īre `umzöunen', praesaepēs, prae-saepia `crib, manger, stall', saepe `often' (neuter eines Adj. *saepis `gedröngt').

References: WP. II 445 f., WH. II 461 f.

Page(s): 878

Root / lemma: sak-

English meaning: to sanctify; to make a treaty

German meaning: `heiligen, einen Vertrag machen'ö

Material: Lat. sacer `geweiht, holy' (besides sācris); fal. sacru(m), osk. σακορο `sacra' or `sacrum', sakrim (Akk.), sakrid (Abl.), sakarater `sacratur', sacrasias `*sacrariae', sakaraklúm `sacellum', saka(ra)hiter `sanciātur', umbr. sakra `sacras', Adverb sakre; pöl. sacaracirix `*sacratrix, sacerdos'; further osk. sakrvist `sacra est'; previous compound is lat. sacerdōs, -dōtis `priest'(also f.) from *săcro-dhō-t-s to root dhē-;

moreover Sancus, -ī and -ūs, name an umbr.-sabin. divinity; of u-stem derived istSanquālis `zum Sancus gehörig'; umbr. Sanśi `Sancium', dat. Sansie; from *sanko- is sanciō, -īre `through religiöse Weihe unverletzlich machen, heiligen; ein law bestötigen' derived, further sanctus `geheiligt', umbr. sahta, sahata `sanctam', osk. saahtúm `sanctum', pöl. sato `sanctum'; lat. sagmen `the heiligende, auf the Burg gepflöckte Grasböschel';

hitt. šaklai- `custom, Ritus'.

References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.

Page(s): 878

Root / lemma: sal-2

English meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow

German meaning: `schmutziggrau'

Note: also (after the paint, color) zur Bezeichnung of Salzes (see sal-1), the Grauweide and of Speichels

Note:

Root / lemma: sal-2 : dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow, derived from Root / lemma: sal- : salt; salty water.

Material: A. Aind. lengthened grade sāra-, sāla- `gray' = ags. sōl `dirty, filthy, dark', ndd. saul ds.; air sal and sa(i)le f. `smut', salach `dirty, filthy' = abret. haloc, cymr. halog ds.; cymr. sal `örmlich, sick' is frz. Lw.;

B. sal-u̯o- in aisl. splr `dirty, filthy' sǫl n. `a kind of Alge'; ahd. salo `cloudy, dirty grey', ags. salu ds., ndl. zaluw `dunkelgelb'; mhd. sal, Gen. salwes `smut'; cymr. salw `örmlich, low' (das s- from sal, see above), acorn. halou `stercora'; russ.-Church Slavic slavo-očije `Blauöugigkeit', russ. solovój `isabellenfarben'.

C. Lat. salīva f. `saliva', out of it air. saile, cymr. haliw ds.

D. Lat. salix `a willow-tree, willow, sallow' = mir. sail, Gen. sa(i)lech, cymr. etc. helyg-en ds.; abrit. PN Salico-dūnon, gall. PN Salicilla; ahd. sal(a)ha, mhd. salhe, nhd. Salweide; ags. sealh m., aisl. selja `a willow-tree, willow, sallow' (*salhjōn).

Maybe alb. (*salicus) shelgu `willow' not from lat salix.

References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above.

Page(s): 879

Root / lemma: sal-

English meaning: salt; salty water

German meaning: `Salz, Seesalz'

Grammatical information: Nom. sal, sal-d-, sal-i, sal-u; Gen. sal-n-és

Note:

Root / lemma: sal- : salt; salty water derived from Root / lemma: sū-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese

Material: Old Indian sal-ilá- n. `sea, Meeresflut' (`*das Salzige'), sal-ilá- `salzig'; arm. aɫ `salt' (i-stem), aɫt (i-stem) `Salzlager, salt', aɫi `salzig' (out of it is the river name ῝Αλυς grözisiert);

gr. ἅλς, Gen. ἁλός m. `salt', f. `Salzflut, sea', Dat. Pl. ἅλασι; Pl. ἅλες also `Witz', as lat. salēs, ἅλιος `marinus', ἀλιεύς `Seemann, fisherman'; ἁλυκός `jönger', ἁλικός `salzig'; stem ἁλι- stets in compound ἁλι-πόρφυρος, ἁλι-μυρήεις (ἁλος-ύδνη contains den Gen. ἁλός); ἅλμη `sea waters, salinity, sharpness' (therefrom ἁλμυρός `salty, bitter, sharp'); alb. ngjelbëtë, ngjelmëtë `salty', njelm `be salty' (-mo- as in gr. ἅλμη);

gjellë (*ghala) `food', gjallë `alive, fresh meat', gjallesë `creature to be eaten' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

Maybe alb. helm `poison, bitter' preservation of the old laryngeal

illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa; lat. sāl, sălis m., altlat. also Nom. sale n. `salt'; umbr. salu `salem', perhaps also lat. insula as `ἡ ἐν ἁλὶ οὖσα' (compare gr. ἔναλος `in Meere situated');

maybe alb. (*insula) ishull `island'

air. salann, cymr. halen, acorn. haloin, bret. c'hoalenn, holen (*salei-no-) `salt'; auf *salī-mo- leads probably cymr. heli `sea'; kelt. FlN Sala `Saale', compare Saalach, Nfl. the Salzach; lett. sā̀ls (*sālis); Old Prussian sal is poln. Lw.; lit. sālti `sweet become, sour become', salià `Sößigkeit'; lett. sālīms, lit. žem. sólymas m. `Salzlake' (= cymr. heli); Old Church Slavic solь f. `salt' (*sali-); slav. *solnъ in Old Church Slavic slanъ `salzig'; Old Prussian saltan n. `bacon', slav. *soltь f. in russ. solotь `swamp, marsh', Old Church Slavic slatina `ἅλμη', serb. slativa `Salzquelle', čech. slatina `moor, fen' etc.; toch. A sāle, В sālyiye `salt'.

with dem d- of idg. Nom. Sg. n. *sal-d-: illyr. PN Saldae (Pannonien), thrak. PN Salsovia (*sal-d-t-ou̯-); got. aisl. as. salt, ags. sealt, ahd. salz `salt'; adj. aisl. saltr, ags. sealt, mhd. salzec, nhd. salzig; with zero grade as. sultia, ahd. sulza (*sultja) `Salwasser, Sölzwurst', nhd. Sölze; norw. sylt f. `öberschwemmter Meeresstrand' (but mhd. sol, sul, nhd. Sole `salzhaltiges Wasser' are slav. Lwe.); ags. sealtan, ahd. salzan `salzen' (otherwise weak V. ags. sieltan, aisl. salta); lat. sallō, -ere `salzen', participle salsus (*sald-to-) perhaps with prös.-d-suffix; also bsl. *saldu- `söss' (`*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend') could after a verb shaped sein: lit. saldùs, lett. salds, slav. *soldъk in Old Church Slavic sladъkъ, poln. sɫodki; without -d-: lit. sąlù, sálti `söss become', ostlit. į̃salas, lett. ìesals m. `malt'; the u-stem sal-u- ergibt sich besides from bsl. *saldu- also from gr. ἁλυκός `salzig'.

Maybe Seleiitani Illyr. TN, also alb. (*shile) shije `taste, salty taste', sillë `dinner'.

References: WP. II 452 f., WH. II 465 f., Trautmann 249, Thieme, The Heimat the idg. Gemeinsprache 20, 27f.;

See also: belongs to sal-2.

Page(s): 878-879

Root / lemma: sap-, sab-

English meaning: to taste, to perceive

German meaning: `schmecken, wahrnehmen'

Material: 1. sap-:

av. višāpa (*viš-sāpa) `dessen Söfte poison are'; arm. ham (*săpmo-) `juice, sap, taste';

lat. sapiō, -ere `taste, Geschmack have; after etwas smell; wise sein, sensible sein'; sapa f. `juice, sap', sapor `taste, Leckerei', nesapius, nesapus `ignorans'; osk. sipus `sciens' (*sēpu̯ōs), volsk. sepu `sciente' are neologisms after capio: cēpi; osk. innovation seems lat. sibus `sly, cunning'; mhd. be-seben st. V. `wahrnehmen', aisl. sefi `sense, mind', as. seƀo, ags. sefa dss.; to lat. sapa `juice, sap' stellt sich germ. *safan- `juice, sap (the Baume)': aisl. safi `Baumsaft', norw. sevja ds., sabba `in Schlamm wade', mnd. sabben `geifern', sabbelen `pollute'.

2. sab-:

maybe alb. (*sap-), shap `alum'.

Illyr. sabaium `beer', Sab- in many FlN Italiens, Sabātis (Campanien), Vada Sabatia (Ligurien) etc.; kelt. (ven.ö) FlN Sabis (Belgien);

ags. sæp n. `juice, sap, broth', mnd. sap(p), ahd. saf, sapf, nhd. Saft.

Related to Sabath in Jewish traditionö And to number septa ‘seven’ as the day of Sabathö Sabine ‘Phoenicians in Italyö

References: WP. II 450 f., WH. II 476 f., Pokorny Urillyr. 79, 97, 117.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sasi̯o-

English meaning: a kind of cereal

German meaning: `Feldfrucht'

Material: Old Indian sasyá- n. `Feldfrucht'; jav. hahya- `corn, grain'; gall. Akk. (s)asiam `Roggen' (`secale Taurini sub Alpibus asiam vocant' Plin. H. N.); cymr. haidd `hordeum', bret. heiz `orge'; compare also ved. sasá- `nourishment, food, dish, food, herb, grass, sown field'.

References: WP. II 454, WH. I 72.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: saus-, sus-

English meaning: dry

German meaning: `trocken, dörr'

Note:

The real root was *sa-, su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. It seems that the Root / lemma: saus-, sus- : (dry) derived from Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun).

Material: Old Indian śúṣyati `dries, wilts', thereafter śoṣa- m. (assimil. from *soṣa-) `the drying up', also Adj. `made dry'; av. haos- `dry up, become dry', aŋhao-šǝmna- `not drying'; Old Indian śúṣka- (from *suṣka-), av. huška- `dry';

gr. αὖος (Hom.), αὗος (att.) `arid, dry', αὐσταλέος `scrubby, dirty, filthy', αὐστηρός `harsh, austere'; Denomin. αὐαίνω, αὑαίνω `make dry, desiccate', αὕω `trockne, desiccate'; doubtful gr. αὐχμός m. `aridity, Trockenheit, smut', whether from *sau-k-smo- from a root variant *sau-k- besides *sau-s-, to Old Indian sū́kṣma- `fine, thin, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin'ö common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation

alb. thanj (*sausni̯ō) `dry';

Note:

Common alb. s > th phonetic mutation

lat. sūdus `dry, cheerful' (*suz-do-), sūdum `cloudless, bright, clear, serene'; different M. Mayrhofer KZ. 73, 117;

Note:

This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-, su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. Latin preserved the rudeiment of the -dor suffix, otherwise lat. cognate evolved according to illyr.-alb. phonetic mutation (*sausni̯ō > saunus) sūdus `dry' [common alb. n > nd phonetic shift]

ags. sēar, mnd. sōr `dry', norw. søyr ds., ahd. sōrēn `wilt';

lit. saũsas `dry', saũsti `dry become', saũsinti `make dry', sùsti `become scabby', sùskis `leprosy, scabies' (: Old Indian śúṣka-); lett. sust `become dry'; Old Church Slavic suchъ `dry', sušiti `make dry', sъchnǫti `become dry'.

References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f., Frisk 188 f., 192 f.

Page(s): 880-881

Root / lemma: sāg-

English meaning: to track, trail; to feel, smell

German meaning: `(witternd) nachspören'

Grammatical information: (: *sǝg-) bildet athemat. Wurzelprösens

Note: previous Jögerwort

Material: Gr. ἡγέομαι, dor. ἁ̄γέομαι `gehe voran, lead, guide', nachhom. `glaube, meine', ἡγεμών, ἡγήτωρ `Anföhrer';

lat. sāgiō, -īre `acute sentire, spören, ahnen', sāgus `wahrsagend, prophetisch, zauberisch', sāga `Wahrsagerin' (but sagana `Zauberin' from gr. *σαγάνη); sāgāx, -ācis `sharp, witternd;sharp witted, shrewd';

air. saigim `go a thing after, search, seek' (zur 3. Pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606 ff.), cymr. haeddu `verdienen', cy-r-haedd `reach' and likewise; here probably die ir. Denominativa auf -aigim (cymr. -haaf); air. sār m. `Krönkung, iniuria' (*sag-ro-), verbal noun sārugud (*sagro-sagitus): mcymr. sayrhaed f., ncymr. sarhad `insult' (ir. Lw.);

got. sōkjan (= lat. sāgiō) `suchen, disputieren', aisl. sø̄kja `suchen, assail', ags. sǣcan ds., ahd. suohhen `suchen', got. sōkns `Untersuchung, Streitfrage', ags. sōcn f. `Untersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit'; ablaut. got. sakan, sōk `sich quarrel, quarrel, squabble', gasakan `threaten, punish, curse, öberföhren', ahd. (etc.) sahhan `rebuke, reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten', aisl.sǫk `Rechtssache, lament, thing, Ursache', ags. sacu f. `Rechtshandel, Verfolgung, fight', ahd. sahha `fight, Gerichtshandel, thing' etc.;

aisl. saka `wail, harm', sātt, sǣtt f., (*sahti-) `comparison, peace', (> ags. seht ds.), sāttr (*sahta-R) `versöhnt'; got. in-sahts f. `Aussage', ags. in-siht f. ds. (*in-sak-ti);

hitt. šak(k)-, šek(k)- `aware, skillful'.

It seems that through alb. intermediary from Root / lemma: sāg- : (to track, trail; to feel, smell) derived Root / lemma: gʷhen-2(ǝ)- : (to hit)

References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41, 222 ff.

Page(s): 876-877

Root / lemma: sāi-

English meaning: pain, illness, injure, hurt, damage, disable

Material: With formants -mo-: gr. *αἱμωδός (umgebidet from *αἱμ-ώδων) in αἱμωδία `a kind of Zahnweh';

with formants -no- perhaps hom. αἰνός `terrible' with ion.-epischer Psilose (different above S. 10);

with formants -ro-: ahd. as. afries. sēr, ags. sār `schmerzerregend', aisl. sārr `verwundet, schmerzerregend', (finn. sairas `sick' from dem Germ.), Subst. n. got. sair `pain', ahd. as.afries. sēr `pain', ags. sār `wound, pain', anord. sār n. `wound', Adv. nhd. sehr, ags. sāre `painful, öberaus', nhd. versehren;

t-formations: air. sāeth `affliction, disease, malady' (*sai-tu-s), sāethar `affliction, toil, work' (*sai-turo-m); cymr. hoed `affliction';

with formants -u̯o-: gr. αἰᾱνής, ion. αἰηνής `grausig, dismal', eigentl. *σαιF-ᾱνής `with grausigem face (with the eyes and mouth)' (to *ἆνος n. `face' = Old Indian *ānas- n. ds., compare ānana- n. `mouth, face'), through influence of αἰεί also `eternal'; `(doubtful got. saiws m. `sea' (*sǝi-u̯i-), aisl. sǣr, siōr, ags. sǣ, as. ahd. sēo `sea'); lat. saevus `furious, terrible, stern' (alat. also `big, large'); lett. sievs, sīvs `sharp, biting, harsh', also `Jauche, Gerberlohe' and `beim Hanfstoßen gepreßtes Öl', lit. sývai m. Pl. `juice, sap beim Pressen'; lit. šaižùs `rough, sharp' (*saižus).

Maybe alb. (*kēr) ther `hurt, slice, cut, injure' common alb. k- > th- mutation; preservation of the old laryngyeal.

References: WP. II 445, WH. II 462 f., Trautmann 261.

Page(s): 877

Root / lemma: sā̆lo-

English meaning: to wave, *sea

German meaning: etwa `wogend'

Material: Illyr. FlN Salon; lat. salum (and salus Ennius) `restless sea swell, river current, the open sea, high sea, main, deep'; mir. sal under sā(i)le m. `sea'; gall. FlN Salia `Seille' = air. Sa(i)le (Schottland) = abrit. *Salia > *Halia > mengl. Hail = hispan. Salia etc.; *Salantia `Salence' (Switzerland): Old Prussian salus `Regenbach', lit. FlN Salantas.

References: WP. II 454, WH. II 471, Krahe BzNf. 3, 242.

Page(s): 879-880

Root / lemma: sāno-s

English meaning: healthy

German meaning: `gesund, heil'ö

Material: Lat. sānus `fit, healthy, heil', sānō, -āre `heal, cure'; umbr. sanes Abl. `sound, whole, healthy, well', is doubtfully positioned to the root *sā- `give satisfaction, gratify, satiates, satiate'.

Maybe alb. (*sānare) shëronj `cure' [rhotacism n/r], shëndet`health' : lat. `sanitas soundness of body, health'.

References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25, 218 f.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sā-ti-

See also: s. sā-.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl-, (*sweĝhu̯el-)

English meaning: sun

German meaning: `Sonne'

Note:

Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl-, (*seĝhu̯el-): `sun' derived from a compound of Root / lemma: se- : `reflexive pronoun' + Root / lemma: ĝhel-1 (and ghel-ö), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ- : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- (*ĝhwel-): `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun'

Note: next to which su̯en-, sun-, thus of old l/n-stem; su̯el- `smolder, burn' is probably identical with it

Material:

Note:

Oldest cognate illyr.-alb. (*ĝhel-) diell `sun' [alb.-illyr. ĝh- > d- shift];

Phonetic evidence: see Root / lemma: gʷel-1 : `to stick; pain, death': gr. δέλλιθες `Wespen', Hes.; βελόνη f. `Spitze, Nadel', ὀξυβελής ὀιστός Hom.; aber βέλος n. `Geschoß' wohl eher zu βάλλω, s. öber den sekundören Zusammenschluß mit letzterer Sippe unter 2. gʷel- `herabtröufeln; werfen'; uber ὀβελός, ὀβολός, ark. dor. ὀδελός `Spitze, Bratspieß, Mönze' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295;

gr. Kret. (*seĝhu̯el-) ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος), gr. hom. (*heuu̯̯eli-os) ἠέλιος, att. (zero grade) ἥλιος, dor. (*heu̯eli-os) ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος [common gr. -kw- > -p-, -gw- > -b- phonetic mutation] : Old Indian ved. (*suu̯el) súvar, Gujarati surdj `sun' : (*seĝhu̯el-) got. sugil, ags. sygel, sigel from proto germ. *sugila-, as. swigli `bright, radiating' from *swegila-, ags. sweg(e)l n. `sky, heaven, sun', swegle `bright, radiating'.

1. Old Indian ved. (*suu̯el) súvar n. = (zero grade) av. hvarǝ `sun, light, sky', Gen. (*suu̯ela) súraḥ = jav. (*suu̯elio) hūrō, Old Indian sū́rya- (*sūlii̯o-) m. (compare gr. ἥλιος), sūra- m. `sun'; therefrom Old Indian sūrta- `light, bright', Old Indian svárṇara- m. `bright space, ether', av. x ̌arǝnah-, ар. -farnah- `shining fame, magnificence';

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (*suu̯el-a)*suu̯ar- [in names] `sun(god)' (Near-Eastern IA); Av.: OAv. huuarǝ̄ [n] (< *húu̯ar) `sun' (gen.sg. x^vǝ̄ṇg < *huu̯ánh); LAv. huuarǝ (gen.sg. hū < *huu̯ánh, next to hūrō = Ved. sū́ras), Sogd. (Man.) xwr `sun', Middle Persian xwr `sun', New Persian xwr `sun', Oss. xūr / xor `sun'

Maybe Afghan lmar, Waziri lmer, myer `sun' from Old Indian svárṇara- m. `bright space, ether'; Armenian arew, aregak, arev, Singhalese ira `sun'.

Maybe Luvian: (<h̲u-wa-ya-al-li ) <h̲uwayalla/i- `Epithet of the Sun-god'

Maybe zero grade alb. diell (*eĝhu̯el-, ĝhu̯el-)`the sun' common alb. gh- > d- phonetic mutation.

gr. hom. ἠέλιος, att. ἥλιος, dor. ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος, kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) `sun', further formations of n. *sāu̯el to m. -i̯o-stem (compare Old Indian sū́rya-); lat. sōl, -is m. `sun' (from neutr. *sāu̯el about *sāu̯ol, *sāol); cymr. haul, acorn. heuul, mcorn. heul, houl, bret. heol `sun' (*sāu̯el-);

in addition air. sūil f. `eye' from *sūli-, ablaut equally with Old Indian sū́raḥ, and alb. höll, öll `star' (*sūlo- or *sūli-);

Note:

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)], hence alb. geg söni, tosk. syri (*sölni) `eye' : Old Irish (*sāu̯el-) sūil `eye'

Also Estonian silm `eye' : Finnish silmö `eye'

Other alb. cognates (Gjakova dial.) (*huu̯eln) uvill, [Buzuku] (*öviln) yill `star', [Sirmie] Pl. ulini `stars'.

Yet the shift of initial (*su̯e- > de-) is a common alb. phonetic mutation. See Root / lemma: su̯ergh-: to take care of; to be ill. Hence alb. dergjem (*su̯erghi̯ō) `be bedridden, be sick'. Therefore alb. diell `sun' probably derived from a root *su̯el.

got. sauil n. (*sōwila-), aisl. sōl f. (*sōwulā) `sun', aisl. and-sø̄lis, aschw. and-sylis `the sun zugewendet'; doubtful the rune names got. sugil, ags. sygel, sigel from proto germ. *sugila-, ablaut. with as. swigli `bright, radiating' from *swegila-, ags. sweg(e)l n. `sky, heaven, sun', swegle `bright, radiating' from *swagila-;

balt. *sāu̯eli̯ā f. in lit. lett. sáulė `sun';

slav. *sulnika- n. in Old Church Slavic slьnъce `sun' (das -ni- from *ogni `fire');

2. In -en-stem:

av. x ̌ǝng `the sun' (idg. *su̯en-s), Gen. from hvarǝ; got. sunnō (Dat. sunnin, neutr. after sauil), ags. sunna, ahd. sunno, sunna `sun', wherefore as `sonnseitig = södlich' aisl. suðr `south', Adv. `southward', ags. sūðerra, as. sūthar-liudi (`southern people'), ahd. sundar `south', Adv. `southward', mhd. sund `south' etc. (nhd. Söd from dem Nd.).

Gujarati surdj `sun'

Perhaps toch. A swāñce, swāñco, toch. B swāñcai- `ray [of light], (sun) beam' reflect Proto toch. *swāñcai- which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in nuce Pisani, 1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *sunϑa- *`sunny' > `south' and *sunnō `sun' (cf. P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE *suh_aṇto- (a derivative of *seh_awel-/suh_an- `sun') and, with "particularizing" -n-, *suh_aṇtōn-/ suh_aṇten-/suh_aṇtn-. The attested paradigm of Germanic *sunnō reflects a conflation of the o-grade and the zero-grade stems (*suh_aṇtn- > *sunϑn- > *sunn-). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian forms represent a generalization of *suh_aṇten-, further derived by the addition of -ai-.

Note:

The root *suh_aṇten- is an attribute noun created in the same way as adj. and ordinal numbers:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indian saptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑa-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða, lit. septiñtas; also Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language alone.

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare lat. octuāgintā `80'].

That means slav. *sulnika- n. in Old Church Slavic slьnъce `sun' (das -ni- from *ogni `fire') is phonetically equal to toch. A swāñce, swāñco, toch. B swāñcai- `ray [of light], (sun) beam', hence slav. forms were created according to attribute nouns ans are late creations.

Maybe gr. `Απόλλων, -ωνος; various dialectic forms: `Απέλλων (dor.), `Απείλων (kypr.), Α῎πλουν (thess.). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) `sun'. It seems that the sun god `Απόλλων derived from kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) `sun'. The common phonetic mutation in gr. λι > λλ has taken place. Both `Απέλλων (dor.), `Απείλων (kypr.), Α῎πλουν (thess.) and kret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) `sun' derived from the same root *sāhu̯el `sun' where the common gr. phonetic mutation hw > p, gw > b has taken place.

Note:

Khaskura gham (also Indic borrowing surj) `sun', Gypsy Gk kham `sun' : gr. ἀFέλιος reflect gr. -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutation.

Maybe Etruscan avil `year' a borrowing from gr. ἀFέλιος.

References: WP. II 446 f., WH. II 553 f., Trautmann 251, A. Scherer Gestirnnamen 45 ff.

Page(s): 881-882

Root / lemma: sā-, sǝ-

English meaning: satiated

German meaning: `satt; söttigen'

Material: Old Indian a-si-n-vá-, ásinvan `unersöttlich' (places ein Praes. *sǝ-néu-mi, *sǝ-nu̯-ṓ ahead);

arm. at-ok` `full, ausgewachsen'; hač, hačoy `zufrieden' (*sadi̯o-);

gr. thematic present ἄεται `söttigt sich' (Hesiod; *sǝ-i̯ṓ), athematic Wurzelaor. ἄ̄μεναι (Hom.) `sich söttigen'; Aor. Inf. ἆσαι `söttigen' and `satiated become', ἕωμεν (*ἥομεν, Konj. Aor.), Fut. ἄ̄σειν, etc.; ἄ-ατος (*n̥-sǝ-tos) `unersöttlich', ἅδην = böot. ἅδᾱν `bis zur Söttigung, sufficient' (Akk. from ἅδᾱ `Söttigung'); ἁδη-φάγος `voracious', ἁδινός `dense, rich', ἁδρός `dense, reif';öol. ἄσα, ion. ἄση `Übersöttigung, Überdruß, distress' (*sǝ-sā with preservation of σ after δῖπ-σα, δόκ-σα), whereof ion. ἀσάομαι `bin satiated, ekle mich', ἀσάω `öbersöttige', ἄσᾱρος, ἀσηρός `veröchtlich; disgust, repulsion, loathing erregend';

lat. satis `sufficient' (originally Subst. `Söttigung'), Kompar. satius; satietās, syllabisch dissimilated satiās `Söttigung. hinreichende Menge, Überdruß'; satur `satiated' (ro-extension einesu-stem);

air. sāith (*sāti-) `satiety'; sāithech `satiated';

got. Dat. Sg. sōÞa (Nom. *sōÞ n. or *sōÞs m.) `Söttigung', post-verbal to gasōÞjan `söttigen' = ags. gesēdan ds.;

Maybe truncated alb. (*gasōÞjan) ngos, ngij `sate'.

got. saÞs, aisl. saðr, as. sad, ahd. sat `satiated', ags. sæd `satiated, öberdrössig', eng. sad `grieving, ernst'; derived aisl. seðja, mhd. seten, setten `sattigen' and ags. sadian `satiated become', ahd. satōn `söttigen';

lit. sótis f. `Söttigung', sōtùs `satiated', post-verbal to sótinti `söttigen'; Old Church Slavic sуtъ `satiated' (with unclear y).

References: WP. II 444 f., 452; WH. II 481 f., Trautmann 250; Wissmann, The öltesten Postverbalia 67 f.;

See also: s. also sāno-s.

Page(s): 876

Root / lemma: sed-

English meaning: to sit

German meaning: `sitzen'

Grammatical information: originally only aoristisch, punctual `sich place' (Old Indian), later as duratives stative verb with ē-suffix `sit' (lat. germ. balto-slav.)

Material: 1. Old Indian sad- (sátsi, ásadat, Pf. sasā́da, sēdimá, sēdivás-, compare av. hazdyā-t Opt.);

av. ap. had- (with Pröverbien) `sich place' (nišaŋhasti for *nišasti); Kaus. (lengthened grade) Old Indian sādayati `places', av. ni-šāδayeiti `lößt niedersitzen, places low, base', ap. niyašādayam `I setzte';

arm. nstim `sit, put mich' (perhaps i̯o-Praes. *ni-zdi̯ō); hecanim `sit auf, reite' (c from d + aor. -s);

gr. ἕζομαι `sit, put mich' (Aor. εἷσα Hom., ἕσσαι Pind.); Kaus. ὁδεῖν, ὁδᾶν `sell', eigentl. `place' (Specht KZ. 62, 51);

lat. sedeō, -ēre, sēdi `sit' (present due to of originally außerprös. stem sedē-; Perf. from *se-zd-ai), umbr. sersitu `sedētō', zeřef `sedens', andersesust `intersiderit', lat. sēdō, -āre `beruhigen' (perhaps = mnd. sāten `beruhigen', Wissmann Nom. postv. 112, 1); air. sa(i)did (*se(i)did), `sitzt', Fut. seiss (*sed-s-ti), adsuidi `schiebt auf, verzögert, hölt auf' (Kaus. *sodei̯et; otherwise through Denom. suidigud `place' verdröngt); cymr. seddu `sit';

Maybe alb. geg. me shitë `to sell in a place'

aisl. sit, Inf. sitia, as. sittiu, ahd. sizzu `sit' (= ἕζομαι, πι-έζω; got. sitan is probably reshuffling from *sitjan; Praet. sat, sētum), Kaus. got. satjan, aisl. setia, ahd. sezzen `place' (*sodei̯ō);

Maybe alb. shëtit `walk slowly over a place'

lit. *sė́dmi and sė́džiu, sė́dime (*sēd-), Inf. sėdė́ti `sit', participle Perf. sė́dęs (as Old Prussian sīdons `sitzend', Old Church Slavic sědъ), Old Church Slavic sěždǫ, sěděti `sit'; besides ě in ačech. seděti (: lat. sedēre); lit. sė́du, sė́sti, lett. sēst (*sēstēi) `sich place', Old Church Slavic sěsti ds. (present sędǫ, see under), Kaus. saditi (*sōdei̯ō) `place, pflanzen', lit. sodinù sodìnti `place, pflanzen';

Maybe alb. sodit `observe, watch from a place'

Old Prussian with (*ŏ) saddinna `places'; Old Church Slavic sędǫ `put mich' (Inf. sěsti) based on auf secondary nasalization of *sědǫ (= lit. sė́du); also Old Prussian syndens, sinda(n)ts `sitzend' shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalprös. 192 f., where Old Indian āsandī́ `seat' to ā́stē `sitzt' (above S. 342 f.) placed wird;

2. forms with i-reduplication:

Old Indian sī́dati `sitzt' (for *sīḍati from redupl. *si-zd-ati, with replacement from ḍ through d after sad-); av. hiδaiti `sitzt'; gr. ἵζω `put' = lat. sīdō `put mich' (*si-zdō), umbr. sistu `consīditō', andersistu `*intersīditō' (*si-zd-etōd);

3. nominal formation:

*sed-to- in Old Indian sattá- `gesessen', av. pasuš-hasta- m. `hurdle (*settlement) for small cattle', lat. ob-sessus etc., aisl. ags. sess m. `seat', compare also lit. participle sė́stas and lit. sóstas m. `seat', Old Prussian sosto f. `bench'; *sed-ti in Old Indian satti- `das Sitzen', ní-ṣatti- `das Sitzen, seat', av. ni-šasti- `Begattung', lat. sessiō `Sitzung', from *sessis; Old Indian sáttar- m. the `Sitzer', lat. ad-, ob-, pos-sessor;

maybe alb. (*sess), shesh `plain, flatness, square'.

Old Indian sádas- n. `seat, place, abode, residence', gr. ἕδος n. `seat'; av. Old pers. hadiš- `Wohnsitz, palace' (idg. -ǝs or -is); lengthened grade aisl. sǣtr (*sātiz) n. `seat, Sommersitz, Alm'; air. sīd `peace', originally n. es-stem, identical with sīd n. es-stem `dwelling göttlicher creature' (compare engl. settlement);

o-grade: air. suide n. (*sodi̯om) `seat, sit' = lat. solium `throne';

noun actionis sē̆d- in: Old Indian Akk. sádam, Dat. sáde, with ē-extension in lat. sēdēs f. `seat'(sēdibus = lit. Inf. sėdė́-ti: 1 Pl. sė́di-me), umbr. sersi `in sēdē'; noun agentis as 2. compound part: Old Indian apsu-ṣád- `the in den Wassern dwells', av. maiδyōi-šāδǝm (Akk.) `the in the Mitte dwells'; lat. praeḫses `Vorsitzender', dē-ses `idle' = air. deïd ds. (i-inflection secondary), to deëss `sluggishness' (*de-sed-tā); with lat. subsidium `Unterstötzung' compare air. fothae m. n. `base' from *upo-sodi̯om, to air. suide;

aisl. set n. `erhöhter bottom', Pl. sjǫt `dwelling', ags. set n. `seat, lair, stall, Sonnenuntergang', ahd. sez n. `seat, seat, buttocks, Belagerung';

cymr. sedd f. `seat' (*sedā); hedd m. `peace' (*sedos); mbret. hezaff `cease', mcorn. hathy ds.; gor-sedd `throne, hill'; eistedd `Sitzen', abret. estid `sedile' (*eks-dī-sedo-), gall. essedum, -a `zweirödriger Kriegswagen' (with *en-, compare gr. ἔν-εδρον, ἐν-έδρα `Hinterhalt', air. in-dessid `insīdit'; skyth. VN `Εσσηδόνες);

gr. ἕδρα `seat' aisl. setr n. `seat, Sitzen':

lok. ἑλλά̄ καθέδρα Hes. = lat. sella (*sed-lā) `Stuhl seat', gall. sedlon `seat', got. sitls, ags. setl n.; ahd. sezzal m. `seat, seat' (*sed-lo-); nsorb. sedlo `seat'; but Old Church Slavic sedlo `saddle' is *sedъlo, compare Old Church Slavic o-sedъlati `satteln', arm. etɫ `place' (in addition auchteɫi `place');

as. sethal m. `Sitzen, seat', Dat. sedle `(to) Sonnenuntergang', ahd. sethal, sedal n. m. `seat, Wohnsitz, site' (idg. *sétlo- from *sedtlo); therefrom ahd. sidilo `agricola', mhd. sidilen `siedeln'; germ. *saðulǝ- in: aisl. sǫðull, ags. sadol, ahd. satul, satal `saddle' is ostidg. Lw. (ö); compare above slav. *sedъlo from *sedu-lo- n.; besides (in ar. geneuertes = renamed, has changedööö) *sed-tlom in av. hastra- n. `congregation, meeting' = Old Indian sattrá- n. `Feier, festival'.

Maybe alb. stol `throne' : lat. solium `throne'.

lengthened gradee formations: Old Indian sādá- m. `das Sitzen', sādín- `(aufsitzend =) reitend, equestrian' (compare also russ. vsádnik `equestrian'), aisl. sāt f. `Hinterhalt', ags. sǣt ds., ahd. -sāza (in place names) `Wohnsitz', mhd. sāze f. `seat, domicile, Hinterhalt', i̯o-Adj. aisl. sǣtr `zum Sitzen geeignet', see above whereof sǣti under `seat, Heuhaufe' = ahd. gisāzi `seat, buttocks'; urbalt. *sōsta- `seat' (*sōd-to-) in lit. sóstas m. `seat', Old Prussian sosto f. `bench', compare aisl. sess n. `seat' above S. 885; Old Church Slavic prě-sěda `insidiae';

with ō: cymr. hawdd `light' = corn. hueth `peaceful' (Loth RC 36, 162);

cymr. sawdd `depth, Absinken';

aisl. ags. sōt `smut' (`Angesetztes');

lit. súodžiai Pl., lett. suõdrẽji `smut', bulg. sážda f., čech. sáze (*sōdi̯o-) unclear air. sūide f., cymr. huddygl, bret. huzel `smut'; Old Church Slavic sadъ `Pflanzung' (*sōdu-);

4. More or less verdunkelte compositions:

Old Indian nḗdīyas- `nöher', nḗdiṣṭha- `nöchst' = av. nazdyō adv. `(spacial) nöher an-', nazdišta- `the nöchste', av. ašna- Adj. `nahe' (*ō̆-zd-na-, participle Perf. Pass., compare full grade Old Indian ā́sanna- `nahe').

ni-zd-os, -оm `nest' (prefix ni- `low, base', or `ein-' as `place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen'): Old Indian nīḍá- m. n. `Ruheplatz, lair', arm. nist `Lage, seat, Residenz', lat. nīdus `nest', mir. net `nest', cymr. nyth `nest, dwelling', corn. neid, bret. nez, neiz ds., ahd. ags. nest n. `nest';

Maybe zero grade of alb. geg. (*neid) me ndejt `to sit' : corn. neid `nest'.

with popular etymology Umgestaltungen lit. lìzdas, lett. ligzda, Old Church Slavic gnězdo `nest'; identical prefix in Old Indian niṣīdati `places sich', av. nišhiδaiti, ар. niyašādayam, arm. nstim, see above;

o-zdos `(ansitzender) twig, branch, bough', see there (ozdo-s); also gr. ὄζος `fellow, servant' from *o-zdos `*Beisitzer'; or rather to B. *sed-ö

pi-s(e)d- `daraufsitzen = press': Old Indian pīḍayati (*pi-zd-ei̯ō) `presses, oppressed, afflicts' (Perf. pipīḍḗ; pīḍā `Druck, pain'), gr. πιέζω `push, press' (*πι-σεδι̯ω).

B. *sed- in the meaning `go', from connection with Pröfixen originated.

Old Indian ā-sad- `hintreten, hingehen, gelangen', ut-sad- `sich zur Seite begeben, disappear', av. pazdayeiti `verscheucht (makes go away, pass over'), av. ара-had- `sich wegsetzen, ausweichen', āsnaoiti (*ō-zd-neu-ti) `geht heran' (see 886 ā̆sna-); gr. ὁδός `way', ὁδίτης `Wanderer', ὁδεύω `wandere'; Old Church Slavic chodъ `gait', choditi `go'; ablaut. šьdъ `gegangen'; slav. ch- from idg. s-probably at first behind pri- and u- originated.

Here perhaps as compound with one to Pron. k̂о-, k̂i̯o- (above S. 609) respective Adv. *k̂i̯e-: av. syazd- `zuröcktreten vor, aufgeben', sīždyamnā `zuröckweichende', siždyō `aufgebend', sī̆ždra- `shy' and lat. cēdo (*k̂e-zd-ō) `schreite einher; weiche, give after', as well as necesse `notwendig', whether (ö) from *ne-kezd-ti-s `es is kein Ausweichen'.

Root / lemma: sed- : (to sit) derived from Root / lemma: ē̆s- : (to sit).

References: WP. II 483 ff., WH. II 507 ff., 511, EM² 917 ff., Trautmann 248, 258 ff., 273.

Page(s): 884-887

Root / lemma: seg-1

English meaning: to sow

German meaning: `söen'

Note: only lat. and kelt.

Material: Lat. seges, -etis f. `Saat', Seia `goddess of Söens' (*segi̯ā); acymr. segeticion `prolis', mcymr. se, he `seed, sperm', he-u, ncymr. hau `söen', hauaf `I sow'.

References: WP. II 480, WH. II 509 f.; compare sē(i)-2 `söen'.

Page(s): 887

Root / lemma: seg-2, nasalized seng-

English meaning: to attach; to touch

German meaning: `heften, sich anhöngen, beröhren'

Material: Old Indian sájati `anhöngen' (with ā- `anheften', compare Perf. sasañja), causative sañjayati `anheften', participle saktá- `anhaftend, angeheftet', sakti- f. `das Zusammenhöngen', saŋga- ds., Old pers. frā-hajam `I liess aufhöngen' (Aryan *sanjanti = slav. sęžetъ), av. vohuna-zga- (spā) `the sich ans blood heftende Bluthund';

mir. sēn (*segno-) `Fangnetz', cymr. hoenyn (*sogno-), umgelautet hwynyn ds.; gallo-lat. sagum (*sogom or *s_egom) `Soldatenmantel'; mnd. mhd. senkel `Schnörriemen', nhd. `Schnörsenkel, Schuhriemen'; lit. sègti `heften', Iter. sagýti, ablaut. sãgas `loop zum Befestigen', sagà f. `agrafe, hook, clasp, buckle'; lett. segt `cover', Old Prussian sagis `buckle, Hufnagel'; Old Church Slavic sęgnǫti `gripe', sęžьnь `Klafter', pri-sęšti `touch' and `swear, vow', pri-sęga `oath'; ohneNasal: Iter. sagati `γαμεῖν', po-sagati, po-sagnǫti `nubere' (auf den Hochzeitsbrauch bezogen).

References: WP. II 448 f., 480 f., 482 f., WH. II 464, Trautmann 252, Kuiper Nasölprös. 195.

Page(s): 887-888

Root / lemma: seĝh-, seĝhi-, seĝhu-

English meaning: to hold, possess; to overcome smbd.; victory

German meaning: `festhalten, halten; einen in Kampf öberwöltigen; Sieg'

Material: Old Indian sáhatē `mastered, is able, endures', sáhas- n. `force, might, victory' = av. hazah- n. `act of violence, robbery', common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : av. -ĝh- > -z- phonetic mutation

Old Indian sakṣa-, sakṣáṇa- `subduer, victor', sáhu-ri- `vast, grand, victorious' (: gr. ἐχυρός, ὀχυρός `strong, secure, of arguments, etc., strong', compare also germ. *sigus-), av. haz- `sich bemöchtigen, acquire' (present *zĝh-ō, e.g. 1. pl. Opt. zaēmā = gr. σχοῖμεν, redupl. *se-zĝh-o-, assimilated av. zaza-, e.g. 3. Pl. zazǝntī, particle Perf. Akt. za-z-va Nom. Sg., za-z-uš-u Lok. Pl.; lengthened grade besides Perf. akt. Old Indian sāsā́ha also Med. sāsāhḗ, participle sāhvás-, present sā́hati, Imp. sā̆́kṣva `be victorious';

Gr. ἔχω (εἶχον, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ἕξω and σχήσω) `hold, possess, have'; hom. ῝Εκτωρ, lesb. ἕκτωρ `Zuröckhalter', ἕξις `Verhalten, Befinden', ἑκτικός `habitual, customary, leidend', ἐχυρός, changing through ablaut ὀχυρός `haltbar, certainly, befestigt' (: Old Indian sahuri-, das originally o-stem war), ἐχέτλη `plough handle, plough stilt' (= cymr. haeddel f. ds. < *seĝhedhlā), ἀζηχής (*ἀ-δια-εχής) `without Einhalt etwas tuend'; of -es-stem εὐ-εξος εὐφυής Hes., εὐεξία `Wohlbefinden', ἑξῆς `the row after' (Gen. eines Adj. *ἑξός), ἑξείης ds.;

o-grade: ἔξ-οχος `salient, superb', Adv. ἔξοχον, ἔξοχα `weitaus', thereafter hom. ὄχα `weitaus', ὄχος `holder, Bewahrer', ὀχέω `hold, stötze; hold from, (er)trage', ὀχεύς `strap, the den helmet festhölt, Spange, bar, bolt';

with ō: εὐωχέω `tische auf, bewirte rich' (lengthening after dem example the compounds); ἀν-, δι-, κατ-, συν-οκωχή (in connection in Perf.-formations, as ὀπωπή produktiv gewordene lengthening);

zero grade: ἴσχω (*si-zĝh-ō) `hold an, have', ἰσχάς f. `Anker', σχεῖν (see above), σχεθ-έειν, -εῖν, -έμεν `hold, stop', ἄ-σχετος `unaufhaltsam; unertröglich (affliction)', σχέσις f. `Haltung, state, status', σχέτλιος `fatigueless, hartnöckig' (`*withstanding'), σκεθρός `concise, genau' (`*eng anliegend'), σχεδόν `nahe, beinahe' (`*sich eng whereof holding'), σχερός `ununterbrochen', ἐπισχερώ Adv. ds., σχῆμα `Haltung, shape, form', σχολή `Einhalten, tranquility, Muße; (wissenschaftliche) Beschöftigung in Mußestunden' (ein with it the changing by ablaut *ἄσχαλος `wer sich nicht halten kann' assumes man as base from ἀσχαλάω, ἀσχάλλω `bin unwilling, ungehalten, angry, irate'); ἰσχύ̄ς, -ύος `strength'(*Fι-σχῡ-ς) to Old Indian vi-sah- `in the Gewalt have';

kelt. PN Segisū(*-ō), Sego-māros, GN Segomō(n), f. Segetā, PN Sego-dūnon, Sego-briga, Segontion, mir. seg m. `strength', cymr. hy `bold'; cymr. haeddel, mbret. haezl, nbret. héal f., `

plough handle, plough stilt' (= ἐχέτλη `plough-handle', see above; a from _e, also (ö) in :) cymr. haer `entêté, pressant', Haer `woman's name', haeru `insure, affirm'; cymr. mbret. hael `cordial, généreux'; cymr. hoel `clavus' (*soĝhlā);

illyr. PN Segesta in Pannonia, Liguria, Sicily;

got. sigis n. `victory', ahd. sigi m. ds., german. PN Sigi-merus, Segi-mundus etc. (idg. neutr.-is- or -es-stem), ahd. sigirōn `win, triumph'; ahd. sigu m., ags. sigor `victory', ahd. PN Sigur-mār (idg. neutr. -us-stem).

References: WP. II 481 f.

Page(s): 888-889

Root / lemma: seikʷ-

English meaning: to spill, pour, draft

German meaning: `ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, tröufeln'

Material: Old Indian sḗcatē, siñcáti (asicat) `gießt from, begießt', sḗka- m. `Guß, Erguß, Besprengung', praseka- m. `Erguß, Ausguß'; av. haēk-, hinčaiti (hičaiti) `gießt from', fra-šaēkǝm Absolutiv `beimVergießen', hixra- n. `flössiges Exkrement';

gr. ἷξαι διηθῆσαι Hes., ion. ἰκμάς `dampness', ἰκμαλέος `humid, wet', ἰκμαίνω `benetze', τρύγοιπος `Mostsieb';

lat. siat `οὐρεῖ'; siāre is probably from *sīcāre after meāre `mingere' reshaped; siccus `dry';

gall. (goidel. or ven.-illyr.) FlN Sēquana `Seine', GN Sinquātis; FlN *Siparis `Sèvre' = ir. FlN Sechair;

ahd. sīhan `seihen', ags. sēon ds., intr. `ausfließen'; ahd. as. ags. sīgan `tröpfelnd fall, sink, flow', aisl. sīga `low, base or vorwörts glide, slide' (nhd. versiegen for older verseigen after dem Ptc. mhd. versigen), ahd. gisig `palus, stagnum', norw.-schwed. sil (*sīhila-) `Seite' (sila `seihen', wherewith norw. sila `unaufhörlich rain' under likewise probably identical is), ostfries. sīl `Schleuse', mnd. sīl `Schleuse, Ablaufkanal', sīlen `drönieren'; ags. seohtre f. (*sihtrōn-), mnd. sichter, sechter `drainage ditch'; aisl. sīa `Seihe' (schw. Verb sīa `seihen'), ags. seohhe f., ahd. sīha `Seihe' (*sī̆h-u̯ōn-);

mnd. sēge `triefend, blear eyed, bleareyed', mnd. mhd. seiger `slowly or tenacious tröpfelnd, faint, languid, schal', aisl. seigr `tough';

in Germ. also forms with germ. k: ahd. mhd. seich `urine' (ahd. seihhen, mhd. seichen, nd. sēken `urinate, pass water'), ags. sicerian `einsickern', nd. sīkern, nhd. sickern, norw. sikla, schwed. sikkla `geifern; trickle' = nd. sikkelen, norw. dial. sikla `small stream, brook', sīka `seihen', aisl. sīk n. `stehendes water', ags. sīc `watercourse' etc.;

nasallos serb. osjeka `Ebbe' (*sēkā); Church Slavic sьčǫ, sьcati `urinate, pass water', Iter. slov. síkati `hervorspritzen';

besides eine root seikʷ- `dry', die probably about `abrinnen, versiegen = austrocken' mitseikʷ- `diffuse' to unite is: av. haēčayeiti with us `trocknet from' (trans.), haēčah- n. `Trockenheit, aridity', hiku- `dry';

because of seip- lies probably *sei- `drip, trickle, rinnen' the basic.

References: WP. II 466 f., WH. II 531, Trautmann 260.

Page(s): 893-894

Root / lemma: seip-, seib-

English meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble

German meaning: `ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, tröpfeln'

Material: Ahd. sib, ndl. zeef, mnd. seve n., ags. sife n. `Sieb', in addition ags. siftan, mnd. siften, sichten, nhd. (from dem Nd.) sichten, and aisl. sef n. `juncus' (because of porösen Stengels); mnd. afries. sēver m. `mucus, slobber', ahd. seivar, mhd. seifer m. ds. (mhd. seifel m. `saliva' perhaps with germ. p, see below); md. sīfe `marshy Bodenstelle'; serb. sípiti `trickle, fein rain';

in Germ. also forms with germ. p (die den Schluß auf idg. b rechtfertigen): ags. sīpian, mnd. sīpen `drip, trickle', mhd. sīfen (st. V.) ds., schwed. dial. sipa `slow flow, seep, drip', mnd. sīp `Böchlein', here also the germ. name the Seife: germ. *saip(i̯)ō: finn. saip(p)io, ahd. sei(p)fa `Seife'; also `resin', mnd. sēpe `Seife', ags. sāpe f. (out of it nord. sāpa) `Seife', lat. sāpo (germ. Lw.); maybe beside germ. *saip(i̯)ōn- also *sēpon- `tallow, suet (also to Haarförbemitteln verwendet)', das with lat. sēbum `tallow, suet' (probably genuine lat.) was obtainable from idg. *sē[i]bo- `dripping fat' (lat. b would be then the origin of a root form in idg. b); toch. A sip-, sep- `anoint', sepal `ointment'.

Maybe alb. (*sēpon-) sapun `soap', but older cognate zero grade alb. (*seifen) finjë `soapsuds, lye' [the common drop of initial se- sounds in alb. as in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr `father-in-law']

References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;

See also: s. S. 889 under sei-.

Page(s): 894

Root / lemma: sei-, soi-

English meaning: to be damp, to drip

German meaning: `tröpfeln, rinnen, feucht'

Material: With l-formants: FlN: venet. Silis, Silarus, ligur. Silarus, illyr. Silarus (Lukanien), hispan. Sil; mir. silid `drips, flows, allows to flow', contaminated partially by sel- `to move, stir' (see under su̯el-); ags. sioloÞ `sea'; lit. séilė `saliva, slobber';

with m-formants: cymr. hufen `skimmings' (*soimeno-); ahd. nhd. seim `honey', aisl. seimr `honeycomb', ablaut. simi m. `sea', dön. sima av `dribble from', westföl. siǝmern `seep, drip' (as. *simarōn).

References: WP. II 464 f.;

See also: perhaps the base from seikʷ- and seip- `diffuse'.

Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: sek-1

English meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)

German meaning: `abrinnen, versiegen, sich senken (vom Wasser)'

Material: Old Indian á-sak-ra-, redupl. a-sa-śc-át `not versiegend', víṣaktā `eine nicht milk gebende (versiegte) cow'; gr. hom. ἔσκετο φωνή `stockte, versiegte'; (*ἔσκετo, *se-sk-eto, redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized lit. senkù, sèkti `fall (of Wasserstand)', nusèkti `abfließen, dry become', seklùs `seicht', seklė̃, sẽkis `seichte place, sandbank', lett. sekls `seicht', sīku (*sinku, afterwards:) sikt `versiegen', in addition with balt. un from _on das Kaus. lit. sunk-iù, suñkti `absickern lassen', lett. sùcu, sùkt `durchseihe', Iter. sũkât, ostlit. sunkà `juice, sap'; Old Church Slavic i-sęknǫti `versiegen (of water)', prě-sęknǫti `abate'.

Redupl. si-sk-us `dry (= versiegt)' in av. hišku- `dry' (also hiškva-), fem. hiškvī, mir. sesc, cymr. hysb `dry, unfruchtbar', bret. hesp `dry' (*sisku̯o-), air. sescenn `swamp, marsh, moor, fen' (`unfruchtbar'; compare aisl. saurr `moor, fen': ags. sēar `dry'), besides bret. hesk `dry, unfruchtbar', hesken ds., `from a Kuh without calf and milk', heska `tarir', bret. hesquein (besides hespein) ds., corn. beuch heskyz `a dry cow', bret. hañvesk Adj., from a Kuh, die in dem years not calf gehabt hat = mir. samaisc `young cow, zweijöhrige Förse' (*samo-sisku̯ī `die Sommertrockne'), die auf dem fem. *sisku̯ī, Gen. *sisku̯i̯ās based on and vor dem i̯ den case obl. u̯ eingebößt have; unclear is gr. ἰσχνός `arid, verschrumpft, schmöchtig'.

References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper Idg. Nasalprös. 185 f.

Page(s): 894-895

Root / lemma: sekʷ-1

English meaning: to follow

German meaning: `folgen'

Grammatical information: mostly medial

Note: as Terminus the Jögersprache originally eins with sekʷ-2, s. Wissmann in: Das Institut f. deutsche language under Literatur 1954, 142.

Material: Old Indian sácate `begleitet, folgt', sácati, síṣakti, 3. Pl. sáścati (: ἑσπόμην Aor.) ds., av. hačaitē, hačaiti ds., Old Indian sákman-, av. haxman- n. `Geleite, companionship'; Old Indian sākám (m. Instr.) `in Gemeinschaft with, nebst'; av. hakat̃ Adv. `to same time' (solidified Nom. Sg. n. of participle, *sekʷn̥t); Old Indian sáci Adv. `zugleich' (: lett. secö); Old Indian sácā (m. Lok.) `together with, by, angesichts from', av. hačā, ap. hačā `fort from, from - from' (Instr. eines *sekʷo-s `folgend'); zero grade Old Indian ā́skra- (*ā-sk-ra-) `combined', as av. āskiti f., `association' (full grade hačiti- `Begleitung');

because of ar. kh dubious: Old Indian sákhā (sákhi-) `fellow, comrade, friend', av. haxay- (haši-) ds., ap. Haxāmaniš- `᾽Αχαιμένης';

gr. ἕπομαι `folge', Aor. ἑσπόμην (redupl., compare Old Indian sáścati) and σπέσθαι, σπόμενος, ἐπί-σπου; due to eines *sokʷi̯o-s (= lat. socius, aisl. seggr): ἀοσσέω `help, stehe bei' (*sm̥-sokʷi̯ei̯ō), ἀοσσητήρ `Gehilfe'; participle *ἑπτός as base from σουν-επτᾶ-σθαι συνακολουθῆσαι Hes.;

maybe alb. (*sokʷ) shoku m. shoqe f. `friend'

ablaut. ὀπά̄ων `fellow', ὀπάζω `lasse folgen', ὀπᾱδός, ion. ὀπηδός `Веgleiter' (*soqʷā `das Folgen, Gefolgschaft');

lat. sequor, -ī `nachfolgen, begleiten, pursue', participle secūtus (after solūtus, volūtus, for older *sectos = gr. *ἑπτός, lit. at-sèktas `aufgespört, aufgefunden'); īn-sequor `pursue' (: Old Indian anu-sac- `nachgehen'); compare sector, -ārī `eager begleiten', secta f. `Richtlinie, party, philosophische Schule'; secundus (participle Praes.) `the following, zweite';sequester, -tra, -trum, newer -tris, -tre `(*mitfolgend =) vermittelnd, Mittelsperson' (from a n. es-stem -seku̯os derive ); secus (with Akk.) `dense after, nebenbei, gemöß', solidified Nom. Sg. m. eines *sekʷo-s `folgend' (compare o. Old Indian sácā); to secus `after, less good' (from `folgend, zuröckstehend') trat ein jöngerer compounds sĕquius; socius `teilnehmend, Gesellschafter, Teilnehmer, Bundesgenosse';

maybe alb. (*sekʷo-) shkoj `go, follow', shko-zë `beech, (*walking tree)' [-zë alb. diminutive suffix] similar to alb. bredh `fir-tree, spruce', bredh `wander, (walking tree)', (*sokʷ) shoku `friend, follower'.

Air. sechithir (= lat. sequitur) `folgt', sechem `das Folgen', sech (with Akk.) `vorbei an, about - out, namely', cymr. bret. hep `without' (compare Old Indian sácā, av. hačā̆, lat. secus);

ahd. beinsegga `pedisequa', as. segg, ags. secʒ, aisl. seggr `Gefolgsmann, journeyman, man' (*sokʷi̯os);

lit. sekù, sèkti, lett. seku, sekt `folgen; spören, wittern', lit. at-sektas (see above), sekmė f. `Erfolg', lett. (veraltet) secen, sec (m. Akk.) `vorbei, löngshin', (perhaps from *sekeną, *seki = Old Indian sáci).

References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.

Page(s): 896-897

Root / lemma: sekʷ-2

English meaning: to see, show; to speak

German meaning: `bemerken, sehen; zeigen', originally `wittern, spören' and (jönger) `sagen'

Note: identical with sekʷ-1.

Material: Gr. ἐνέπω, ἐννέπω (-νν- verbalism the metr. lengthening) `sage an, erzöhle' (Imp. ἔννεπε, Impf. ἔννεπε, Fut. ἐνι-σπήσω (*skʷ-ē-), Aor. ἐνι-σπεῖν, Imp. ἐνί-σπες, ἔνι-σπες, 2. Pl. ἔσπετε from *ἔν-σπετε), ἄσπετος `unsöglich; unsagbar groß, unendlich', πρόσ-εψις προσαγόρευσις Hes. (: lat. insectiō), θεσπέσιος `wonderful, divine' (originally `from the divinity geoffenbart'), from *-σπέ-τιος; θέσπις, θέσπιος `seer, Weissager' probably Verkörzung from θεσπέσιος; θεσπίζω `weissage'; ἀσπάζομαι `greet' (ἀ- from n̥ `in'); ἀσπάσιος `welcome, erwönscht, erfreut' (*n̥-σπά-σιος);

lat. īnseque `sag an' (= gr. ἔννεπε), also īnsece, с verschleppt from forms as: insectiōnēs `narrationes', insexit `dixerit'; inquam, inquis, -it `sage I, sagst du, sagt(e) er' (inquam Konjunktivform *en-skʷām `möcht' I say'; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-skʷe-t as ἐνι-σπεῖν);

umbr. prusikurent `pronuntiaverint', sukatu `declārātō, pronuntiātō'; k instead of p after forms with Entlabialisierung of *kʷ vor s, t;

acymr. hepp, mcymr. heby(r), cymr. eb(e), ebr `sagte', mcymr. hebu `speak', go-hebu `antworten', cymr. `entsprechen', mcymr. gwrtheb `reaction', cymr. `objection', corn. gorðeby `antworten'; mcymr. dihaereb `proverb, saying' (*dē-ad-pro-skʷo-), air. ārosc ds. (*ad-pro-skʷo-); mir. rosc `dithyrambische Dichtung' (*pro-skʷo-); air. in-coissig (*ind-com-sech- from *sekʷ-) `bezeichnet', tāsc `announcement' (*to-ad-skʷo-), ēcosc `apparition' (*en-kom-skʷo-); mcymr. atteb, ncymr. ateb `Antwort' (*ati-sekʷ-), air. aithesc n. `Antwort' (*ati-sku̯-om), con-secha `zöchtigt', cosc `punishment' = cymr. cosp ds. (*kom-skʷo-m), air. diuschi `weckt' (*di-uss-sechi), air. insce `discourse' (*eni-sku̯-i̯ā), also air. scēl n. `narration' (*skʷetlo-n, from which borrowed cymr. chwedl etc.); mir. scoth f. `word';

ahd. sagen `say' (*sokʷē-), besides germ. *sagi̯ō < *saʒwi̯ō in as. seggian, mnl. segghen, ags. secgan (engl. say), aisl. segja ds., abstract noun aisl. ahd. saga `Aussage, narration' (nhd. Sage), ags. sagu f. ds.;

lit. sekù, sèkti `narrare' (= (ἐν)έπω, inseque), sekimas `das Erzöhlen', sėkmė̃ f. `narration, Sage', sakaũ, sakýti `say', pãsaka `Mörchen' etc.;

Old Church Slavic sočiti `indicate', sokъ `Anzeiger, Anklöger', poln. osoka `accusation, slander' etc.;

older meaning sekʷ- `see' and `show' (see previously above ir. in-coissig, tāsc, auchcon-secha, cosc as lat. animadvertere also `reprove') in: air. rosc m. `eye, look' (*pro-skʷo-);

got. saiƕan `see', aisl. sjā from sēa, ags. sēon, as. ahd. sehan, nhd. sehen; got. siuns `face, Sehkraft', aisl. sȳn, sjōn f. `vision, sight, apparition', ags. sīen, as. siun `sight, vision, eye' from *se(g)wní; Adj. got. anasiuns, ags. gesīene, aisl. sȳnn `visible, obvious, clear', sȳnast `shine, appear, seem' (= `appear'); ahd. (gi)siht `the looking, face, sight', ags. gesiht ds.;

besides from lengthened grade *sē(g)wni-: ahd. selt-sāni, mhd. selt-sǣne `seldom' seltsam (but ags. seldsīene `rare' from -*sa(g)wni-);

hitt. šakuu̯a- n. Pl. `eyes', šakuu̯āi- `see'; toch. A šotre, В šotri `mark, token, sign' (*sekʷ-tr-).

From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *sígá (˜ z-)

Meaning: to look, search

Mongolian protoform: *sigiɣa-

Tungus protoform: *sig-

Korean protoform: *čhắč-

Japanese protoform: *sánk-

Note: ТМС 2, 78, Martin 236, Martin 1996, 27. Kor. *čhắč- is an assimilation < *sVhắč- = PJ *sá(n)kas-.

References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Toch. 69.

Page(s): 897-898

Root / lemma: selĝ-

English meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free

German meaning: `loslassen, entsenden, werfen, ausgießen'

Material: Old Indian sr̥játi, sárjati `entlößt, schießt, gießt', participle sr̥ṣṭá-, visárjana-m `Ausgießung' (sárga- `das Entlassen, Schießen, Gießen' with g through Entgleisung); av. harǝzaiti, hǝrǝzaiti `entlößt, sendet from, schickt from', participle haršta-, harǝzā̆na- n. `das Lassen, Verlassen; Durchlassen, Filtrieren';

air. selg f. `Jagd' (of Loslassen the Hunde, Old Indian sr̥játi śúnaḥ), sleg f. `spear, javelin' (*sl̥gā); acymr. in-helcha `venando', helgha-ti `jage!', mcymr. hely, ncymr. hel, hela `hunt, chase', heliwr `Jöger', acorn. helhwr ds., mcorn. helhys, hellys `gejagt', corn. helfia `Jagen', bret. hem-olc'h `Jagd', di-elc'hat `atemlos sein';

mhd. selken st. V. `tropfend niederfallen, sich senken (from Wolken)', ags. be-sylcan `enfeeble', *ā-seolcan `tröge sein or become', only in participle ā-solcen, solcen `idle, faul', engl. sulky.

References: WP. II 508.

Page(s): 900-901

Root / lemma: selk-

English meaning: to drag; plough

German meaning: `ziehen'

Note: perhaps with u̯elk- to eines originally root su̯elk- to unite, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f.

Material: Arm. heɫg `slow, idle' (compare to meaning zögern : ziehen, ducere tempus); gr. ἕλκω `ziehe', ὁλκή f., ὁλκός m. `pull; das Geschleppte etc. `= lat. sulcus `furrow', sulcō, -āre `pflögen', zero grade ags. sulh `furrow, plough', alb. helq, heq `pull, pull down' (*solkei̯ō);

ahd. selah, ags. seolh, anord. selr `seal, Robbe' as `sich möhsam towing'ö

toch. В sölk- `herausziehen, vorföhren'.

References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sel-1

English meaning: dwelling

German meaning: `Wohnraum'

Material: Ahd. sal m. `dwelling, hall', langob. sala `courtyard, house, edifice, building', as. seli m. `dwelling, hall, temple', ags. sæl n., salor n., `hall, palace', sele m. `house, dwelling, hall', aisl. salr m. `hall, room, house', Pl. `dwelling, courtyard', sel (*salja-) `chalet'; got. saljan `einkehren, bleiben', saliÞwōs Pl. `stop, hospice', ahd. salida, as. selitha, ags. seld `dwelling'; abg. selo `farm, village', selitva `dwelling' (similar formation to got. saliÞwōs); lit. salà f. `village'.

References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.

Page(s): 898

Root / lemma: sel-2, su̯el-

English meaning: beam, board

German meaning: `Balken, Brett, from stems or Brettern Verfertigtes'

Material: Ags. selma, sealma, as. selmo `bed', eig. `das wooden bedstead'; lit. súolas `bench', lit. sìlė `trough, Schweinetrog', lett. sile `crib, manger, trough'; alb. gjolë `Platte, auf die man Viehsalz legt' (*sēlā).

With anlaut su̯-: gr. σέλμα, -ατος (by Hes. also ἕλματα) `balk, beam, Gebölk, scaffold, trestle, esp. Schiffsverdeck, thwart', hom. ἐΰσσελμος `with guten Ruderbönken versehen', σελίς, -ίδος `plank, thwart'; also ahd. swelli, mhd. swelle `balk, beam, Grundbalken, threshold', aisl. svalar f. Pl., aschwed. svali `Galerie', nisl. svoli `block of wood', e-grade aisl. swill f. `Grundbalken, threshold', zero grade ags. syll, aisl. syll ds., mnd. söl, sölle, sille ds.

References: WP. II 503 f.

Page(s): 898-899

Root / lemma: sel-3

English meaning: to take, grab

German meaning: `nehmen, ergreifen'

Material: Gr. ἑλεῖν `to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power', ἕλωρ n., ἑλώριον `booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Hom. booty, robbery, capture'; doubtful lat. cōnsilium `deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel, council meeting, decision'; cōnsulere senātum `gather the senate', then `debrief', root nouns cōnsul, `a consul, one of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, chosen annually, after the expulsion of the kings';

in addition as -u̯o-derivative air. selb f., cymr. helw m. `possession', gall. (Julia) Luguselva woman's name (`*property of Lugus'), wherefore air. ad-selb- `render', to-ad-selb- `allocate, present', to-selb `keep, retain possession of'; perhaps also due to a basis *slēi-: ir. slī̆- in fuil(l)em `interest' (*fo-slī̆-mo-), adroilliu `earn' (ad-ro-slī̆-), -tuillim ds. (to-slī̆-); cymr. dyrllyddu, bret. deleza `earn' (*to-ro-slī-i̯-);

as causative `make obtain' here got. saljan `offer, sacrifice', aisl. selia, as. gisellian, ahd. sellen, ags. sellan `hand over, sell'; the nouns aisl. sal n. `payment', sala f., ags. salu `sale', ahd. sala `Übergabe eines Gutes', sal m. `blessing which is to be handed over according to the testament' must be post-verbal; here Old Church Slavic sъlъ `summoner', sъlati `send'.

Maybe alb. sjel, sjell `bring'.

References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-4

English meaning: to spring

German meaning: `springen'

Material: Old Indian ucchalati `schnellt empor' (mind. from *ud-salati);

gr. ἅλλομαι `spring, höpfe' (*s_eli̯ō), ep. Aor. ἆλτο, Verbaln. ἅλμα `Sprung', ἅλσις `das Springen';

lat. saliō, -īre, -uī (-ĭī), -tum `spring, höpfen', saltus `Sprung', salax `horny, lustful', saltāre `tanzen', salebra `holprige place of Weges' (shaped after latebra); wherefore insultāre;

mir. saltraid `zertritt', verbal noun cymr. sathru `Zertreten', mbret. saotra `Beschmutzen', Vannes sautrein `Zertreten, Beschmutzen';

lit. ãtsala `Wasserlache', sálti `flow', Old Prussian salus `Regenbach'; about lit. salà, lett. sala `island' s. Möhlenbach-Endzelin III 664;

eine p-extension in lit. sal̃pas m. `bay, bosom' = slav. *solpъ in slov. slâp `waterfall, surge'; slav. *selpjǫ, *sьlpati `spring' in Old Church Slavic vъ-slěpljǫ ds., Infin. Church Slavic slьpati.

References: WP. II 505, WH. II 468, Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-5

English meaning: to sneak, creep

German meaning: `schleichen, kriechen'

Material: Old Indian tsárati `slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht' with prefix [a]d-, tsáru m. `schleichendes animal', av. srvant-, sravant- `schleichend, anschleichend' (particle from ar. *tsr-au-, u-extension respectively u-present); so perhaps also arm. solim, Aor. solec̣ay `serpo, repo, delabor, trahor', solun `humi serpens, repens' (*t-sol- with alteration from ts- to s-ö); gr. ἐιλίποδας βοῦς (Akk.) `schleppfößig' (actually `schleichfößig', compare:) εἰλιτενής epithet of the couch-grass, `die sich schleichweise ausdehnende' (metr. Dehnungen for ἑλι-);

Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani

alb. shligë `snake, Natter'; air. selige, mir. seilche (*seleki̯o-) `turtle, tortoise, snail'; air. *selid `slinks, crawls', verbal noun sleith (*sleth from *sl̥tā) `das Beschleichen a schlafenden Frau', intled f. `Fallstrick' (*ind-ṡleth); nir. seilide `snail' (air. *selit from *sel-n̥tī); lit. selù, selė́ti `slink, leise auftreten'.

References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O'Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider WuS. 21, 166 ff.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: sel-6, selǝ- : slā-

English meaning: lucky, luck

German meaning: `gönstig, guter Stimmung; begötigen'

Material: Lat. sōlor, -āri `comfort, lindern, beschwichtigen'; air. slān `heil; fit, healthy';

germ. *sēl- in got. sēls `good, suitable', sēlei `Gute', aisl. sǣll `lucky', ags. sǣl m. f. `luck, Gelegenheit, time', gesǣlig `lucky'. ahd. as. sālig `lucky, blessed, gesegnet', ahd. sālida `Göte, luck, salvation' = as. sālða, ags. sǣlð, anord. sǣld f. `luck'; *sol- in ags. sēlra (*sōliza) `better', Adv. sēl `better';

Auf a heavy basis *s(e)lǝ- : slā- based on die gr. family of *ἵ̄λημι (*σί-σλη-μι) `bin gönstig, gracious', Imp. hom. ἵληθι, theokr. ἵλᾰθι (*σί-σλᾰ-θι), next to which as Perf.-Imp. öol. ἔλλαθι (*σε-σλᾰθι); unredupl. present ἵλαμαι, after dem. redupl. ἵ̄λα- umgeförbt from *ἕλαμαι (ἑ- still in ΏΕλάερα = ἱλάειρα by Steph. Byz.) as also ἱλαρός `cheerful, blithe, glad' from *ἑλαρός; ἰ̄λάσκομαι (*σι-σλᾰ-σκομαι) `make mir jemanden gönstig gesinnt, versöhne'; due to of present ἵ̄λη-, ἵ̄λᾰ- on the one hand lakon. ἵληFος, kret. ἴ̄λεος, att. ἵ̄λεως, ion. ἴ̄λεως, on the other hand hom. ἵλα(F)ος, arkad. ἴ̄λα(F)ος, lesb. ἴλλαος `gönstig, gracious'.

References: WP. II 506 f., WH. II 556.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: selos-

English meaning: swamp, sea

German meaning: `Sumpf, See'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian sáras- n. `wash basin, pond, pool, sea', Sárasvatī f. FlN and GN (to sáras-vant- `abundant in water') = av. Harax ̌aitī, Old pers. Hara(h)uvatī `Arachosien'; Old Indian sarasyá- Adj. `pond, pool-, sea-'; gr. ἕλος n. `marshy lowland, marsh-meadow, depression, backwater', ἕλειος `of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the marsh'.

References: WP. II 507.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: selp- (*ghelp-)

English meaning: fat n.

German meaning: `Fett (Butter, Schmalz)'

Material: Old Indian sarpís- n. `melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat', sr̥prá- `greasy, smooth, sleek, oiled, blank'; gr. ἔλπος (n.) ἔλαιον, στέαρ Hes. and (with φ after ἄλειφα : λίποςö) ἔλφος βούτυρον. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄλπη, ὄλπις, -ιδος f. `oil-bottle'; alb. (*ghelp-) gjalp `butter'; [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

ahd. salba, as. salƀa, ags. sealf `ointment', got. ahd. salbōn, as. salƀōn, ags. sealfian `anoint';

toch. A ṣölyp, В ṣalype `fat, butter, Öl'.

References: WP. II 508.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sem-1

English meaning: to pour

German meaning: `schöpfen, gießen'

Material: Gr. ἀμάομαι `sammle', ἄμη f. `bucket; pail' (out of it lat. ama `Feuereimer', from which mhd. ame, ome, nhd. Ohm `Flössigkeitsmaß'), ἀμίς f. `Nachttopf', ἀμνίον n. `Opferschale', ἄμαλλα f. `fascicle, sheaf'(ἄμιλλα), but ἄντλος, -ον `heap, Schiffsraum, Kielwasser' after Benveniste BSL. 50, 39 to hitt. ḫan- `giessen';

illyr. FlN Semnus (Lucanien);

lat. sentīna `Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche', sentīnō `schöpfe das Wasser from, habe meine Not';

air. sem- `diffuse' in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- `zeugen, produce', verbal noun teistiu `Ausgießen', tuistiu `Zeugung, creation' (*to-uks-sem-tiō) etc.; compare due to a abstufenden inflection -tiō(n)- : -tīn-es above lat. sentīna (originally Adj., scil. aqua); with -d- weitergebildetsend- in abret. do-uo-hinnom gl. `austum', cymr. gwe-hynnu `scoop, ausleeren';

lit. semiù, sémti `scoop', sámtis `dipper', with -el- further formations lett. smel̨u, smel̂t `scoop'.

References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88 f.

Page(s): 901-902

Root / lemma: sem-2

English meaning: one

German meaning: `eins' and `in eins zusammen, einheitlich, samt, with'

Material: 1. With vor dominant Zahlwortbedeutung `eins':

Arm. mi `eins' (*sm-ii̯os); gr. εἷς, ἕν, μία (*sems, *sem, *sm-iǝ), Gen. ἑνός (for *ἑμός or ἁμός after *ἕνς, ἕν) `ein'; μῶνυξ `Einhufer' (*σμ-ῶνυξ), kret. ἀμάκις, tarent. ἀμάτις `once', compounds dor. ἅτερος (att. ἕτερος) `the eine, the other from zweien' (= cymr. hanner, corn. bret. hanter `half');

lat. sem-per `in a fort, always' (*sem = gr. ἕν, compare under germ. sin-); simītu `zugleich', Ablat. from *simītus < *semḫeitus `das Zusammengehen', compare air. emith `tanquam, quasi', cymr. hefyd `also' from *semiti-, to Old Indian sámḫiti-; mīlle `1000' from *smī ĝheslī `eine Tausendheit' (irrig S. 446), compare das in *sm̥-ĝheslom zerlegte Old Indian sahásra-m, av. hazaŋra- `eintausend'; air. cumme `similarly' from *komḫsmii̯o- `ganz the eine, the same'; germ. *sin (i.e. idg. *sem in adv. solidification) `*in einem' = `together' or `perpetual' or `absolutely, very' in as. ahd. sinḫhīun, ags. sin-hīwan `conjuges, Ehegatten', got. sin-teins `daily', as. sin-nahti, ags. sin-niht `ewige night', mhd. sin-gröene, ags. sin-grēne, aisl. sī-grønn `immergrön', ags. sinḫhere `big Heer', ahd. sinḫfluot `big, giant flood', aisl. sīḫvalr, ags. sine-wealt, and. sinu-wel `ganz round' etc.;

toch. A sas m. (komponiert ṣa-), В ṣe (older ṣes in ṣes-ka `allein') from *sem-s; A söṃ f. from *sem; compound form A ṣoma- (*semo-), В somo- (*somo-); Van Windekens Lexique 121.

sm̥- as 1. composition part: Old Indian sakŕ̥t, av. ha-kǝrǝt̃ `once' (about Old Indian sa-hásram see above), gr. ἅ-παξ `once', ἁ-πλόος `simple, just', lat. sim-plus, -plex `simple, just', gr. ἑ-κατόν `ein-hundred' from *ἁ-κατόν after εἷς or a *ἕν-κατον. compare under *sm̥ `in eins together, with'.

With Gutturalsuffixen: gr. ἴγγια εἷς. Πάφιοι (*ἑν-για); lat. singuli `einzelne' (against it sincinium `Einzelgesang' not from *singo-caniom, but popular etymology rearrangement from sicinnium from gr. σίκιννις `Tanz the Satyrn');

with ĝh presumably arm. ez `someone' (*semḫĝho-ö with it hez `mild, rechtschaffen' as `einfach from Sitten' gleichö Pedersen KZ. 39, 414); with k̂ Old Indian śaśvant- `sich gleichmößig erneuernd, eine ununterbrochene Reihe bildend, jeder, all' (from *sa-śvant-, with formants -u̯ent- from idg. *sm̥-k̂o- perhaps `in a Zuge, in a row'); perhaps alb. gjith `all, whole' (*sem-k̂o `from einerund the same kind of'ö).

Note:

Alb. (*ghim- k̂o) gjithë `all, together' : toch. A sas m., В ṣe [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation; also alb. -s > -th phonetic mutations].

With l-suffixes: gr. ὁμαλός `gleich, eben, smooth' (`*in a kind of verlaufend') ablaut. lat. similis `similarly' (*semelis `from ein and the same kind of'), simul, older semol, semul `zugleich' apokopiert from *semeli, next to which after bis, *tris (ter) widened *semlis `once' in semel, umbr. sumel `zugleich' (with the same о as ὁμαλόςö or latter previously after ὁμός from *ἁμαλός umgeförbtö); with reduplication-stem air. samail `Bild, Gleichnis' (proklit. amal `as'), cymr. etc. hafal `similarly, gleich', air. samlith `simul', cosmail `consimilis'; got. simlē `(*once =) einst', ags. sim(b)le, simles, simblon `always', ahd. simble(s), simblum ds., auf a n. *semlo-m `eine time' being based on.

2. s_emo- `someone' = `irgendeiner' (unbetont):

Old Indian samá- `irgendein', av. ap. hama- `jeder beliebige, omnis';

arm. amēn, amēn-ain `alle, omnis';

gr. ἁμό- `irgend ein' in ἀμῆ, att. ἁμῆ `rgendwie', ἀμόθεν, att. ἁμόθεν `irgendwoher', ἀμῶς, att. ἁμῶς `irgendwie', οὐδ-αμός `nicht einer, keiner', οὐδαμῶς `keineswegs'; got. sums `irgend ein, ein gewisser', Pl. `einige, manche', aisl. sumr `a certain, a kind of, as one might say, nonnullus', as. ags. ahd. sum ds.

3. `*in eins = together, with';

sm̥-: Old Indian sa-há, sadhḁ `common, together' = av. haδa, ар. hadā `together', Old Indian satrā́ `together, ganz and gar' = av. haϑrā̆ `together, zugleich, vereint with', Old Indian sádam, sádā `allzeit, stets always' = av. haδa `always', Old Indian sáḫdhrī Adv. `together' (: root *dher- `hold, stop', as also:) gr. ἀ-θρόοι, att. ἁ-θρόοι `in association, gesamt', ἄ-λοχος `consors tori', ἀ-δελφός `couterinus', ἀ-κόλουθος `Weggeföhrte' (from ἁ- through Aspiratendiss). - Old Indian smát `together with', av. mat̃ `ds.; always, immerdar'; gr. ἅμα, dor. ἁμᾶ `in einem, zugleich', ἁμόθι `together'.

som-: Old Indian sám- `together, zugleich with', av. ap. ha(m)- `with' (in connection with verbs and in Zs. with nouns; arm. ham- `with' probably from dem Iran.);

lit. sam-, są- (e.g. samḫdýti `employ, engage', sán-dora `Eintracht', są́-žinė `Gewissen, conscientia'), Old Prussian san-, sen- (sanḫinsle `belt, girdle'), sen (*sem) preposition `with' (idg. *sem); Old Church Slavic sǫ- `with' (sǫ-sědъ `Nachbar', compare Old Indian saṁ-sád- `congregation, meeting'), sǫ-logъ `consors tori', compare ἄ-λοχος etc.;

with Old Church Slavic sǫ- changing through ablaut is *sъn-, sъ (*s_om) e.g. in sъn-iti `convenire', sъ-vęzati `zusammenbinden' as well as sъ preposition `with'; whether lit. sù `with' dazugehört, could es together with Old Church Slavic sъ and gr. ξύν, σύν `with' auf idg. *ksu respectively *ksun zuröckgeföhrt become; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 487⁷.

Von som- derives somo-s: Old Indian samá- `eben, gleich, the same', samám Adv. and preposition `together', samáyā, in same Weise, mitten hindurch', *samayati `ebnet, bringt in order', av. ap. hama- `gleich, the same', arm. omn `whoever' (Meillet Esquisse² 90); about Old Indian simá- `selbst' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;

gr. ὁμός `common; similarly, gleich, eben, smooth', ὁμοῦ Adv. and preposition `together', ὁμό-θεν `from the same Ort', ὁμό-σε `an denselben place', ὅμως `gleichwohl' (ὁμοῖος, natt. ὅμοιος `similarly'); here ὅμηρος (above S. 56), ὁμαρτέω `begleite' (to *ὅμαρτος from *som-r̥-to-s), after Szemerényi Gl. 33, 265 to *er-, above S. 327 f.; air. -som `ipse', air. sund `here', cymr. hwnn `this' (from idg. *somdhe, welches to sondo- reshaped wurde); got. sa sama `the same', aisl. samr, inn sami `the same', samt Adv. `ununterbrocben', ahd. der samo `the same', compare also Zs. as got. samaḫkuns, anord. samkynja `from same gender, sex', gr. ὁμόγνιος ds., Old Indian sama-jātīya `gleichartig', anord. samfeðra, ὁμοπάτωρ, ар. hamapitar- `from the same Vater', aisl. sammø̄ðri, ὁμομήτριος `from the same Mutter';

ein ī-Fem. *somī, *smī `Beisammensein, association, partly also kömpfendes Aneinandergeraten' in Old Indian samīḫká- n. `fight, struggle, battle'; but gr. ὅμι-λος `heap, congregation, meeting, Schlachtgedrönge', ὁμιλίᾱ `Umgang, Verkehr', ὁΏμῑλέω `verkehre' remain far off because of öol. ὄμιλλος, also lat. mīles, compare Szemerényi Arch. Ling. 6, 41; gr. ἅμιλλα `fight, fight, struggle, contention' (*s_em-il-i̯a), ἁμιλλᾶσθαι `wettkömpfen';

in addition with dem Begriffe of friedlichen Beisammenseins, also of Zusammenstimmens aisl. sama `passen, sich schicken'; got. samjan `gefallen, to gefallen suchen', aisl. semja (= Old Indian samayati) `zusammenstellen, unite, einig become um, sort, order, arrange, zustandebringen'; in addition probably germ. *samÞia- in ahd. semfti (Adv. samfto) `bequem, gemöchlich, friendly', nhd. sanft, as. sāfto Adv. `light', mnd. sachte Adj. Adv. `gentle, mild', ags. sēfte (Adv. sōfte) `peaceful, mild', compare in addition esp. Old Indian sāntva- n. `good beschwichtigende words', sā́man- m. n. `ds., Milde, freundliches Entgegenkommen';

germ. *samÞia- is viell. from a tu-stem *samÞu- reshaped, the with Old Indian sāntva- auf idg. *sōm-tu- go back kann;

against it is ags. smēðe, smōð, as. smōði `smooth, eben, gentle, milde' because of westföl. smǫiǝ from *smanÞi originated; got. samaÞ `together', as. samad, ags. samod, ahd. samit (samant with n after saman-), nhd. samt; eine d-derivative in Old Indian samád- f. `fight, fight, struggle', gr. ὅμαδος `Gewöhl, Menschenmenge';

lengthened grade Old Indian sāman-, sāmaná- `peaceful', sāma-gir- `freundliche words redend', sāntva- (see above), av. hāma- `gleich, the same', np. hāmūn `Ebene', air. sām `tranquility' (from `*trauliches Beisammensein'), sāim `peaceful, mild', aisl. sōma (*sōmēn) `passen, geziemen', sōmi m. `honour, Auszeichnung', sø̄mr `proper, fitting', as. sōmi ds., ags. sōm f. `Einigkeit, congregation, meeting', ge-sōm `einmötig, friendly', mhd. suome `pleasant, mellifluous'; abgel. aisl. sø̄ma `sich finden in, Röcksicht nehmen auf, honour', ags. sēman `versöhnen'; engl. seem `befit, shine, appear, seem' is nord. Lw.;

Old Church Slavic samъ `ipse, alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same';

with n-formants: Old Indian sāman-, sāmana- see above; with ŏ-grade probably Old Indian samana- n. `Zusammenkunft, Festversammlung', samanā́ Adv. `together, gleichzeitig, ebenmößig'; got. samana `beisammen', aisl.saman `together', ahd. saman, zi samane, nhd. zusammen; therefrom derived aisl. samna, ahd. samanōn, mhd. samenen `gather, collect', dissim. samelen, nhd. sammeln; with reduplication-stem ir. samain `the festival of 1. Nov. `(actually `Zusammenkunft'), bech-ṡamain `swarm of bees';

eine lengthened grade *sēm perhaps in gall. σο-σιν `dieses' and in n. of air. article (s)aⁿ, preceding from *sin, dieses from *sēm about *sīn; die öbrigen forms are through transference the Endflexion auf eine Adv.-form *sinde (from *sēm-dhe; es lößt sich after Old Indian sa-dha idg. *dhe, odernach ir. suide from idg. *so-de (jo-inflection) = gr. ὅ-δε also idg. *de ansetzen) originated; Demonstr. ir. sin, cymr. hynn go auf den stem *sindo- back and stellen die enclitice form dar.

References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda, Reflections on the Numerals.

Page(s): 902-905

Root / lemma: sem-3

English meaning: summer

German meaning: `Sommer'

Grammatical information: (Gen. s_em-ós)

Note:

Root / lemma: sem-3 : `summer' has certainly derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-2 : ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-: `winter; snow' [common satem IE ĝhe- > se- phonetic mutation]. It seems that the Hittite-Illyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery seems crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans.

Material: Old Indian sámā f. `Halbjahr, season, year' (= arm. am), āi-ṣá-mah `this year' (probably from a Lok. *āiḫsamāi reshaped, see above S. 286); av. ham- `summer'; arm. am `year' (= Old Indian sámā), amaṙn `summer' (*s_em_erom); air. sam (*semo-) and samrad (*s_emo-rōto-, above S. 866), cymr. corn. haf, bret. hañv `summer'; cymr. hafod `Sommerhaus', bret. havreg `Brachfeld', mir. samad m. `Ampfer'; gall. samon[ios] `Sommermonat', samolus `sorrel, Oxalis acetosella', samara `Ulmensamen'; remain far off the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); ahd. sumar, ags. sumor m., aisl. sumar n. `summer'; as `one-year-old animal' aisl. simull `(one-year-old) ox', simi, simir ds., norw. simla `Renntierkuh' (idg. sem-), schwed. somel `Renntierkalb'.

References: WP. II 492 f.

Page(s): 905

Root / lemma: sendhro-, -ā

English meaning: clot, melted metal, etc..

German meaning: `geronnene, sich verdichtende Flössigkeit'

Note: only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. sindr n. `Metallschlacke' and `Hammerschlag' (in addition sindra `Funken spröhen'), ags. sinder ds., ahd. sinter ds., nhd. Sinter, Kalksinter (in addition sintern `durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden'); vermutlichverwandt is norw. dial. sinkla `sich with an Ice crust beziehen' as *sind-kla; serb.-Church Slavic sedry krьvьnyje, russ.-Church Slavic sjadry krovnyja `coagulated Blutmassen', skr. sȅdra `Kalksinter', čech. sádra `Gips' (from *sēndhrā).

References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: sengʷh-

English meaning: to sing

German meaning: `singen, with singender Stimme vortragen'

Material: Prākr. saṃghai `say, instruct'; gr. ὀμφή `voice, Prophezeiung' (*songʷhā), πανομφαῖος `epithet of Zeus'; mcymr. de(h)ongl `define';

got. siggwan `sing, vorlesen, rezitieren', aisl. syngua, ags. ahd. as. singan, singen; got. saggws `song, Musik, Vorlesung', aisl. sǫngr `(kirchlicher) song', ags. sang, song, ahd. as.sang, Sang `chant, song'.

References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wöst (briefl.) belongs prākr. saṃghai to k̂ens-, above S. 566.

Page(s): 906-907

Root / lemma: sengʷ-

English meaning: to fall, sink

German meaning: `fallen, sinken'

Material: Arm. ankanim `fall, weiche, take ab'; gr. ἑάφθη `sank' (ἀσπίς);

germ. *sinkwan in: got. sigqan, aisl. søkkva, ags. sincan, as. ahd. sinkan sinken, Intens. dön.-norw. sakka, ndl. zakken, nhd. sacken `sink'; Adj. *sinhti- in ags. sīhte `sumpfig', mhd. sīht(e), nhd. seicht, alem. sīcht `very humid, wet' (from Wiesen).

References: WP. II 495 f.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: seni-, senu-, (s_eni-), sn̥-ter-

English meaning: for oneself; separate

German meaning: `for sich, abgesondert'

Material: Old Indian sanuḫtár `abseits from, weit weg', sánutara- (ö), sánutya- `verstohlen, unvermerkt' (`*beiseite'), av. hanarǝ `abseits, without'; gr. ἄτερ (ion.) `abseits, without' (*sn̥ter);

as. sundir `without' (= ἄτερ), ahd. suntar `separate' and `but, against it', nhd. sondern (diese meaning from `besides, without'), ags. sundor `for sich, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably', anord. sundr `divided', got. sundrō `for sich, abseits, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably', Adj. mhd. sunder, besunder, nhd. besonder;

lat. sine `without' (probably neutr. *seni, nöchststehend dem ir. sain from *s_eni-);

air. sain Adj. `different, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably' (*s_eni-s), cymr. oḫhan-, aḫhan- `from', gwaḫhan `apart, separated, different', acymr. han `alium'; cymr. hanes `narration' = mir. sanas `mystery, Lispeln' (*sani-stā); corn. hanys `clandestine'; toch. A sne, В snai (*sanai) `without';

The meaning `separate, for sich' lößt connection with dem Reflexivstamm *se-, *s(e)u̯e- to, compare with anlaut su̯-: Old Church Slavic svěně `besides, without' and lat. sēd, sē preposition `sine, without', prefix `without, beiseite'.

References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.

Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: senk-

English meaning: to burn, dry

German meaning: `brennen, dörren'

Note: only germ. and slav.

Material: Ags. sengan, mnd. mhd. sengen `singe' (*sangjan `brennen make'); nd. sangeren `in the Haut prickeln' (eig. `burn'), older ndl. sengel `spark', mhd. senge `Trockenheit, aridity', sinc (-g-) `das Sengen', sungen, sunken `anbrennen', sungeln, sunkeln `knistern', norw. dial. sengra, sengla `brenzlich smell', schwed. dial. sjöngla `singe', isl. sāng(u)r, n. sangt `versengt, angebrannt';

Old Church Slavic prě-sǫčiti, isǫčiti `dry', sǫčilo `oven', russ. izsjaklyj `dry'.

References: WP. II 495.

Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: sen(o)- (*heno)

English meaning: old, *old moon

German meaning: `alt'

Material: Old Indian sána-, av. hana- `old', Old Indian sanaká- `ehemalig, old' (: lat. senex, frönk. Sinigus, gall.Seneca), sanaḥ `vor alters', sánā, sanā́t, sanátā `from alters her, from jeher, stets', sanātána- `eternal, immortal, perennial'; arm. hanapaz `always', hin `old'; gr. ἕνος `old, of previous years', δί-ενος `biennial', ἕνη καὶ νέα `the day before the new moon and the first one of the beginning month';

again gr. ἕνος `old' in contrast to `anew', only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates at the same time the new circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually ἕνη καὶ νέα (sc. σελήνη ; att. since Solon).

Maybe alb. hana `(*old) moon' : gr. ἕνος `old moon' : σέλας n. `brilliance', σελήνη, öol. σελάννα `moon' (*σελασνα ̄), σελαγεῖν `shine'; hence σελ - ήνη `the full-moon' see Root / lemma: su̯el-2 : `to smoulder, burn'.

lat. senex, Gen. senis, Kompar. senior `old, aged'; seneō, -ēre `old, weak sein', senēscō, -ere `altern, hinschwinden', senium `Altersschwöche, zehrende Gemötsstimmung', senātus, -ūs (osk. Gen. senateís) `Senat', senectūs `age', seneciō ds.; air. sen `old', acymr. corn. bret. hen `old man, aged', compounds air. siniu, cymr. hyn; ir. senḫmāth(a)ir (= lit. senḫmótė) `grandmother'; gall. Seno-gnātus under likewise, Seneca; got. sineigs `an old man', sinista `oldest', afrönk. sini-skalkus `the oldest Hausdiener', aisl. sina `grass of the previous year'; lit. sẽnas `old', sẽnis `graybeard', seniaĩ `in the distant past, many years ago, yore, a long time ago', senė́ju `become old' (= lat. seneō).

References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.

Page(s): 907-908

Root / lemma: sent-

English meaning: to take a direction, go; to feel

German meaning: `eine Richtung nehmen, gehen' and in geistigen Sinne `empfinden, wahrnehmen'

Material: A. in geistigen sense: lat. sentiō, -īre, -si, -sum `feel, feel, wahrnehmen', sensus, -ūs `emotion, sense, mind, Gesinnung; opinion', sententia (*sentientia) `opinion etc. `; ahd. sin, -nnes `sense, mind' (*sentḫno-), sinnan `trachten, lust, crave', nhd. sinnen; lit. sintė́ti `think'; Old Church Slavic sęštь `smart'.

Maybe zero grade alb. (*sentiō, entio) ndjej `feel' [typical alb. mutation se- > e-]

B. in eigentlichen sense: av. hant- (present hī-šasat̃, Fut. ni-šąsyā) `gelangen, gelangen lassen'; arm. ǝnt`ac̣ `way, gait', ǝnt`anam `go, fare, journey, hurry';

air. sēt `way', cymr. hynt ds., mbret. nbret. hent ds. (= germ. *sinÞa-), abret. Gl. do-guo-hintiliat `inceduus', acorn. cam-hinsic Gl. `iniustus' (cam- `crooked'), eun-hinsic Gl. `justus' (eun- `gerecht'); therefrom air. sētig `wife, woman' (`Weggenossin', ī-Fem. eines Adj. *sētach); cymr. carrynt (to carr `cart') `way, journey', epynt (to eb-, *ek̂u̯o-) `Pferde-way', dyffrynt `valley' (to dwfr `water'); from *senti̯o-: mcymr. hennydd `fellow', bret. hantez `Nachbar', corn. hynsads.;

got. sinÞs m. `Mal', aisl. sinn n. `Mal', sinni n. `gait, journey' (and as descendant eines*gasinÞja- also `cortege, Unterstötzung'), ags. sīð m. `Fahrt, journey, way, Mal', as. sīð `way, direction', ahd. sind `gait, way, journey, Fahrt'; got. ga-sinÞa `travelling companion', aisl. sinni ds., ags. gesīÞ, as. gisīð, ahd. gisind `fellow', wherefore n. ags. gesīð `Begleitung', as. gesīthi, mnd. (ge)sinde `Gesinde', ahd. gisindi `Reisegefolge, kriegerisches cortege', nhd. Gesinde, aisl. sinni n. `cortege'; ahd. sinnan (see above) also `go, reisen, wander, come'; Kaus. got.sandjan, aisl. senda, ags. sendan, ahd. senten `senden' (aisl. senda also `sacrifice'); *senÞōn Denom. from *senÞa- (see above) in aisl. sinna `reisen, sich worum kömmern, heed', as. sīðōn `go, pull, drag, wander', ags. sīðian ds., ahd. sindōn ds.;

lit. siunčiù (*suntiù ass. to *siuntiù), sių̃sti, lett. sùtu, sùtît `senden, send' (balt. un reduplication-stem _on besides the full grade from got. sandjan).

References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 908

Root / lemma: sen-, sene-, sen(e)u-, senǝ-

English meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed

German meaning: `bereiten, ausarbeiten, vollenden, erzielen'

Material: Old Indian ásanam `I gewann', sanḗma `wir mögen gewinnen'; sanṓti `gewinnt', sanuká- `beutegierig', sánitar- `gainer, victor', participle sātá- `gewonnen', sātí- f. `Gewinnung, acquisition'; gr. *ἄνῡμι, themat. ἀνύω, att. ἁνύω and hom. ἄνω (*ἄνFω) `vollende'; gr. ἀνύτω ds.; ἀανές οὐ τελεσθησόμενον Hes., ἰν ἀνάτοις ἐν ἀπορίαις Hes. (ἄν-ατος `unvollendet'); hom. ἐννεσί-εργος `ἔργα ἀνύων'; ἔναρα `die armament, armor of erschlagenen Gegners' (`*Kampfesbeute'); therefrom ἐναίρω, Aor. ἤναρον `in Kampfe slay', ἐναρίζω `dem getöteten Feinde die Röstung disrobe; in Kampfe slay'; lak. ἐναρσφόρος `τὰ ἔναρα φέρων'; ἔντεα (Sg. ἔντος) `armament, armor'; next to which *ἐντύ̄ς `Zuröstung, consummation' assumed from ἐντύω, ἐντύ̄νω `make fertig, röste to, bereite'; besides τὸ ἔντος steht συν-έντης συνεργός Hes. and αὐθέντης `*with eigener Hand vollbringend: murderer; master, mister';

air. con-suī `seeks to erwerben, makes streitig', cymr. cynyddu `erobern, to gewinnen suchen' etc.;

hitt. šanḫ- `suchen, erstreben, arrogate'; also `fegen' (`*durchsuchen').

References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hitt. 185.

Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: septm̥ (*sek̂ʷh-)

English meaning: seven

German meaning: `sieben'

Note:

Root / lemma: septm̥ (*sek̂ʷh-) : seven derived from a mutated Root / lemma: su̯ek̂s, sek̂s, ksek̂s, ksu̯ek̂s, u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) : six; common gr.-celt. kʷ > p, gʷ > b phonetic mutation.

Material: Old Indian saptá, av. hapta, arm. evt`n, gr. ἑπτά, lat. septem, air. secht n-, cymr. etc. saith, got. ahd. sibun, ags. seofon, anord. siau (-n preserved after one besides *siƀun stehenden sibuni; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m̥-tos dissimilatory erfolgt; whether septun the Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftun or Latinisierung eines echten *sifun is, steht dahin), lit. septynì, Old Church Slavic sedmь (after dem ordinals), alb. shtatë (*s[e]ptmḫti-; abstract number formation as Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70, aisl. siaund `number from 7'); toch. A ṣpöt, В ṣuk(t); hitt. šipta.

Note:

Gr. ἑβδομαδικός `belonging to the week' : alb. javë `week' common alb. -b- > -v- phonetic mutation.

Alb. shtata `seven' from (*s[e]ptmḫti-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indian saptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑa-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða, lit. septiñtas; also Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute suffix -ta is used in the alb. genitive and adjectives.

ordinals: sept_(e)mos in Old Indian saptamá-, npers. haftum, gr. ἕβδομος, dial. ἕβδεμος (die Erweichung derives from a form ἕβδμος, compare Old Church Slavic sedmь), lat. septimus, gall. sextametos, air. sechtm-ad, cymr. seithfed (*sept_em-etos), alit. sẽkmas, Old Prussian sep(t)mas, Old Church Slavic sedmъ; *septm̥-to-s in Old Indian saptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑa-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða (also akzentuell = saptátaḥ; besides ahd. sibunto, as. sivondo, anord. siunde, siaunde), lit. septiñtas.

It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system:

Semitic

East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sab`ah, Saudi sab`a, Yemeni sab`ah, Syrian sab`a, Lebanese sab`a, Cypriot sába`, Iraqi sab`a, Egyptian sab`a, E Libyan `sab`a, N African (Darja) seb`a, Moroccan seb`a, Sudanese sa|b`a, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari söba'a, Maltese sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-`, Ugaritic+ s-b-'-t, Moabite+ sh-b-`-t, Classical Hebrew+ sheba`, Modern Hebrew sheva`, Classical Aramaic+ shi:B^e`a:h, Modern Aramaic shub`a:, Classical Syriac+ shab`a:, Syriac shaw'a, Van shåvå, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-b-', South Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:`, Socotra `yhob^eö, N Ethiopic : Geez+ seb`atu, Tigre sabu`, Beni Amir saba`, Tigrinya shob'atte, S Ethiopic : Amharic söbat, Argobba sa'int, Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ söbattö, Soddo söbatt, Goggot söbött, Muher söböt, Masqan söböt, CW Gurage söbat, Ennemor söBöat.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven, English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sân, Frisian (Saterland) sogen, Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon söven, Emsland ze:bm, Mennonite Plautdietsch söwen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme, Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shìbne, Rheinfrönkisch siwe, Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German siebë, Yiddish zibn, Middle High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau, Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sjö, Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+, Faliscan+ *zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete, Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jèrriais sept, Poitevin sét, Old Picard+ siet, Picard siet, Occitan (Provençal) sèt, Lengadocian sèt, Gascon sèt, Auvergnat sé, Limosin se, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set, Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese sèt, Milanese sètt, Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian sétte, Neapolitan sèttë, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,åpte, Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht, Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ heptá, Greek eftá, Cypriot eftá, Tsakonian eftá, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late, Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian shtatë, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtátë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian evt^hn, Armenian yot^h, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septynì, Latvian septini, Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem', Belarussian sem, sem, Ukrainian s--m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian sétmë, Polabian+ sidêm, Czech sedm, Slovak sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower Sorbian sedym, South: Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sédem, Macedonian sedum, Serbo-Croat sëdam, Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta, Khwarezmian+'bhd, Sogdian+'Bt

Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto ow^é, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo, Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) övd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western Northwest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi haf, Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari höft, Gazi höf, Sivandi höf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf, Sangisari haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh håft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani hawt, Baluchi h^ept, Turkmenistan apt, E Hill hapt, Rakhshani (Western) (h)^ept, Kermanji (S) Kurdish hawt, Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani ha:ft, Kermanshahi höft, Southwest : Old Persian+ Pahlavi+ haft, Farsi haft, Isfahani haf, Tajik h=aft, Tati hæft, Chali haft, Fars höft, Lari'aft, Luri haf, Kumzari haf'ta, Nuristani : Ashkun su:t, Wasi-weri sëtë, Kati sut, Kalasha-ala so:t, Indic : Sanskrit+ saptá, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany (Gypsy) : Spanish estér, Welsh trin t'a: shto:r, Kalderash yeftá, Syrian h.o:t, Armenian haft, Iranian efdá:, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian hate, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina sât, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t, Bashkarik sat, Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot, Dameli sat, Gawar-bati s^et, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot, Western: Marathi sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/ Urdu sa:t, Parya sat, Punjabi s^et, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari (Lamani) saat, Malvi sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t, Khandeshi sa:t, East Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi (Kosali) sa:t, Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang ha:d.

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t, Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e:du, Konda e:ru, Pengo sat, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South : Tulu e:l, Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:l^ö, Kurumba -ö.lu, Toda öw, Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu

Nahali

Nahali sato

Basque

Basque zazpi

Etruscan

Etruscan+ semph

Hurrian

Hurrian+ shindia

References: WP. II 487.

Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: sep-

English meaning: to care of smth.; to honour

German meaning: `sich with etwas abgeben, in Ehren halten'

Material: Old Indian sápati `liebkost, umwirbt, pflegt, betreibt', av. hap- (2. 3. Sg. hafšī, haptī) `(in the Hand)halten, stötzen'; gr. -ἕπω (with ἀμφι-, δι-, ἐφ-, μεθ-, περι-), Aor. ἐπ-έ-σπον, -σπεῖν `besorge, bereite, bearbeite'; ὅπλον n. `tool, appliance, weapon', ὁπλέω `schirre an', ὅπλομαι `bereite mir to' etc.;

in addition idg. *sepeli̯ō in Old Indian saparyáti `veneratur', lat. sepeliō -īre, sepultum `bury' i.e. `venerari sepulcro'.

References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.

Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: serk-

English meaning: hedge, to fence

German meaning: `Flechtwerk, einhegen'ö

Material: Gr. ἕρκος n. `paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence, Wall; loop, noose, snare, Fangnetz', ὁρκάνη `Umzöunung', ὅρκος m., ὅρκιον `oath';

lat. sarciō, -īre `flicken, ausbessern, wiederherstellen', sarctus tectus from a house `geflochten and gedeckt, i.e. vollstöndig', sarcina `bundle, Pack, tragbares Gepöck', sartor `Flickschneider', umbr. sarsite `*sarcītē'; hitt. šar-nin-k- `ersetzen, compensate'.

References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.

Page(s): 912

Root / lemma: ser-1

English meaning: to flow

German meaning: `strömen, sich rasch and heftig bewegen'

Material: Old Indian sísarti, sárati `flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt'; fut. sariṣyáti, Desiderativ sisīrṣati from a heavy basis *serǝ-, compare hom. ῥώομαι `budge me quick, fast, strong, störme an, hurry' from *srō-i̯ō; ein root nouns *sr̥ǝ, in addition Old Indian *sī́r, *sĭráḥ, is die base of ā-stem Old Indian sirā́ and sīrā́ `Rinnsal, stream'; Old Indian sarít f. `stream, brook, river', saraṇa- `running', sa-sr-á- `strömend', sáḫsrḫi- `running, hurrying'; saráyu-, sarayū- m. `name eines Flusses', ар. Haraiva-, av. (Akk.)Harōyūm, np. Harē `river and region from Herāt';

Old Indian sárma- m. `das Fließen', gr. ὁρμή `Anlauf, attack, Drang after etwas', whereof ὁρμάω `treibe an, rege an', intr. `störme hence, worauf los'; in addition ὅρμενον `Salbei' as `die Anreizende', s. Strömberg, Gr. Pflanzennamen 93; αἱρέω `ergreife' instead of *αἵρω (*s_eri̯ō) through influence ofἀγρέω ds.;

Old Indian sará- `fluid', sarā́ `river, stream, brook', gr. ὀρός, lat. serum `the wösserige Teil the geronnenen milk, Molke'; perhaps alb. gjizë (*ser-di̯ā) `gelabte milk, cheese';

thrak. PN Germi-sera `Warmwasser', FlN Σέρμιος; frz. la Sermane (*Sermanna), oberital. Sermenza (*Sermentia), ven. PN Sirmiō (*Sermiō), pannon. PN Sirmium, poln. (ven.) PN Śrem (*Sermo-); illyr. FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); gall. (ven.-illyr.) FlN Sara (*S_erā), Sarāvus `die Saar'; Sar- bildet viele FlN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and Frankreich, also Appellativa (Mantua sariöl `stream, brook' etc.); cymr. FlN Sôr (*Sorā); sor- also in den FlN Old Prussian Sar-ape, lit.-poln. Szarḫupa, lett. Sarija;

mir. sirid (*serīti) `durchwandert, sucht heim, plöndert, verlangt', verbal noun siriud; cymr. herw (*ser-u̯o-) `Landstreicherei', mir. serb `theft';

lit. apsirti `umzingeln', lett. sirt `umherschwörmen, Raubzöge make', sira (compare Old Indian sirā) `Umherstreifer, beggar'.

References: WP. II 497 f., WH. II 525, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 727¹; in addition sreu- `flow', after E. Fraenkel Gl. 32, 33 here gr. ῥέθεα `Nasenlöcher, nose', ῥόθος `Wogenschwall', as well as ῥίς, ῥῑνός `nose' as `die Triefende'.

Page(s): 909-910

Root / lemma: ser-2

English meaning: to guard, watch over, support

German meaning: `sorgend Obacht geben, schötzen, bewahren'

Material: Av. haraiti `hat acht, schötzt'; haurvaiti ds., haurva- `beschötzend, hötend' in pasuš-haurvō spā `die Schafe beschötzender Hund, Schöferhund' (as lat. servō from an u-extension); harǝtar- `Höter, Wöchter', harǝϑra- `nourishment, care, cultivation, Wartung'; hāra- `achthabend, hötend', redupl. hišāra- ds.;

gr. ῝Ηρα `*Schötzerin' from *῝ΗρFα, ἥρως, -ωος (stem ἡρωF-, see above) `*Höter' (ἥρωες `Landesschutzgeister'), `hervorragender, möchtiger man'; servō, -āre `(den Wöchter machen) erretten, receive, unversehrt bewahren', osk. serevkid `auspicio, iussu'; umbr. seritu `servato', anseriato Supin. `observatum' compare ooserclom perhaps `*observaculum' from *serḫtlom;

unclear are Old Church Slavic chranjǫ, chraniti `look after, watch over, keep, preserve, protect', chrana `dish, food, nourishment, food' etc. (see Berneker 397 f.); compare Machek Slavia 16, 191 f.;

as guttural extension here lit. sérg-mi, -u, -iu `behöte, bewache', sárgas `Wöchter', sargùs `watchful, wakeful', Old Prussian but-sargs `Haushölter', absergīsnan Akk. `protection'.

References: WP. II 498 f., WH. II 525 f., Trautmann 257 f.

Page(s): 910

Root / lemma: ser-3, sor-

English meaning: red

German meaning: `rot, rötlich'

Material: Old Indian perhaps in sā́ra- m. n. `Mark eines Baumes (compare lat. rōbur `heartwood'), Festigkeit, power'; with formants -to- lit. sar̃̃tas `fuchsig (from horses'), lett. sârts `red in face'; with formants-bho- lat. sorbum `die rote berry of Sperber-, Vogelbeerbaumes', sorbus `this tree'; schwed.sarf `Rotauge'; russ. sorobalina `rosehip, dog rose, blackberry', lit. serbentà, serbeñtas `black currant' (ass. from *sarbentàö); with formants -g(h)o- russ. soróga `Rotauge, Plötze';

with -k- lett. sarks `reddish';

with -m- lit. sarmóties `sich schömen';

with -p- lit. serpės Pl. `ein gelbes Förberkraut, Serratula tinctoria', sirpstù, sirpaũ, sir̃pti `reif become' (only from Beeren and Steinfröchten, also eig. `yellow or reddish become').

References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht Idg. Dekl. 267.

Page(s): 910-911

Root / lemma: ser-4

English meaning: to put together, bind together

German meaning: `aneinander reihen, knöpfen'

Material: Old Indian sarat-, sarit- `filament' (uncovered), perhaps saṭā `lichen, Möhne, bristle';

gr. εἴρω (*seri̯ō) `reihe aneinander' (hom. only participle Perf. ἐερμένος, 3. Sg. Plusqpf. ἔερτο), ἐνείρω `knöpfe an, reihe an' (: lat. in-serō `föge ein'), ἔνερσις `das Hineinfögen, Hineinstecken' (: lat. insertiō; ti-stem also in praesertim `in erster Reihe, vorzugsweise'), ἕρμα n. `Ohrgehönge', ὅρμος m. `necklace', ὁρμίᾱ f. `fishing line', ὁρμαθός m. `row, chain', presumably also εἴρερον `in Gefangenschaft';

lat. serō, -ere, -tum `fögen, reihen, tie, bind, knot', seriēs `Reihenfolge, chain, row', serīlia `Seile', sors `lot, fate' (probably of Aufreihen the Lose); sera `as bar, bolt vorgelegter crossbar, crossbeam' (ö); osk. aserum `asserere'; air. sernaid `reiht an, ordnet an', subjunctive seraid, verbal noun sreth (*sr̥tā) `Ausbreiten, row' etc. kann also *ster- and *sper- contain; got. sarwa n. Pl. `armament, armor, weapons' (probably `geknoteter, geknöpfter Harnisch', compare lat. sertae loricae), aisl. sørvi n. `kostbares, collar, neckband', ahd. as. saro `armament, armor', ags. searu `armament, armor'; also `Kunstfertigkeit, artifice', as sierwan `insidiari, planen';

alit. sėris `filament, Pechdraht'; hitt. šarra- `break, rupture, divide' (ö).

Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for `geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife, woman' seeks man in aisl. serða st. V. `Unzucht drive, push', sorðenn and stroðenn `muliebria passus' (ags. seorðan is nord. Lw.), ahd. sertan `geschlechtlichen Umgang have', cymr. serth `obscenus', serthedd `obscena locutio'; if ir. serc `love', bret. serc'h `Kebsweib' anzureihen is, is ein westidg. ser- `geschlechtlich verkehren' anzuerkennen; about unsicheres idg. *sor- `wife, woman' s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.

References: WP. II 499 f., WH. II 52 f., Pedersen Hitt. 118.

Page(s): 911

Root / lemma: ser-5, extended serp-

English meaning: sickle

German meaning: `Sichel, krummer Haken'; verbal (only in Lat.) `sicheln, with einem gekrömmten Haken bearbeiten'

Material: Old Indian sr̥ṇī́ f. `sickle', sŕ̥ṇya- `sichelförmig', sr̥ṇi- m. `hook zum Antreiben of Elefanten'; lat. sariō, -īre `die Saat behacken, jöten' (*s_eri̯ō), sarculum `Jöthacke' (*sar-tlom).

Maybe alb. harr `to weed' similar to lat. sarrio (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi `to hoe, weed'. [common alb. s > h shift]; alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal.

With p-extension:

Gr. ἅρπη `sickle' and `ein bird of prey', ἁρπάζω `raffe, raube, plöndere', ἁρπαγή f. `Plönderung', ἁρπάγη f. `rake', ἅρπαξ, -αγος `röuberisch, greedy';

lat. sarpiō and sarpō, -ere, -si, -tum `beschneiteln, abschneiteln', sarmen (*sarp-men), sarmentum `abgeschneiteltes Reis, deadwood'; ahd. sarf, mhd. sarph `sharp, rough, from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel, savage, wild'; Old Church Slavic srъpъ, russ. serpъ `sickle', lett. sirpis `sickle'.

References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153 ff.

Page(s): 911-912

Root / lemma: serp-

English meaning: to crawl, *snake

German meaning: `kriechen'

Note:

From a zero grade of Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived illyr. *nsala `eel' [later alb. (*encheleae > *ensala) ngjalë `eel'], then from the intermediary illyr. root *nsala `eel' derived Root / lemma: sal- : `salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sal-2 : `dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow'.

Also from illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa `water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa- `sea snake' then Root / lemma: serp- : `to crawl, snake'.

Material: Old Indian sárpati `slinks, crawls, goes' (= ἕρπω, lat. serpō), sarpá- m. `snake'; gr. ἕρπω `slink, go', ἑρπύζω `slink, crawl, creep', ἑρπετόν `crawling animal', ablaut. lesb. ὄρπετον `animal' (*sr̥p-), ἕρπης, -τος `lichen an the skin', ἕρπυλλον `thyme' (latinisiert serpullum); alb. gjarpën `snake' (*serpeno-), shtërpínj `all Kriechende'; lat. serpō `crawl, creep, slink', serpēns `snake'.

References: WP. II 502, WH. II 524.

Page(s): 912

Root / lemma: seug-

English meaning: sad, grievous; ill

German meaning: `bekömmert, traurig, gekrönkt, krank'

Material: Arm. hiucanim `sieche hin'; mir. socht m. (*sug-to-) `Schweigen, Depression';

got. siuks `sick', aisl. sjūkr `sick, grieving', ags. sēoc (engl. sick), as. siok ds., ahd. siuh, sioh, mhd. siech `sick, freudlos'; got. siukan `siechen, be sick'; abstract noun got. siukei, ahd. siuhhī, mhd. siuche `Seuche'; mhd. sochen (*sukēn) `siechen, krönkeln', aisl. sokna `sick become'; got. saúhts `Sucht, disease, malady, Krönklichkeit' (*sugḫti-), aisl. sōtt `disease, malady', ahd. suht `disease, malady', nhd. (Schwind)sucht, Sucht (here meaning-influence of suchen); ags. sȳsl n. f. (*sūhḫsla-) `Pein', sēoslig (*seuhḫsla-) `gepeinigt', aisl. sȳsl, sȳsla `Tötigkeit, Amt, Amtsbezirk (from the through Pflichtarbeit ausgelösten Unlust)', sȳsl Adj. `eager bemöht, sorgsam' (*sūsli-R).

References: WP. II 472 f.

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū-

English meaning: juice; liquid, *rain

German meaning: `Saft, Feuchtes'; verbal: `Saft ausdröcken' and `regnen; rinnen', in Weiterbildungen `(Saft) schlörfen, saugen'

Material: 1. Gr. ὕει `it is raining', ὕω `allows to rain' (*sū-i̯ō), ὑετός `heavy rain' (*suu̯-etos, as νῐφετός); alb. shi `rain' (*sū-); toch. В swese `rain', sū-, swās- `rain'; to ὕει perhaps ὕθλος (ὕσθλος, ὕσλος Gramm.) m. `empty gossip' (as though `letting drip monotonously');

Note:

The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-.

Illyr. Savus (*Sou̯os) displays satem characteristics : alb. shiu `rain'.

2. Old Indian sunṓti `squeezes, presses' = av. hunaoiti ds.; Old Indian sávana-m, savá- m. `Kelterung des Soma', sutá- `pressed', sṓma- = av. hauma- m. `Soma'; ahd. sou, ags. séaw `juice, sap', isl. söggr `humid, wet' (*sawwia-); air. suth `juice, sap, milk' (*sŭ-tu-s); here probably also die FlN gall. Save, Savara, -ia and (illyr.) Savus (*Sou̯os).

Note:

Old Indian sávana-m, savá- m. `Kelterung des Soma' : illyr. Savus prove the satem nature of illyr.-alb. Proto illyr. was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum languages.

3. seuḫd- in ags. be-sūtian `smudge', westföl. sot `filth'; aisl. sut `care, sorrow', sȳta `grieve'.

4. Guttural extension: seuk-, sū̆k- and seug-, sū̆g-:

Lat. sūgō, -ere `suck'; lat. sūcus `juice, sap', cymr. sugno, mbret. sunaff, nbret. suna ds., sun `juice, sap', cymr. sugnedydd `pump' (*seuk-n-; cymr. g from dem lat. Lw. sug `juice, sap'), acymr. dissuncgnetic `exhaust, suffer through, endure' (morphologically difficult group); ags. sūcan, ndl. zuiken `suck'; ags. socian (*sukōn) `steep, absorb, suck', gesoc n. `the sucking', aisl. sūga (sjūga) `suck', sog n. `the sucking', ags. as. ahd. sūgan `suck', Kaus. norw. dial. søygja, mhd. söugen `suckle', mhd. suc, soc, g. soges and souc, -ges `juice, sap', ags. sogeða m. `gulp'; lett. sùkt `suck'; Old Prussian suge f. `rain'.

Maybe alb. shushunjë `leech, bloodsucker' : lat. sanguisuga [sangui `blood + suga `sucker'].

5. l-formant: gr. ὕλη `ordure, slime, mud', ὑλίζω `filter, clean'; Old Indian sūra- m. `intoxicating potion'; súrā `alcohol', av. hurā `Kumys' (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from Iranian) = lit. lett. sulà `abfließender Baumsaft' (with ū lett. sūlât `siepen'), Old Prussian sulo `coagulated milk'; ags. sol n. `slime, mud, puddle, slop', ahd. mnd. sol ds., ags. sylian `smudge', as. sulwian, ahd. sullen ds., nhd. söhlen, suhlen `sich im Kot wölzen'; got. bi-sauljan `blemish', norw. søyla ds.

6. seup-, seub-: Old Indian sū́pa- m. `broth, soup'; aisl. sūpa, ags. sūpan, ahd. sūfan `slurp, drink, swig', sūf `broth, soup', mhd. suf, sof `soup', ags. sype m. `soaking up', aisl.sopi m., ags. sopa `gulp', full grade ahd. souf `soup', aisl. saup n. `buttermilk'; ags. sopp f. `sop', mnd. (out of it mhd.) soppe, suppe `sop', ahd. sopha, soffa `broth, also with soaked slices; settlings'; got. supōn `spice' = ahd. soffōn ds. (eig. `dunk into broth'); mhd. sūft m., mnd. sucht `sigh', ahd. sūft(e)ōn, mhd. siuften, siufzen `sigh'; aisl. ags. sufl n. `Zukost', as. suval, ahd. suvil(i), -a `sorbiuncula'; mnd. sūvel, ndl. zuivel `der Buttergehalt der Milch';

Maybe turk. (*sū-) su `water, aqua, juice'

shëroj;

Old Church Slavic sъs-ǫ, -ati, Iter. sysati `suck' probably from *sup-s-.

alb. sisë, thithë `teat', thith (*sis-) `suck' [common alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation]

References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.

Page(s): 912-913

Root / lemma: seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū̆-

English meaning: to bear child; son

German meaning: `gebören'

Material: Old Indian sū́tē (sāuti), sūyatē (sūyati), savati `gebiert, zeugt', sū́ḥ `progenitor', sū́tu- m. `Schwangerschaft' (: *sūtu-s in air. suth), sutá- m. `son'; sūtí- `birth, progeny', súṣuti- f. `leichtes parturition'; av. hav- (hunāmi) `to give birth to children, Kinder zur Welt bringen', hazaŋrō-hunā `eine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt'; air. suth (*sutu-s) `birth, fruit'; cymr. hog-en `girl' (*sukā), in addition hog-yn `Bursche'; due to the Prösentien *sū̆nāmi (compare av. hunāmi) and *sŭi̯ṓ (compare Old Indian sūyatē): idg. *sū̆nú-s and *sui̯ú-s originally `*das parturition, birth', then `Leibesfrucht, son';

Old Indian sūnú- m.; av. hunu-š; got. sunus, aisl. sunr, ahd. ags. sunu; lit. sūnùs; Old Church Slavic synъ `son';

gr. υἱύς (Gen. hom. υἱέος) and (secondary) υἱός `son' (in addition hom. υἱωνός `grandchild, grandson' from *sui̯ō[u]-nó-s), as proto idg. formation erwiesen through tochar. В soyö (A se) `son' and das after dustr `daughter' reshaped arm. ustr `son'; also ags. suhterga `grandchild, grandson, nephew' kann eine corresponding reshuffling after Tochter sein.

In ital.-kelt. Gebiete fehlen diese words for `son'.

Maybe alb. (*tsun) çun `son'.

References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.

Page(s): 913-914

Root / lemma: seu-3 : su- : seu̯ǝ- : sū-

English meaning: to bend, turn

German meaning: `biegen, drehen, antreiben'

Material: Old Indian suváti `places in Bewegung, excited, aroused, animated', sutá- `veranlaßt, angetrieben', prá-sūta- `in Bewegung gebracht, angetrieben, entsendet', nr̥-sūta- `from Mönnern angetrieben', prá-sūti- `Regung', savá- `Antrieb, Anregung, command, order, Belebung; the Anreger, Befehlende', sávīmani Lok. `auf Antrieb, auf Geheiß', savitár- `Antreiber, Erreger; the god Savitar';

av. hav- `in Bewegung place', hunāiti `verschafft, seeks to verschaffen', hvąnmahi (*su̯-en-) `wir suchen to verschaffen'. apavanvainti (*su̯ḫenḫu̯-) `sie lenken ab', mainyu-šūta- `of Geist getrieben', hvōišta- `the höchste, beste; oldest';

air. sō(a)id `dreht, kehrt' (*sōu̯ḫei̯eḫti), ess-ro-so- `mißlingen' (*hinwegdrehen); sua(i)nem m. `rope, cord' (*seu-n-i̯a-mō); lit. siaũras (*seu-ro-) `narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, eng';

hitt. šuu̯āi- `bump, poke, urge, press, push'.

seuḫk-: osset. xurx `wheys, Kösewasser' (ar. *sukra-: lit. sukrùs `*was sich leicht dreht'); lit. sunkalai Pl. `wheys', pã-sukos ds.; lit. sukù, sùkti `turn, wenden', sukrùs `movable, nimble, agile', apsùkalas `Törangel', lett. sukt `escape; to get away', sukata `Drehkrankheit', slav. *sъkǫ, *sъkati (preterit-stem *sukā-) in russ. sku, skatъ `zwirnen, zusammendrehen, aufwickeln', ablaut. Church Slavic sukati `turn' (reshaped from *soukei̯e-, compare russ. sučítь `zwirnen');

References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Lidén KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hitt. 134.

See also: s. also seu̯i̯o- `link' and su̯ei- `bend'.

Page(s): 914

Root / lemma: seu-4, seu-t-

English meaning: to boil, move vividly

German meaning: `sieden, heftig bewegt sein'

Material: Av. hāvayąn `sie schmoren', hāvayeiti `er schmort' (3. Sg. Opt. huyārǝš - Old Indian *suyúr to a present *haoiti after the Wurzelklasse);

in addition germ. *sauÞ- in aisl. sjóða `simmer, seethe, boil, cook', ags. séoðan (engl. seethe) ds., ahd. siodan, mhd. nhd. sieden, aisl. seyð `brausendes water', seyðir `Kochfeuer'; got. sauÞs `sacrificial animal', aisl. sauðr `sheep, also anderes small cattle'; aschwed. sauÞn `Sprudelquelle'; germ. *suÞa- in soð n. `Fleischsuppe, broth';

lit. siaučiù siaũsti `(corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff of corn, grain segregate; play; dash, rage', siuntù, siùsti `toll become'; besides also die meaning `hit' in žem. siũtis `shove', lett. šàust `geißeln'; compare also lit. saũbti `rage, clamor, dash', šaũbti `umhertoben', alit. siaubti `prank pull'; lett. šaulis m. `gate';

maybe alb. (*ši-) shij `thresh, winnow'.

russ. šučú, šutítь `spaßen, joke', šut (Gen. šutá) m. `merrymaker, buffoon', slov. šutec `fool'.

References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.

Page(s): 914-915

Root / lemma: seu̯ǝ-, sū-

English meaning: to let, leave (ö)

German meaning: `(loslassenö) nachlassen, lassen'ö

Material: Gr. ἐάω `lasse' (*ἐFάω), ἔβασον ἕασον. Συρακούσιοι, εὖα = ἔα Hes., Fut. ἐά̄σω, Aor. ἔιᾱσα (to *ἐῖα); zero grade ahd. vir-sūmen, nhd. söumen, verḫsöumen (wöre denominative eines *sū-mó-s `slackening, söumend').

References: WP. II 472, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 682, 752.

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: seu̯i̯o-

English meaning: left

German meaning: `link'

Material: Old Indian savyá-, av. haoya- `link', Old Church Slavic šujь, f. šuja ds.

References: WP. II 472, Trautmann 260;

See also: perhaps as `writhed, crooked, humped' to seu-3 (compare lat. laevus above S. 652).

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: se-

English meaning: reflexive pronoun

German meaning: ursprönglich `abseits, getrennt, for sich', dann Reflexivpronomen

Note: and (after analogy from *t(e)u̯e) s(e)u̯e-

Material: se- and s(e)u̯e- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri; Gen. seu̯e, Dat. sebhei, enklit. Gen.-Dat. s(u̯)oi; adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)u̯o-; se-: se-u̯e- inflectional as te-: te-u̯e `du'.

1. se-: gr. σφέ, σφίν etc., poss. σφός, derive from *σ-φει, σ-φι(ν), die as σφ-ει, σφ-ι(ν) aufgefaßt wurden;

lat. sibī, sē, pöl. sefei, osk. sífeí `sibi' (*sebhei), siom `se' (umbr. seso `sibi' from seiḫpsō `sibi ipsīö'), got. sik, ahd. sih, anord. sik `sich' (*se-ghe), got. sis, aisl. sēr Dat., Poss. got. seins, ahd. sīn etc. `sein' (auf dem Lok. *sei beruhendes *sei-no-s); compare messap.veinan `suam' from *su̯ei-nā-m; Old Prussian sebbei Dat.. sien Akk., Old Church Slavic sebě Dat., sę Akk. `sibi, se'.

2. seu̯e-, *su̯e-: Old Indian Poss. svá- `suus', av. hva-, x ̌a-, ар. huva- `eigen, suus' and zero grade av. hava- ds.; av. Dat. Abl. hvāvōya i.e. iran. *hu̯abya `sibi, se', x ̌āi `sibi';

arm. in-k`n, Gen. in-k`ean, `selbst' (k` from su̯), perhaps iur `sui, sibi', (*seu̯ero- or*seu̯oro-);

gr. ἕ (pamph. Fhε) `sich' from *su̯e, hom. ἑέ from *seu̯e, Gen. hom. ἕο, εἷο, εὑ, εὗ, att. οὗ (*suesi̯o), Dat. οἷ, οἱ, lesb. Fοῖ (*su̯oi) besides hom. ἑοῖ (*seu̯oi), Poss. ὅς, dor. Fός `sein' (*su̯os) besides hom. ἑός (*seu̯os), wherefore ἧλιξ (*su̯ā-li-k-) `of the same age, coeval, fellow';

alb. ve-të (*su̯eḫti-) `selbst', u- Pron. refl. (*su̯ë-), vajë `girl' (*vari̯ā to *su̯o-ro- `relative'), vëla `brother' (see above S. 685);

Maybe Phrygian: vela- f. `family, relatives' (ö) : alb. vëlla `brother'

Note:

Wrong etymology of alb. vajë `girl'

Maybe alb. geg. (*vargha) varza, tosk vajë `girl, virgin' : lat. virga `thin branch, rod' (from *u̯iz-gā), virgō `girl, virgin';

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < rhotacism s/r of Root / lemma: u̯eis-2 : `to turn, bend'.

alat. sovos, from which in schwachtoniger position suos, lat. suus; osk. suveís `sui' (Gen.), súvad `suā', pöl. suois `suis', marr. suam `suam', next to which zero grade umbr. sue-so Lok. Sg. `suō `; lat. sē̆d, sē̆ preposition `without', prefix `beiseite' basic meaning `for sich, without' (Abl. *s(u̯)ed), Konjunktion `but, however'; in addition gr. ἴδιος `privat, eigen', argiv. *Fhεδιος from idg. *su̯ed-i̯os;

got. swēs `eigen', n. `property', ahd. as. swās, ags. swǣs, aisl. svāss `lieb, traut' (as *su̯ēdh-so- or -to- zur root *su̯edh-, see under; mndl. swāselinc `father-in-law, son-in-law, brother-in-law'; to ahd. giḫswīo (see under) the VN Suīonēs by Tacitus, aisl. Svīar m. Pl. `Schweden', svīḫdāi `from selbst gestorben (not getötet)', lengthened grade svē-vīss `eigensinnig', got. swi-kunÞs `apparent, manifest, obvious';

lit. savę̃s, sevę̃s `sui' (Gen.) etc., Poss. sãvas; zero grade Old Prussian swais = Old Church Slavic svojь `suus, eigen'; out of it swojakъ `affinis', etc.

3. s(u̯)e-bh(o)-, su̯o-bho- `from eigener kind of': Old Indian sabhā́ `congregation, meeting, Gemeindehaus' (less good above S. 105); got. sibja, ahd. sipp(e)a etc. `family, Gesamtheit the eigenen Leute' (*seƀjō); germ. *seƀnō- and *seƀnan- `family' in aisl. sjafni m. `love', GN sjǫfn f., VN *Seƀnan-ez >Semnones `Sippegenossen; in addition the VN lat. Sabīnī as `die Sippenangehörigen', Sabelli (*safnolo-), Samnium = osk. Safinim; lat. Samnītes; perhaps ein from den in Italien wohnhaften Illyriern bezogener name with a from idg. o, compare slav. sob-; in addition lengthened grade die germ. Suēbi, ahd. Swābā `Schwaben' (germ. *swēba-, idg. *su̯ēbho- `free, zum eigenen Volk gehörig'); russ. (etc.) o-soba `person', sobь `Eigenart, character', Old Church Slavic sobьstvo `Eigenart, entity', and with su̯- Old Church Slavic svoboda `Freiheit' (originally `state, status the Sippenangehörigen'); zero grade seems Old Prussian subs `selbst'; quite doubtful with e slav. *sebrъ in russ. pá-serbъ `Stiefsohn' and (ö) dem names the Serben and Sorben; with still klörungsbedörftiger nasalization *sębrъ in aserb. sebrь `free Baner', russ. sjabr `Nachbar, friend'; compare Vasmer 2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.

4. su̯ē̆dh-: Old Indian svadhā́ `Eigenart, consuetude, custom, Heimstötte', (av. x ̌aδāta- `about sich selbst bestimmend, immortal' is neuere composition); gr. ἔθος n. `consuetude, custom' (thematic βεσόν ἔθος Hes., lakonisch), participle hom. ἔθων `habitual, customary', Perf. εἴωθα, lesb. εὔωθα `bin habitual, customary' (*sesu̯ōdha), ἐθίζω `gewöhne', lengthened grade ἦθος n. `custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen', Pl. `domicile' (: germ. *swēsa-, if from *su̯ēdhḫsḫo-, see above), ἠθεῖος `traut', ἔθνος `bulk, mass, Völkerschaft' as `family'ö;

lat. sodālis (*su̯edhālis) `Kamerad, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse'; soleō `bin habitual, customary', with l for *dh; suēscō `werde accustomed' (*suēdh-skō);

but got. sidus `custom', ahd. situ, ags. sidu, seodu, aisl. siðr, Akk. Pl. siðu m. `custom' (previously nhd. fem.) not here, da sie i in the root syllable have (Wissmann, Mönchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).

5. t- derivatives: av. x ̌aē-tu- `angehörig', x ̌aē-tāt- `Angehörigkeit, affiliation' (due to eines Lok. *su̯ei-, su̯oi-); Old Church Slavic svatъ `kinsman, relative, relative, Brautwerber', (*su̯ō-to-s, compare serb. svāk `sister's husband', Old Church Slavic svojakъ `affinis'); lit. svẽčias, svẽtis `guest' (actually `foreigner, stranger'; because of svẽtimas `strange', lett. svešs `strange; guest', from *su̯e-ti̯os `for sich, allein stehend, hence out of stehend'; compare lett. sevišks `separate, allein' and gr. ἑκάς (Hes. βεκάς), eigentl. *Fhε-κάς `for sich', compare ἀνδρα-κάς `man for man' and Old Indian dviśas `to zweien'; gr. ἕκαστος (*ἑκασ-στος `for sich stehend') `ein jeder', thereafter ἑκάτερος, delph. Fεκάτερος `jeder from zweien'; hom. ἔτης (Fέτης) `kinsman, relative, friend', el. Fέτας `Privatmann'.

With anlaut *se- (not *su̯e): Old Church Slavic *sětъ `guest', posětiti `besuchen'; gr. ἕταρος `fellow', fem. *ἕταιρα, ἑταίρᾱ, wherefore as neues m. ἕταιρος.

6. other Zugehörigkeits- and Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (compare under eigenen Schlagworten *su̯elio[n]-, su̯esor-, su̯ek̂uro-s, suek̂rū-) are:

Maybe alb. (*su̯elio vëlla `brother (*brother-in-law, sister's husband)'

aisl. sveinn `Bursche, herdsman, shepherd', as. swēn `Schweinehirt' (Bedeutungsanschluß an swīn `swine'), ags. swān `Schweinehirt, herdsman, shepherd', poet. `man, warrior'; lit. sváinis (*su̯oini̯os) `of Weibes sister's husband', sváinė `die sister the wife, woman', lett. svainis `brother the wife, woman'; ahd. (ge)swīo `brother-in-law, sister's husband', mhd. geswīe m. f. `brother-in-law, Schwögerin', aisl. sveit f. `Kriegerschar';

7. Auf a connection from *se- with dem Pron. *(o)lo- beruhendes *se-lo- seems (ö) die base from germ. *selba- `selbst' (-bho- as above in *s(u̯)ebho-), got. silba, anord. sjálfr, ags. self, ahd. selb, nhd. selb, -er, -st in addition ven. sselboi sselboi `sibi ipsi' (= ahd. selb selbo); compare also germ. *selda- `seldom', got. silda-leiks `wundersam' (`from rare, seltsamer Gestalt'), ahd. selt-sāni `seltsam', adv. seltan `seldom' etc. (`seldom' from `for sich, alleinstehend, einzig'); daß lat. sōlus `allein, einzig, bare' a similar idg. connection *sō-lo- entstammt, is possible; after Szemerényi (Word 8, 50) from *su̯e-alo-.

8. Vom Reflexivum in the meaning to divide is the stem su̯e- in particles for `so' from which `as' and `if':

Hom. ὥς (Fως) postpositive `so' from *su̯ō- with suffixalem -s; but ὁτ(τ)ι, att. ὅτις `was also always' (*i̯od-kʷid), hom. ὅππως, att. ὅπως `as' belong to *i̯o- above S. 283 (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 617); osk. svaí, svae, umbr. sve, sue `if', alat. suad (Festus) `sic'; got. swē `as' (relative), swa-swē `as'; got. swa, anord. svā, ags. swā, swǣ `so', as. ahd. nnd. sō; in addition got. swa-leiks, aisl. slīkr, ags. swelc, swilc etc., ahd. solīh, sulīh etc. `solch';

umbr. so-pir `siquis', osk. svaepis, volsk. sepis `siquis', surur, suror, suront, sururont `item' (*su̯ō-su̯ō); alat. sō-c `so' (could have evolved from *su̯ō), lat. sī `if' (originally `so', sī dīs placet), sī-c `so'.

References: WP. II 455 ff., WH. II 457 f., 506 f., 530 f., 552 f., 557, 626 f.; Trautmann 251 f., 291, 294 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 226, 600 f., 606 f.; 2, 577; Mezger Word 4, 98 ff., Benveniste BSL 50, 36 ff.;

See also: s. also seni- and su-.

Page(s): 882-884

Root / lemma: sē̆ik-, sī̆k-

English meaning: to reach for, grab

German meaning: `reichen, greifen (with the Hand)'

Material: Gr. ἵκω (*sīkō), dor. εἵκω (*seikō) `come, gelange, erreiche', ion. att. Inf. Aor. ἱκέσθαι (*sĭk-), Praes. ἱκνέομαι, hom. ἱκά̄νω (*ἱκανFω) ds., ἱκανός `hinreichend, genögend', ἱκέτης, ἵκτωρ, ἱκτήρ `Schutzflehender' (`schutzsuchend after jmdm. langend'); προΐσσομαι `bettle', προΐκτης `beggar', προίξ, προικός f. `gift, present', att. Akk. προῖκα `as gift, free', ἴκμενοςοὖρος `ein gönstiger wind' (with dem man das Ziel erreicht), αἴκτος `unzugönglich'; from idg. *sē[i]k-: ἥκω `bin angekommen, bin da';

contamination from εἱκ- and ἐνεγκ- is ep. ion. ἤν-εικα `ἤνεγκα';

aisl. sār `großer Köbel' = ags. sā `bucket, pail' (*saihaz), aisl. sāld ds. (*saihadla-); lit. síekti `die Hand ausstrecken', seikiù, seikė́ti `with measure of capacity messen', Iter. saikaũ, -ýti; saĩkas, síekas `measure of capacity'; síeksnis `Klafter (as Maß)';

References: WP. II 465 f., Trautmann 252.

Page(s): 893

Root / lemma: sē(i)-1

English meaning: to sift

German meaning: `sieben'

Material: Gr. ἤθω, ἤθέω `siebe', ἠθμός m. `Seihtuch, Sieb'; changing through ablaut (probably ī-) ἱμαλιά̄ τὸ ἐπίμετρον τῶνἀλεύρων Hes., ἱμαλίς, -ίδος `Schutzgöttin the Möhlen' under likewise; (about lat. simila `feinstes Weizenmehl' s. but WH. II 538); mir. sīthlad `das Sieben' (das th from sīthal `bucket, pail'); cymr.hidl, mbret. sizl, nbret. sil `Sieb' from *sē-tlo- = aisl. sāld n. `Sieb' = got. *sēÞl, assumed through karel. siekla, finn. seula `Sieb'; lit. síetas `Sieb' = Old Church Slavic sito ds. (*sēi-to-), lit. sijóju, -ti `sieben'; slav. *sějǫ, *sěti (*sějati) in Old Church Slavic pro-sěati `σινίασαι' serb. sȉjati `sieben', (present-stem *sēi̯a-, preterit-stem *sii̯ā-); alb. shosh `siebe'(*si̯ā-s);

*sēi- `sieben' is probably as `through ein Geflecht fall lassen' eine Sonderanwendung from *sēi- `entsenden, throw, söen, fall lassen'.

References: WP. II 459, Trautmann 254.

Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: sē(i)-2 : sǝi- : sī- : sē- : sǝ- and sei- : si-

English meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semenƛ ɫöṭɛ

German meaning: `entsenden, werfen, fallen lassen, söen'; besides `nachlassen, loslassen, söumen (late, langsam, langdauernd); Abspannung, Ruhe; herabsinkend'; andrerseits `die Hand whereupon ausstrecken, Anspannung, Kraft'

Material: A. `entsenden, throw, söen':

a. Old Indian sā́yaka-, `zum Schleudern bestimmt', m. n. `Wurfgeschoß, Pfeil', m. `sword', sāyikā `Dolch', sḗnā `Wurfgeschoß, spear, lance; Schlachtreihe, Heer', prásita- `dahinschießend (from birds)', prásiti- f. `Anlauf, onrush, Wurf, Geschoß';

b. `söen': Old Indian sī́ra- n. `Saatpflug', sī́tā `furrow' (*die Besöte); lat. serō (*si-s-ō), -ere, sēvī, sătus `söen, bepflanzen, bring forth, zeugen', sătiō `das Söen', sător `Söer'; got. saian (saísō), ahd. sāen, as. sāian, ags. sāwan, aisl. sā `söen' from proto germ. *sējan = lit.sė́ju (sė́ti) ds., Old Church Slavic sějǫ (sějati) ds.; lat. sēmen `seed, sperm' (Sēmōnēs `Saatgötter'), ahd. as. sāmo ds. (m. geworden), lit. Pl. sė́men-s, -ys `Flachssaat', Old Prussian semen `Samen', Old Church Slavicsěmę `Samen'; ahd. etc. sāt `das Söen, Saat', got. mana-sēÞs `(Menschensaat) Menschheit, world'; zero grade cymr. bret. had `seed, sperm', corn. has `seed, sperm', further probably air. sa(i)the (*sǝti̯o-) `swarm, Wurf from jungen animals, brood', cymr. haid f. `swarm, troop, multitude, crowd', bret. hed m. `swarm, swarm of bees' (also `*seed, sperm = Generation, progeny', as got. manasēÞs);

maybe alb. hedh `throw' [common alb. s- > h- shift]

-tlo-formation: lit. sėklà `Saat': with reduplication-grade *sǝi-: lat. saeculum `gender, sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert'; cymr. hoedl `Lebensdauer', abret. hoetl, mbret. hoazl ds., gall. Deae Sētloceniae;

air. sīl `seed, sperm', cymr. hil `seed, sperm, progeny' (idg. *sē-lo-), lit. pasėlỹs `Aussaat, Beisaat'; zero grade in compound: probably got. frasts `kid, child' from *pro-s[ǝ]-tis; perhaps mir. ross n. `(flax)samen';

strittig is die affiliation from gr. ἵημι `throw, cast, sende', see above S. 502.

B. `die Hand wornach ausstrecken; Anspannung, power', presumably from the outlook the forceful zum Wurfe gereckten Hand:

aisl. seilask (*sailjan) `sich strecken, bemöhen'; lit. síela `eagerness', Old Prussian seilin Akk. ds., Pl. seilins `sense', noseilis `ghost'; serb. sȉla, čech. síla `power' (*sḗilā); air. sīnim `recke, strecke from'; lit. ne-seĩ-nyti `not reach'; mir. sethar `strong' (*si-tro), cymr. hydr, abret. hitr, hedr, nbret. hezr `bold'.

C. `kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, slacken, loslassen; söumen; late, slow, sich lang hinziehend; Abspannung, tranquility; herabsinkend';

Old Indian áva-syati, Aor. a-sāt `hört auf, schließt; makes halt, verweilt', áva-sita- `wer sich niedergelassen hat, wohnhaft', avasā́na- n. `place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode, residence; end, death'; sāyá- n. `Einkehr, evening', sāti- f. `decision, end' (Lex.) = av. hāti- `piece, break, section' (`*das Absetzen am Schluß eines Abschnittes'); av. hāϑra- n. `certain stretch of time, Frist'(*`Absatz, ein way- and Zeitmaß');

gr. presumably ἥσυχος `peaceful' (ending as μείλι-χος, from a *sē-tu- `tranquility'; similar t- derivatives see under);

lat. sinō, -ere, sī-vi `lassen, geschehen lassen', dēsinere `ablassen, cease', dēsivāre `ablassen', pōnō (*po-sĭnō, compare participle positus); `place, stellen' (*`low, base-place, ab-place'), situs `stand gelassen; beigesetzt'; sileō, -ēre `rest, cease (e.g. of Winde), schweigen' = got. anasilan `(of Winde:) cease, verstummen' due to eines l-participle *si-lo-; compare ags. sāl-nes `Schweigen' (*sǝi-lo-);

lat. sētius `later, less, less good'; sērus `late' (= air. sīr);

air. sīr (= lat. sērus) `langdauernd, eternal', cymr. corn. bret. hir `long', Kompar. air. sīa = cymr. hwy (from *sē-is), Superl. air. sīam, cymr. hwyaf; mir. sith- `lang, andauernd' (Intensivpartikel), compounds sithithir `also long', cymr. hyd `Lange, Fortdauer, while; usque ad', acymr. hit, corn. hes, bret. hed, het m. `length' (*si-tu-, -ti-); viell. cymr. hoed (*sǝi-to-) m. `Sehnsucht';

got. seiÞus `late', Þana-seiÞs `further, still' (Kompar.-Adv. *sīÞ-iz, as:) aisl. sīðr Adv. `less', sīz `nachdem' (< sīðes), ags. sīð ðām `seitdem', as. sīth, ahd. sīd ds., nhd. seit; aisl. sīð Adv. `late', Superl. sīzt; with the meaning `schlaff herabfallend' : sīðr `herabhöngend, long', afries. sīde `low', ags. sīd `long, wide, breit', ahd. sīto Adv. `laxe'; eine Substantivierung therefrom is aisl. sīða f. `Seite (of Körpers)', ags. sīde, as. sīda, ahd. sīta `Seite' (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under grown); got. sainjan `söumen, hesitate', aisl. seinn `slow, late', ags. sǣnе, mhd. seine `slow, idle', ags. ā-sānian `slack, weak become'; changing through ablaut mhd. senen (*si-nēn), nhd. sich sehnen and schwed. dial. sīna `cease milk to give' (n bare present formant, as in lat. sinō); norw. seimen `saumselig, slow', ahd. lancseimi `slow'; changing through ablaut ags. siomian (*simian) `hesitate, höngen, sich senken', ahd. gi-semōn `harren';

lit. ãtsainus `careless, neglectful', presumably also sietuvà, lett. siet(u)s, sietawa `deep place in river' (perhaps `deep hinabsinkend');

References: WP. II 459 ff., WH. II 512, 522, 526 f., 545 f., Trautmann 253 f., Thieme, The Heimat the idg. Gemeinsprache 25;

See also: compare above S. 887: seg-1.

Page(s): 889-891

Root / lemma: sē(i)-3, -sǝi- : sī- and sei- : si-

English meaning: to bind; strap

German meaning: `binden (also durch Zauber), Strick, Riemen'

Material: Old Indian syáti, sinā́ti, sinōti `binds, binds los' (Perf. siṣā́ya, Aor. ásāt, participle sita-), sayatvá- n. `connection, Befestigung', sētár- m. `Feßler; fesselnd', prasiti- `loop, noose, snare, net, Falle' (lex.); av. hā(y)- `bind, fesseln' (present hayeiti, participle hita-), hita- m. `Gespann';

lett. sìet `bind', lit. siẽti ds., sijà `Bröckenbalken', ãtsaja `Strönge of Pferdes';

hitt. išḫii̯a-, išḫāi, luv. hišḫii̯a- `bind' (Pedersen Hitt. 114 Anm.).

with -bh- formants: air. soīb `deceitful, verlogen' (*soi-bho-), wörtl. `zauberisch', ablaut. sīabair `Phantom, ghost', sīabraid `verzaubert, verwandelt' (*sei-bh-), PN Find-abair f. = cymr. Gwen-hwyfar `Ginevra' (`weißes ghost'); s. Vendryès RC 46, 263 ff.;

With m-formant: Old Indian sīmán- m., sīmā f. `Scheitel, limit, boundary', sīmanta- m. ds.;

gr. ἱμά̄ς, -άντος `strap' (to *ἱμά̄), ἱμάω `pull an einem rope, band in die Höhe', ἱμονιά̄ `Brunnenseil', ἱμαῖος `das Wasserschöpfen betreffend', ἱμάσσω (Aor. ἱμάσσαι, ἱμάσαι) `peitschen'; ir. sim `chain'; aisl. sīmi m. `rope, band, cord', ags. sīma, as. sīmo `band, strap, rope, manacle', aisl.seimr `filament';

With n-formant: av. hinu- m. `band, strap, manacle', ags. sinu, ahd. senawa, aisl. sin f. `sinew' (proto germ. *sinwā, das after dem alteration from nu̯ to nn from sinu- reshaped is), mir. sī̆n `chain, collar, neckband'; lett. pa-sainis `cord', aif-sainis `bundle', lit. síena `limit, boundary, wall', lett. siẽna `wall';

With l-formant: aisl. seil f., ags. sāl m. f., ahd. seil n. `rope, band, rope, manacle', got. in-sailjan `anseilen', ablauteud ahd. silo m. `rope, band, strap', aisl. sili, seli m. `Seile'; lit. àtsailė f. `Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse', àtseilis `das vom Schwengel an die Achse gehende iron'; slav. *sidlo n. (*sitlo-) in Old Church Slavic silo `rope, band', poln. sidɫo `loop, noose, snare';

With t-formant still: Old Indian sḗtu- `bindend, fesselnd', m. `band, strap, manacle, bridge, dam, Grenzzeichen', av. haētu- `dam'; lat. saeta `strong hair, esp. the animal, bristle'; cymr. bret. hud `charm, spell', acorn. hudol `magician' from *soi-to- = germ. *saiÞa- `charm, spell', GN Dat. Pl. Saitchamimi[s], to *SaiÞhamjōz `die through Zauber ihre Gestalt öndern to be able', aisl. seiðr m. `band, strap, rope, band', seið f. `charm, spell'; in addition sīða `conjure, perform magic', ags. -siden f. `charm, spell'; ags. sāda m. `rope', ahd. seito m., seita f. `rope, Fallstrick, Saite'; lit. saĩtas, siẽtas, lett. saĩte `band, strap, manacle, cord', Old Prussian saytan n. `strap'; Old Church Slavic sětь f. `net', sitьce `rope'.

References: WP. II 463 f., WH. II 462, Trautmann 253, W. Wöst Ural-alt. Jb. 26, 135 ff.

Page(s): 891-892

Root / lemma: sē̆k-2

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Grammatical information: unthemat. Wurzelprösens

Material: Alb. shatë `Karst' (*sekti-);

lat. secō, -āre `cut, clip, abschneiden', segmen, segmentum `break, section', secespita `Opfermesser' (ending unexplained), secīvum `libum est, quod secespita secātur' (: Old Church Slavic sěčivo `axe'); secūris `axe' (: Old Church Slavic sekyra `axe'), sēcula `sickle' (kampanisch); with ablaut lat. a:saxum `Felsstöck' (compare to meaning rupes: rumpō, nhd. Schere `Кlippe': scheren, zur form ahd. sahs `knife', Old Church Slavic socha; lat. a seems reduplication-grade _o besides о in ahd. sahs), perhaps sacēna, scēna `die hoe the Pontifices' (*sakes-nā); asignae `κρέα μεριζόμενα' (*an-sek-nā), marr. asignas N. Pl. f. `non prosectae (carnes)';

lat. sī̆gnum n. `mark, token, sign, indication', if originally `eingeschnittene Marke' (ö); umbr. prusekatu `prōsecātō', proses̀etir `prōsectīs', asec̨eta `non secta', prusec̨ia `prōsiciās';

mir. tescaid `cuts, slices, beißt' (*to-eks-sk-), mir. ēiscid `haut ab' (*in-sek-); mir. arasc (*ariḫsko-) `abgehauener neck -stump', airsce (*ari-ski̯o-) ds.; air. se(i)che f. `skin, fell, fur' (: aisl. sigg n. `hard skin' from *seʒi̯a-); but ir. sēol `kerchief, cloth, sail', cymr. hwyl `sail' from *seglo- (: aisl. ags. segl `sail' from *sekló-m) are probably germ. Lw.;

cymr. hesg, Sg. hesgen `carex' (from den incisive scharfen Blöttern), acorn. heschen `canna, arundo', bret. hesk (*sek-skā) `reed with schneidenden Blöttern', mir. seisc f. `bulrush';

ahd. sega, saga, ags. sagu, sage, aisl. sǫg `Söge', ahd. segisna, segansa, nhd. Sense; aisl. segi, sigi m. `losgerissenes Fleischstöck, Fleischfaser'; aisl. sigðr m., sigð f., ags. sigðe m., mnd. segede, sichte f. `sickle' (*seketó-); ags. secg f. `sword' and `Riedgras', mnd. segge `Riedgras'; ahd. sahar, nhd. bair. Sac(h)er ds.; aisl. ags. segl, ahd. segal `sail', as. segal, segela `curtain' (*`Tuchstöck'; see above to ir. sēol); aisl. sigg n. `hard skin' (see above to ir. seiche); aisl. sax n. `knife, sword', Pl. sǫx `scissors', ags. seax n. `knife, kurzes sword', ahd. sahs `knife' (also in mezzi-ra(h)s, ags. mete-seax `knife'); aisl. sø̄gr `losgerissenes Stöck, stripe'; ahd. suoha `harrow, furrow' (Demin. suohili, suoli n.);

lit. į-sē̆kti `eingraben', išsē̆kti `sculpere'; Old Church Slavic sěkǫ, sěšti `cut, clip', sěčivo `axe' (: lat. secīvum), sekyra `axe' (next to which *sěkyra in serb. sjekira after sěkǫ transfigured);

unclear, whether here lat. sīca `Dolch', sīcīlis `Lanzenspitze'; lit. sỹkis `Hieb, Mal', klr. syč in. `the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende Teil of Stammes', ags. sāgol (*sǝikolo-), m. `stick, club, mace, joint' = mhd. seigel `Leitersprosse, grade', mhd. dial. saich `reed'.

References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255;

See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed-, skēi-, sken-, skēu-6.

Page(s): 895-896

Root / lemma: sēk-3

English meaning: quiet, lazy

German meaning: `nachlassen, tröge, ruhig'

Material: Gr. hom. ἦκα `still, leise, sacht, weak, slow', ἤκιστος `langsamster', att. ἥκιστα `am wenigsten, gar nicht', hom. ἥσσων, att. ἥττων `schwöcher, geringer'; reduced grade hom.ἀκέων `closemouthed' = Adverb. ἀκήν, later as object, dor. ἀκᾶ (Instr.) `peaceful, stillschweigend', ἀκαλά-ρροος, ἀκαλα-ρρείτης `gentle flowing', perhaps ἄκασκα, ἀκασκᾳ `sacht';

lat. sēgnis (*sēknis) `slow, sleepy, idle'.

extension from 2. *sē(i)- `slacken'.

References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 166 f., Frisk 52.

Page(s): 896

Root / lemma: sēmi- (*ghemi-)

English meaning: half

German meaning: `halb' as 1. composition part

Material: Old Indian sāmí- `half' (áḫsāmi- Adj. `not half, vollstöndig'); gr. ἡμι- `half' (ἥμισυς `half' from originally ἥμιτυς m. `*half', compare kret. ἠμιτυ-έκτου, epid. ἡμίτεια; ἡμίνα `half'); lat. sēmi- (sēmus late Adjektivierung); sēmis indekl. `half' probably after bis; ahd. sāmi-, as. sām-; compare lat. sēmi-vivus, gr. ἡμί-βιος, ahd. sāmi-queck, as. sām-quick `halbtot'.

Maybe alb. geg. (*ghem-us) glymsë, gjymsë, tosk. gjysmë `half' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation] : rum. jumătate `half' : gr. ἥμισυς `half' preservation of the old laryngeal.

References: WP. II 493, WH. II 512 f.

Page(s): 905-906

Root / lemma: sē[i]dh- : sīdh- and : sǝdh-

English meaning: to strive for a goal

German meaning: `geradeaus auf ein Ziel zugehen'

Material: Old Indian sā́dhati `kommt zum Ziel, bringt zum Ziel, in order', causative sādháyati, sādhú- `straight, proficient', -sādh- (2. composition part) = jav. -hād- `lenkend', hādrōyā- f. `desire nachErreichung of Zieles' (from *hādra- m., idg. *sēdh-ro- `Erreichung of Zieles'); zero grade Old Indian sidhrá- `erfolgreich', sídhyati `kommt zum Ziel', participle siddhá-, Perf. siṣḗdha- etc.; av. āsna `erfolgreich' (*āḫzdhḫna-); ablaut neologism is sadh- in Old Indian sadh-nōti and sádhis- `place, purpose';

gr. ἰ̄θύς (*sīdhus) `straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet), Adv. geradeaus', ἰθύς, -ύος `attack, Unternehmung', ἰθύω `dringe vor', ἰ̄θύ̄νω `make straight'; εἶθαρ `immediately, right away', εὐθύς (from *εἰθύς) `straight'.

References: WP. II 450, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 350.

Page(s): 892

Root / lemma: si̯ē[u]-ro- : si̯ǝ-ur(i̯o)-

English meaning: brother-in-law

German meaning: `Bruder der Frau'ö

Note:

From an extended Root / lemma: se- : reflexive pronoun

Material: Old Indian syālá- `brother of the wife, woman'; serb.-Church Slavic šurь, serb. šûra, aruss. russ. šúrin (Pl. šúrьja, compare bratьja).

Maybe alb. (*hu̯ela) vëlla ‘brother’

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 261, Specht Idg. Dekl. 91; against it Bröckner ZslPh. 4, 217;

See also: whether to sē̆i-3 S. 891ö

Page(s): 915

Root / lemma: si̯ū-

English meaning: to sew

German meaning: `nöhen'

Grammatical information: (vor consonant and in present si̯ūu̯ō), sīu̯- (in present sīu̯i̯ō)

Note: besides sū- (dissimilated from si̯ū-i̯ō); probably to sĕi-3, S. 891

Material: Old Indian sī́vyati `nöht' (= got. siujan), syūtá- `genöht' (= lit. siútas, russ. šityj ds., aisl. sjōðr), syūman- n. `band, strap, rein, suture' (compare Old Prussian schumeno, and with ŭ gr. ὑμήν), sīvana-m `das Nöhen, the suture', sūtraḫm `filament'; gr. ὑμήν m. `dönne skin, sinew'; lat. suō, -ere, suī, sūtum `sew, zusammennöhen', sūtor `Schuster', sūbula `pricker, awl' (*sū-dhlā); got. siujan, aisl. sȳja, ags. si(o)wian, seowian, ahd. siuwan (preterit siwita) `sew'; ahd. siut m. `suture', aisl. sjōðr m., ags. seod `Beutel' (iu̯ from idg. i̯ū); mhd. sūte `suture', aisl. sūð f. `Plankenverband, board'; ahd. siula, nhd. Söule `pricker, awl' (*si̯ūḫdhlā, compare Old Church Slavic silo and lat. subula);

ahd. soum, ags. sēam, aisl. saumr m. `hem, suture' (compare Old Indian syūman-); lit. siuvù, siúti `sew', lett. šuvu (šuju, šũnu), šut ds.; lit. siútas `genöht', lett. suts ds.; Old Prussian schumeno `Schusterdraht' (: Old Indian syuman-); Old Church Slavic šijǫ (*si̯ūi̯ō), šiti (= lit. siúti) `sew', russ. šityj `genöht', Old Church Slavic sьvěnъ `genöht' (*si̯uu̯eno-), silo = čech. sidlo n. `pricker, awl'; further by Trautmann 261 f.; hitt. šum(m)anza(n) `filament', also (ö) šuel, šuil ds.

References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f.

Page(s): 915-916

Root / lemma: skabh-, skambh-

English meaning: to support

German meaning: `stötzen'

Material: Old Indian skabhnā́ti, skabhnṓti `propped', Perf. cā̆skámbha; skabhāyati `fastened, ligated, strengthened, reinforced, made fast; fortified'; skambhá- m., skámbhana-m `prop, pillar', av. upaskambǝm `under fastening, strengthening', fraskǝmba-, frasčimbana- `girders, pillars'; npers. paškam `a covered walk between columns, colonnade, piazza, arcade, gallery, porch, portico', sogd. šk'np- (*skamb) `base of the universe';

Maybe alb. geg. shkamb, tosk. shkëmb `seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar' related to lat. scamnum (*skabhnom).

lat. scamnum (*skabhnom) `bench, footstool', Demin. scabillum, scabellum `niedriges Bönkchen, footstool';

die ar. within nasalization, as well as the e-vocalism from av. frasčimbana- (compared with Old Indian skámbhana-m) reshuffling through ar. from skabh- after *stembh- (see steb- `jamb, upright section of a door frame or window frame; stanchion, roof support') in Old Indian stabhnā́ti `plinth, base, base of a pedestal t', stambha- `posts, pillars, columns' etc.

References: WP. II 539, WH. II 487 f.

Page(s): 916

Root / lemma: (s)kamb- and (s)kemb-

English meaning: to curve, bend

German meaning: `krömmen, biegen'

Note:

Root / lemma: (s)kamb- and (s)kemb- : `to curve, bend' derived from Root / lemma: kam-p- : `to bend'.

Material: Gr. σκαμβός `crooked, bowlegged'; air. camb `crooked', cymr. corn. cam, bret. kamm ds., gall. in Cambio-dūnum `Kempten', bret. camhet an rot `Radfelge' (*cambitā); zero grades *km̥b- `turn = wenden, swap, vary, exchange, tauschen' and `zusammendrehen, fesseln' in gall.-lat. cambiāre `swap, vary, exchange, tauschen' and mir. cimb `Tribut, Silber', air. cimbid `captive', cimbe `captivity, imprisonment, confinement';

With e-vocalism: gr. κόμβος m. `band, strap, loop', κομβόω `knöpfe'; norw. hempa `Kleiderstrippe, loop, noose, snare, Henkel' (also `Zeug from Hanf', in welcher meaning certainly from hamp `Hanf' influenced);

from a basic meaning `crooked go' from reiht man an: gr. *σκέμβω `hinke' erschlossen from dem names Σκόμβος, schwed. skumpa `hinken', skimpa `höpfen, tanzen', ahd. scimpfan `joke drive, push, play, deride', nhd. schimpfen, Schimpf; nhd. (nd.) humpen, humpeln (or to keub-ö above S. 590 f.);

*(s)kamb- reminds an kam-, kamp- `bend' (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kemb- is still unclear; also das zur nasallosen root for `bend' (ö) or `haken' (compare lit. kimbù, kìbti `hangen bleiben'): kabù, -ė́ti `hangen', kabìnti `höngen', kablỹs m. `hook', kabė̃ f. `Heftel, hook' (but also e-forms as kebẽklis `hook'); Old Church Slavic skoba f. `fibula', russ. skobá `agrafe, hook, clasp', wherefore aisl. hōp n. `small bay', ags. hōp `ring'; against it aisl. hespa `Eisenkrampen' = ags. hæpse, hæsp, mhd. haspe, hespe, nhd. Haspe, Höspe, holl. hespe `Höftgelenk', mndl. also `hack, mattock, hoe' to kap-, above S. 527 f.

maybe alb. kamba, këmbë ‘leg, bent leg’. According to the laryngeal theory alb. has the oldest cognate before the shift from centum to satem languages.

References: WP. I 346, 350 f., II 539 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 112, 116.

Page(s): 918

Root / lemma: (s)kand-, (s)kend-

Meaning: shine

German meaning: `leuchten'

See also: see above S. 526 (kā̆-).

Page(s): 918

Root / lemma: (s)kāi-, (d-), (t-)

English meaning: shining, bright

German meaning: `hell, leuchtend'

Material: Old Indian kētú- m. `Lichterscheinung, Helle, Bild' (= got. haidus), kēta- m. `mark, token, sign', kētanaḫm `body, Erkennungszeichen', citrá- `augenföllig, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid, bright', n. `apparition' = av. čiϑra- `augenföllig, clear, bright' (ablaut. with ahd. heitar);

lat. probably caesius `γλαυκός, from den Augen' (from *kait- or *kaid-to- from, compare lit. skáistas) and caelum `sky, heaven' (*kaid-lo- or *kaid-, *kaitḫslo-, compare with -r-forms dt.heiter, lit. skaid-rùs, skáidrus);

got. haidus `kind of and Weise' (originally *`lichte apparition'), aisl. heiðr m. `honour, earnings', ags. hād, hǣd, ahd. heit `Stand, rank, kind of' (nhd. suffix -heit); aisl. heið n. `clear, bright sky, heaven' (: Old Indian kēta- m.), heiðḫr Adj. `cheerful, uncloudy'; ahd. heitar `cheerful, gleaming (originally from the cloudless sky, heaven)', as. hēdar `cheerful', ags. hādor ds., n. `cheeriness of sky';

lit. skaidrùs, skáidrus `bright, clear, bright'; lett. skaĩdrs ds., `clean'; lit. skáistas, skaistùs `bright'; different (to skēid- under S. 921) Trautmann 263.

Maybe alb. skaj `edge, end'

References: WP. II 537 f., WH. I 130f., 133;

See also: compare kăi-3 (above S. 519) and sk̂āi- (under).

Page(s): 916-917

Root / lemma: (s)kek-, skeg-

English meaning: to spring, move quickly

German meaning: `springen; lebhafte Bewegung'

Material: Gr. κεκῆνας λαγωούς. Κρῆτες Hes. (`hare' as `Springer');

air. scēn `fright' (*skek-no-); scochid, newer scuchid (*skoketi) `weicht, geht fort, geht to end' (Konj.-stem scess-, Perf. scāich `walked fort, war voröber'); di-ro-uss-scoch- `öbertreffen' (*`hervorspringen'), cymr. ysgogi `to stir', bret. diskogella `shake';

ahd. scehan st. V. `hurry, quick, fast fortgehen', mhd. nhd. geschehen, ags. scēon schw. V. `geschehen, hurry', mhd. schehen schw. V. `quick, fast einherfahren, hurry', ahd. skihtīg `shy' (got. skōhsl n. `böser ghost, fiend, demon' as `einherfahrend' or `schöttelnd' hereö); Causative mhd. schicken (`proceed, go ahead lassen') `bereiten, sort, order, arrange, senden', nhd. schicken; ahd. gesciht `Ereignis', nhd. Geschichte, mhd. schiht `alignment, layer (by Bergleuten, and otherwise)'; with gramm. variation: aisl. skaga `hervorspringen, hervorstechen', skagi m. `Landzunge', lengthened gradeskōgr m. `wood, forest'; ags. tōscecgan `sich divide', sceaga m. `shrubbery, bush' (from `wood, forest'); also aisl. skegg n. `beard' (*skaggja-), ags. sceagga `hair of the head', aisl. skeggja f. `Streitaxt' (compare nhd.Barte ds.);

Church Slavic skokъ m. `Sprung', Perfektiv Old Church Slavic skočiti, Imperf. skakati `spring'; with Alternationsk:ks lit. šókti `spring', lett. sâkt `begin', lit. šankìnti `spring make'.

Auslautvariante auf -g-: skeg- `hurry, spring, shake' (= `spring make') in: Old Indian khajati `röhrt um' (Dhātup.), khája- m. `Gewöhl', khája-, khajaka- m., (lex.) khajā f. `Röhrstock, Butterstößel'; aisl. skaka st. V. `swing, schnitteln', ags. sceacan `shake (engl. shake); hurry, go away, pass over, flee'; as. skakan st. V. `go away, pass over, escape, flee' (nd. schacken `shake, röcken'), ahd. unt-scachōndes `fluctivagi'; ahd. scahho m. `foreland, promontory', mhd. schache m. `Stöckeinzelstehenden Waldes', nhd. bair. schweiz. Schachen ds., aisl. skekill `Landzunge'.

doubtful is affiliation from afries. skāk m. `booty, robbery', ahd. scāch m. `Röuberei, robbery', ags. scēacere, ahd. scāhhari `robber', nhd. Schöcher (actually `schweifen, or with dem robbery run'ö).

References: WP. II 556 f., Trautmann 262.

Page(s): 922-923

Root / lemma: (s)kel-1

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Note: not reliable from kel- `hit' and kel- `prick' (above S. 545 f.) to separate.

Material: Old Indian kalā́ `small part' (: serb. pro-kola `Teil eines gespaltenen Ganzen', das at first to Old Church Slavic koljǫ `prick' and `split', above S. 546);

arm. čelk`em `split, zerschlage'; probably also k`eli `rudder, helm' (meaning as in ags. helma, see under); auf anl. sk̂- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem palatal) wiese c̣elum `split';

gr. σκάλλω `scharre, hacke, grabe', σκαλίς `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst'; σχαλίς `wooden fork alsStötze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze' (under influence of σχάζω `ritze, schlitze auf', σχάσμα `incision'); σκαλμός `peg, plug, Ruderdolle' (compare thrak. σκάλμη, ahd. scalm, ags. helma, osorb. čoɫm, lit. kélmas); σκύλλω `flay, tear, rend, plage' (*sk_oli̯ō), κο-σκυλ-μάτια `Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather', σκῶλος `Spitzpfahl' (compare lit. kuõlas `picket, pole'; with ŏ: Old Church Slavic kolъ `peg, plug' above S. 546); perhaps is also κωλύω `hemme, hindre' from a *κῶλος `peg, plug' derived (`anpflöcken'), the ending -ύω after dem begriffl. contrast λύωö; σκόλυθρον `footstool', σκολύπτειν `verstömmeln, beschneiden' Hes., ἀποσκολύπτω `kastriere'; auf eine meaning `from the skin sich abspaltende scale, husk' goes back κελεφός `Aussötziger' (compare mengl. scalle `crust, scab, eschar', nengl. scall (nord. Lw.), schwed. skål `skin rash am Munde');

thrak. σκάλμη `sword, knife' (*skolmā);

alb. halë `scale, husk, fishbone, splinter, beard the Ähren' (*skoli̯ā = got. skalja); holë `thin, fine, tender'; f. `Zartheit' (*skēl-); hel `Pfrieme, pricker, awl', hele `Bratspieß, spit, pike, Lanze' (= σκῶλος); perhaps shtel ``öffne, make gleaming, sharp, stecke fire an, entzönde' (lit. skìlti likewise `fire anschlagen');

maybe alb. geg. skile `fox, smart animal, sharp mind (of a fox)'

lat. siliqua `Hölsenfruchtschote' (whereof silicia `foenum graecum, Bockshorn'), diss. from *sciliqua, older *sceliquā: Old Church Slavic skolьka `ostreum'; lat. silex, -icis `pebble' diss. from *scilec- older scelic-; compare mir. sce(i)llec `Fels' (ending after air. carraic `rocks');

without anl. s- perhaps here: lat. culter, -trī `knife' (*kel-tro-s, *kol-tro-s or*kḷḫtros); celtis f. `chisel' existiert not, s. Niedermann, Mus. Helv. 2, 123 f.;

cymr. chwalu `scatter', corn. scullye, sculye, bret. skuĺa ds.;

mir. scoilt, scailt `col, gap', scoiltim `I split', brit. with rearrangement of sk- to ks- (hw-): cymr. hollt `col, gap', corn. felǯa (umlaut) `split', bret. faouta ds.; mir. sceillec `Fels' (see above); perhaps mir. scellān `seed, sperm, Kern';

air. colainn `Fleisch', cymr. celain `corpse' (*kolanī); cymr. caill, Pl. ceilliau `testicle(n)', bret. kell ds.; gall. callio-marcus `Huflattich' from older *callio marcī `testiculus equi'; compare gall. ebulcalium (from *epālo-callion) besides epo-calium (*epo-callion) `ungula caballina';

got. skilja `Fleischer'; aisl. skilja `separate, distinguish, discern, (ent)divide', skil n. (i after skilja) `difference, verdict, Bescheid', skila `(ent)divide'; ndl. verschillend `different' (*skiljand); mnd. schelen `separate, distinguish, discern' (schele `difference, lack, limit, boundary') = ags. scielian `divide, entfernen' (*skelōn);

got. skildus `shield', aisl. skjǫldr m. (out of it mir. scell), ags. scield, as. scild, ahd. scilt ds. (-tu-stem besides lit. skìltis `abgeschnittene Scheibe'); in addition got. skillings, ahd. etc. scilling `small Mönze, Schilling' from skildu-lings;

got. skalja `Ziegel', aisl. skel f. `bowl', ags. sciell f. `husk, Muschelschale', mnd. schelle f. `bowl, Fischschuppe'; ahd. scā̆la `husk, Schale', mhd. schale also `Steinplatte', ags. scealu `husk, bowl'; ahd. fuaz-skal `wooden peg, plug as Verschluß for den foot', nhd. Schelle `manica, compes, numella', Hand-, Fußschelle;

aisl. skjall n. `Höutchen', ags. sceallan m. Pl. `testicles', afries. skall ds. (: cymr. caill); aisl. skalli m. `Kahlkopf', as `abgeschnittene cranium'; also norw. schwed. skalle; ablaut. schwed. skulle `skull, cranium', older schwed. skolla `dönne Platte', ahd. scollo m., scolla f. `Scholle `;

with lengthened grade *skēl- (compare alb. holë): aisl. skāla f. `drinking bowl, Wagschale', ahd. as. scāla `bowl';

as. skola, ags. scolu `dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd';

without anlaut. s-: got. hallus m. `Fels' (*kolḫnu-), aisl. hallr m. `stone, Fels', hella f. ds., finn. Lw. kallio ds., (*hallj[ōn]). aisl. hellir `Berghöhle', schweiz. Hell `Steinplatte' etc.; see above S. 544;

aisl. hold n. `Fleisch', ags. hold n. `corpse', ags. holdian `aufschneiden', hyldan `die skin abziehen', aisl. hylda `aufschneiden' (based on auf a participle *kl̥-tó-m);

ahd. scultirra, ags. sculdor `shoulder' (*skḷḫdhrā `scapula as shovel, as Grabwerkzeug');

with formants -mo- and den meaning `Schneidewerkzeug; geschnittenes wood; ausgehöhlter dugout canoe, barge': aisl. skǫlm f. `tine a fork, pod', Pl. `scissors', nd. ostfries ndl. schalm `thin board', aisl. skalma-trē `cloven tree', ahd. scalm `navis'; also probably ahd. scalmo `Pest, Seuche, corpse'; mhd. schalm(e) ds.; in addition skelmo `Todeswördiger' (*skalmian-), mhd. mnd. schelm(e) `villain'; compare alb. helm `mourning, grief, poison'; without anlaut. s-: ags. helma, engl. helm `handle, grasp of Steuerruders, tax', mhd. halm(e), helm `Axtstiel', ahd. helmo, halmo `Ruderpinne', ndl. helmstock ds., mnd. holm `crossbar, crossbeam, Jochtröger', aisl. hjǫlm f. `tax', hjalm-vǫlr `Ruderpinne';

*skol-dhā `(abgeschnittene) shaft, pole' is probably die base from ahd. scalta `Stoßstange, Bootshaken', scaltan `with a shaft, pole schieben', nhd. schalten also `einschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoßen)' and öbertr. `walten', dial. also `split', as. skaldan `ein Fahrzeug vorwörts schieben', mhd. schalte, aisl. skalda `Föhre', mhd. schalter, schelter `bar, bolt', nhd. Schalter `Schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken';

with formants -go-: mnd. schalk `Sparrenstötze' ostfries. schalk `Holzklötzchen as Unterlage', bair. schalken `zerspalten'; schwed. skulk `abgesögter stump';

lit. skeliù, skélti `split' (the Akzent after skíltiö), skilù, skílti `sich split'; `fire hit' (intonation of the heavy basis, as kélnės); skalà `chip of wood, Lichtspan', Iterat. skéldėti `platzen, break, crack'; lett. šḱel̂t `split', šḱēlêt ds., šḱēle `abgeschnittenes Stöck', etc.; about lit. kélmas see above S. 546;

Old Church Slavic skala `Fels, stone' (die meaning `bowl' through borrowing from ahd. scāla ds.), sloven. skála `assula tenuis; Lichtspan', russ. skalina `abgelöste birch bark'; skolьka `Muschelschale' (see above lat. siliqua), russ. ščelь `col, gap', sloven. ščalja `splinter', poln. skalić się `sichspalten, break, crack';

hitt. iškallāi- `zerreissen, aufschlitzen'.

root extension skel(e)-p-:

perhaps in Old Indian kálpatē `wird geordnet, wird zuteil', kalpáyati `ordnet an', kl̥ptá `fertig, geröstet' = av. hu-kǝrǝpta- `schöngeformt', das though also to kǝhrp- `shape' (above S. 620) belong could;

gr. σκάλοψ `Maulwurf' (as `Gröber'); σκόλοψ m. `Spitzpfahl';

lat. scalpō, -ere `scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool schneiden, chisel, cut' (scalprum, scalper `scharfes tool zum Schneiden, Meißeln'), sculpō, -ere (originally in compounds from scalpō) ds.;

ahd. scelifa, mhd. nhd. dial. schelfe `höutige bowl', mnd. schelver `abgeblöttertes Stöck', schulvern `abblöttern'; aisl. skjǫlf `bench', ags. scielfe `Flur, Stockwerk, Bretterverschlag', scielf m. `crag', mnd. schelf `Brettgeröst, Regal';

without s: got. halbs, aisl. halfr, ags. healf, as. half, ahd. nhd. halb (eig. `divided'); ags. hielfe `handle, grasp, Schaft' (engl. helve), ahd. mhd. halb `Handhabe', nhd. dial. halb, helb `Stiel'; ahd. halftra `bridle, rein', ags. hælftre `halter', (from *`Handhabe');

lit. kálpa `transom am sled', kìlpa `Steigbögel, loop, noose, snare', kìlpinis `Armbrust', Old Prussian kalpus `Rungenstock';

lit. sklempiù, sklem̃pti `smooth behauen, polish'.

root extension skel(e)-b-:

aisl. skalpr `ship', dön. dial. skalp `Samenschote, husk', mnd. schulpe, scholpe `Muschel, scale, husk', dön. skulp, skulpe `pod, Fruchtbalg', norw. skolp `pod, husk', engl. skalp (nord. Lw.) `cranium, skull', aisl. skelpa f. `Grimasse', skolpr `chisel'; Old Church Slavic sklabiti sę `den Mund aufmachen, löcheln', čech. škleb `Zöhnefletschen';

i-extension: sklei-, sklei-d-, sklei-k-, sklei-p-:

aisl. slīta `tear, destroy, verbringen' (slitna intr. `rumpi'), ags. slītan `tear', as. slītan `schleißen, split', ahd. slīzan `split, rend, aufbrauchen', nhd.verschleißen, schleißen, aisl. slit `slit, crack, Abnötzung', ags. geslit `das Bersten', ahd. sliz, nhd. Schlitz, mhd. sleize, nhd. Schleiße `Leuchtspan'; aisl. slīðrar f. Pl., slīðrn. Pl. `sword- or Messerscheide' as *s(k)lei-tro-, -trā- from the unerweit. root form sklei-;

lit. skleidžiù, skleĩsti, lett. skliêst `outspread, umblöttern', lit. sklaidaũ, -ýti `hin and her blöttern', refl. `sich scatter', iš-sklaidýti `scatter, vertreiben', sklį̃sti `auseinanderfließen'; lit. sklaidùs `zerstreut', lett. sklaidis `ein Herumtreiber, Taugenichts'; without anlaut. s-: klaîdît `sich herumtreiben', klîstu, klîdu, klîst `err', lit. klýstu, klýdau, klýsti `sich verirren' (without d: lit. klajóju, -óti `herumirren', lett. klaijât, -uôt ds. eineoriginally versch. familyö); Old Prussian sclait, schlāit, schklait `but; without', schklāits Adv. `sonderlich, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; otherwise', Adj. `schlicht, simple, just';

ags. slīfan `spleißen', engl. slive, ags. to-slǣfan `split', mnd. slēf, norw. sleiv `großer spoon'.

References: WP. II 590 f., WH. I 165, II 536 f., Trautmann 264.

Page(s): 923-927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-2

English meaning: to be guilty, to owe

German meaning: `schuldig sein, schulden, sollen'

Note: only germ. and balto-slav.

Material: Got. skulan, aisl. skulu, ags. sculan, ahd. scolan `schuldig sein, mössen, sollen', newer also solan, nhd. sollen; ags. scyld f. `blame', ahd. aisl. skuld ds.; got. skula m. `Schuldner';

alit. skelù and lit. skeliù, -ė́ti `schuldig sein', skylù, (*skįlù), skìlti `in Schulden geraten', skolà `blame'; Old Prussian skellānts `culpable', ablaut. skallīsnan f. Akk. `obligation', poskulīt (paskollēt) `ermahnen';

without s-: lit. kaltė̃ `blame', kal̃tas `culpable'.

References: WP. II 596, Trautmann 264 f.;

See also: compare (s)kel-4ö

Page(s): 927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-3

English meaning: to dry out

German meaning: `austrocknen, dörren'

Material: Gr. σκέλλω `trockne from, desiccate' (trans., Fut. σκελῶ, Aor. ἔσκηλα; intr. Aor. ἔσκλην, Perf. ἔσκληκα), σκελετός `ausgetrocknet', m. `Skelett', n. `Mumie', σκληρός `dry, hard, rough, unbeugsam', σκελιφρός `ausgetrocknet, abgemagert', σκληφρός `small and agile', ἀ-σκελής 1. `ohneWiderstandskraft' (without σκληρότης); 2. `unablössig, of rage, fury, of Weinen' (eig. `unversieglich'); περι-σκελής `very dry, brittle, hartnöckig', περι-σκέλεια f. `Hartnöckigkeit';

Maybe alb. (skol-) hollë `lean, thin' common alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation.

schwed. sköll `lean, thin, fade, söuerlich', nd. schal `dry, arid', mnd. mhd. schal `schal from taste; tröb, unclear', schaln `tröb become', mengl. schalowe `schal, faint, languid, seicht', engl. shallow (also probably ags. sceald `seicht, not deep', nd. scholl `seichtes water');

without anlaut. s-: aisl. hall-ǣri `Mißjahr', ags. hall-heort `erschrocken'; mhd. hel (-ll-) `weak', hellec `tired', nhd. hellig `faint, languid, erschöpft from thirst', mhd. hellegen `exhaust, behelligen `, nd. hal `dry, lean'; lengthened grade (ö) nd. hāl, ndl. haal `dry', mndl. hael `ausgetrocknet, arid, schal'; dön. dial. hælm `still', dön. helme `cease' (`*languish', originally vor Hitze or thirst);

lett. kàlss `lean', kàlstu, kàlst `vertrocknen, wilt', kàltêt `dry'.

References: WP. II 597.

Page(s): 927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-4 (extended klā-, klō-)

English meaning: to bend; crooked

German meaning: `biegen; anlehnen; krumm (also sittlich: `verkehrt, unrecht'), verkrömmt'; especially in Körperteilbezeichnungen; `biegsames Gelenk, Ferse, Knie, Höfte'

Note: (compare also S. 611 f. kolǝ- `spinnen')

Material: Gr. σκέλος m. `Schenkel', σκελίς, -ίδος `Hinterfuß, hip, haunch' (att. σχελίς), σκελλός `bowlegged', σκολιός `crooked; improbus', σκαληνός `tubercular, slant, skew, crooked', σκώληξ, -ηκος m. `worm', σκωλύπτεσθαι `crook, hin and her winden', κελλόν στρεβλόν, πλάγιον Hes., redukt.-stuf. κυλλός `writhed, crooked, humped, lamed', κυλλο-ποδί̄ων Beiw. of Hephaistos (*κελ-, *κυλ-νός), κυλίνδω, -έω `rolle, wölze' (ion. att. καλινδέω), κύλινδρος `Walze, pulley, Zylinder'; κῶλον `limb, member', κωλέᾱ, att. κωλῆ `Höftknochen, ham', κωλήν, -ῆνος, κωλεός ds., κώληψ f. `popliteus, ankle' (to 1. -ap- above S. 50 f.); κωλώτης, -ου m. `Eidechse' (`with Gliedern versehen'); ὀκλάζω `hocke low, base' (Frisk IF. 49, 99 f.); about κλόνις `Steißbein' see above S. 608;

alb. tshalë `lame' (*skelno-);

lat. scelus, -eris `malice, Verruchtheit, Verbrechen' (formal = σκέλος); coluber, -brī `snake' (`sich windend', *kelo-dhro-, *kolo-dhro-); calx (see under);

ahd. (with formants -ko-) scëlah (*skélha-) `slant, skew, crooked', nhd. scheel (Denom. mhd. schilhen, nhd. schielen), ags. sceolh ds., aisl. (m. gramm. variation) skjalgr (*skelkó-) `slant, skew, scheelöugig'; isl. skǣll `schiefer mouth', aisl. skǣla sik `den Mund verziehen'; with labiales extension: aisl. skjalfa `tremble, quiver' = ags. scielfan ds., engl. to shelve `abschössigsein', aisl. skjalfr, skelfr `zitternd'ö;

without anlaut. s-: bsl. *kali̯ō (*koli̯ō) `lehne an' in lit. at-si-kal̃ti `sich anlehnen', ãt-kalas `angelehnt'; to bsl. *klana- m. (*klǝ-no-) `Neigung' in lit. klãnas `puddle, slop', ablaut. klõnis m. `valley' (*klā-ni-), klonė̃ `lowland, depression'; with idg. ō: lit. kluõnas, lett. kluõns m. `Dreschtenne'; in addition further above S. 509 *klā- `hinlegen';

with bsl. -ul- = lat. -al- (ind. -_ol[ǝ-]) with k̂-suffix: lit. kùlšė, kùlšis `hip, haunch' (with k-insertion: kulkšìs, kulkšnìs `ankle, Sprunggelenk'), Old Prussian culczi `hip, haunch'; with -k-suffix: lit. kul̃nas m., kulnìs f. `hack, mattock, hoe, calcaneus' (*kulk-n-), proto slav.. *kulkā f. `hip, haunch' in spötChurch Slavic klъka `poples', bg. kъ́lka `hip, haunch, thigh' (is-kъlčъ́ `verrenke'); skr. kȕk ds. etc.;

lat. calx `calcaneus' (calcō, -āre `tread, stomp', calcitrāre `violent ausschlagen', calcar `Sporn', calceus `shoe', tarent. καλτίον ds. from osk. *calc-tio-); after Trautmann 145 idg. root nouns *k_olk- besides k_olk̂-.

References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. I 144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145.

Page(s): 928

Root / lemma: skendh-

English meaning: to plunge

German meaning: `untertauchen'

Note: only gr. and balt.

Material: Gr. σκινθός `untertauchend'; lit. skęstù, skę̃sti `untersinken, ertrinken', causative skandinù, -dìnti `ertrönken'; Old Prussian auskiēndlai `er go under'.

Maybe alb. (*skendh-) hedh `plunge, throw' [common alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation].

References: WP. II 565, Trautmann 265.

Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)ken-(d-)

English meaning: to rift; to flay

German meaning: `abspalten; abgespaltene Haut, Schuppe, Rinde'

Note: probably extension from sek- `cut, clip'; only kelt. under german.

Material: A. Bret. skant Kollekt. `Schuppen' (*skn̥to-), abret. anscantocion Pl. `insquamōsos', cymr. ysgythru `Schnitzen' (*skenḫtr-);

aisl. skinn n. `skin, fell, fur' (*skénḫto-, proto germ. *skinÞa-, compare lapp. Lw. skidde and runisch ski[n]Þa-leubaR; ags. scinn, engl. skin ds. is Lw. from dem Nord., also mnd. schin `a kind of russisches Ledergeld'), mhd. schint f. `Obstschale', nhd. Schind-möhre, -aas, ndl. dial. schinde `skin, fell, fur; bast, bark', abgel. verb as. biscindian `abrinden, schölen', ahd. scinten, mhd. mnd.schinden `enthöuten, ausplöndern, maltreat' (nhd. schinden st. V.); aisl. skān f. `Borke', nisl. also `Höutchen', mnd. schin `Schuppen in Haar' (out of it nhd. Schinn, Schinne), mndl. schene `dönne skin, bast';

B. besides idg. (s)kend- in:

air. ceinn `scale, husk, bowl', cymr. cenn (*kend-n-), acorn. cenn-en `Höutchen, skin', ysgenn `Schinnen', mbret. quenn `skin', bret. kenn m. `Schinnen', -ken `skin' in buḫgen `Rindshaut' etc.; bret. (Vannes) skignan `frog' (*skenni̯ano-); aisl. hinna f. `dönne skin, Membrane' (*skendḫn-);

compare with a-vocalism: mir. scaindrim `zerspalte', scandrad, scaindred `dispersion', scainder `Gefecht'.

References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.

Page(s): 929-930

Root / lemma: (s)keng-

English meaning: lame; slant

German meaning: `hinken; schief, schrög'

Material: Old Indian sákthi- n. (= av. haxti-) `Schenkel' (*skak-thi-, idg. *skn̥g-ti-; das -thi- after Old Indian ásthi- `bone', above S. 783); khañjati `hinkt' (mind. for *skañj-), khañja- `hinkend', khañjana-m. `Bachstelze';

gr. σκάζω (only present and Imp.) `hinke' (*skn̥gi̯ō); mir. scingim `spring' is probably reshuffling from air. scend- `spring' (see under ĝhengh- `schreiten');

aisl. skakkr `hinkend, slant, skew', schwed. dial. skinka `hinken'; without anl. s-: ahd. hinkan `hinken', Denomin. mhd. hanken ds.;

germ. *skanka- in norw. skonk, skank f. `Schenkel, shinbone', ags. scanca f. `Unterschenkel', mnd. schenke `Schenkel' (Demin. mhd. nhd. Schenkel), ablaut. ahd. scinkel `Schenkel', scincho m., scinca f. `Beinröhre, Schenkel', nhd. Schinken, on the other hand afries. skunka, nhd. mdartl. schunke (*skn̥g-) ds.; without s- mhd. hanke `Schenkel, hip, haunch', tirol. Henkel `Schenkel'; also spötmhd. schank m. `Gestell, Schrank for Trinkgeröte' and as. skenkjan `einschenken' (from `das vessel schief halten'), ahd. scenkan ds., mhd. schenken ds., also `give' nhd. schenken; in addition postverbal mhd.schanc `vessel from dem from = Geschenkt wird' and `gift';

eine germ. root skēh- in aisl. skāðr `slant, skew', mhd. schǣhe `squinting' etc.

References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner 425 ff.

Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)kep-1

English meaning: to cover

German meaning: `decken, verdecken'

Note: only gr. and balto-slav.

Material: Gr. σκέπας, -αος n. `cover, Hölle, Schutzdach', ion. att. σκέπη f. `cover, protection, Schirm', σκεπάζω, σκεπάω, σκέπω `bedecke, verhölle, schötze'; lit. kepùrė `Mötze', lett. cepure `Mötze, Hut; Bedeckung the Kornhaufen auf dem Felde', russ. čepéc `Haube' etc.

References: WP. II 559.

Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)kerb(h)-, (s)kreb(h)-, nasalized (s)kremb-

English meaning: to turn, curve

German meaning: `drehen, krömmen; also especially sich zusammenkrömmen, schrumpfen (also vor Hitze, Trockenheit), runzeln'

Note: extension to (s)ker- `turn' (see also sker- `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up')

Material: Gr. κάρφος n. `dry deadwood, chaff' (*kr̥bh-), κάρφη f. `trockenes wood, hay', κάρφω `lasse shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, desiccate', καρφαλέος `dry, hoarse', καρφύ̄νεσθαι ξηραίνεσθαι. φθείρεσθαι (under likewise) Hes.; κράμβος `eingeschrumpft, arid, dry', κράμβη f. `Kohl', κραμβαλέος `dry, roasted', κρομβόω `roast, roast' (assim. from *κραμβόω);

lat. perhaps corbis `basket' (*`geflochten'); mir. corb `cart', probably originally `Wagenkorb';

aisl. skorpinn `eingeschrumpft', skorpna `shrink' (about skarpr `eingeschrumpft, lean etc. `, ags. scearp, ahd. scarpf `sharp' s. also S. 943 under sker- `cut, clip'); nas. mhd. schrimpf `scratch', mhd. schrimpfen `römpfen, zusammenschrumpfen' = aisl. skreppa `shrink up, ausgleiten', dön. skrumpe = nhd. schrumpfen, norw. skramp `mageres creature', skrumpa `magere cow', engl. shrimp `toddler' (besides with germ. -mm-: ags. scrimman `shrink up, shrink');

(about nhd. Schörpe, bair. schörpfen `belt, girdle', ndl. sjerp, engl. scarf ds., spötahd. scherbe `pouch', nd. schrap `pouch', aisl. skreppa `Rucksack' s. Meyer-Löbke³ 7723, Kluge-Goetze¹⁶ 653, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 257: all from lat. scirpea `Binsentasche');

nisl. herpa-st `sich zusammenkrampfen', harpa `nip, pinch', aisl. munn-herpa `witch', schwed. dial. harpa i hop `pull together', norw. hurpe `altes woman'; nhd. schweiz. harpf `magere cow, böses woman'; here aisl. harpa, ags. hearpe, ahd. har(p)fa `Harfe' (from the hakigen curvature);

ahd. (h)rimfan, rimpfan `rugare, contrahere', nhd. römpfen, mnd. rimpen `furrow, crook', ags. *hrimpan, ge-hrumpen `wrinkly', hrympel `wrinkle', mnd. ramp `cramp', mhd. rampf `cramp', aisl. hreppr `Distrikt', norw. ramp `magerer person', engl. dial. rump `magere cow'; (but norw. rump `abgestumpfter mountain top; buttocks', mnd. rump m. `trunk, bauchiges vessel', nhd. Rumpf rather as `abgehauenes Stöck' to Old Church Slavic rǫbъ `rag', ohen S. 864 f.); besides with germ. -m(m)-: mnd. ram, ramme `cramp', ags. hramma m. `cramp', aisl. hrammr `Tatze' (actually `verschrumpft'); got. hramjan `kreuzigen', ags. hremman `hinder, belöstigen', ndl. remmen `hemmen, bremsen';

with the Vokalstellung kreb-: aisl. hrapi, norw. dön. rape `Zwergbirke' (`*crippled'); to mir. cruibhe `ein Baumname' (*krobi̯o-); then (with the imagining of the gekrömmten Finger) norw. rapse `zusammenscharren', nd. rapsen `hastig gripe', ags. ge-hrespan `rend', ahd. raspōn `snatch', hrespan `pluck, pile' (sp from ps); without -s: norw. rapa `snatch', mnd.rapen, mhd. nhd. raffen `pile', norw. schwed. rappa `an sich reißen, snatch' = nd. rappen ds.;

aisl. hreppa `receive', ags. hreppen `anröhren', mnd. reppen ds.;

lit. skur̃bti `verkömmern, grieve', lett. skurbinât `in die Runde drehen bis zum Schwindligwerden', skùrbt `schwindlig become', skur̃btiês `sich drehen'; nasalized lit. skramblỹs `small dickleibiger person, dwarf', Old Prussian (with p) sen-skrempūsnan f. Akk. `wrinkle'; with the Vokalstellung *skreb-: lit. skrembù, skrèbti `dry sein or become', skrebė́ti `rustle (vontrockenem straw)', old skreblỹs `Filz', lett. skreblis `einföltiger person, hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz';

without s-: lit. kremblỹs `eine Pilzart' (probably `wrinkly' or `faltig'); with p-: lett. krum̃pa `crease', krum̃pêt `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up', lit. krumplỹs `knuckle' (also krumslỹs, lett. krum̃slis, skrum̃slis ds., also `gristle, knag'), Old Prussian krumslus `Knöchel am Finger';

russ. skórblyj `wizened', skorbnutь `sich crooked'; koróbitь `crook', refl. `crook oneself, pull together, zusammenschrumpfen', nasal. Old Church Slavic krǫpъ `small (contractus)', krǫpě-jǫ, -ti `shrink up';

about lit. kar̃bas `basket', russ. kórob, wruss. koróba ds., Old Prussian carbio f. `Möhlenkasten', lit. kar̃bija `basket', Old Church Slavic krabьji `arcula' s. Trautmann 117 f.

References: WP. II 588 ff.

Page(s): 948-949

Root / lemma: (s)ker-dh-, (s)k_or-dh-

English meaning: small, miserable

German meaning: `kömmerlich, klein; verkömmern'

Material: Old Indian kr̥dhú- `abbreviated, mutilated, small, mangelhaft' (comparative kradhīyaṁs-, Superlativ kradhiṣṭha-), á-skr̥dhōyu- `not abbreviated, not körglich'; gr. σκυρθάλιος νεανίσκος Hes., σκύρθαξ μεῖραξ, ἔφηβος Hes., lakon. (with σ = θ) κυρσάνιος `young person', compare κυρσίον μειράκιον Hes.; lit. skurstù, skurdaũ, skur̃sti `verkömmern, in Wachstum zuröckbleiben', nus-kur̃dęs `in Wachstum verkömmert'.

References: WP. II 590;

See also: to (s)ker- `cut, clip' as `truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off'.

Page(s): 949

Root / lemma: sker-(d)-

English meaning: to defecate

German meaning: `cacāre; Mist, Kot of Leibes'

Material: Av. sairya- `manure, crap, muck, droppings', mpers. sargōn, np. sargīn ds.;

gr. σκῶρ, σκατός `ordure', whereof σκωρία `Schlacke';

lat. mūscerda `Möusekot'; sūcerda `Schweinekot', bū-, ovi-cerda have cerda for *scerda through false Zerlegung from mū[s]scerda; Old Church Slavic skarędъ `disgusting' entscheidet daför certainly nicht, compare Old Indian chr̥nátti, chardayati `erbricht, speit from', mir. sceirdim `speie from', as d-extension unseressk̂er-;

aisl. skarn, ags. scearn, afries skern, nd. scharn `crap, muck, droppings';

lett. sãrn̨i Pl. `Schlacken, Menstrua, Excremente', lit. šarwai `Menstrua'; proto slav.. *serǫ (*seri̯ō), *sьrati `cacāre' (e.g. Serb. sȅrem, srȁti), russ. sór `crap, muck, droppings', etc.

hitt. šakkar n., Gen. šaknaš `ordure, Exkremente', šaknu-u̯ant `impure, unclean'.

References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk Indogerm. 25 f.

Page(s): 947-948

Root / lemma: (s)ker-1

English meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin

German meaning: as basis von Worten for `einschrumpfen, runzeln; rauhe Haut, Schorf, Kruste; vertrocknet, mager, verkömmert'

Note: probably to sker-3.

Material: A. Unerweitert in norw. schwed. skare `hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem Schnee'ö russ. skorá etc. `skin, Tierhaut';

B. with Gutt.-extension: norw. dial. skarka `frozen crust', skjerkna `through Költe hard become'; norw. dial. skrekling `weakling', skrakal `fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, krönklich', nd. schrökel `verkröppeltes creature', mhd. waltschrechel, -schreckel `fairy demon, ghost, Faun'; norw. skråna (*skrahnan) `verschrumpfen', skråen `dry', mnd. schrā (*skrēha-) `arid, lean', nhd. schrāh (Nord-Franken) ds., schröhelin (Oberpfalz) `zauberisches creature, Wichtlein', aisl. skrǣling(j)ar (*skrēhila-) Pl. `Eskimos', norw. skrælen `pitiful', isl. skrælna `shrink' ostfries. verschrālen ds.; aisl. skrā f. (skrahō) `Stöck dörren Leders etc. `;

C. with Dental-extension: norw. dial. skranta `lean become' (etc.); mhd. schraz, with germ. d: ahd. scrato `larvae, lares mali, pilosus', nhd. wood, forest-schratt, with germ. tt: aisl. skratti `monstrum, magician', schwed. skratte `fairy demon, ghost, ghost', ahd. scraz, screz, mhd. schraz, schrez `fairy demon, ghost', nhd. bair. schrötz `in Wachstum zuröckgebliebener Mensch'; norw. skrinn (*skrenÞa-) `arid, lean, unfruchtbar'; skreda `weakling', mnd. schrāde `thin, lean, kömmerlich'; lit.skrentù, skręsti `sich with a trockenen Kruste beziehen';

D. eine bare in Germ. vorliegende u-basis seems aisl. skrǫggr `fox', norw. skrogg `wolf', isl. skröggur `graybeard', schwed. dial. skragge `devil', mhd. schröuwel ds. (germ. *skrawwa-), aisl. skriūpr `fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, mörbe';

Dental extension: aisl. hrūðr m. `scurf, scab', as. hrūtho m., ahd. rūda, riudī `Raude, mange; scabies', aisl. skrydda `geschrumpfte skin'; alit. skraudùs `brittle, rough', skraudù, skraùsti `rough become';

whether here lit. krenkù, krèkti `curdle, coagulate, harden', lett. krecēt ds., -ties `lumpy, klunkerig become', kręcumi `Überbleibsel, spawn of frogs' as `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up'ö

References: WP. II 565 f.

Page(s): 933

Root / lemma: (s)ker-2, skerǝ- : skrē-

English meaning: to spring, to turn

German meaning: `springen, herumspringen', also and actually `(sich) drehend bewegen, schwingen'

Note: not to separate from (s)ker- `turn'

Material: Old Indian kiráti (kariṣyati, kīryátē, kīrṇa-) `streut from, vergießt, wirft, schleudert'; vi-kira, vi-ṣkira `Scharrer, ein bird from dem Höhnergeschlecht'; osset. k`álịn `schötte from';

gr. σκαίρω (*skr̥i̯ō) `spring, höpfe, dances', σκάρος n., σκαρθμός `Sprung', καρθμοί κινήσεις Hes., σκάρος m. `ein Meerfisch', actually `Springer'; σκαρίς f. `Springwurm' Hes.; ablaut. σκιρτάω `spring'; with anl. ἀ- (bloßer suggestionö) ἀσκαρίζω `spring, zapple', wherefore ἀσκαρίς, -ίδος `small Eingeweidewurm, Larve a Wassermöcke';

ahd. scerōn `bratty sein', mhd. scher(e)n `hurry', nhd. sich scheren `sich packen', mnd. scheren `mock, scoff' and `run, hurry', and. scern n. `illusio, subsannatio', ahd. scern m. `joke, Mutwille' (scirno `histrio'), aisl. skāri m. `young seagull', skirja f. `young cow', mnd. scherke `kind of small seagull' (of unsteten Flug);

skrē- perhaps in mhd. schrǣjen, schræn `spray, whisk', schrā f. `hail, hoarfrost, snow', schrāt m. `Wasserstöubchen, drip' and aisl. skrǣ-ma-sk `flee', schwed. skrömma `frighten' tr. (`aufspringen make');

ags. secge-scēre `cicada locusta', compare lit. skėrỹs, skėrẽlis `locust, grasshopper' (: gr. σκαρίς, ἀσκαρίς); bait. FlN *Skērijā > wruss. Ščara; арг. Skarra (*Skarā); Old Church Slavic skorъ `quick, fast'; very doubtful Old Church Slavic ašterъ, russ. jáščerica `Eidechse' (anl. a- die idg. preposition *ōöö);

eine extension skreg- in ahd. screcchōn `auffahren, aufspringen, höpfen', hewi-screcko `locust, grasshopper', Kaus. screcken `aufspringen make, bange make', nhd. schrecken etc.; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 190.

d-extension (s)kre-d- and (s)ker-d-:

Ai kūrdati `springt, höpft' is nichtidg.; gr. κράδη f. `Schwinge, Wipfel', κραδάω `swing, brandish, schwanke', κραδαίνω ds.; κόρδᾱξ `lustiger Tanz in the Komödie', (σ)κορδίνημα `dizziness, giddiness; swindle', σκορδινᾶσθαι `sich göhnend recken, agitated sein' (probably also κορδύλη `club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, Kopfputz'); alb. hardh-ëlë, -ëjë, -itsë `Eidechse' (*skord-); lat. cardō `Törangel; Wendepunkt' (`Drehpunkt'; from the un extension root also ags. heorr(a), aisl. hjarri `Törangel' and with idg. t: ahd. scerdo `fishing rod');

mir. ceird `das Schreiten', air. fo-cerdaim `throw, cast', cymr. cerddaf `wandle' (with other Vokalstellung abret. credam `vado'), next to which without d das causative cuirithir (*kor-ei̯e-trai) `wirft, legt, places'; with cymr. go-gerdd f. `Burleske' compare nhd. Scherz;

aisl. hrata `fall, waver, hurry', ags. hratian ds. (besides also hraÞian, hradian with idg. t; ahd. hardilla `Bachstelze' = `*Wipperin'); mhd. razzen `rage, clamor' (and - probably secondary - `rattle, clash', as mnd. ratelen `clatter', ags. hratele `Klapperschote'); mhd. scherzen `fröhlich spring, sich delight', mhd. schërz `pleasure, game', nhd. scherzen, Scherz, mhd.scharz, schurz m. `Sprung'; aisl. skart n. `kostbare clothing', norw. skertast `spaßen', skarta `leichtfertiges Frauenzimmer'; perhaps ahd. hros ags. hors etc. `steed', see above S. 583 f.;

lit.-žem. pakìrsti, preterit pakìrdo `from dem sleep auffahren';

eine b-extension in: aisl. hrapa `hinabstörzen', intr. `hurry', mnd. rapp `rash, hasty, violent', sik reppen `hurry'; mir. crip, crib (with bb) `quick, fast';

eine s-extension in: lat. scurra `merrymaker, Witzbold; Stutzer' (: ahd. scern, basic form skʷr̥sā); presumably in aisl. skjarr `shy, timorous' (`*aufspringend' or `*zitternd'), skirra `frighten'; toch. В körss- `schießen'.

References: WP. II 566 ff., WH. I 167 f., Trautmann 263, Loth RC. 43, 416 f.

Page(s): 933-935

Root / lemma: (s)ker-3

English meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Note: (see also 1. (s)ker- `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up' and 2. (s)ker- `spring')

Material: A. Av. skarǝna- `round', skārayat̃-raϑa- EN., actually `the den chariot kreisen lößt';

alb. perhaps kërrús, kurrús `beuge, bend';

gr. κυρτός `crooked' (old u- coloring, compare russ. kortočki, as well as Church Slavic sъ-krъčiti `pull together' etc.); κορωνός `writhed, crooked, humped'; κορώνη `allerlei Gekrömmtes, Gebogenes etc. `(lat. Lw. corōna), perhaps as *korō[u̯]-no-s zur u-basis *(s)kereu-;

lat. curvus `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped, arched' (forms -u̯o-); cortīna `round vessel, Kessel; the Dreifuß Apollos with dem Kessel darauf; Himmelswölbung'; from a participle *kr̥-to- `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved' derived;

mir. cor, Akk. Pl. curu `Kreise', cymr. cor-wynt, bret. corḫuent `turbo';

russ. kórtočki Pl. f. `hockende, kauernde position', klr. kortáty śa `sich durchhelfen, rackern' (if `*crook oneself'ö compare gr. κυρτός).

α) guttural extensions:

ker-k-, besides kir-k- (from redupl. *kiḫkro-) and (s)krek-:

Doubtful Old Indian kŕ̥kāṭa- n. `Halsgelenk', kr̥ka- m. (uncovered) `larynx';

gr. κίρκος m. `ring' (κιρκόω `feßle with a ring'), usually (seit Homer) κρίκος (in addition κιρσός, κρισσός, dor. κριξός m. Poll. Hes. `Krampfader' as `vortretende Aderringe'); lat. circus `Zirkellinie, circle in the Astronomie; esp. die (round) racecourse', preposition circum `ringsumheretc', circā (after suprā, extrā); the umbr. Monatsname kurc̨lasiu as `circulāriō'ö;

(s)krek- in nd. schrēge, schröge, mhd. schræge `slantwise', mnd. mhd. schrage `kreuzweisestehende Holzföße'; klr. kórkuš m. `nape', korkoši Pl. `Achseln', čech. krk `neck' etc. (compare above Old Indian kr̥ka-); Church Slavic sъ-krъčiti `pull together', russ. kórču, -itь ds., `Gesichter cut, clip', kórča, korč `cramp', okorča `gebogener Teil of Schlittens', čech. dial. krkoška `knag am wood', krkva `wrinkle, crease' etc.; also wruss. korch `fist' etc. from *kъrkḫso-ö;

nasalized (s)krenk-: presumably russ. krjákatь `eine andere Wendung nehmen', krjač `Knebelholz', krjáčitь `festbinden'; Church Slavic kručina (*krǫčina) `χολέρα, epilepsia', sloven. u-kroknem, -niti `crook oneself', u-kročiti ds., čech. kručina `broom', poln. kręcz (*krǫčь) `Kopfdrehen, dizziness, giddiness; swindle; (old) Starrkrampf';

with -g-: (s)ker-g-.

norw. hork (aisl. *hǫrk f.) `Weidenband', dial. also `runzeliges woman', herkja `zusammenbinden', hurkl `bumpiness, knag', harkal `knorrig'; russ. korgá `verkröppelter tree', koržávyj `verschrumpft, verkömmert, hard' (etc.);

nasalized (s)kreng-: aisl. hrøkkva (hrǫkk) `sich kröuseln, crook, zusammenschrumpfen' (*hrenkwan), Kaus. hrøkkva `schlingen, kröuseln' (*krankwjan), dön. rynke `furrow', aisl. hrukka, mhd. runke `wrinkle'; m. anlaut sk- aisl. skrukka `runzeliges woman', norw. skrukk `wrinkle', schwed. skrynka `furrow', ags. scrincan `shrink up, verschrumpfen, verwelken', mnd. schrinken `shrink up'; göl. sgreang `wrinkle' is perhaps ags. Lw.;

as `verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten': mnd. mhd. schrank(e) `Gitter, fence, Verschluß', nhd. Schrank, Schranke, mnd. mhd. schrenken `verschrönken, beschrönken, hinder'; ahd. scranc `deceit', screnchan `to collapse bringen', ags. screncan `ein leg stellen, cheat, deceive';

(s)kregh-, nasalized: (s)krengh-:

umbr. cringatro, krenkatrum, krikatru `cinctum'; urgem. *hrengaz in finn. rengas, aisl. hringr, ags. as. ahd. hring `ring', aisl. hringja `small round vessel' and `Spange' = ahd. rinka, ags. hringe `Spange', ahd. as. hringon `ringeln, einen circle build'; in addition probably as `Rundstab', got. hrugga `staff', ags. hrung f. `Leitersprosse, Speiche', engl. rung `Leitersprosse', mnd. mhd. runge `Wagenrunge'; Old Church Slavic krǫgъ `circle', Church Slavic kruglъ, okruglъ `round' etc.;

β) Dental extension kert- `turn', see above S. 584 f.

γ) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h)-, (s)kremb- `turn' see under esp. Schlagwort.

B. i-basis (s)krei-:

Lat. scrinium `rollenförmige Kapsel, shrine' (*round container);

lit. skriejù (for *skrejù), skriẽti `in Kreise bewegen, in Bogen fly', lett. skrìenu (skreju), skrìet `run, fly', alit. skrelis `Fittich', Old Church Slavic krilo (*krīḫdlo-) n. `Flögel'; lit. kreĩvas `winded, slant, skew', ostlit. kraĩvas `slant, skew', apý-kraivis `writhed, crooked, humped', ablaut.krìvis `schief gewachsener Mensch'; Old Prussian grēiwa-kaulin Akk. `Rippe' (`krummer bone'; dissim. from krēiwa-kaulin), russ. (etc.) kriv `crooked', Old Church Slavic razkriviti `crook'; lett. krails `bent, curved, writhed, crooked, humped'; lett. kreĩlis `Linkhand', ḱeĩris (dissim. from *kreiris) ds., lit. kairỹs ds. (dissim. from *krairỹs); Old Church Slavic krinica `vessel, crock, pitcher', okrinъ `paten', russ. kriníca `Kufe, stream, brook, wellspring';

α) With Dentalen:

(s)krei-t-: lat. crīsō, -āre `with den Schenkeln wackeln (beim Beischlaf; from the wife, woman)', *creitsō or *crītsō; mir. crith `Zittern, fever', cymr. cryd `cradle, fever', with s-: ysgryd, bret. skrija `vor fear tremble'; aisl. hrīð f. `attack, storm; Zwischenzeit, period (of time)', ags. hrīÞ f. `storm', ahd. (h)rīdōn `tremble', ablaut. (h)rit(t)o `fever', ags. hrið `fever', aisl. hreiðr n. `nest' (`*wickerwork'); from dem concept the bogenförmigen Bewegung is verstöndlich aisl. skrīða `sich langsam vorwörts bewegen, grovel, truckle, creep' (from Wörmern), ags. scrīÞan, as. scrīthan and skrīdan, ahd. scrītan `schreiten `, ahd. scrit `footstep', aisl. skriðr `run, flow, Vorwörtsschreiten', ags. scriÞe, scride m. `run, flow', skrid n. `cart'; lett. kraitât `lurch'; lit. skriečiù, skriẽsti `turn, in circle herumdrehen', skrýtis `Radfelge', Old Prussian scritayle ds., lit. apskritùs `round', skritulỹs `circle, Kniescheibe', lett. skritulis `wheel', lit. skritinỹs `ball, Globus'.

(s)kreid-:

Lit. skrindù, skrìsti `fly, kreisen', skridinė́ti `kreisen (from birds)', skrýdauti `in Kreise gehn', skriedžiù, skriẽsti `fly', skraidaũ, -ýti `hin and her in Bogen fly', skraidùs `quick, fast'; lett. skraidelêt `umherlaufen', skrìedinât `antreiben'.

β) With Labialen: (s)kreip-:

Aisl. hreife m. `Handwurzel', hreifa `swing'; lit. kreipiù, kreipti `turn, wenden', kraipaũ, -ýti, Iter. krypstù, krỹpti `sich drehen'; Old Church Slavic skrěnja `εὐτραπελία, scurrilitas' (*skroipni̯ā); slav. *krě(p)sъ (*kroip-so-) in Old Church Slavic vъz-krěšǫ, -iti `auferstehen lassen (from den Toten)', Church Slavic krěsъ m. `τροπή, temporum mutatio', serb. krȉjes `Johannisfeuer'; ablaut. Old Church Slavicvъsḫkrьsnǫti `auferstehen'.

(s)kreib-: aisl. hrip n. `wooden vessel', mengl. rip `creel', ahd. href `pannier'(originally `Geflochtenes'); lett. kribas Pl. `netting in sled'.

s-extension (s)krei-s-, esp. from `vibrierender Bewegung, (oneself) shake'.

Mir. cressaim `shake, swing, brandish' (*kristō);

got. af-, us-hrisjan `ab-, ausschötteln', ags. as. hrissan `to shake, tremble'; aisl. hrīs n. `shrubbery, rod', ags. hrīs n. `twig, branch, rod', ahd. hrīs `Reis, rod, deadwood, shrubbery, bush'; norw. risla `bush, twig, branch, Wipfel eines Baumes; Ähre', schwed. ressna `(Hopfen)ranke', ressn `Docke gehechelten Flachses' etc.; lat. crīnis `hair, esp. hair of the head' (*crisnis, compare:) cris-ta `the comb am Kopfe the animal', aisl. hrista `shake', mnd. risten `flax, wattle, braid'; ahd. rīsta, nhd. Reiste `zusammengedrehter tussock, bundle generally'; with ĭ: nd. riste, risse ds., ndl. riste (and rijste) also `Traubenkamm, Rispe, row'; Old Prussian craysi `Halm', crays `hay';

here as p-derivative also: lat. crispus `frizzy, sich kröuselnd, vibrierend', crispō, -āre `kröuseln, swing', intr. `tremble', gall. PN. Crixos, cymr. crych `frizzy', bret. crech ds.; mhd. rispen `kröuseln', rispeln ds., rispe `Gezweig, shrubbery', ahd. hrispahi `virgultum', nhd. Rispe `deadwood, Buschwerk, bundle, böschliger Blötenstand', in the Weberei `eine gewisse Lage the Föden', engl. dial. risp `Stengel from Schlingflanzen, Ranken'.

C. u-basis (s)kreu-:

compare above S. 935 to gr. κορωνός; acymr. crunn, mcymr. crwnn, fem. cronn, abret. cron `round', mir. cruind `round', zur basic form *krundi, compare gr. κοκρυν-δακοί κυλλοί;

sloven. krúliti `verstömmeln, rings behacken', serb. krùljav `lame, crippled', poln. królić (for krulić) `furrow';

compare also Old Indian karū́-kara- m. `whirl of Halses and Röckgrates';

k-extension (s)kreu-k-: Old Indian kruñcati (Dhātup.) `krömmt sich'; lat. crux `Marterholz' (originally `round picket, pole'); ir. crūach f. `heap, barn, haystack, hill', gall. *krouka `acme, apex', worfrom *krōkka, krūk(k)a ds. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), cymr. crug m. `cippus, tumulus', corn. abret. cruc `hill', nbret. crug, abrit.-lat. Penno-crucium PN.; aisl. hryggr `backbone, spine', ags. hrycg, as. hruggi, ahd. (h)rukki `back'; aisl. hrūga f. `heap', hraukr `heap', ags. hrēac `Kornhaufe', ndl. rook ds., changing through ablaut ags. cornhrycce f. `Korndieme', engl. rick ds.; lit.kriáuklė `Meerschnecke', kriáuklas `Rippe'; lett. kruknêt `writhed, crooked, humped sit';

A t-extension seems krū̆t- `Körperwölbung' above S. 624.

References: WP. II 568 ff., WH. I 220 f., 233 f., 279 f., 317 f., 293, 296 f., Trautmann 140 f., 267 f., Loth RC. 43, 416 f.

Page(s): 935-938

Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kerǝ-, (s)krē-

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: I. A. Old Indian ava-, apa-skara- `Exkremente (Ausscheidung)'; kr̥ṇāti, kr̥ṇōti `verletzt, slays' (lex.), utkīrṇa- `ausgeschnitten, eingeritzt', samutkīrṇa- `durchbohrt'; Old Indian cárman-, av. čarǝman- `fell, fur, skin'; presumably Old Indian kr̥vi- (unbel.) `ein Webergeröt' (: russ. dial. červь `sickle', lit. kir̃vis `axe' (ö);

arm. k`orem `I scratch', k`erem `scratch, scrape';

gr. κείρω (κερῶ, ἐκάρην, κέκαρμαι, καρτός) `abschneiden; shave, shear; abfressen', κέρμα n. `Schnitzel, small Mönze', κορμός m. `(abgeschnittener) clot, chunk, trunk', κορμάζω `zerstöckle'; κόρις m. `bedbug' (= russ. korь f. `Motte': `incisive, biting, zerbeißend'); Gen. καρός `Nichts' in τίω δέ μιν ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, compare also καριμοίρους τοὺς ἐν μηδεμιᾳ μοίρᾳ... Hes., further ἀκαρί n. `Milbe', ἀκαρής, ἀκαριαῖος `winzig', Hes.; `incisive' seems die basic meaning from κάρνος and κάρ `louse' Hes.; to latter perhaps κάρον, κάρος `Kömmel' (from the Ähnlichkeit of Kömmelkornes with a louse); with gr. κώρυκος `leather sack' compare ir. curach `Hautboot', cymr. corwg, cwrwg ds. from *kŏrukos; compare further aisl. hǫrr `Leinenkleid', ahd. harra `sack, bag'; with a meaning `schneidender derision, ridicule' here κέρτομος `höhnend', κερτομέω `höhne, löstere' (*κερ-στομος `ein Löstermaul habend'ö in 1. part ein root noun [s]ker-, or ein -[e]s-stem *kerḫs-); σκέραφος, κέραφος `reprimand' Hes., σκέρ-βολος λοίδορος, σκερβολεῖ ἀπατᾳ Hes., σκερβόλλω `schmöhe';

alb. hirrë f. `Molke' (*sk_er-nā; das h after harr); Lidén KZ. 61, 9 f.;

alb. sh-kjer `reiße apart', harr (*skorḫn-) `cut, bite from, jöte', tsharɛ `spoil, verwösten, sich separate', tshartës `Scharfrichter', lengthened grade korr, kuarr (*kērḫnḫō) `schneide ab, ernte';

lat. corium `thick skin, bag, leather'; carō, carnis f. `Fleisch', originally `Stöck Fleisch' as Pl. carnēs; umbr. karu `part', Dat. karne, Abl. Pl. karnus `carnibus', osk. carneis `partis'; umbr. kartu `distribuito'; lat. curtus `abbreviated, mutilated' (*kr̥ḫtó-);

air. scar(a)im (*sk_erā-mi) `I slit, separate', cymr. ysgar `Trennen', gwaḫsgar `scatter'; Kaus.-iterative air. scu(i)rim `spanne die Pferde ab', scor `paddock for abgespannte Zugtiere'; auf a to-participle in addition based on mir. aurscartad (*air-uss-scart-) `Fegen, Reinigen', diuscart(a)im (*dī-uss-scart-) `entferne'; cymr. ysgarthu, dyscarthu `clean', ysgarth `rubbish, Spölicht', carthen `purgatoria' under likewise; mir. scairt `net um die Gedörme, Zwerchfell'; ir. cert `small'; nicht certainly covered is mir. coire `sword' (see under got. haírus); ir. curach, cymr. corwg, cwrwg `Hautboot' to gr. κώρυκοςö see above;

aisl. skera `cut, clip, prick, abmachen', ahd. sceran `shave, shear, abschneiden', ags. scieran ds., as. sker-sahs `Schermesser'; ahd. scero `Maulwurf', nhd. Schermaus, norw. vatn-skjer under likewise `Spitzmaus' (compare under ags. scierfe-mūs `Spitzmaus'); Kaus.-Iter. ahd. scerian, as. skerjan, ags. scierian `allot, decide, define, ordain, determine'; aisl. skǫr f. `hair; edge; end', ags. scearu f. `das Haarschneiden; allotment', ahd. scara `Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude, crowd etc. `, mnd. schare f. ds. (out of it aisl.skǫr f., skari m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'); with not clear meaning-development ahd. haram-skara, as. harm-skara, ags. hearm-scearu `punishment, plague';

ahd. scar, scaro m., scara f. `plowshare', ags. scear m. n. ds., norw. skere (*skarjan-) ds.; aisl. sker n. (*skarja-) `cliff' (out of it mnd. schere f. `Felszacke, cliff', nhd. Schöre); ablaut. ags. score `(felsiges) seashore, Köste', scorian `overhang, from Klippen under likewise', mnd. schore, schare `Köste, bank, border, shore', next to which with -rr-: ahd. scorra `schroffer Fels', scorrēn `hervorragen, from rocks or bone';

aisl. skarðr `damages, verstummelt, verringert', as. skard `zerhauen, verwundet', ahd. scart, mhd. schart `zerhauen, schartig', ags. sceard ds., aisl. skarð n. `Scharte, hole, lack, damage, pity', mhd. nhd. scharte, ags. sceard n. `piece, fragment', ablaut. aisl. skorða f. `cloven staff', `am oberen end cloven pad' (compare in similar meaning mnd. schore, schare `Strebepfahl, pad' = engl. shore);

aisl. skor f. `incision, incisure, crack', mnd. schore m. ds., nnd. schör, schör `frail, breakable, brittle';

aisl. skyr n. (*skurja-) `coagulated milk' (: skera-sk `sich divide = curdle, coagulate, harden'); skurðr m. `das Schneiden'; ahd. skerm, skirm `shield (`*from Höuten'), protection, Bedeckung', mhd. scherm, schirm, ahd. skirmen (*skirmjan), as. biskirmian `beschirmen';

s-los perhaps aisl. hǫrund n. `Fleisch'; mhd. höre, hörwer `herb `('incisive of taste'; proto germ. *har-wa in finn. karvas `herb'); got. haírus, aisl. hjǫrr, ags. heoru, as. heru m. `sword' (see above mir. coire);

lengthened grade ahd. scār, scāra, Pl. scāri `scissors', as. skāra f. ds., ags. scēar `Pflugscher', Pl. scerero, aisl. skǣri n. Pl. `scissors', hrǣ-skǣrr `in Leichen hackend (eagle)'; mhd. schuor f. `Schur', aisl. skø̄ra `fight, struggle';

lit. skiriù, skìrti, lett. šḱir̃t `separate, divide', lit. karnà f. `Lindenbast', lett. àizkar̂t `anröhren'; lit. kę̃ra, kẽro, kérti `sich loslösen'; skarà `scrap, shred, rag'; Old Prussian kērmens `body' (see under); lit. kir̃vis, lett. cirvis `axe'; presumably of concept the abgespaltenen Hautschuppe from: lit. karaĩ Pl. `Steinpocken' (slav. Lw.ö), prakarùs `maserig, of wood';

russ. korь f. `measles' and `Motte' (`*Schererin'); aruss. kora `bark', russ. etc. korá `bark, crust'; whereof among others Church Slavic koricę Pl. `Zimt', russ. koríca ds., kórka `bowl, bark, crust', korětь `hard become', bulg. koráv `stiff, hard', serb. oḫkòreti se `stiff, hard become' etc. (Old Church Slavic korьcъ `a measure of capacity', russ. koréc `Möhlkasten; scoop etc. `, slov. korec `Körbchen under likewise'; perhaps to Old Indian carú- `Kessel' etc., s. kʷer-);

russ. dial. červь `sickle' (= lit. kir̃vis, Old Indian kr̥vi-, see above); bsl. *kermen- and keru̯a- n. `belly, body' in Old Prussian kērmens m. `body'; slav. *červo n. in Old Church Slavic črěvo `lower abdomen, belly', russ. čerëvo ds. etc. (originally `ausgeschnittene Tiereingeweide'); doubtful Old Church Slavic črěvьjь `sandal', russ. old čerevьji Pl. `Schuhe' etc. (*`skin, leather'ö);

Church Slavic krъnъ `mutilated', okrъniti `amputieren', russ. dial. kórnyj `from kleinem growth, short', kornátь `stutzen', (etc. = Old Indian -kīrṇa-); presumably (as `abgeschnittene shaft, pole') Old Church Slavic krъma `rudder, helm, Hinterende of Schiffes', r. kormá `Schiffshinterteil' etc.; perhaps r.-Church Slavicčrěnъ `Handgriff', russ. čéren `Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp eines Messers; Pfropfen'.

B. Dental extensions:

α) (s)ker-d-:

Illyr. Scordus (mons), Σκάρδον (ὄρος): lit. skardùs `steil' see under (Jokl, Eberts Reallex. 6, 37); air. scerdid `kratzt ab';

Maybe alb. (*sk_ord-) kodrë `hill'

after den divided Wurzelknollen: gr. σκόρ(ο)δον n. `garlic', alb. hurdhë, hudhrë ds. (*sk_ord-);

ahd. scherze, scherzel `abgeschnittenes Stöck'; ahd. scurz `short' (mhd. schörzen `körzen', schurz `gekörztes garment', nhd. Schurz, Schörze), ags. scort `short', scortian `körzer become, fehlen, lack' (scyrte f. `Schurz, Hemd'; engl. short `short', shirt `Hemd'), aisl. skorta `fehlen, lack', skort n., skortr m. `lack';

with other Vokalstellung (influence of germ. *skraut-, *skrut-ö) mnd. schratelen `carve, slit';

maybe alb. (*scyrte) shkurt `short'

Note:

illyr. TN Scordisci meant: `men with shirts, kilts (like women)' hence alb. (*skodra) kodra `hill' actually meant:'(*short) low mountain, low hill' [common drop of initial s- in alb. sk > k]

lit. skerdžiù, sker̃sti `(Schweine) schlachten', lett. šḱę̄ržu, šḱe'rst `split, aufschneiden', lit. skérdžiu, skérdėti `Risse bekommen', ablaut. skardýti `schroten'; skardùs `steil', skar̃dis m. `steiles bank, border, shore' (see above illyr. Scordus), skurdùs `painful', nu-skur̃des `zerlumpt', ostlit. skurstù, skur̃sti `lack leiden'; lett. skārdît `split up, cut up, divide', lit. suskir̃dusios kójos `aufgesprungene Föße', Old Prussian scurdis `Bicke, Möhleisen', Old Church Slavic o-skrъdъ m. `tool zum Behauen the Steine', russ. oskórd `big hatchet', skorodá `harrow', čech. oskrd `Möhleisen, Spitzhammer';nas. lit. skrándas `alter Pelz', skrañdis `Viehmagen', lett. skrandas Pl. `rag, clout', Old Prussian scrundos Pl. `scissors'.

About sker-dh- see below esp. Schlagwort.

β) (s)ker-t-, (s)kre-t-:

Old Indian kr̥ntáti newer kartati `cuts, slices' = av. kǝrǝntaiti (besides kǝrǝnaoiti = Old Indian kr̥ṇōti, above S. 938) `cuts, slices; schindet'; participle Perf. Pass. kr̥ttá- (av. -kǝrǝsta-); Old Indian kartanam `das Schneiden', kr̥tí- m. or f. `knife', av. karǝti- `knife', npers. kārd ds.; Old Indian karta- m. `separation, Unterscheidung', kartá- m. `pit, pothole, hole' (kāṭá `depth, ground' out of it mind. development), perhaps av. -kaša- `bay'; es can partizipiale to-formations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; Old Indian kŕ̥tti- f. `fell, fur', ni-kr̥tti- `Niedermetzlung'; Old Indian kŕ̥tvaḥ `...Male', -kŕ̥t e.g.sa-kŕ̥t, av. ha-kǝrǝt̃ `once', originally `with a Hieb', as in Old Indian sakr̥d-āchinná- `auf einmalabgetrennt', av. hakǝrǝt̃-jan- `auf einmal tötend' (compare Old Church Slavic kratъ `mal', lit. kar̃tas ds.);

Old Indian kaṭu- (mi. from *kartḫu-) `(*incisive) sharp, biting' (: lit. kartùs `bitter');

arm. k`ert`em `pull die skin ab, schöle ab';

alb. kjëth `schere' (*kertō);

lat. cortex `bark, Borke', scortum `fell, fur, Tierhaut, Hure', cēna `meal' = osk. kersnu `cēna', kerssnaís `cēnis' (*kert-snā `share'); umbr. śesna `cēnam', c̨ersnatur `cēnāti';

ahd. herdo `vellus', ags. heorda m. `fell, fur', nhd. schweiz. herde, hörde `sheep- or goatskin'; ags. herðan Pl. `testicles' (`*Hautsack'; from *haruÞjan) with other Vokalstellung aisl. hreðjar Pl. `Hodensack'; perhaps here also got. hairÞra, ahd. herdar n., ags.hreðer m. `intestines, entrails'; lengthened grade the 2. syllable in mnd. schrāt (-d-) `ein in the Lönge abgeschnittenes Stöck', schrāden `abschneiden', schrāt (-d-) `slantwise (eine other Linieschneidend)'; at most to-participle zur basis skrē-;

nasalized (germ. *skrenÞ-, compare Old Indian kr̥ntati): ahd. skrindan, -tan `break, crack, Risse bekommen', norw. skrinda `incisure'; zero grade ahd. scrunda, -ta `col, gap, crack', nhd. Schrund(e), norw. skrunda `hutch'; with gradation mhd. schranz(e) `crack, slit, geschlitztes garment' (ahd. *scrantussa, compare scruntussa `crack'); wfries. schrander `sharp' (from Verstand), etc.; without s-: mnd. uprinden `aufbersten' (from Wunden);

lit. kertù kir̃sti `haue sharp, schlage violent', kir̃stas `beaten', lett. cę̄̀rtu, cìrst `hew, hit, hacken'; lit. kir̃tis `Hieb', Old Prussian kirtis ds., lit. ker̃slas `Aderlaßeisen' (*kert-s-lo-), besides ker̃stas `Lanzette'; Old Prussian kersle `hoe, axe' (= russ. čéresló etc.); lit. karsa `cave'(*kartsā), lit. kartùs, Old Prussian Nom. Pl. kārtai `bitter'; Old Prussian scordo (consigns stordo) `Schwarte' i.e. `menschliche Kopfhaut' (balt. *skartā); lit. kertùkas `Spitzmaus' (: klr. čertéć `große dormouse', compare of einfachen *sker- ahd. scero `Maulwurf' etc.); lit. kar̃tas `mal', víens kart víens `einmal eins', lett. viênkā̀ršs `simple, just' (see above to Old Indian kŕ̥tvas, -kr̥t), lit. kartà `Lage, layer', lett. kā̀rta `order, layer, Lage'; lit. kirtas `Tierlager';

as `abgeschnittenes Stöck Holz' lit. kártis `shaft, pole', lett. kãrts ds., Old Prussian kartano f. ds.; balt. *karta- `trough' (out of it finn. kartta ds.) in Old Prussian praḫcartis m. ds., lit. prã-kartas ds.; besides proto slav.. *karūta- n. `trough, trough' in Church Slavic koryto `alveus', russ. korýto `trough, trough' etc.; with through das nasal present bedingter other Vokalstellung lit. krintù, kritaũ, krìsti `abfallen, from Blöttern, Fröchten' (compare Old Indian kr̥ntátram `cleft, gap, col, gap, Zerklöftung');

Old Church Slavic na-črъtati `ὑπογράψαι', russ.-Church Slavic črъtu, črěsti `cut, clip', russ. old o-čeresti `eine limit, boundary decide, define, ordain, determine' (etc.); klr. čertéć `big, giant dormouse' (compare above to lit. kertùkas); klr. čeresló, poln. trzosɫo `Pflugmesser, Sech', sloven. črė́slo, čech. tříslo `Gerberlohe'; perhaps russ. old čerešča, mbulg. (ablaut.) o-črьšta, o-črъšta `tent' (if `from Fellen or bark', *k(e)rst-i̯-ā, compare Old Indian kŕ̥t-ti-); perhaps russ. (etc.) čerët `reed' (from den schneidenden Blöttern); Church Slavic kratъ-kъ (= Old Indian kaṭu-, lit. kartùs), russ. korótkij `short' (etc.); Old Church Slavic sъ-kraštǫ, -kratiti `verkörzen; sich short fassen, endigen'; Old Church Slavic kratъ in tri kraty `dreimal' etc., poln. trzy-kroć ds. (etc., see above to lit. kar̃tas `mal');

hitt. kartāi- `abschneiden, beseitigen'.

About perhaps cognate words for `quer' see under *skert-s- `quer'.

C. guttural extension:

*krok-no- in cymr. croen `skin', Pl. crwyn, acorn. croin ds.; croinoc `rubeta' > corn. cronek `crapaud' besides *krok-inā in gall.-lat. crocina `mastruca', Old Church Slavic kruzno, russ. korzno ds.; out of it borrowed ahd. krusina, kursinna (wherefore nhd. Körschner), afries. kersna, spötags. crus(e)ne `Pelzrock', mlat. crusina; *krokkeno- in mir. crocann, nir. croiceann `skin', bret. kroc'hen, mcorn. crōghen ds.

D. Labial extensions:

α) (s)kerb/h/-, (s)kreb(h)-:

Mir. cerb `sharp, incisive', cer(b)aim `cut, bite';

ags. sceorpan `scratch, scrape, gnaw' (probably also `*cut, clip', compare sceorp `dress'); aisl. skarpr `eingeschrumpft, lean, strong, sharp', ags. scearp, as. skarp `sharp, rough, bitter', ahd. scarf, scarph, mhd. scharf, -pf `rough, incisive'; ahd. skurfen, scurphen, mhd. schör(p)fen `aufschneiden, disembowel, (fire) anschlagen', nhd. schörfen;

bsl. *skirbā f. `Ritze' (*sk_erbhā) in lett. šḱir̃ba f. `Ritze, col, gap', ablaut. šḱerbala and skarba f. `splinter' and skar̂bs (= nhd. `scharf') `sharp, rough'; in addition lit. skirbti `sour become', lett. šḱerbs `herb, sour'; slav. *ščьrbъ m., *ščьrba f. in poln. szczerb m. `Scharte, incisure', slov. ščr̂b `schartig', ščŕba `Scharte' etc.; russ. ščerbá f. `crack, Scharte, scar';

bsl. *skurbā (*sk_orbhā) in lit. žem. skur̃bti `be in woefulness', skur̃bė f. `ruefulness', lett. skùrbstu, skùrbt `senseless, unconscious become'; slav. *skъrba f. in slov. *škŕba `Scharte, Zahnlöcke', also slav. skъrbь f. in Old Church Slavic skrъbь, russ.-Church Slavic skъrbь, serb. skr̂b, russ. skorbь `ruefulness, care', skórbnutь `wither, wilt, mortify', slov. skrbẹ́ti `care for, worry';

lat. scrobis m. f. `pit, pothole'; ags. screpan `scratch, scrape', mhd. schreffen st. V. `rend, ritzen, scratch, scrape'; aisl. skrapa (*skrapōn) `scratch, scratch, scrape, scrape', mnd. schrapen ds., mhd. schraffen `die skin ritzen, schröpfen', schrapfe (*skrappṓ) `tool zum Kratzen', whereof schrapfen `curry', mnd. schrappen `scrape, scratch, scrape'; mhd. schrepfen (*skrapjan), nhd. `schröpfen `;

lit. skrebė́ti `rustle, sough, rustle', lett. skrabt `hollow out, scratch, scrape, scrape', skrabinât `benagen', skribinât ds. (neologism from *skrebinat); lit. átskrabai m. Pl. `offal'; russ.-Church Slavicoḫskrebъ `abgeschabt habend', russ. skrebú, skrestí (skrestь, also skrebátь) `scrape, scratch, scrape', Iterat. čech. škrabati `scratch, scrape';

with reduced grade: cymr. crafu `scratch, scrape, rub, ausbeuten'; lett. kribinât `abnagen';

lengthened grade: skrēbh-, skrōbh-, with r-suffix the name the Hainbuche (after dem gesögten leaf): alb. shko-zë (*skrēbh-r-), Old Prussian scober-wis (*skrōbher-), lit. skrúoblas (*skrōbh-ro-), newer skroblùs, but lett. (with secondary ā) skābardis, skābarde (*skrōbhar-) `Rotbuche', s. Jokl WuS. 12, 71 ff., and compare lit. skir̃pstas under S. 945;

zero grade gr. σκαρφᾶσθαι σκεδάννυσθαι Hes.;

compare also gerbh-, above S. 386, and cymr. cramen S. 945.

β) (s)kerp-, (s)krep-:

Old Indian kr̥pāṇa- m. `sword', kr̥pāṇī f. `scissors, Dolch'; karpara- n. `shard' m. `bowl, cranium' (: Old Prussian kerpetis `cranium', Old Church Slavic črěpъ `shard', ahd. scirbi `shard');

alb. karpë, karmë (*korp-n-) `Fels, cliff' (compare lat. saxum : secō; insecure krep, shkrep `Fels, slope'); in addition thrak. Καρπάτης ὄρος `Karpaten';

gr. καρπός `fruit' (`Abgeschnittenes, Abgepflöcktes'), καρπίζομαι, καρπόομαι `ernte'; κρώπιον `sickle' (idg. *krōp-); with s- probably σκορπίος `scorpion, ein stachliger Seefisch';

lat. carpō, -ere `pluck, abpflöcken', originally `abtrennen', gloss. scarpo i.e. excarpo `eligo', scarpinat `scripithaen' (ags. `die hen scharrt'); carpinus `Hainbuche' etc. (after dem gesögten leaf); compare hitt. karpina- `ein tree';

mir. corrán `sickle', cirrim `schlage ab, verstömmle' (-rr- from -rp-) perhaps ir. corr, cymr. cor `cusp, peak' (: σκορπίος);

ahd. herbist, ags. hærfest `autumn' (`time of Pflöckens, Erntens'; probably ein Superlativ *karpistos `at best zum Pflöcken geeignet'); aisl. harfr m. herfi n. `harrow';

with s-: ags. sceorfan st. V. `bite, zerfressen', gesceorfan `tear, scrape'; scyrft `das Schneiden', ahd. scirbi, mhd. schirbe, later scherbe `shard (*scharfkantig incisive); head, testa' (see above to Old Indian karpara-), mnd. scherve `bowl'; ahd. scerf, mnd. scherf `halber Pfennig, kleinste Scheidemönze', nhd. Scherflein; ags. scearfian (*skarƀōn) `scrape, tear' = mnd. scharven (besides scherven from *skarƀjan) `in small Stöcke carve, slit', ahd. scarbōn ds., mnd. scharf `shard', aisl. skarfr `schröges Endstöck', norw. skarv `cliff';

maybe alb. shkrep `cliff, rock', shkrif `soften'ö

with other Vokalfolge: ahd. screvōn `incidere', mnd. schreve m. `line (`*Ritzung'), line', schwed. skreva `Felskluft', aisl. skref n. `footstep' (`*cleft, gap'); ags. scræf `cave', mhd.schraf, schrave `zerklöftete Felsklippe', mnd. schravel `spiky, schroff'; mhd. scrove, schroffe m. `spitzer (*schneidender) stone, cliff', back formation nhd. Adj. schroff;

as `rissige, rough skin' here die Postverbalia aisl. skurfa f. `scurf, scab', schwed. skorf, ags. skurf, scēorf m. `scurf, scab, crust, eschar' (to scēorfan, see above), ahd. scorf ds. (besides norw. skorpa `crust', mhd. besides schorf also schorpf from geminiertem *skorp[p]-), compare lit. kárpa `wart', lett. kãrpa, kārpis ds.;

lit. kerpù, kir̃pti `with the Schere schneiden', Iterat. karpýti, atkarpaĩ, ãtkarpos `Schnitzel'; krapštýti `scratch, stochern' (onomatopoeic wordö); lett. cę̄̀rpu, cìrpt `shave, shear', cir̃pe f. `sickle'; Iterat. kā̀rpît `scratch, die Erde aufwerfen' (compare anord. harfr, herfi); Old Prussian kerpetis `cranium' (compare Old Indian karpara-);

with s-: lett. šḱērpêt `lawn schneiden', šḱērpis `Pflugmesser', šḱērpele `wooden splinter', šḱirpta `Scharte'; with zero grade i: lit. skir̃pstas `Röster', Old Prussian skerptus ds. (after den gesögten Blöttern), lit. skir̃pstus `Rotbuche';

Old Church Slavic črěpъ `shard' (in den neueren slav. Sprachen partly also `cranium'); presumably also proto slav. *čъrpǫ, čer(p)ti in Old Church Slavic črъpǫ, črěti `scoop' (`with a shard Wasser scoop'); russ. dial. čerp `sickle' probably contaminated from červ and serp m. ds.;

compare also kerǝp- `rag' above S. 581.

E. (s)krē-m-, (s)krǝ-m-:

cymr. cramen f. `scurf, scab' (with -mm-), bret. crammen, cremmen ds. (das -mm- expressive or from *-bḫm-); mir. screm f. `Oberflöche, skin' (with -mm-);

afrönk. *scramasaks in `cultris validis quos vulgo scramasaxos vocant' (Gregor v. Tours), compare also scramis (besides scutis, spatis, lanceis, sagittis) in the Lex Visigothorum; mhd. schram f.` scratch, Schwertwunde', m. `Felsspalt, hole', schramen `tear open'; besides with mm : mnd. schram (-mm-) m. `Ritze, incisure', schramme f. `Ritze, scratch' (out of it nhd. Schramme); ablaut. aisl. skrāma `wound, scratch; axe';

lit. krãmas, lett. krama `crust, scab, eschar'; lit. krim̃sti `gnaw, plague', lett. krìmst `gnaw, klauben';

Church Slavic pokromь `margo panni', russ. kromá `Brotschnitte, edge', Church Slavic ukromь Adv. `singulatim'(`*abgetrennt'), Old Church Slavic kromě Adv. `außen, outside'; ablaut. russ. dial. kremь f. `break, section of Waldes';

presumably Old Church Slavic kremy, kremenь `Feuerstein'; lett. krems ds., ablaut. krams.

F. (s)ker-s-:

Hom. ἀκερσεκόμης `with ungeschorenen Haaren'; att. κουρά̄ `das Abscheren the hair'; κουρίς, -ίδος f. `razor', κούριμος `geschoren', κουρεύς `barber' etc., κουρίξ `by den Haaren fassend', κορσόν κορμόν Hes., κορσόω `schere', κορσωτός `geschoren' etc.;

att. inschr. κουρον `lignum sectum'; αἱμακουρίαι `Blutopfer', κούρειον `a sacrificial animal';

mir. cymr. etc. corr `verkömmert, dwarfish' (*korso-);

toch. A körṣt-, В körst- `abschneiden, destroy'; hitt. karš-, karšii̯a- `abschneiden, verstömmeln' etc.

II. i-basis skerī̆-, skrē̆i-, skrī̆- `cut, clip, divide' also particularly `through Sieben Grobes and Feines divide'; see above gr. κείρω, καρῆναι, lit. skiriù.

α) Gr. κρί̄νω (*κρῐν-ι̯ω, compare Fut. κρῐνῶ, and lesb. κρίννω) `scheide, unterscheide, entscheide', participle κριτός; κρίμνον `coarse meal, flour' (`das Gesiebte'), κρῖμα, κρίμα n. `verdict, judgement', κριτής m. `judge', κρίσις f. `verdict', διακριδόν `separate'; κρησέρα `feines Sieb'(derivative from *κρῆσις, *krē[i]-tis `crētiō, Sieben');

lat. cernō, -ere `sichten, divide; distinct wahrnehmen (distinguish, discern), erkennen' (*crĭ-nō); certus (= κριτός) `geschieden, entschieden, certainly, surely', Perf. crē-vī- (whereupon previously crētum), ex-crē-mentum `Ausscheidung', screa (*skrēi̯ā) `Auswurf', screāre `sich röuspern'; discrīmen `trennender Abstand, Zwischenraum; Unterscheidung; entscheidender, kritischer instant, eye blink', crībrum `Sieb, Durchschlag' (*krē̆i-dhrom);

air. criathar (*krē̆i-tro-) `Sieb', acymr. cruitr ds. (ncymr. crwydr `das Hin- and hergehen, Wandern'), corn. croider, mbret. croezr nbret. krouer `Sieb'; cymr. go-grynu `sieben' (*upo-kri-nō), bret. gourner `Sieb', cymr. gwaḫgr, gogr ds.; gall.-rom. crinare `split', oberital. crena `cleft, fissure', etc.; about ir. crīch `limit, boundary, Gebiet', cymr. crip, crib, corn. bret. krib `comb', see above S. 619;

ags. hrīdder, hrīddel `Sieb', ahd. rītera, nhd. Reiter `coarse Sieb' (*krē̆i- or *krī-dhrom); got. hrains (*kroini-), aisl. hreinn, as. hrēn(i), ahd. hreini `pure', nhd. rein, dial. `fine-ground, sieved';

bsl. *krei̯ō `slit, separate, scheide' in lett. krijât `flay', krija f. `bark, outer covering of a tree', lit. krìjas m. `Siebreifen', Pl. krìjos `bast, bark', skrìjos `Siebreifen';

Maybe alb. krasit `cut', alb. kreh (*kre-sko)'comb, dress the hair', [common alb. -sk- > -h- phonetic mutation], kryje `head (with hair)'.

proto slav.. *krojǫ, *krojiti (previous causative) in Church Slavic krojiti `περιτέμνειν, -σχίζειν, dissecāre', russ. krojú, krojítь `cut, clip, carve, slit; corn, grain sieben';

proto slav.. *krajь (bsl. *krōi̯a- m.) in Old Church Slavic krajь `edge, bank, border, shore', russ. kraj `edge, region; end', krájnij `öußerst'; with ablaut Old Church Slavic iskrь `nahe'; proto slav.. *krida in osorb. křida, nsorb. kśida f. `Sieb'.

β) (d-presentö) (s)kreid- in:

mir. scrissid `cuts, slices' (*skrid-t-);

got. dis-skreitan `tear trans. `, dis-skritnan `tear intr. `, nhd. schweiz. schrīssen, schreißen, bair. schritzen `rend, schlitzen', schritz `crack'; as. hrītan or hrītian `rend, ritzen, schreiben', aschwed. run. hrita `ritzen, carve'.

γ) (s)krei-t-: ags. midḫhriðre n. `Zwerchfell'; afries. mid-hrith(ere) ds.

δ) Labial extensions:

(s)kerībh- in gr. σκαρῑφάομαι and σκαρῑφεύω `scratch, ritze auf, einen Umriß', σκάρῑφος m. `stylus, Umriß, Skizze'; lat. scrībō, -ere `with a stylus graben, einzeichnen, schreiben', osk. scriftas Nom. Pl. `scriptae', umbr. screihtor `scripti'; lat. Lwe. are ahd. scrīban, as.skrīƀan, afries. skrīfa `schreiben' and die originally kirchlichen words ags. scrīfan `a punishment, esp. eine kirchliche penance, atonement auferlegen', aisl. skript `Beichte, punishment'; unclear is das p (= bb) in mir. scrīp(a)id `kratzt';

with idg. -p-: aisl. hrīfa `scratch, scrape, scratch'; hrīfa f. `rake', afries. hrīvia, ndl. rijven `rake, rake', ags. gehrīfnian `abreißen'; lett skrīpât `scratch, scrape, scribble; einschreiben', skrīpsts `krummes Schnitzmesser', skrīpa `eingeritzter stripe'.

III. u-basis (s)keru-, (s)kreu-, compare perhaps lit. kir̃vis `axe', russ. červь `sickle' etc.; ags.scréawa m. `Spitzmaus', scierfe-mūs ds.:

(s)kreut-: gr. κρουτεῖται `kernt from' Hes.;

lat. scrūtillus `venter suillus condita farte expletus', dial. scrōtum `Hodensack', hyperurbanisiert scrautum `quiver' (scrūta `junk' from gr. γρύ̄τη `junk', as scrōfa from γρομφάς); scrūtor, -ārī `untersuchen, durchstöbern';

mcymr. ysgrud `Skelett' (*skrou-to-), Loth RC. 43, 166 f.;

ahd. scrōtan `hew, hit, cut, clip, schroten'; also `dress zuschneiden' (hence Schröder, Schröter), scrōt `cut' (mhd. schrolle `clod of earth' from *skruð-lá-öö), ags. scrēadian `schölen, abschneiden', *scrēad(e) f. `Stöck Zeug', skrūd n. `dress' = aisl. skrūð n. `kostbares Zeug, dress'; (without s-: aisl. hrjōða `leeren, vertreiben, verheeren', hrjōðr `Vernichter'); ahd. scrutōn, scrodōn, scrutilōn `erforschen, durchforschen', scrod `scrutatio', and got. and-hruskan `nachforschen' (*krū̆t-skō); here probably with Nas. and auslaut voiced-nonaspirated Old Prussian scrundos f. Pl. `scissors'.

(s)keru-p-, (s)kreu-p-:

Lat. scrūpus `scharfer, spitzer stone', scrūpulus `spitziges small stone' (scrīpulus nachscrīptus) and (as scrūpulum) `kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maßes; öngstliche Genauigkeit (as `auf spitzen Steinen going'), Skrupel', scrūpeus `steinig';

perhaps as `kratzend' = schwed. skroflig `uneven, rough, hoarse' etc.;

poln. skorupa etc. `shard'.

References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff., Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.;

See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.

Page(s): 938-947

Root / lemma: (s)ker-5

German meaning: Schallwort

See also: see above S. 567 ff. (ker-).

Page(s): 947

Root / lemma: (s)kert-s-

English meaning: across

German meaning: in Worten for `quer, quer durch'

Note: ('in Querschnitt'; to [s]ker-t- `cut, clip')

Material: Arm. -xeṙ `aufsössig, widerspenstig' (wörde also idg. -rs- voraussetzen);

gr. ἐγ-κάρσιος, ἐπι-κάρσιος `slant, skew, in die Quere', κάρσιον πλάγιον Hes.;

bsl. *(s)kersa- in арг. kirscha, kirschan (zero grade), kerscha, kērschan `about'; lit. sker̃sas Adj. `quer, zwerch', lett. šḱèrs, Adv., šḱḕrsu `quer', russ.-Church Slavic črěsъ (and after other preposition auf zъ : črězъ), russ. čerez `through, about - out'; also Old Church Slavic črěsla Nom. Pl. `loins' as `Zwerchfell, Quere of Körpers'ö

References: WP. II 590, Trautmann 129 f.

Page(s): 949-950

Root / lemma: skeub-, skeubh-, skeug-

English meaning: to move; throw, shoot

German meaning: `dahinschießen (flink); schießen, werfen, schieben'

Material: Got. af-skiuban `wegschieben, verstoßen', ags. scēofan and scūfan `schieben', ahd. scioban `schieben' (hat nhd. also die meaning `eilig go'), aisl. skūfa and skȳfa `schieben, fortstoßen', intensive with gemin. Tenuis mhd. nhd. schupfen, norw. skuppa ds., ahd. scupha, scopha `Schaukelbrett'; with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated: norw. skubba `rub, scour, rub, clean', mhd. schoppen `stuff' and with long Spirans engl. scoff `derision, ridicule'; ahd. scūf(a)la `Schaufel = shovel', scūbla ds., ags. scofl ds., mnd. schuppe, ndl. schop f. ds. (-pp-); mhd. schūft `Galopp';

auf skeub- wird zuröckgeföhrt aisl. skopa `run, spring', aisl. skaup and skop n. `derision', ags. scop `Dichter' (Nachbildung after lat. mimus), ahd. scof, scoph m. `Dichter', n. `poem, derision';

lit. skùbti `hurry', skùbinti `beeilen', skubùs, skubrùs `agile, hasty'; Old Church Slavic skubǫ, skubati `pluck, rend';

skeug- in mengl. mnl. schokken `bump, poke', mnd. schocken `tremble', nd. schocken, sckucken `shake, swing', mhd. schocken `swing, tanzen';

maybe from skeu-k- here as `gehetzt': germ. *skeuhwa- `shy' in ags. scēoh, engl. shy, mhd. schiech; out of it ags. scyhhan, ahd. sciuhen, nhd. scheuchen; with ablaut and gramm.variation germ. *skugwa- `shy' in mnd. schǖ(we), schwed. skugg; Old Church Slavic ščuti `hetzen' (*skou-);

References: WP. I 377, II 556, Trautmann 263, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 128, 177 f. and Skop BSB. 1954, 2.

Page(s): 955

Root / lemma: skeud-1

English meaning: to protest, grumble

German meaning: `unwillig, mörrisch sein', in Balt. also von körperlichem Schmerze

Material: Gr. σκυδμαίνω, σκύζομαι `rage against, grolle', σκυθρός (diss. from *σκυδ-θρός) `grumpy, surly, sullen, unwilling, sad', σκυθρωπός ds., σκυθράζω `bin unwilling';

lit. pra-skundù, -skudaũ, -skùsti `to ache, to exhaust begin', skundà `accusation', praskundà `pain', núoskunda `pity', skùndžiu, skų́sti `sich bemoan'; lett. skund-u, -êt `mißgönstig, envious sein, be angry with'; lit. skaudùs `painful, sullen, violent', skaũsta (skaudė́ti) `es schmerzt', lett. skàužu, skàust `envious sein, injure, hurt', skaudêt ds.; lit. skaudulỹs `ulcer'.

References: WP. II 554;

See also: compare also keu̯ǝd- above S. 595 f.

Page(s): 955

Root / lemma: (s)keud-2

English meaning: to throw, shoot

German meaning: `werfen, schießen, hetzen'; intr. `dahinschießen, eilen, hervorschließen'

Material: Old Indian cṓdati, cōdáyati `treibt an, throngs', np. čust `agile, tötig, fitting', Old Indian skundatē `hurries' (Dhātup.);

gr. κυδίας `Zahnkeim', Hes. (ö); alb. heth `throw, cast, worfle' (for *hedh from *skoudei̯ōö);

This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root / lemma: sē(i)-2 : sǝi- : sī- : sē-: sǝ- and sei-: si-: (to throw, send, let fall, sow): derived alb. (*seth), hedh `throw'.

aisl. skjōta, ags. scēotan `toss, fling, bump, poke, schießen', ahd. sciozan `schießen, throw, schnellend bewegen'; ahd. scoz `Geschoß, sprout', scuz `Schuß, Wurf, quickness', aisl.skjōtr, ags. scēot `quick, fast', got. skaut `lap, hem', aisl. skaut n. `Zipfel, point, edge, lap, protrusion', ahd. scōz `Zipfel, Kleiderschoß, Rockschoß', mnd. schott (-tt-) `(vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, Verschluß', whereof schutten `abdömmen, hinder, shield', mhd. nhd. schötzen;

without anlaut. s-: mhd. hossen, hotzen `quick, fast run', nhd. dial. hutzen `antreiben, hetzen' (as Old Indian cṓdati), also `bump, poke';

lit. skudrùs, skaudrùs `agile'; lett. skaudrs ds., skudra `Ameise'; Old Church Slavic is-kydati `herauswerfen', russ. kidátь `throw', kídkij `rash, hasty, willing, ready, greedy'.

References: WP. II 554 f.;

See also: s. also under skeu-5 and skeub-.

Page(s): 955-956

Root / lemma: (s)keu-1

English meaning: to perform, commit

German meaning: `herrichten, ausföhren'

Material: Gr. σκεῦος n. (mostly Pl.) `appliance, armament, armor', σκευή `armament, armor, clothing, Tracht', σκευάζω `bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an';

aisl. heyja, ags. híegan `commit';

Old Church Slavic prě-kutiti `adorn, embellish, adorn', russ. kutitь `carouse, sich with Klatsch befassen, rage, clamor', Church Slavic kutiti `machinari', čech. kutiti, kutati `drive, push, schökern', also (refl.) `wöhlen, dig, schören'; die slav. words based on auf a *kou-tā perhaps `front'.

References: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear').

Page(s): 950-951

Root / lemma: (s)keu-2, (s)keu̯ǝ : (s)kū-

English meaning: to cover, wrap

German meaning: `bedecken, umhöllen'

Material: Old Indian skunāti, skunṓti, skāuti `bedeckt'; doubtful ku-kūla- `Hölsen, armament, armor', pāṃsu-kūla- `Lumpenkleid the buddhist. Mönche';

arm. c̣iw `roof, cover' (*skēu̯o-); with anl. kh-: arm. xuc̣ `Stube' (*khū̆-sk̂ho-, at most zur s-extension), fraglicher xavar `dark' (*khou̯o-, forms arm. -ar), xuḫp``cover', xul, xlik `cottage', xlay (*khū̆lati-) `female Kopfverhöllung, Schleier; dress';

gr. σκύ̄νια Pl. `brows', ἐπισκύνιον `skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen' (compare Old Indian skunā́ti); σκύλος n. `Tierhaut, bowl', σκύλον `abgezogene Tierhaut', σκῦλον ds. `dem Feind abgenommene Röstung'; doubtful κῶας, Pl. κώεα `Fließ';

lat. obscūrus `*bedeckt' = `dark'; cūlus `the Hintere';

air. cūl m. `back, rump', cymr. cil `back'; air. cūl (*kū-lā-) f. `angle, hideout' = cymr. etc. cil, ysgil `hideout'; ir. cuarān, cymr. curan `shoe'; perhaps kelt.-lat. cucullus `cowl' (compare above Old Indian ku-kūla-ö);

aisl. skjā f. `barn' (*skeu̯ā), probably also aisl. hā f. `skin' in hross-hā under likewise (*skou̯ā), skāli `cottage, room' (germ. *skawalan-); skȳ n. (*skeui̯o-) `cloud, Verdunklung', ags. scīo, as. scio `cloud'; ags. scu(w)a m. `shadow, darkness, protection', ahd. scuwo, scū m. `shadow', scū-c(h)ar n. `mirror', actually `Schattengeföß', aisl. skuggi m. `shadow, Spiegelbild, ghost', skugg-sjā f. `mirror', got. skuggwa m. `mirror'; ahd. skugin(a), mhd. schiune, nhd. Scheune (`Obdach'), norw. dial. skyggne m. `cottage, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'; aisl. skaun f. (or skaunn m.) `shield'; norw. skūme `dark', aisl. skūmi m. `dawn, twilight', mnd. schummer `dawn, twilight' (: lett.skumt); aisl. hūm n. `twilight', PN. Hymir `Verdunkler'; perhaps ahd. scūm `scum, froth, foam' (if `deckendes');

maybe alb. (*scūm) shkumë `foam'

aisl. skjōl n. `hideout, Zuflucht, protection, barn', skjōla `Bötte, Köbel', (`Verwahrungsraum'), changing through ablaut aisl. skȳli, mnd. schūle n. `hideout', afries. skule `cottage'; aisl. skȳla `beschötzen', mhd. schūlen `bent sein, lurk, lugen';

ahd. scūr m. `Wetterdach, protection' (: lat. obscūrus), mhd. schūr `Obdach, Schirm', aisl. skūr f. `skin the Mandel', ahd. skūra, sciura, (*skūrja) `barn, barn'; with formants -ko-and lengthened grade ō[u] probably got. skōhs, aisl. skōr, Pl. skūar, ahd. scuoh `shoe' (actually `deckendes Oberleder of Schuhes', compare above ir. cūarān `shoe' and mndl. schoe `sword scabbard, sheath');

lit. kẽvalas `Eierschale', lett. čàula `bowl, husk'; lett. kūja `vulva'; lett. skaût `hug, embrace, hold tight', skumstu, skùmt `sad become' (`obscurāri'); but lit. skūrà `leather, bark, outer covering of a tree', lett. skura `husk' from weißruss. skyra.

A. Dental extensions (respectively formations with Dentalformantien):

(s)keu-t-:

Gr. σκῦτος n. `skin, leather', ἐγκυτί, ἐγκυτίς `bis auf die skin', κύτος n. `Hölle, skin' and `vessel, Urne, cavity', κυτίς `small Kasten, Böchse', κυσός ἡ πυγή; ἤ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον Hes.; (*κυτ-ι̯ος or *κυθ-ι̯ός), κύτ(τ)αρος `cavity, bulge, Bienenzelle, Eichelnapf', κύσσαρος `ānus' (*κυτFαρος); about lat. cuturnium `vas, quo in sacrificiis vinum fundebatur' s. WH. I 320;

lat. cutis `skin'; cunnus `pudendum muliebre' (*kut-nos);

cymr. cwd `Hodensack'; mcymr. eskit, esgit, ncymr. esgid, corn. eskit, esgis `shoe' (*ped-skūti-);

aisl. hūð, ags. hȳd, ahd. hūt (*hūdi-) `Haut' (schweiz. hut `husk, Fruchtschale');

ahd. hodo, afries. hotha `testicle'; ags. hoðma m. `darkness', ahd. hutta `cottage' (*kuti̯ā́ or *kudhi̯ā: out of it as. hutta, huttia);

alit. kutỹs `Beutel, Geldkatze'; balt. *keutā `skin', Old Prussian keuto, lit. kiáutas `bowl, husk', dial. kẽvetas m. ds.; kiãvalas m. `Eierschale' (*keu̯olo-), lett. čàula f. `bowl', čàumala f. `hard bowl' (Trautmann 132);

nasalized *kunti̯ō `preserve' perhaps in Old Church Slavic sъkǫtati `beruhigen, stillen', russ. kútatь `verhöllen' etc., Old Prussian -kūnti `pflegt', Inf. pokūnst, pakūnst `preserve, protect' and with intonation change slav. *kǫta f. in Old Church Slavic kǫšta `σκηνή', klr. kúča `pigpen' (Trautmann 145).

(s)keudh-:

Old Indian kuhara- n. `cave', kuhaka- m. `Schelm, Gaukler, cheater', kuhayate `betrögt', kuhū́- f. `Neumond' (`the versteckte moon'); pamir dial. skīð `hohe Mötze from Schaffell';

gr. κεύθω `verberge', κεῦθος n., κευθμών `verborgene depth', κευθμός `verborgener place, cavity, Saulache';

mir. codal `skin';

ags. hȳdan `conceal'; here or to *skeut- got. skauda-(raip) Akk. Sg. `shoe (riemen)', aisl. skauð f. `vagina', Pl. `Vorhaut; Elender, Scheusal', skjōða f. `Beutel, sack, bag', mnd. schōde n. `vagina' (beim horse), f. `pod, pea', mhd. schōte `pod, Samengehöuse';

unclear is lat. cūdō, -ōnis `helmet from fell, fur' (Lw.ö); in the meaning nahe steht av. xaōδa- m., ар. xaudā- `Hut, Карре; helmet'.

В. guttural extension (s)keu-k̂-:

Old Indian kṓśa- m. `container, Schatzkammer etc. `(late also kóṣa-, das perhaps ind. development from kṓśa- is); doubtful kōśaka- m. n. `egg, testicle, Gehöuse', kuśapa- m. (uncovered) `Trinkgeschirr', kuśayá- m. (uncovered) `cistern'; kukṣí- m. `belly, womb, cavity'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation npers. kus `vulva'; av. kusra- `sich wölbend, hollow', vīkusra-, hankusra- `sich auseinander-, zusammenwölbend';

lit. kūšỹs (Plur. kūšỹs), lett. kũsis, kũsa `vulvahaare' (*kūki- or *kūksi-); lit. kiáušė `skull, cranium', kiaũšis `egg, testicle', preuß.-lett. ḱaušis `egg'; lit. káušas `großer dipper', lett. kaûss `platter, Kochlöffel'.

C. s-extension (s)keu-s-:

Perhaps Old Indian koṣṭha- m. n. `container, lower abdomen, Vorratskammer' under likewise, kuṣṭha- m. `Lendenhöhle' (ö), kúṣṭhikā `Inhalt the Gedörme', npers. kušt `groin' (arm. Lw. kušt `belly, groin, body');

gr. κύστις, -εως, -ιδος `bladder, Beutel', κύσθος `vulva';

doubtful lat. custōs `Wöchter', compare WH. I 319;

cymr. cwthr `After, Mastdarm' (*kuzdhro-);

aisl. hauss m. `cranium'; ablaut. norw. dial. hūse m. `Fischkopf', ahd. hūso `Hausen', after dem with Schildplatten gepanzerten Kopf;

nhd. dial. hosen `husk, pod', ags. hosa m. `Strumpf, husk', aisl. ahd. hosa `trouser';

presumably here got. aisl. ags. as. ahd. hūs `house', compare nd. hūske `Kerngehöuse, sheath, Töte' under likewise;

got. huzd, aisl. hodd f. (ö), ags. as. hord, ahd. hort `treasure, tribute, Hort' (*kuz-dho- = gr. κύσθος); schwed. hydda `cottage', dial. hodda, hudda `Schuppen, Geföngnisraum', aschw. hydda `conceal'.

References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132, 145.

Page(s): 951-953

Root / lemma: (s)keu-4

German meaning: `worauf achten'

See also: see above S. 587 f. ((s)keu-4).

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: (s)keup-, skeub(h)-

English meaning: bundle, flock, etc..

German meaning: `Böschel, Schopf, Quaste'; only germ. and slav.

Material: Aisl. skauf `bundle, tassel', ags. scēaf, ahd. scoub `bundle, bundle of straw, fascicle, sheaf', nhd. dial. Schaub `bundle, bundle of straw', aisl. skūfr `tassel, fringe, bundle'; ahd. scubil `bundle of hair or straw or like that, heap, pile';

ags. scyfel(e) f. `women's bonnet, tuft of feathers' (with p: aisl. skypill, skupla ds.);

Maybe alb. scype, shqiponjë (diminutive) `eagle, bird (*tuft of feathersö)'

ahd. scobar `haystack, barn, heap, part. from grain or hay', mhd. schober hār `bundle, hair';

got. skufta (Dat. Sg.) `hair of the head', aisl. skopt ds.; mhd. schopf m. `tuft, crest, tuft of feathers; shock of hair', schopfen and (nd.) schoppen `stuff (originally with bundles of hay, hair etc.), be swollen'; with precisely such germ. pp: norw. hupp `tassel', ahd. hopfo ` hop, vine, plant which creeps or climbs as it grows';

perhaps as `roof covered with straw bundles' here nd. schupp `protective roof' (nhd. Schuppen), ahd. scopf m. `building without front wall, barn', nhd. bair. schweiz. schopf m. ds., ags. scypen f. `stall', engl. shippen, ags. scoppa m. `shed, stall' (engl. shop `junk shop, knick-knack shop');

serb. čȕpa `shock of hair', russ. čupъ, čubъ, čech. čup, čub `tuft, crest, tuft of feathers; shock of hair';

perhaps slav. *kyta (*kūp-tā) in russ. kíta `Stengel und Blötter lang stieliger Pflanzen', kítka `catkin in trees' etc., and russ. kistь (*kūp-sti-) `tassel, paintbrush, bunch of grapes, hand', bulg. kíska (from kystъka) `bunch, bundle, cluster, bouquet, bunch of flowers', skr. kȍščica `kind of paintbrush', old also kist, poln. kiść `tassel, broom, bush, bundle'.

References: WP. II 555 f.

Page(s): 956

Root / lemma: (s)keut-, (s)keudh-

English meaning: to shrink

German meaning: `einschrumpfen'

Note: only germ. and Baltic

Material: Germ. partly -tt-, partly -dd-: schwed. dial. hott, hodd m. `small, eingeschrumpfter person', ndl. hotten `curdle, coagulate, harden', ndd. hotten `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up', ndl. hot, mnd. hotte `coagulated milk', nhd. dial. hutzeln, verhutzeln `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up', verhutzelt `verschrumpft, vertrocknet';

lit. ap-kiaũsti `verkömmern'; kūstù, kūdaũ, kũsti `abmagern', sukũdęs `wizened'.

References: WP. II 553.

Page(s): 956-957

Root / lemma: skē̆i-bh-, -p-, nasalized ski-m-bh-

English meaning: slant; to limp

German meaning: `schief, hinken(d)'

Material: Aisl. skeifr `slant, skew' (*skoipo-), ags. scāf, scāb ds. (in scāfḫfōt `schieffößig'), mnd. schēf ds. (nhd. dial. scheif), next to which (*skēipo-) mhd. (md. nd.) schief, and (as germ. *skibba-) hess.-frönk. schepp `slant, skew', as well as (as germ. *skippa-) mhd. schipfes Adv. `quer';

lit. paskybei `quer', skybas `keilförmiges Stöck Land'; lett. šḱībs `slant, skew', šḱieb-u, -t `schief neigen, kippen'; compare gr. σκίψαι ὀκλάσαι. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes.;

nasalized gr. σκιμβός `lame', σκιμβάζειν `hinken'.

Idg. skē̆i-p-, -bh- extended from skē̆i-, compare *skai-u̯o-s (*skǝi-u̯o-s) `slant, skew, link'; besides mhd. schie-f steht schǣhe and schie-c; zur unerweiterten root perhaps norw. skina, skjena `biesen', aschwed. skena `durchgehen' (of Pferde), ablaut. norw. skeina `schief zur Seite fliegen'.

References: WP. II 546, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 151.

Page(s): 922

Root / lemma: skē̆i-

English meaning: to cut, separate

German meaning: `schneiden, trennen, scheiden'

Note: extension from sek-; initial sound partly also sk̂-, skh-, sk̂h-, as in the continuing formation

Material: I. Old Indian chyati `clips', participle chāta-, chitá- `cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off', Kaus. chāyayati (with sk̂-, like:)

Maybe alb. (*chāyayati) çaj, çajta (aor.), çava (aor.) `cut, separate'.

av. fra-sānǝm `destruction', sā-, sya- `to fight';

gr. σχάω (*skhǝi̯ō, Impf. ἔσχwν, Inf. κατα-σχᾶν), σχάζω (neologism, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 716) `scratches, slits' and `drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open', σχάσις `the scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go', σχάσμα n., σχασμός m. `incision', σχαστήριον `fleam, latch, bolt', σχαστηρία `the rope (serving for the separation of the spectators) before the racetrack';

Maybe alb. (*sciō) shquanj `distinguish', (*scie) shqyenj `tear, split'.

lat. sciō, scīre `to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do' (`part, make a distinction'), dēscīscō, -ere `to break away, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize, renounce', scīscō, -ere `to investigate, inquire; polit. to vote, ordain, resolve' and `try to find out', plēbīscītum `a decree of the people', scītus `knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious; pretty, fine; adv. scite, skillfully' (like mhd. geschīde, nhd. gescheit to *skēi-t-) in the meaning `eliminate' (compare aisl. skīta under S. 921) mir. sceïd `vomits' (*skei-i̯e-ti, idg. *skei-), verbal n. sceith f. (from *sceth, idg. *ski-tā, therefrom:) cymr. chwydu, bret. c'houeda, mcorn. hweža `vomit'; from ir. scethach `to the travelling rupture' places aisl. skjaðak n. `ryegrass, darnel (the herbs medicine recommends such orders against gout and rheumatism and dizziness)';

mir. scïan f. `knife', (*skii̯enā) out of it cymr. ysgïen `knife, sword'; mir. scaīlid `lets go, unhands, relinquishes, disperses' (*skǝi-l-), air. erscaīliud `breakup, dissection, dissipation, fragmentation';

aisl. skeina `wound lightly'; as `*split off piece of wood, under likewise': mhd. schīe m. f. `fencing post, pale', ags. scīa m. `shinbone', next to which (compare ahd. bīa : bini `bee')

germ. *skiḫnō(n) in ags. scinu f., scineḫbān n. `shinbone', ahd. scina `shinbone', also `needle', norw. skĭna `small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread'; afries. skidel `bones of the arm' (-dla forms); westflöm. schier `block of wood' (*skī-ro-); from `*distinguish, discern' from: ahd. skērī `sharp, sharp witted, shrewd' (*skēiro-); mhd. schier `quick, fast', Adv. ahd. skēro, skioro `quick, fast', mhd. schier(e) ds., `fast';

lett. šk'ieva `fissure in wood' and lit. skivytas `scrap, shred' have probably v from dv, so that to d-extension lit. skíedžiu, lett. šk `iežu;

Maybe alb. geg. shkö-, shköeva aor., tosk. shqyenj, shqeva aor. `tear, rind'

Old Church Slavic cěvnica `λύρα' (eig. `shepherd’s pipe'), russ. cěvjë `handle, grasp, Handhabe' and `shinbone', cěvka `coil, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses', etc.; besides with palatal: lit. šeivà, šaivà, lett. saiva `weaver's reel' (bsl. *kōiḫu̯ā, *(s)kēiḫu̯ā, *(s)k̂ōiu̯ā).

II. Dental extensions skē̆i-d-, -t- (d, t partly present formant, partly the nominal forms-to-):

A. forms on -d-; in Ar. and Arm. with sk̂-, in Balt. with sk-:

Old Indian chinátti, themat. chindati `clips, cuts, splits', Kaus. chēdayati; chēda- m. `cut, break, section', chitti- `the fissures' (: lat. scissiō), chidrá- `breaks, splits', n. `cleft, fissure, hole', chidira- m. (lex.) `axe, sword' (: av. sidara-, gr. σκιδαρός, ahd. scëtar, lett. šk'idrs `leaking'; full grade lit. skiedḫrà); av. saēd- `split', avahisiδyāt̃ `he may split', sidara- (leg. sidra-) n. `hole, aperture, crack', aḫsista- `not split', balūčī sindag `split, break, rupture';

arm. c̣tim `ritze mich, zerkratze mir with den Nögeln die Haut';

gr. σχίζω `split, slit, separate', σχιστός (= av. á-sista-, lat. scissus) `divided, apart, separated; divisible', σχίδαξ `splinter, shingle', σχίζα f. `piece of wood', σχινδαλμός, Koine σκινδαλμός `wooden splinter', ἀνασχινδυλεύω `to spear to'; makedon. σκοῖδος `authority; administrator, governor, esp. treasurer, chief financial official in Egypt, Astrol., controller, of the Seven Planets';

lat. scindō, -ere, scicidī, scissum `to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate'; scissiō `the fissures';

mbret. squeigaff, nbret. skeja `cut, clip' (-ž- from -dj-, *skidi̯ō); cymr. ysgwydd (*skeid-), corn. scuid, bret. scoaz `scapula';

air. scīath `scapula, wing' (Þ instead of ð after scīath `shield');

without anlaut. s- perhaps cymr. cwys f. `furrow' (*kēidḫtā-);

ahd. scīzan, ags. scītan, aisl. skīta `excrete feces, defecate' (*`eliminate'), mhd. schīze f., aisl. skītr m. `diarrhea'; ahd. scetar `thin, incomplete, fragmentary', mhd. schiter(e) ds., nhd. (obd., schles.) schitter (*skidro- = Old Indian chidrá- etc.);

maybe alb. (*skīta) skitë `diarrhea'

without anlaut. s- perhaps aisl. hīt f. `a furry sack';

lit. skíedžiu, skíesti `separate, divide', Iter. skáidyti (: got. skaidan, Old Indian chedayati), skiedà and skiedrà, skiedarà `chip, splinter', skíemenys Pl. `der Raum, durch welche das Weberschifflein geworfen wird', ap-skīdęs `zerfranst', paskýsti `scatter'; without anlaut. s- (through diss. lossö) probably sukìdęs `tattered, ragged, fray';

lett. šḱiedu, šḱiest `scatter, waste, spread', šḱiemeńi Pl. `die öber den Weberhefteln sich kreuzenden Föden = the weaver's little boat or SHUTTLE = this might be the hefteln (small booklet) or weaving PATTERN used by weavers', šḱīstu, šḱīst `break up', šḱidrs `leaking, thin', skaîda `chip, splinter'; about lett. šḱieva `col, gap', see above S. 920;

with it identical lit. skíedžiu, skíesti `dilute', skýstas `thin fluid', lett. skaidīt `dilute potables', šḱīsts `thin fluid' (and `clean, clear, bright, chaste'), šḱīstīt `clean, söubern', šḱīdināt `thin, make fluid', šḱidrs `thin fluid'; Old Prussian skīstan Akk. `clean', skīstai `chaste';

Old Church Slavic čistъ `clean', čistiti `clean', čěśtǫ, čěstiti `clean', Church Slavic čěditi `seihen'; russ. ščíryj `veritable, genuine'; compare also above S. 917;

B. forms in -t-:

air. scīath m. `shield', cymr. ysgwyd, abret. scoit, nbret. skoed ds. = Old Church Slavic štitъ `shield', (originally `board'), next to which with gradation Old Prussian staytan (lies scaytan) `shield' and lat. scūtum ds.;

alb. (*scūtum) shqyt `shield'

aisl. skīð n. `piece of wood, snowshoe' (`ski'), ags. scīd `piece of wood'; ahd. scīt `bit of wood, piece of wood' (*skīto-), mhd. schīten `split', schīden `separate, divide', geschīde `brainy, sly, cunning', aisl. skīðī n. `vagina'; changing through ablaut mhd. scheite `chip of wood' and zero grade ahd. scidōn `divide', scidunga `separation', mhd. schit, -of m. `separation, differentiation';

got. skaidan `divide', ags. scēadan `divide, scatter, shed' (so also mnl. scheiden `shed blood'); ahd. sceidan (participle ki-sceitan) `divide'; aisl. skeið n. `part of space or time, career', as. skēth m. `difference', mhd. scheit f. `separation, watershed'; ags.scēada, mnl. schēde, as. skēðlo `vertices, vertex', mnd. schēdel m., schēdele f. ds., ahd. sceitilo ds.;

aisl. skeið f. `weaver's comb', Pl. `sword scabbard' (`eig. die beiden Holzscheiben in this = wooden discs'), ags. skǣð, scēað, ahd. sceida `sword scabbard', also `separation, limit, boundary', as. skēðia ds., ags. sceaðel `weaver's comb';

mhd. schedel `cranium, also dry measure', mnl. schedel `cover, lid, eyelid' (ndl. scheel `cover'), mnd. schedel, schidele `box, case, bag' from *skiÞla-, idg. *ski-tlo-, actually `(truncated) brainpan, skullcap'; in to-participle of skēit- or skēi-d- (compare lat. scissus) based on ahd. scesso `cliff, rock';

III. Labial extensions:

skē̆i-p-: gr. σκοῖπος m. `the basic beams on which the bricks rest; wall-plate of a building'; σκί̄πων `staff, stick, a staff or stick to lean upon, a walking-stick, crutch' (eig. `*cleaved, divided = split off branch');

Maybe alb. shqeponj `walk with a limp; to lean upon a walking-stick' : shqiponja, shkabonja, gabonja `eagle, military standart on a stick; bird with sharp talons', shqip `clear, fluent, sharp (language, Albanian language)' also shqiptonj `enounce, pronounce, enunciate, say, utter, mouth (clearly)', shqiptar `Albanian (who speaks clearly)'; tshkep `unstitch' (see Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two') : qep `stitch'.

gr. σκίμπους `kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked in for the night' (*σκιμποπους), σκίμπω, σκίμπτω `insert'; lat. scīpiō m. `staff'; s. also S. 543 under k̂eipo- `picket, pole' and S. 930 f. skēp-; gr. σκοίψ ψώρα Hes. (the itch, scurvy, scab, mange = of skin flaking off);

ahd. scivaro `wood splinter or spall', nhd. Schiefer, mnd. schever, mengl. scifra, nengl.shiver `splinter, shred', mhd. schebe f. `Abfall beim Flachsbrechen', nhd. Schöbe, engl. shive `slice, cut', further (as `cut-off piece of a trunk'), aisl. skīfa, as. skīƀa, ahd. scība `disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread, ', nhd. Scheibe, wherefore aisl. skīfa `split, divide into sheaves', mnd. schīven, mhd. schīben `roll, Kegel scheiben' (Kegel schieben through distortion), afries. skīvia `divide'.

skei-b-: got. aisl. ags. skip n. `ship, boat' (`*ausgeschnittener, gehöhlter dugout canoe'), ahd. scif, scef `ship, Weberschiff' also `vessel', sciphi n. `drinking vessel, bowl, saucer', mhd. schipfe `shovel, piece of kindling wood (it might be used for digging)'; in addition (as `divide = distribute') aisl. skipa `allot, decide, define, ordain, determine, sort, order, arrange', mnd. schippen ds.; aisl. skipta `divide, decide, determine, swap, vary, exchange', ags. sciftan, mnd. schiften, schichten `divide, sort, order, arrange';

lit. skiẽbti `unpick', lett. šḱibît `hew, hit, cut, clip, branching out'.

Note:

The root Root / lemma: skē̆i- : (to cut, separate) is detrimental for alb. language because alb. people chose it to design clear speech: alb. (*skei-b-), shqip `clear speech, separated words', (*skipta) shqipto `speak clearly', (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Alb. people employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their language. Hence people who didn’t speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of alb. so important became the clear Indo European language to alb. that they finally switched from the name Arban (Alban) to (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Other alb. derivatives: (*Schöbe) shkabë `eagle (with sharp talons)', alb. geg. (*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. Obviously alb. association of (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly' and (*skipion) shqiponjë `eagle' was distorted by Illyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army. Illyrians who didn’t speak lat. translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as: scipio -onis, m. `a staff, wand' = alb. (*scipioni) shqiponjë `the eagle (itself)', also alb. (*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. When Gergj Kastrioti `king of Epirus' presented his heraldic emblem of the eagle (the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed the name of his people. Illyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their Hittite heritage.

References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f.

Page(s): 919-922

Root / lemma: (s)kē̆p-2, (s)kō̆p- and (s)kā̆p-; (s)kē̆b(h)-, skob(h)- and skā̆b(h)-

English meaning: to work with a sharp instrument

German meaning: `with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, spalten'

Material: A. Forms in -b: (there are listed here only the definite germ. forms; lat. and bsl. with b see by the root form in bh); skab- `form carving'.

Got. gaskapjan st. V. `make', aisl. skepja, ags. scieppan, ahd. scepfen, mhd. schepfen, from which nhd. schöpfen; to preterit mhd. schuof, participle `geschaffen = created' would create a new present `schaffen = make, create', as schwed. skapa, dön. scabe; deverbative ō-verbs are aisl. aschw. skapa `make, furnish, found, install', ahd. scaffōn `build, effectuate' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73); ags. ge-sceap n. `shape, creature', as. gi-scapu Pl. n. `fate, destiny'; aisl. skap n. `shape, mood' etc.; -skapr e.g. in vin-skapr `friendship'; ahd. scaf m. `shape, structure', -scaf and -scaft f., nhd. -schaft; wgerm. *skap n. `(engraved) vessel' in: as. skap n. `Schaff, ship', ahd. skaf `vessel, Schaff', whereof scepfen `draw up, draw out, draw; remove, take out, take away; drain dry, empty out' (after scepfen `bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin to' early with strong inflection); diminutive as. skepil, ahd. skeffil `bushel'; ablaut. mnd. schōpe `scoop', mhd. schuofe f. `Schöpfgeföß'.

B. forms auf -bh: (including lat. and bsl. forms with zweideutigem -b-).

Lat. scabō, -ere, scābī `scrape, scratch, rub', scăbiēs f. `scab, mange, itch; roughness; itching desire; mange', scaber `rough, scabby'; with o: scobis f. `filings, chips, shavings, sawdust', scobīna `file, rasp'; mir. (s)cīp (with bb) `hand' (expressive gemination); got. skaban `scrape, shave, shear', aisl. skafa `scrape, scratch, scrape', ags. scafan ds. (aisl. ags. preterit skōf, as lat. scābī); and. scaban `scrape, scratch, cut (hair), clip', ahd. scaba `plane', aisl. skafa `rasper'; aisl. skabb, ags. sceabb `scabies', mhd. schebīc `scabby, measly', older nhd. Schöbe `scabies', and. scavatho `mange; scabies'; isl. skōfir f. Pl. `scrape, singed crust', mnd. schōve (and schōpe) f. `scale, husk', ahd. schuoppa ds.;

lett. skabrs (= lat. scaber) `splitterig, sharp', skabrums `sharpness, scabrousness', lit. skabùs `sharp, incisive', skabù, -ė́ti `cut, clip, hew, hit', skóbti `hollow out', nuskóbti `pick', skóbas, lett. skābs `sour' (*`sharp, incisive'); Old Church Slavic skoblь `rasper', russ. skóbelь `plane'; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here Old Church Slavic chabъ `evil, bad', chabiti `spoil'.

C. forms auf -p:

Npers. kāfaδ, kāvaδ `burrows, digs, splits', kāf `cleft, fissure', šikāftan `split';

alb. kep `hew stones, cut out' (idg. *kopō or *kapō), wherefore kmesë, këmés, kamés f. `hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife' (*kapneti̯ā), sqep `angle, bill, beak, neb';

gr. σκέπαρνος, -ον `hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes', σκόπελος m. `lookoutplace: hence peak, headland, promontory; cliff, rock' (venet. *skopelo-); κόπτω `hit, haue; belöstige, ermöde', κόπος m. `blow, knock', κοπάζω `ermöde', κόπις `(ermödender) babbler', κοπίς, -ίδος f. `Schlachtmesser', κοπεύς m. `chisel', κόπανον `hatchet, Mörserstößel', κοπάς, -άδος `beschnitten', κόμμα n. `incision, break, section'; with a-vocalism:σκάπτω `grabe, hacke', σκαπάνη `hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit', (σ)κάπετος `ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole'; durchEntgleisung after θάπτω : τάφος also forms with φ: ἐσκάφην, σκάφος `das ditch, trench, channel, grave', σκάφη, σκαφίς f., σκάφιον n. `Wanne, trough, trough', σκάφος `Schiffsbauch';

venet. (illyr.ö) FlN *Skopelantia `Schefflenz' (Baden): gr. σκόπελος (Krahe PBB. 69, 486 ff.);

lat. capō, capus `Kapaun' (`verschnitten', compare abg. skopьcь), because of the roman. Abkömmlinge (ital. cappone etc.) more properly (with expressive pp): cappō; cappulāre `zerhauen', concipilāre `in kleine Stöcke zerhauen'; lat. a places eine ā̆-root skā̆p- ahead; also lat. scapulae `scapula, shoulder', umbr. scapla `scapulam' (from the Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);

gall.-rom. capanna `cottage' (: serb. kòpa `barn, haystack'), probably ven.-illyr. element in Gallischen;

germ. *hēbjō besides *habbō with expressive gemination, also *habjō: ahd. hā̆bba, hā̆ppa, heppa, mlat. hapia, mhd. happe, heppe `scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser';

balto-slav. skē̆pa- m. `etwas Abgespaltenes' in:

lett. šḱę̀ps `spear, javelin, spit, pike', šḱẽpele f. `abgeschnittenes Stöck Holz'; ablaut. lit. skãpsnė f. `Stöck Stoff'; Old Church Slavic štapъ (*skēpos), sloven. ščáp `stick', russ. ščap `Anhieb (eines Baumes'), russ. ščepá `chip of wood', ščepátь, ščepítь `split', Old Church Slavic skopьcь `Verschnittener' (nhd. Lw. Schöps), skopiti `verschneiden'; lit. skãplis `Hohlaxt', skãptas `krummes Schnitzmesser', skopiù, skõpti `with dem knife aushöhlen', skoptùvas `Hohlmesser';

maybe alb. (*skop) shkop `stick'

lit. kapóti, lett. kapât `hacken, hew, hit', lit. kapõnė, lett. kapāns `Hackmesser', lit. kaplỹs `hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt', lett. kaplis `hack, mattock, hoe', lit. kãpas, lett. kaps `grave(högel)', Old Prussian enkopts `bury';

Old Church Slavic kopajǫ, kopati `dig', vъkopati `bury', serb. kòpa `barn, haystack, heap', bulg. kopá ds., etc.;

Old Church Slavic kopьje `Lanze'; probably slav. *čepъ `*abgeschnittener bough', in russ. dial. čopъ `twig, branch of grapevine, Rebe', bg. čep `bough', skr. čȅpur `stalk, stem of a plant' under likewise; perhaps belongs die family *kāp- `Stöck Land' and *kap-ut `head' (above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for `stick, staff':

gr. σκη̃πτρον `staff', dor. σκᾶπτον ds. = ion. *σκῆπτον in σκηπτοῦχος `zeptertragend', σκᾶπος κλάδος Hes., σκηπάνη `staff, Szepter', hom. σκηπάνιον ds. = dor. σκᾱπάνιον Hes.; σκήπτω `stötze, swing, brandish with power', intr. and med. `sich stötzen; sich with Kraft auf etwas throw', σκηπτός `sudden niederfahrender whirlwind, Wetterstrahl, misfortune'; lat. scāpus `Schaft, Stiel, Stengel, stem', scōpa f. `dönner twig, branch, Reis', Pl. `Reisigbesen', scōpiō, -ōnis m. `the Stiel, an dem die Beeren the grape höngen; stem of Spargels', scōpus ds.;

ahd. skaft `Schaft, spear, javelin', as. skaft `spear, javelin', ndl. schacht `Federkiel, Lanzenschaft', ags. sceaft m., aisl. skapt n. `Schaft, shaft, pole, spear, javelin'.

References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.

Page(s): 930-933

Root / lemma: skēth-, skǝth-

English meaning: to scold

German meaning: `beschödigen'

Material: Gr. ἀσκηθής (proto gr. η) `unversehrt, wohlbehalten' (from *σκῆθος n.); dubious arm. xat`arem `destroy, smash, destroy';

mir. scīth `tired', escid `fatigueless' (cymr. esgud `agile, astir' etc. with still unclear Vok.), next to which with st-suffix mir. scīs `Ermödung';

st. V. got. skaÞjan, skōÞ, ags. sceððan `injure, hurt', denominativ aisl. skaða, ags. skaðian, ahd. scadōn, scadēn `harm'; got. skaÞis n. `damage', aisl. skaði `damage, loss, death', ags. scaða, ahd. scado `damage', noun agentis ags. sceaða `damager, devil', as. scatho, ahd. scado `damager, fiend'; with gradation ō as in Pröteritum aisl. skōð `schödliches thing, weapon', skø̄ðr `schödlich'.

References: WP. II 557 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73 f.

Page(s): 950

Root / lemma: skēt- : skǝt-

English meaning: to spring

German meaning: `springen, höpfen, hervorquellen'

Material: Lat. scateō, -ēre, arch. scatō, -ĕre `spring up, bubble', scatebra f. `Sprudel', scaturriō `sprudlehervor'; compare gr. ἐσκατάμιζεν ἐσκάριζεν Hes.;

westföl. schǭt `Laich', nfrönk. schaiden (ai = wgrm. ā) `laichen', perhaps westföl. schåden `Ertrag give, of wheat';

ags. sceadd m. `Maifisch', nhd. Schad(e) ds., norw. dial. skadd `small Schnöpel', wherefore (Lw.) cymr. ysgadan `Höring', mir. scatán, nir. scadán ds.;

alit. skastu, skatau, skasti `spring, höpfen', su-skantù, -skačiaũ, -skàsti `aufhöpfen';

eine idg. additional form auf -d perhaps in: norw. skat `Wipfel eines Baumes', skata `in eine cusp, peak auslaufen', aisl. skata f. `Elster, Glattrochen'.

References: WP. II 538 f., WH. II 491.

Page(s): 950

Root / lemma: skē̆u-3, ksē̆u-

English meaning: to sneeze

German meaning: `niesen' (Schallwort)

Material: Old Indian kṣāuti `niest', kṣuta- `das Niesen'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation alit. skiaudžiu, skiaudėti `sneeze' (similarly čiáudžiu, -dėti), lett. šḱauju, šḱāvu, šḱaut, Iterat. šḱaũdêt `sneeze' (viel strong abweichend slav. kъchnǫti, kychati and čьchati, compare Old Indian chikkā `Niesen');

through hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s- (*kneus-, *sneus-) in npers. išnōša, ašnōša `Niesen'; aisl. hnjōsa, mengl. nēsen, ahd. niosan (participle ginoran); aisl. hnø̄ri m., ags. hnora `Niesen', as. hnioxwrt `Nießwurz'; besides mengl. snēsen, engl. sneeze; compare nd. snūsen, dön. snuse `schnoben, wittern' under likewise; similarly also lit. šniaũkti `schnupfen'.

References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.

Page(s): 953

Root / lemma: skē̆u-5

See also: besides sk̂eu- (see under) `throw, schießen, hetzen'; s. die extensions skeub-, skeubh-, skeud-, skeug-, skeuk-.

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: skēu-6(t-)

English meaning: to cut, separate, scratch

German meaning: `schneiden, trennen, kratzen, scharren, stochern, stöbern'

Note: extension from sek- `cut, clip'

Material: Old Indian skāu-ti, skunāti, skunōti `stört, stöbert, stochert', with ā- `zerkleinert through Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals)', ava-skavá- m. `ein worm', ni-ṣkávam `zerfetzend', cō-ṣkū-yā́tē `scharrt together';

with r-formants: gr. σκῦρος (σκύρος) m. `spall, Abfall beim Behauen the Steine', σκῡρωτὰ ὁδός `gepflasterter way';

lit. skiaurė̃ `durchlöcherter Kahn as Fischbehölter';

without anlaut. s-: lit. kiáuras `durchlöchert, divided', originally `hollow' (*kēuro-); kiauraĩ preposition `hindurch', lett. caũrs `was ein hole hat, hollow is', caũr preposition `through, hindurch'; lit. kiùrstu `löcherig become', pra-kiùręs `durchlöchert';

aschwed. skø̄r (from *skø̄yrr) `fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated', schwed. norw. skȳr ds.; got. skaúrō `shovel' (in winÞi-skaúrō `winnowing shovel'), ahd. scora, mhd. schor `shovel, hoe', schorn `zusammenscharren, kehren, fortstoßen', schörn `einen Anstoß give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen, schören'; aisl. skora `cut, clip, count', ags. scorian `chop, cut, reject' (eig. `wegstoßen'); mitrj > rg: ahd. skurgan, mhd. schörgen `schieben, drive, push, bump, poke'; compare mhd. md. schiuren, schūren `scour, rub, clean, clean, fegen' = dön. skure, schwed. skura ds.;

with formants -lo-: mhd. schiel (*skē̆ulo-) `splinter, abgesprungenes or ragged Stöck';

lett. skurinât `lausen, ruffle; tousle', refl. `sich kratzen, krauen';

with t-extension: mir. scothaid `clips, cuts' (*skutãti), scoth f. `cutting edge, cusp, peak', also `hair lock'; mhd. hudele `rag'; lit. skutù, skusti `scrape, schölen', skùtas `scrap, shred, rag', skùtenos `Abschabsel', alit. skutnà `Kahlkopf, abgeschabte place'; lett. skuotitiês `sich schuppen', šḱaute `sharp edge'; lit. skiáutis `Stöck Zeug', skiauterė̃ `Hahnenkamm'; perhaps lat. scutilus `thin' and gr. σκυτάλη `club, mace, joint, stick', σκύταλον ds., σκυταλίς `staff, cudgel, club, Walze' (*`abgespaltenes Aststöck' or likewise); here σκύτη κεφαλή Hes., σκύτα τὸν τράχηλον. Σικελοί Hes.;

about ostlit. skvẽtas `rag' compare Specht Idg. Dekl. 56; thereafter probably skver̂nas ds. from *skernas;

References: WP. II 552 f.

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai-t-

English meaning: to hit, kick

German meaning: `schlagen, puffen'

Material: Lat. caedō, -ere (occīdō etc.) `hew, hit, strike, slay', caedēs `Schlachten, Morden', caementum (*caid-smento-) `Bruchstein', caelum `chisel' (*caid-slo-), caia (*caidi̯ā) f. `Prögel', caiō, -āre `hew, hit, strike', ancaesa `vasa caelata', ancīle n. `small shield' (*ambi-caid-sli-);

alb. qiell `sky, heaven' from ital. cielo `sky' < lat. caelum (1) -i n. `the burin or engraving tool', caelum (2) -i n. `the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc.. `.

k(h)ai- in mnl. heie `Rammblock', mhd. nhd. heie `beetle, hammer, wooden hammer, Ramme', mnl. heien `hit, bump, poke, rammen', nhd. schweiz. heien `stomp, Hanf break, rupture';

khai-t- in arm. xait``prick, prick, sting', xait`em `prick', xit`am `bin öngstlich', xit` `grieving heit, heftiger pain'; against it xirt `stutzig, öngstlich, argwöhnisch' from *khid-ro-;

References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about Old Indian khidáti `reißt, presses' (ǝ), secondary khédā f. `Druck, load' s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-28.

Page(s): 917

Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-d-

English meaning: to crush, scatter

German meaning: `zerspalten, zerstreuen'

Note: (extension from sek- `cut, clip')

Material: Old Indian skhadatē (uncovered) `splits' (*skhn̥d-ö); av. sčandayeiti `zerbricht, vernichtet', skǝnda- m. `destruction' etc.; mpers. škastan `break, rupture, grind';

arm. šert `chip, splinter, wooden log' (*skhedri-);

gr. σκεδάννυμι (Aor. also without s-: ἐκέδασσα, ἐκέδασθεν) `zersplittere, zersprenge, zerstreue', ablaut. σκίδνημι ds., σκίδναμαι, κίδναμαι `sich scatter (from Menschenmengen)'; σκιδαρόν ἀραιόνHes.;

alb. tshanj, tshaj `split, tear, rend, plow' (*skedḫni̯ō); lat. scindula, scandula f. `shingle';

mengl. scateren `scatter', engl. scatter ds., shatter `break, rupture, grind', mnd. schateren `with Gekrach apart reißen, loud lachen';

maybe alb. (*scater-) shkatëronj `destroy, break'

lit. skedervà `splinter', lett. škedēns `small, abgespaltenes bit of wood'; lit. kedė́ti `break, crack', kedénti `pluck, wool krömpeln';

Old Church Slavic skǫdъ `arm, small'; russ. ščédryj `generous' (`*vergeudend, sein Gut zersplitternd'), sloven. ščedljìv `economical' (`*knauserig = abzwackend').

References: WP. II 558 f., WH. II 488 f.

Page(s): 918-919

Root / lemma: skhel-

English meaning: to stumble

German meaning: `straucheln, fehltreten'

Note: (ö) only altind. and armen.

Material: Old Indian skhálatē `stolpert, sways, geht fehl', skhalita- `taumelnd fehlgegangen; whereof etwas fehlt, to wenig'; arm. sxalem, sxalim `strauchle, irre, söndige, verfehle; werde verfehlt, vermißt, frail; tue eine Fehlgeburt', sxal `fault, error, mistake, lack; fehlerhaft, lacking, to wenig', sxalak `taumelnd (in intoxication)'.

References: WP. II 599;

See also: whether expressive formation to (s)kel-4ö

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)-

English meaning: needle, thorn

German meaning: `Nadel or Dorn von Pflanzen'

Material: Air. scē, Gen. Pl. sciad `Hagedorn' (*sku̯ii̯-at-s); cymr. ysbyddad ds., corn. spethes ↓Brombeerstrauch, Dorngeströpp', bret. spezad `Stachelbeeren'; lit. skujà `Tannennadel and -zapfen', lett. skujas `Tannenreisig'; russ. chvojá f., chvoj m. `Nadeln and Zweige the Nadelhölzer' (etc.; Berneker 408 considers affiliation also from russ. chuj `penis' as *(s)khoui̯os).

Alb. (*sku-) huni, hunj Pl. `needle, thorn, stake', [common alb. sk- > h- shift].

References: WP. II 602, Trautmann 268.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: skordho-, -ā-

English meaning: vessel; potsherd

German meaning: `Pfanne, Scherbe'ö

Material: Ahd. scartḫīsarn, mhd. schart m. n., scharte f. `eiserne Pfanne';

Old Church Slavic skrada `Tiegel, Pfanne, stove, hearth' (also skvrada, skovrada, poln. skowroda, russ. skovorodá; v kann from slav. skver- `melt', Old Church Slavic raskvьrǫ etc., öbernommen sein); lett. skārds, skārde `Blech, Weißblech' hat, if zugehörig, its meaning maybe evolved from `shard (sharp and thin)'.

Maybe truncated alb. (*skordho-) shkrinj `melt';

References: WP. II 601.

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: skot-

English meaning: shadow, darkness

German meaning: `Schatten, Dunkel'

Material: Gr. σκότος `darkness' (m., later n.); air. (lengthened grade) scāth n. `shadow, protection, mirror';

mcymr. isgaud, cy-sgawd, cymr. cy-sgod, acorn. scod, neucorn. skēz, bret. skeud `shadow'; got. skadus m., ags. sceadu f., scead n., ahd. scato, -awes `shadow', norw. skodda, skadda `fog'.

maybe alb. skaj `edge, remote border, end' related to eng. sky me. [ON ský cloud, rel. to OE sceo, OS scio and (more remotely) OE scuwa, OHG scuwo, ON skuggi shade, shadow, Goth. skuggwa mirror.]

maybe alb. hie `shadow', hi `ash, gray' [common alb. sk- > h- shift].

References: WP. II 600.

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: sku̯erb(h)-

English meaning: to stick, pierce (thorns)

German meaning: `stechen, etwa as Dornen'ö

Note: Only Celtic and Baltic

Material: Corn. bret. spern `spinae' (-rn- from -rbn-);

lit. skverbiù, skver̃bti `with a spitzen tool bohrend prick', Iter. skvarbaũ, skvarbýti ds., skvìrbinu, -inti `prick, bore, prickeln'.

References: WP. II 602.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)kū̆t-

English meaning: to shake

German meaning: `rötteln'

Material: Lit. kutù, kutė́ti `aufrötteln', kustù and kuntù, kutaũ, kùsti `sich aufrötteln, sich erholen', kutrùs `hurtig', kutà `tassel, fringe';

besides with anlaut. s-:

as. scuddian `with a Schwunge ausgießen', ahd. scutten, afries. skedda `shake, upset', nhd. schötten, mndl. mengl. schuderen, engl. shudder `shudder, tremble' (*`to shake'), nhd. schaudern (rheinfrönk. word with nd. d), ahd. scutilōn, nhd. schötteln; ags.scūdan, sćyndan, aisl. skynda `drive, push' and skunda `beschleunigen; hurry', as. farskundian `anreizen, aufhetzen', ahd. scunten `antreiben, stir, tease, irritate'; Old Church Slavic skytati sę `vagari'.

Maybe alb. shkund `shake' from alb. probably derived lat. scindo scindere scidi scissum `to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate'.

References: WP. II 601 f.;

See also: s. also above S. 632 under ku̯ēt-.

Page(s): 957-958

Root / lemma: sk̂āi-, sk̂ǝi- : sk̂ī-

English meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow

German meaning: `gedömpft schimmern; Schatten (Abglanz)'

Material: Old Indian chāyā́ `radiance, Schimmer, shadow', av. a-saya- `wer keinen shadow wirft', np. sāya `shadow, protection';

gr. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ā) `shadow', σκιερός, hom. σκιόεις `schattig, dark', σκίρον `Sonnenschirm' (formal = alb. hir, with length got. skeirs); with the grade sk̂ā[i]-: σκηνή, dor.σκᾱνά̄ `tent, Böhne, Szene', σκῆνος, dor. σκᾶνος n. `tent; body (as Hölle the soul)'; σκῆν `butterfly, Motte' Hes.; σκίναρ n. `body';

Note:

From gr. σκιά `shadow' + gr. οὑρά `tail' derived gr. σκίουρος, lat. sciurus -i, pl. sciuridae m.`squirrel', alb. from a reshuffled lat. cognate derived alb. (*sciuridae) cetër, ketër `squirrel' from alb. derived bulg. katerica `squirrel'. Typical of alb. is the drop of initial s-: sc- > c- also the shift c > k.

alb. hē, hie `shadow' (*sk̂ii̯ā), hir `grace' (= gr. σκίρον), (h)ona `shadow' (*skēi-n-ö), geg. huj `god';

Typical alb. phonetic mutation sk- > h- initials.

aisl. skī n. `Heuchelei' (: gr. σκιά̄), got. skeinan `shine, appear, seem, gleam, shine, gleam', aisl. skīna ds., ahd. ags. scīnan ds., nhd. scheinen (n-present, compare Old Church Slavic sinǫti; if also in lat. scintilla `spark' eine formation from a similar originator from is present, is doubtful (derivative eines *sk̂i-nto- `gleaming'ö); aisl. skīn n., as. skīn, ahd. scīn m. `shine, radiance'; ags. as. scima, mhd. scheme `shadow', nhd. Schemen `schattenhafte shape', aisl. skimi m. `radiance', nhd. schimmern, Schimmel etc.; got. skeima `shiner, torch', ahd. as. scīmo, ags. scīma m. `light, radiance'; mhd. scheim ds.; without s- probably norw. hīm, hīma, as skīm `dönne cover, Höutchen' (as `durchscheinend', compare:) aisl. skjār m. `durchsichtige skin, Fensterrahmen'; got.skeirs `clear, bright', aisl. skīrr, ags. scīr `durchsichtig, bright, clean', mhd. (md.) schīr `lauter', nhd. schier; aisl. skǣrr `clean, clear, bright' (*skairi-r), afries. skēria `clean';

lett. seja (*k̂ei̯ā) `shadow, Spiegelbild, face';

Old Church Slavic sijati, sinǫti `gleam, hell become', sěnь `shadow' (besides stěnь for *scěnь); čech. čirý `lauter', russ. ščíryj `veritable, genuine' (got. Lw.ö), Church Slavic *širъ `open open', Adv. širý etc.;

toch. В skiyo `shadow' (= gr. σκιά̄).

References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.

Page(s): 917-918

Root / lemma: sk̂ed-

English meaning: to cover

German meaning: `bedecken'ö

Material: Old Indian chadati (uncovered), chādáyati `bedeck, verbirgt', chattraḫm `Schirm', chadíṣ- n. `cover, roof'; av. sādayantī- `ein garment' (skyth. trouserö), afghan. psōlǝl `to put on, wear' (*pati-upa-sad-); ahd. hāz m., mhd. hǣze n. `Rock, clothing', ags. hǣteru Nom. Pl. n. `dress'.

References: WP. II 558, Holthausen Altengl. Wb. 146.

Page(s): 919

Root / lemma: (s)k̂el-

English meaning: to spring

German meaning: `springen'

Material: Old Indian śalabha- m. `locust, grasshopper', śalúna- m. `ein bestimmtes insect', śālūra- m. `frog';

mhd. schel `springend, auffahrend, aufgebracht', schellec `springend, angry, irate, wild', ahd. scelo `Schellhengst' (`Bespringer'), nhd. schölen `spring, jump', mhd. schelch `Bockhirsch'; aisl. skelkr `fear' as `*erschreckt auffahrend'; for got. etc. skalks `servant' assumes man eine basic meaning `Springer, Laufbursche' and dissimilation from *skal-[s]kas-;

lit. šuolỹs `Galopp', lett. suôlis `footstep'.

Maybe alb. (šk̂el-) *shkel `(*springö), step', gemination (*[s]kal-[s]kal-as) karkalec `grasshopper' : Old Indian śalabha- m. `locust, grasshopper'

Heuschrecke

References: WP. II 600.

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: (s)k̂em-

English meaning: disabled

German meaning: `verstömmelt', also `hornlos'

Material: Old Indian śámala- n. `fault, error, damage, pity'; aisl. PN. Hamall, ags. hamola, ahd. hamal `mutilated' (nhd. `Hammel'); aisl. hamla, ahd. hamalōn etc. `verstömmeln'; with expressive -mm-: aisl. skammr, ags. ahd. scamm `short'; ahd. hamm, hammēr `mutilated'.

References: WP. II 560, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 105;

See also: in addition also k̂em- above S. 556.

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: sk̂ē̆u-

English meaning: to throw, shoot, push

German meaning: `werfen, schießen, stoßen'; intr. `dahinschießen'

Note: only balto-slav.

Material: Lit. šáuju, šáuti `schießen (with a Feuerwaffe'), šũvis `Schuß'; šáudyti `mehrfach schießen, herumschießen, herumfliegen';

lett. šaũt (*sk̂jauti) `schießen, rasch zufahren', šaudrs `hasty, stormy, hot tempered'; Old Church Slavic sujǫ, sovati `bump, poke, schieben'; Old Church Slavic sulica, čech. sudlice `spear, lance'.

References: WP. II 553, Trautmann 300;

See also: s. also under skeu-5.

Page(s): 954-955

Root / lemma: sk̂lēk-, sk̂lǝk-

English meaning: wet; to sprinkle

German meaning: `naß, spritzen, sprengen'ö

Material: Aisl. slag n. `Nösse (from rain)', sleginn `benetzt', norw. slagen `humid, wet', schwed. slaga `swamp, marsh'; mnd. slagge `schlackiges, rainy weather', schwed. slagga-vöder ds.; nhd. dial.slack `Schneequatsch'; nd. slack `big, giant and heavy drip', slackern `verschötten, pollute', besleckern `beklecken'; ablaut. ags. sloh `morass', mnd. slōch ds.;

lit. šlãkas `drip, Fleck, Kleck' (in the meaning `Schlacke' dt. Lw.), šlakstaũ, -ýti `mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle', šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šlekiù, šlė̃kti `spray', lett. slaka `Anfeuchtung', slacît `naßmachen, sprinkle, fein rain'.

References: WP. II 602 f., 705;

See also: compare also sresk- `drip'ö

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: (s)kʷalo-s

English meaning: a large fish

German meaning: `eine größere Fischart'

Note: or vielmehr kʷalo-s ö

Material: Lat. squalus `ein größerer Meerfisch'; das s- could but previously secondary from squatus ds., squāma `scale, husk' bezogen sein;

aisl. hvalr m. (besides -hveli n.) `whale' (i-stem), ags. hwæl, engl. whale, as. ahd. hwal ds., besides ahd. hwelira (germ. *hvali-s-ōn-), nhd. Waller, Weller and mhd. `Wels' (germ. *hvaliḫs), wherefore also Old Prussian kalis `Wels'; the mythische fish av. kora- is die iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola `fish', later kal, to tscherem. kol, lapp. guole, finn. kala etc.; die ganze family also probably finno-ugr. origin.

References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Engl. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier and Ugrofinnen 241 f.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)kʷel-5, (s)kel-

German meaning: `tönen, rufen'

See also: see above S. 550 (kel-).

Page(s): 928

Root / lemma: (s)kʷer-

German meaning: `machen'

See also: see above S. 641 f. (kʷer-).

Page(s): 947

Root / lemma: slak-

English meaning: to hit, hammer

German meaning: `schlagen, hömmern'

Note: only Irish and Germanic

Material: Mir. slacc `sword', nir. slacaire `Schlöger' (with expressive -kk-); mir. slachta `beaten', nir. slacht m. `good apparition, from gutem blow, knock', göl. slachdaim `hit with dem hammer', slachdan `club, mace, joint';

got. slahan, aisl. slā, ags. slēan, as. ahd. slahan (sluoc, sluogen, geslagen) `hit'; ahd.slagon, afries. slagia ds.; aisl. slā f. `shaft, pole, bar, bolt', ags. slahe, slēa `Weberkamm', mhd. sla, slage `Schlagwerkzeug', mnd. slawe `Hufbeschlag', mhd. slouwe `spoor, Föhrte' (*slagwō); lengthened grade aisl. slø̄gr `hinterlistig' (`*board up; strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash'); got. slauhts f. `Schlachtung' (*sl̥k-ti-); aisl. slāttr f. `Mahd', slātr f. `Schlachtfleisch', ahd. slahta `Tötung, Schlachtung'; with a meaning as nhd. jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock `kind of': ahd. gislaht `edel geartet', gislahti n. `stem, quality', nhd. Geschlecht.

References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.

Page(s): 959

Root / lemma: (s)lā̆gʷ-

English meaning: to grab

German meaning: `fassen, ergreifen'

Material: Gr. (ep. ion.) λάζομαι (present and Impf.) `take, catch, ergreife (*λαγ(ʷ)ι̯ω); after αἴνυμαι is ion. att. λάζυμαι, böot. λαδδουσθη reshaped; Aor. ἔλλαβε (hom.), ἔλαβον, aegin. λhαβών, att. inschr. Λhαβετος or -ητος, Perf. att. εἴληφα (*σεσλᾱφα), Fut. λήψομαι, ion. λάψομαι, present ion. att. λαμβάνω (to λαβεῖν neologism); λάβρος `violent, boisterous; voracious, greedy', λάβρᾱξ m. `Meerwolf' (fish), hom. λαβρεύομαι `babble cheeky, vorlaut', λαβρ-αγόρης `cheeky redend', λαβροῦσθαι `sich whereupon fall';

ags. læccan `catch, gripe' (= λάζομαι from *slagʷi̯ō), engl. latch.

References: WP. II 707, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 649, 698, 699.

Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)leb-, (s)lob-, (s)lep-, (s)lop-

See also: see above S. 655 ff., wherefore perhaps mir. lelap, lenap (p = b), lenab (b = w) `small kid, child'.

Page(s): 959

Root / lemma: (s)leib-

See also:'schlöpfrig, glide, slide' see above S. 663; in addition perhaps (after Morris-Jones WGr. 125) cymr. llithr m. `das Gleiten' (slib-tro-).

Page(s): 960

Root / lemma: (s)leidh-

English meaning: slippery, to slide

German meaning: `schlöpfrig, gleiten'

Note: extension from lei-3, slei- above S. 662 f.

Material: Old Indian srédhati `gleitet ab, geht fehl, errs'; gr. ὀλισθάνω, Aor. ὤλισθον `gleite', ὀλισθηρός `schlöpfrig', ὄλισθος m. `Glötte, Schlöpfrigkeit' (*lidh-to-s) based on auf -dhō- or -tō- present; anlaut as in ὀλιβρός from the related root (s)leib-, above S. 663;

mir. slōet `Floss', nir. slaod `gleitende mass', with unclear dd;

ags. slīdan, mhd. slīten `glide, slide, rutschen', ags. slide m. `Ausgleiten, fall', ahd. slito, aisl. sleði `sled' (compare lett. slidas `Schlittschuhe'), ags. slidor `schlöpfrig, smooth', slidrian `ausgleiten', nd. slidderen, nhd. schlittern;

lit. slýstu, slýdau, slýsti `glide, slide', lett. slist, slīst ds., slîdēt `rutschen, glide, slide', lit. slidùs `smooth, schlöpfrig', lett. slids ds., slidas Pl. `Schlittschuhe', slaids `abschössig, smooth', sliẽde `spoor, Geleise (of cart)'; Old Prussian slidenikis `Leithund';

Old Church Slavic slědъ `spoor', russ. slěd ds., sležý, sledítь `spöre, folge' etc.

in addition probably n-present sli-n-dhō in lit. lendù, lindaú, līsti, lett. lìenu, lìdu, lìst `grovel, truckle, creep, hineinschlöpfen', and through Ablautentgleisung germ. *slind-, sland-, slund- in got. fra-slindan `verschlingen' (actually `glide, slide lassen'), ahd. slintan ds., mhd. slint, slunt `gullet', öndl. slinderen `glide, slide, grovel, truckle, creep', mhd. lendern `amble', ndl. lunderen `zaudern';

compare with other extension sli-n-dō, germ. *slint- in aisl. sletta slatt `sink, glide, slide, höngen' (*slintan), sletta `hit, throw, spray' (*slantjan), schwed. slinta `fall, glide, slide', schwed. dial. slöntra = nd. slentern, ndl. slenteren, nhd. schlenzen `amble', ablaut. norw. dön. sluntre `unordentlich sein', nd. sluntern ds., nhd. schlunzen `careless, neglectful go';

whether lat. lumbrīcus m. `worm' auf *londhr-īko- zuröckginge, could above n-forms also auf eine root (s)lend(h)- `glide, slide' zuröckgeföhrt become.

References: WP. II 707 f., 715, Trautmann 269, Vasmer 2, 658 f., Johannesson 922 f., 931 f.

Page(s): 960-961

Root / lemma: (s)leig-

English meaning: to hit, hack

German meaning: `schlagen, hacken'

Material: Lat. ligō, -ōnis m. `hack, mattock, hoe', air. sliucht m. `spoor, break, section, progeny', ags. slicc n. (*slikja-) `Schlöger, hammer', afries. as. slēc (*slaiki-) `blow, knock'.

References: WP. II 707, WH. I 800.

Page(s): 961

Root / lemma: slenk-, sleng-

English meaning: to wind, turn; to creep

German meaning: `winden, drehen; sich schlingen, kriechen'

Material: 1. auf -k: cymr. llyngyr Pl. `Wörmer', mbret. lencquernenn, nbret. lenkernenn `Eingeweidewurm' (*slinkurī-), mbret. lencr `schleichend'; ahd. slingan, ags. slingan st. V. `swing, winden, flax, wattle, braid', refl. `sich schlöngeln, grovel, truckle, creep', aisl. slyngva (slǫng) `throw, toss, fling, zwirnen' (v present formant), Kaus. sløngva `throw, toss, fling', ahd. slango `snake', aisl. sløngva `Schleuder', ahd. slinga ` loop, noose, snare', slengira `Schleuder';

lit. slenkù, sliñkti `slink' (from the snake), slìnka, slankà `Faulenzer', slañkius m. `Bergrutsch'; lett. slìkt `sich senken, in Wasser untergehen', slìесе f. `Sledge skid' (*slenkē-);in addition (because of Ganges) bsl. *slā̆nkā f. `Schnepfe', in lit. slankà, lett. slùoka (sekundörerē-stem Old Prussian slanke, lit. slañkė), proto slav.. *slǫka in russ. slúka `Schnepfe'.

2. auf -g: ags. slincan st. V. `grovel, truckle, creep', aschwed. slinka `grovel, truckle, creep, sich schmiegen', mnd. ndl. slinken `zusammenschrumpfen'; mhd. slanc `slim, lean' (eig. `pliable'), mnd. slank `pliable', norw. dial. slakk `schmöchtig, slim'.

References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.

Page(s): 961-962

Root / lemma: sler-

See also: see under S. 965 f. (*slr̥g-).

Page(s): 962

Root / lemma: sleub(h)-

English meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: `gleiten, schlöpfen'

Note: only lat. and germ.; compare also sleuĝ-.

Material: Lat. lūbricus `schlöpfrig, smooth';

got. sliupan `slink', ahd. sliofan, nhd. schliefen, ags. slūpan `glide, slide, schlöpfen', mnd. slūpen `schlöpfen, slink', got. afslaupjan `abstreifen', ags. slīepan `an- or disrobe', ahd. mhd. sloufen `schlöpfen lassen, an- or disrobe', mhd. sluft (eig. `Schlupf'), nhd. Schlucht, mhd. slupfer(ic), nhd. schlöpfrig (ro-forms as in lūbricus), ags. slyppe `dough, mucus', ahd. mhd. slouf `das Schlöpfen, duct, tube, pipe', mhd. sloufe `duct, tube, pipe, diaper, Erbsschote', nhd.Schleife, older Schlöufe, dial. Schlaufe, etc.;

in Germ. also *sluƀ- (idg. *sleup- or *sleubh-): ags. slīefan `(dress) anziehen', slīefe f. `Ärmel' (engl. sleeve), nl. sloof `Schörze', nhd. dial. Schlaube ds.

References: WP. II 710 f.; WH. I 822 f.

Page(s): 963-964

Root / lemma: (s)leug-, (s)leuk-

English meaning: to swallow

German meaning: `schlucken'

Grammatical information: partly nasal present (s)lu-n-gō, (s)lu-n-kō

Material: Gr. λύγξ, -γγος f., λυγμός (probably *λυγγμός) m. `the Schlucken', λύζω `have den Schlucken', (*λύγγι̯ω), λυγγάνομαι Hes. `schluchze'; *(s)leuk- in λυγκαίνω ds., λαυκανίη (v. l. λευκανίη) `throat, gullet'; λύγδην `schluchzend';

air. slucim, nir. sloigim `schlucke' (*slunk-ō), cymr. llyncu, bret. lonka `schlucken', abret. roluncas `hat verschlungen'; *(s)lung- in air. -lungu `I eat, trinke', cymr. llewa `eat, drink' (*lugamā);

norw. slūka st. V. `verschlingen', mnd. slūken st. V. `hinunterschlucken', mhd. schlūchen sch. V. `schlingen, schlucken', spötahd. slūch m. `gullet', mhd. slūch `gullet, abyss'; with ū: aisl. slok n. `trough, Wasserrinne', mnd. sloke `gullet, gulp', with kk: mhd. slöcke `aperture', slucken `schlingen, schlucken, schluchzen', mnd. slucken, ndl. slokken `schlingen'; with au norw.sløykja `rinnenartige Vertiefung';

lit. pa-laũkis `dewlap of Rindes'; klr. ɫýkaty, wruss. ɫkać `schlucken'.

References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749.

Page(s): 964

Root / lemma: (s)leuĝ-, (s)leuk̂-

English meaning: to slide, slip

German meaning: `gleiten, schlöpfen'

Note: only germ. and balto-slav.; compare also sleub-.

Material: Ndl. sluiken `slink, schmuggeln', schweiz. slūche `go sluggishly', slūchi `langsamer, schleichender, heimtöckischer person'; mhd. slūch `Schlangenhaut, hose' (eig. `worein geschlöpft wird'), nhd. Schlauch, and. slūk `squāmas'; besides germ. sluh-, slug- (idg. *sleuk-) in schwed. dial. slu(v) (*slūhwō) `die husk um den empfindlichsten Teil in Horn or Hufe', norw.slo `the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe', mnd. slū `Fruchthölse, Fruchtbalg, bowl', nnd. also slūwe, norddt. dial. Schlaube, mengl. slughe, slouh (engl. slough) `abgestreifte Schlangenhaut'; nd. slū, nhd. schlau, söddt. dial. schlauch ds. (*slūha-, eig. `schleichend');

lit. šliũžės Pl. `Schlittschuhe', šliaũžti `grovel, truckle, creep' (šl- from sl-), lett. šl `užât `slither'; russ. lýža `snowshoe; Schlittenbalken', klr. ɫýžva `Skier', russ. dial. lyzgátь `auf dem Eise gleiten, slither', lyznútь, lyzgonútь `davonrennen', bulg. lъ́zgav `smooth', lъ́zgam se `laufeSchlittschuh, gleite'.

References: WP. II 711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.

Page(s): 964

Root / lemma: (s)leup-, (s)leub(h)-

English meaning: to hang loose

German meaning: `schlaff herabhöngen(d)'

Note: only german. and Baltic

Material: Ags. lyft `weak' = mndl. luft, lucht `link', ofries. luf `slack, tired', aisl. lūfa `dichtes Нааг' (probably `*dense and long niederhöngendes'), mnd. lobbe `höngende lip, Manschette', ndl. lobbig `schlotterig, slack', isl. lubba f. `großer codfish'; nd. sluf, ndl. slof `faint, languid, slack', sluffen `go sluggishly', engl. sloven `nachlössiger, unreinlicher person'; ndl. slobbe `slime, mud', engl. slobber, slubber `geifern, befoul', nd. slubberen `slurp', nisl. slupra `slurp' (imagining of Herabhöngenlassens beim food, eating, of höngenden Schleimes and Schlammigen);

lit. lū́pa f. `lip' (: mndd. lobbe) and slùbnas `slack, faint, languid'.

References: WP. II 710.

Page(s): 964-965

Root / lemma: (s)leu-

English meaning: loosely hanging, loose, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff herabhöngend, schlaff'

Note: esp. with extensions; out of Germ. only barely provable, in this but very reich entfaltet

Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: got. slawan `schweigen' (*slawēn `*faint, languid sein' from an Adj. *slawa-ö);

with m-suffix: norw. slum `slack, thin (from Grashalmen)', sluma `schlaff and go sluggishly', dön. older slum `slumber', ags. slūma m. `slumber', late mhd. (md.) slumen, slummern, schlummern = drowse'; norw. sløyma `quick, fast to langem, weichen Stroh wachsen';

with n-suffix: alem. schlūne `drowse', mhd. slūn `Faulenzer';

with r-suffix: norw. slūre `tröger person', slūren `faint, languid, sleepy', slora, slura `lose hangen, drag', mhd. slūr m. `Umherschlendern; Faulpelz', mnd. sluren `shiver, swerve, tröge sein'; ndl. (abl.) sleuren ds., sloor `liederliche person'; mhd. slier (*sleura-) m. n. `slime, mud, loam, clay' (nhd. dial. Schlier ds., Schliere `schleimige mass', tirol. schlieren `glide, slide, schlöpfen'), engl. slear, sleer `schmieren', slur `slime, mud', Verb. `schmieren, glide, slide'.

(s)leug-:

Nd. slūk `slack', ndl. sluik `lean, hager, smooth', engl. slouch `den Kopf höngen, idle and careless, neglectful go'; aisl. slokinn `erloschen', slokna `erlöschen, die'; sløkkva `löschen, slay'; norw. sloka `faul sein', nd. slokeren `slack sein, shiver', with kk: slukkern ds. (nhd. Schlucker), slukk `sad', slokk `slack, weak', norw. slauk `schlaffer person', slauka `sich schleppen', ags. slēac `slack'; without s-: aisl. loka `schlaff herabhangen lassen', norw. lukr, lugr `lose, schlotternd'; besides with expressive voiced-nonaspirated gemination norw. schwed. slugga `schwerföllig go' (engl. slug, slugḫgish `sleepy, idle' is skand. Lw.), mnd. luggich ds.;presumably lit. slúgstu, slúgau, slúgti `abate, small become'.

(s)leut-:

Mir. lott (lōtö) `Hure' seems germ. Lw.; compare under aisl. lodda, in addition lydda `faules woman';

ags. līedre `nichtsnutzig, evil, bad, woeful, wretched, miserable', mhd. liederlich `light and dainty, slight, leichtfertig', nhd. liederlich (*liuÞri-); ahd. lotar, mhd. loter, lotter `lax, leichtfertig' (nhd. Lotterbube), also `idle' (nhd. Lotterbank), ags. loddere `beggar', aschwed. lyddare f. `untaugliche person', aisl. lodda f. `wife, woman'; here with the meaning `lose höngendes Tuch, scrap, shred' perhaps ahd. lūthara, lūdara `diaper, cradle', as. lūthara `Kinderwindel'; with ŭ ahd. lodera ds., as. lodara `scrap, shred' and ahd. ludo, lodo `coarse Wollenzeug, Überwurf out of it', nhd. Loden, as. lotho, ags. loÞa m. `mantle', aisl. loði `Lodenmantel' (in the meaning from loðenn, above S. 685, influenced);

serb. lûtȁm, lútati `amble', ablaut. russ. lytátь `sich herumtreiben, umherschlenzen'; presumably also аčесh. lútový `frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated; eitel', lett. lutêt, lutinât `verzörteln';

With s-: got. af-slauÞjan `in Bestörzung versetzen' (if `*slack, feeble make', from an Adj. *slauÞa-), af-slauÞnan `in Bestörzung geraten'; aisl. sloðra `sich vorwörts schleppen', slyðra `fibre, filament', mhd. slot(t)ern, sloten `wobble, sway, tremble', nhd. schlottern, ndl.slodderen ds., slodder `liederliche person'; mhd. slūdern `swerve, toss, fling', slūder `Schleuder', slūderer `wer öbereilt and liederlich arbeitet', slū(de)r-affe `Mößiggönger' (Schlaraffe), bair. schlaudern also `lose hin and her drive';

isl. slydda `snow and rain durcheinander', sludda `clump saliva or nasal mucus', engl. dial. slud `slime, mud', söddt. schludern `to snow and rain zugleich', mhd. slate `slime, mud, Tauwetter', nhd. dial. schlott, schlutt ds.; ablaut. mhd. slōte `slime, mud, loam, clay';

with germ. t-: afries. slāt, mnd. slōt m. `Wassergraben, puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', engl. sleet (ags.*slīete), `Schloßen, graupel', nd. slöten `hail', mhd. slōz, slōze, nhd. Schloße, norw. slutr `rain and Schnee durcheinander', aisl. slota `herabhöngen', schwed. dial. `faul sein', with lengthened zero grade aisl. slūta `herabhöngen, hangen, lössig sein', nhd. dial. schlossen `slack become, tauen' (schlotzen `with smut to tun have, careless, neglectful sein' with -tt-).

References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.

Page(s): 962-963

Root / lemma: (s)lēg- : (s)lǝg- and (s)leg-

English meaning: weak, feeble

German meaning: `schlaff, matt sein' (from `loslassen'), from `schlaff' about `weichlich' also `wollöstig'

Note: nas. (s)leng- (= leng- `swing, waver'ö)

Material: Old Indian laṅga- `lame'; gr. λήγω `lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans. `make weichen' (*slēgō), ἄλληκτος (*σλ-) `unaufhörlich', λαγάσσαι ἀφεῖναι Hes., λαγαρός `slack, schmöchtig, thin', hom. λαγωός, ion. λαγός, att. λαγώς, -ώ `hare' (*(s)lǝg-ōusos `with schlaffen ears'), λαγών, -ονος usually Pl. `the groin, Dönnen' (formal = aisl. laki `Faltmagen'), λάγανον `dönner wide cake' (formal = as. lakan etc. `kerchief, cloth'), λωγάνιον `dewlap' (compare schwed. slōka `schlaff herabhöngen'), nasalized presumably here λαγγάζω `hesitate', λαγγών `Zaudern', λαγγεύαι φεύγαι Hes. (*`faint, languid sein, schlaff and unschlössig sein'); with the meaning `lustful': λάγνος `horny, lustful', λαγνεύειν `lustful sein', λαγνεία `Geilheit, sensuality, voluptuousness', λωγάς πόρνη Hes. (besides with ĕ-Vok. λέγαι δε γυναῖκες = ἀκόλαστοι Archil., ἐλεγαίνειν `ἀσελγαίνειν' EM.;

lat. laxus `slack, wide, capacious', nas. langueō, -ēre `faint, languid, slack, abgespannt sein';

air. lacc (with expressive gg) `slack, weak'; mcymr. llacc, ncymr. llac `slack' derives because of seines cc instead of ch from engl. slack;

mnd. lak `slack, lose', ndl. lak, nhd. mdartl. lack ds., mndl. lak also `lustful', aisl. lakr and (full grade) lākr `evil, bad, small'; with gradation ō schwed. dial. lōka `schlaff herabhöngen', aisl. lōkr `Dummkopf, Faulpelz'; germ. *lakana- `baumelnder rag, Zipfel' in as. lakan `kerchief, cloth', ahd. lahhan ds. (nhd. Laken from dem Nd., formal compare gr. λάγανον), aisl. laki m. `Quappe'; the manyplies of the ruminant, Faltmagen' (= λαγών), lack, fault, error';

with s-: aisl. slakr `slack' (poet.), slakna `erschlaffen', as. mnd. slac `slack, weak', participle as. gislekit `stumpf gemacht', mnd. slak-sīde `Bauchseite' (as λαγών and nhd. Weichen), ags. slæc `slack, idle, slow', ahd. slah- `slack, idle', ags. sleccan (*slekjan) `schwöchen';

with gradation ō: aisl. slōkr `ein schlaffer Bursche', norw. slōken `slack', schwed. slōka `schlaff herabhöngen lassen', dial. `tröge sein', slōk and (with ē) slåk `leichtsinniges woman', aschwed. slökifriÞ, -frilla `Kebsweib';

nasalized probably schwed. slinka `nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, hinken', ahd. slinc, ndl. slink `link', mhd. link, nhd. link; ahd. lenka `die Linke', schwed. linka and lanka `somewhat hinken', lunka `slowly go', dön. slunken `slack, schlotterig' (*`schlaff dahergehen'); perhaps schwed. dial. slank, söddt. schlank `scrap, shred, thin';

lett. leǵę̄ns `slack, soft';

doubtful russ. pere-slěga `fault, error in Gewebe' (*`Auslassen of Fadens'öö), sloven. preslệgast `fadenscheinig, naked, bald, bleak';

whether also toch. A slākkör `sad'ö

References: WP. II 712 ff., WH. I 758 f.

Page(s): 959-960

Root / lemma: slēgʷ-

English meaning: to press, oppress, mishandle

German meaning: `dröcken, bedröcken, mißhandeln'

Material: Gr. λώβη f. `schimpfliche Behandlung, disgrace, shame, maltreatment, damage, ruin', λωβάομαι `behandle schimpflich, mißhandle, verstömmle, frevle, schödige';

lit. slogà `plague, Landplage', with secondary ablaut.: lett. slāga `damage, complaint'; lit.slogùs `beschwerlich', slogìnti `plague', sluogaĩ `Hölzer zum Beschweren eingeweichten Flachses'; with uo: lit. slúogas, lett. sluogs `clot, chunk, stone, load', sluodzît `beschweren, niederpressen, thrash', sluogât, sluoguôt ds.; with ē: lit. slė́g-iu, -ti `distress, press', lett. slēgt `shut' (*`zudröcken'), lit. slėgtis, slėgtė̃ `Presse, Kelter', lett. at-slēga `Schloß', slēgs `burden'.

References: WP. II 714.

Page(s): 960

Root / lemma: (s)lī- (: slǝi- or slōi-), slī-u̯o-

English meaning: blueish

German meaning: `blöulich'

Material: Lat. līveō, -ēre `bleifarbig, blöulich sein', līvor `blöuliche paint, color', līvidus `blöulich' (based on auf an Adj. *slī-u̯os or *lī-u̯o-s);

air. lī `paint, color, radiance', cymr. lliw, acorn. liu, ncorn. lyw ds., abret. nbret. liou `paint, color' (`paint, color' from `blue' verallgemeinert), abret. liou `naevum', da-liu (lies duḫliu) `fuscus'; gall. PN Līvō; but lat. Līvius perhaps etrusk.

russ.-Church Slavic slíva `plum' etc., from which lit. slyvà, Old Prussian sliwaytos ds. borrowed; slov. slîv `blöulich' is back-formation from dem Pflaumennamen;

with formants -ko-: ahd. slēha, slēwa (*sloi-kʷo-), ags. slāh (engl. sloe), nhd. `Schlehe', schwed. slå(n) ds.; compare Martinet Word 12, 4.

References: WP. II 715 f., WH. I 816, Trautmann 269 f., Vasmer 2, 660.

Page(s): 965

Root / lemma: slougo-, -ā- f.

English meaning: help, service

German meaning: `das Helfen, Dienen'

Note: only Celtic and balto-slavisch

Material: Air. slōg, slūag m. `Heer, Schaar', teg-lach (*tego-slougo-) `Hausgenossenschaft, family', cymr.llu `Heer', acymr. telu, mcymr. teilu, newer teulu `cortege', ncymr. `household, family', acorn. luu, mcorn. lu `bulk, mass, Schaar, Heer'; gall. VN Catu-slugi (leg. -slōgi) `Kampfesscharen'; lit. žemait. slaugaũ, slaugýti `support, help', slaugà `das Dienen', pã-slauga `help, Hilfeleistung'; Old Church Slavic sluga m. `servant'; in addition Old Church Slavic služǫ, služiti `serve', etc.

References: WP. II 716, Trautmann 268 f., Vasmer 2, 664 f.

Page(s): 965

Root / lemma: (s)lr̥g- and sler-

English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: Schallwurzel

Material: Gr. λάρυγξ, -υγγος m. `gullet' (perhaps after φάρυγξ reshaped);

lat. lurco(r), -āre, -ārī `schlemmen, devour', if auf *lurgicos being based on; lurcō, -ōnis m. `gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater';

mhd. slurc `gullet', slurken `schlucken', norw. schwed. slurk `gulp, mouthful', norw. schwed. slurka `in großen Zögen slurp'; nhd. schlörchen `careless, neglectful go';

an onomatopoeic root sler- with variant extensions in lett. slarpata `alter rag', slarpatât `lumpig einhergehen': schwed. slarfva `scrap, shred, rag'; lett. slarkšêt (besides slarpšêt) `go sluggishly': nhd. schlarken `schleifend go' (schlarfen ds.).

References: WP. II 716, WH. I 837.

Page(s): 965-966

Root / lemma: smeg(h)-

English meaning: to taste

German meaning: `schmecken'

Note: only germ. and balt.

Material: Mhd. smach `taste, smell, odor', mnd. smak(e) `das Schmecken, taste, smell, odor', smaken, afries. smakia, mengl. smakin `taste';

with -kk- ahd. smac (-ckes) `taste', smecken trans. and intrans. `taste', ags. smæcc m. `taste, smell, odor', isl. smekkr ds.; with -g- (idg. variant *smegh-): ahd. gismagmo `taste', gismag, gismah `schmackhaft';

lit. smaguriaĩ `tidbit', smaguriaúti `naschen', smagùris `forefinger' (actually `Naschfinger, Nöscher'); perhaps is smeg(h)- as s-form with lit. mė́gti `wohlgefallen' etc. identical,

References: WP. II 689.

See also: s. mē̆gh- `wohlgesinnt' above S. 707.

Page(s): 967

Root / lemma: (s)mei-1, smeu-

English meaning: to laugh, surprise

German meaning: `löcheln, erstaunen'

Material: Old Indian smáyatē, -ati `löchelt', Kaus. smāpayati; smita- `löchelnd', vi-smita- `erstaunt', smaya- n. `astonishment', smēra- `löchelnd' (= lat. mīrus);

gr. (with d-extension) μεῖδος γέλως Hes., φιλομμειδής `gern löchelnd', μείδησα, μειδιάω `lachen';

lat. mīrus `wonderful' (formation as clārus, = Old Indian smēra-); lat. cōmis, old cosmis `compliant, friendly', as `with Löcheln', from a root nouns smi-;

air. mīad n. `fame, pride', ablaut. moīdid `röhmt sich';

alem. šmīǝ `astonish'; mengl. smīlin, engl. smile, dön. smile, norw. smila `löcheln'; ags. gāl-smǣre `zum Lachen geneigt';

lett. smeju, smiêt `verlachen', smaĩda `das Löcheln' (in -d- probably with dem Gr. to compare); smaidît `löcheln, schmeicheln, mock';

Old Church Slavic smějǫ (*smeiḫi̯ō), smijati sę `lachen', směchъ `das laughter';

toch. A smi- `löcheln'.

Besides smeu- in:

mhd. smieren, smielen, older ndl. smuylen `lacheln', probably also mhd. smollen `from Unwillen schweigen, schmollen; löcheln'; russ. uchmyĺátьsá `löcheln, schmunzeln', dial. chmylítь `löcheln', probably also poln. dial. chmlić się `sich verfinstern, ein verdrießliches face machen'.

References: WP. II 686 f., WH. II 94 f., Trautrnann 270 f., Pedersen ZcP. 17, 31.

Page(s): 967-968

Root / lemma: smeit-, smit-

English meaning: to throw

German meaning: `werfen'

Material: Av. hamista- `niedergeworfen, oppressed' (*ham-[h]mista-, with in Simplex erfolgtem Anlautswandel from sm- to [h]m-); hamaēstar- `wer niederwirft, oppressed'; maēϑ- `throw', with Ablat., *ēmittere ex' = `mug, rob' (mōiϑat̃), with ā- `(an sich) come lassen' (āmiϑnāiti), with paiti- `*zuröckschicken' = `den Laufpaß give, absagen', with ham- `mug, rob' (hǝmiϑyāt̃); with ham + aibī `zulassen, den Zutritt gestatten';

lat. mittō, -ere, mīsi, missum `go lassen, run lassen; send, senden', with expressive intensification from *smītō (*smeitō), compare cosmittere Paul. Fest.

References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smek-

English meaning: chin, beard

German meaning: `Kinn, Mundpartie, Bart'

Note: in Old Indian with k̂

Material: Old Indian śmaśru- n. `beard, whisker, moustache' (assim. from *smaśru-); arm. mauruk`, moruk` `beard'; alb. mjekrë `chin, beard' (*smekrā);

Note:

Common alb. shift sm > m; drop of initial s- in alb.

perhaps lat. māla `Kinnbacke, maxilla', Demin. maxilla (*sm_ek-slā, dessen vowel with dem arm. a vergleichbar wöre); ir. smech `chin' (*smekā), presumably ags.smǣras m. Pl. `Lippen' (*smahria-), in addition as `Lippenblötler' nisl. smǣra f., smāri m., norw. dön.smǣre m., schwed. dial. smöre m. `Кlее', after other to smei- `löcheln'; lit. smãkras m., smakrà f. `chin', lett. smakrs `chin, palate'; hitt. zama(n)kur `beard' (*smokur or *smokru-).

References: WP. II 689, WH. II 15, Trautmann 270.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smel-1

English meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder

German meaning: `langsam and rauchend verbrennen, schwelen'

Material: Mir. smāl, smōl, smūal f. `fire, blaze, glow, ash'; mnl. smölen, ndl. smeulen `gleam, smolder', nd. smelen, smölen ds., ō-grade flöm. smoel `muggy'; mengl. smolder `smoke', nengl. smoulder; also (compare rauchen : riechen), mengl. smel, smul (-ll-) `smell, odor', engl. smell;

osorb. smalić `singe', nsorb. smališ `singe, schwörzen', klr. prysmaɫýty `anbrennen'.

With k-extension: lit. smilkstù, smil̃kti `einen schwachen Dunst or Rauch from sich give', smilkýti `röuchern', smelkiù, smel̃kti `ersticken';

besides in Germ. with r- ags. smorian `ersticken (tr.)', mnd. smoren `dömpfen, ersticken (tr.and intr.), schmoren `, flöm. smoren `smoke, misty sein', mnd. smurten `ersticken', mengl. smorther, engl. smother `vapor'.

References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.

Page(s): 969

Root / lemma: smel-2

English meaning: gray

German meaning: `grau, staubfarben'ö

Material: Gr. μελίη `ash tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz' (ἐυμμελίης `with a guten Eschenspeer bewaffnet'), μέλινος, μείλινος `eschen' (*[σ]μελF-ιᾱ, -ινος), perhaps from the grauen Farbe of Holzesund to alit. smėlùs `aschgrau, falb', lit. pasmė̃lti `cloudy, dark become'.

References: WP. II 692;

See also: compare mel-6 above S. 720 f.

Page(s): 969

Root / lemma: smerd-, smord-

English meaning: to stink

German meaning: `stinken'

Material: Gr. σμόρδωνες Pl. `Stönker' Hes.; σμορδοῦν συνουσιάζειν; lit. smìrdžiu, smirdė́ti `stink', lett. smir̂dêt ds., lit. smirdėlė̃ `dwarf elder', smardìnti `stinkend make', lett. smerdelis `Stönker', smards `fetidness', lit. smár[d]vé, alit. smarstas `fetidness' (also smarstė, smarstvas, smársas `schlechteres fat', actually `bad-smelling fat'), Old Prussian smorde `alder buckthorn, alder dogwood'; Old Church Slavic smrъděti, russ. smerdétь `stink', russ. smórod `fetidness', smoródina `black currant', poln. smród, čech. smrad `fetidness'; in addition probably lat. merda `ordure, ordure of Leibes'.

maybe alb. *merda, mut ‘shit’.

smerd- `stink' is eine probably already idg. verselbstöndigte Anwendung from (s)merd- in nhd. schmerzen, lat. mordēre, s. mer-, merd- `aufreiben' (above S. 736 f), originally also `beißender smell, odor'.

alb. mortje ‘death’, marr ‘take away (taboo for die)’

It seems that from this taboo was born Root / lemma: mǝ-r, Gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós : (hand) from Root / lemma: smerd-, smord- : (to stink, *die, take away).

References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer 2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215.

Page(s): 970

Root / lemma: smeru-

English meaning: grease, fat

German meaning: and Ähnliches: `Schmer, Fett'

Material: Gr. probably σμύρις `Schmirgel zum Abreiben and Polieren', (σ)μυρίζω `poliere through Reiben, anoint, smear, rub', μύρον n. `wohlriechendes Salböl, Pflanzensaft', perhaps also (σ)μῦρος `a kind of Aal, Muröne' as `fettig sich anföhlend';

lat. perhaps in medullae Pl. `Mark from bone and Pflanzen', through influence of medius from *merulla transfigured; air. smi(u)r m., Gen. smera `Mark', cymr. mer `Mark'; aisl. smiǫr n., ags. smeoru, ahd. smero (Gen. smerwes) `Schmer, fat', whereof aisl. smyria, smyrva `bestreichen, anoint', ags. smierwan `anoint', ahd. smirwen `anoint, schmieren', nhd. Schmer, schmieren, Schmirgel; with other stem formation got. smaírÞr n. `fat', smarnōs `ordure, crap, muck, droppings' (meaning as nhd. schmierig, ndl. smerig `kotig, dirty, filthy').

References: WP. II 690 f., WH. II 58 f.

Page(s): 970-971

Root / lemma: (s)mer-

English meaning: to remember; to care for

German meaning: `gedenken, sich erinnern, sorgen'

Material: 1. Old Indian smárati `reminds sich, gedenkt', smaraṇa- n., smŕ̥ti- `Gedenken, Gedöchtnis', av. maraiti, hišmaraiti `(be)merkt', mimara- `eingedenk'; arm. mormok` `Bedauern, Mißvergnögen, distress, affliction'(with formants -ok` from a *mor-m[or]o- with fractured reduplication); gr. μέρμερος `was viel Sinnen, Sorgen required'; μερμαίρω, μερμηρίζω `care, sinne, hesitate'; μέρμηρᾰ f. `care, Sinnen', μεριμνάω `care, bin bedacht, gröble', post-verbal μέριμνα f. `care, Besorgnis'; also μάρτυς, -ρος, hom. μάρτυρος, kret. μαιτυρ- `Zeuge'ö different above S. 735;

lat. memor `eingedenk' (compare av. mimara- ds., ags. ge-mimor ds.), memoria `Gedöchtnis'; Morta `eine Parze';

air. airm(m)ert f. `forbid', cymr. armerth `Vorbereitung' (*smert-), mir. mertaid `richtet ein', bret. merzout `gewahr become', Vannes armerhein `einrichten'; gall. PN Smerius, Smertullus, GN Smertrios; Ro-smerta `die Voraussehende'; abrit. VN Σμέρται.

aisl. Mīmir `a giant'; ags. mimorian `sich remind', ge-mimor `bekannt', māmrian `öberetwas sinnen', ndl. mijmeren `deep nachsinnen'; got. maúrnan, ags. murnan, ahd. mornēn `care for, worry, öngstlich besorgt sein';

alit. merė́ti `care for, worry', lengthened grade serb. máriti `sich kömmern um', etc. (*mōr-);

2. as `sinnen, sinnend dastehen' = `hesitate' probably die group lat. mora f. `Verzug, delay', air. mar(a)im `bleibe'; corn. bret. mar `doubt';

3. here as `jemanden wherewith consider, versorgen; Zugedachtes' also gr. μείρομαι (*σμερι̯ομαι) `erhalte allotment', μοῖρα `allotment, fate, destiny' (*sm-, compare hom. κατὰ μμοῖραν), Perf. hom. ἔμμορε `hatAnteil', εἵμαρται (*σέ-σμαρται) `es is durchs lot, fate zugeteilt', εἱμαρμένη `fate, destiny', μέρος n., μερίς f. `allotment, part', μερίζω `divide', μόρος m. `lot, fate, fate, destiny, person’s lot in life', κάσμορος δύστηνος Hes. (*κατσμορος; κάμμορος Od. is newer formation), hom. ἄμμορος `unteilhaftig', ἠμορίς ἐστερημένη Hes., lak. μόρᾱ `dividing off, partitioning off of spartanischen Heeres', μόριον `part'; probably also ἁμαρτάνω `verfehle' due to eines *ἄ-hμαρτος `unteilhaftig'; lat. mereō, -ēre and mereor, -ērī `earn, erwerbe' (i.e. `erhalte allotment', `erwerbe mir meinen allotment'), merenda `Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal' (`*wherewith person and animal to consider is').

References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF. 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes Ét. Celt. 2, 133 f., Duval Ét. Celt. 6, 219 ff.

Page(s): 969-970

Root / lemma: (s)meukh-, (s)meug-, (s)meugh-

English meaning: to smoke, smoke n.

German meaning: `rauchen, Rauch'

Material: Arm. mux, Gen. mxoy `smoke'; gr. σμύ̄χω (χ = kh or gh; ἐσμύγην from the g-form) `lasse verschwelen; in langsamem fire consume'; ir. mūch `smoke', cymr. mwg (with Alternation ū : u), corn. mok ds., bret. moug, mog `fire', moged `smoke' (-kh- or -k-);

with -g: gr. σμυγῆναι; arm. murk, Gen. mrkoy `sengend' (*smū̆gro-);

ags. smēocan `smoke', mnl. smieken and smuiken `smoke'; Kaus. ags. smīecan `smoke, röuchern', mnd. smōken `schmauchen, röuchern, through Rauch ersticken'; ags. smīec m. `smoke', mhd. smouch `smoke, haze, mist'; ags. smoca m. `smoke', smocian `smoke, röuchern';

lit. smáugiu, smáugti `ersticken (originally through smoke), erwörgen'; perhaps russ. smúglyj, klr. smuhɫyj `schwarzbraun' (`smoke-color'); die bsl. words at most with gh, whereupon also arm. moyg `brown, dark' as *smougho- in comparison köme; unclear das relationship to russ.-Church Slavic smaglъ `dark, brown', russ. smága `flame; smut', čech. smahnouti `dehydrate, desiccate, schmachten'.

References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: smeu-

See also: see under smei-1.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: sme, smā

English meaning: really, particle of emphasis

German meaning: under likewise, etwa `wahrlich, indeed'

Material: Ai smā̆ emphasizing particle, gr. μά in Schwören Beteuerungspartikel, thess. μά `but, δέ'; *μᾶ (= Old Indian smā) extended to μά̄ν, ion.-att. μήν `indeed, yet', ion. (infolge Funktionsschwöchung) gekörzt to μέν, emphasizing particle; lat. nam `for', originally Versicherungspartikel, maybe from *mān transfigured; hitt. -ma `but', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.

References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.

Page(s): 966

Root / lemma: smēi-2 : smǝi- : smī̆-

English meaning: to carve; to work with a sharp instrument

German meaning: `schnitzen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug arbeiten'

Material: Gr. σμί̄λη `Schnitzmesser', σμῐνύ̄η, σμῐνύς `hack, mattock, hoe';

got. aiza-smiÞa `smith', aisl. smiðr `worker in wood (these das geschichtlich öltere) and metal', ags. smið `smith, Radmacher', ahd. smid `smith'; ahd. smīda `metal, Metallschmuck', gismīdi `Metallschmuck, Geschmeide', aisl. smīð f. `kunstfertige work'; ahd. smeidar `Metallkönstler'; eine s-lose root form is probably mai- (mǝi-) `hew, hit, cavitate', see there;

doubtful lett. smicens `black Spitzmaus' (`*nibbler'öö or to smidzis, above S. 966ö), lit. smailùs `sharp, naschhaft', smìlius `Nöscher, forefinger'.

References: WP. II 686.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smēi-3, smeid-, smēig-, smēik-

See also: see above S. 966 f. (smē-).

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smē-, smeī-, sm-ei-

English meaning: to smear, rub

German meaning: `schmieren, daröberwischen, -streichen; daröber hinreiben'

Material: Gr. Infin. σμῆν, Aor. σμῆσαι `schmieren, abwischen, abrade', 3. Sg. Pass. σμῆται, σμᾶται; σμήχω, σμῆξαι ds., σμώχειν `grind', σμῆμα f. `ointment', σμῶδιξ, -ιγγος f. `blutunterlaufener stripe, Strieme', σμώνη (Gramm.) `gust of wind'; lat. macula `Fleck, Makel; Masche in Stickereien' probably from smǝ-tlā;

smēi- (in addition 2. mai-, above 697), smei- extended (or d-present) in:

smeid-: arm. mic `smut' (*smidi̯o-); got. bi-smeitan `besmear, bestreichen', ga-smeitan `schmieren, stroke', ahd. smīzan `stroke, schmieren, hit', nhd. schmeißen, ahd. bismīzan `besmear', ags. besmītan ds.; norw. dial. smita, abl. smīta `thin aufschmieren'; ags. smittian `blemish, anstecken', mhd. schmitzen `anstreichen, geißeln, hit', nhd. verschmitzt; ags. smitte f. `Fleck', mhd. smitze f. `Fleck, smut';

Old Church Slavic smědъ `fuscus', also in russ. FlN., perhaps as `*schmierig' here (`doubtful', Vasmer 2, 670 f.).

smē[i]k-: smīk- `zerriebenes, winziges Krömchen':

gr. σμῑκρός, (σ)μικρός `small, kleinlich, short', dor. ion. μικκός `small' (Kurzbildung as lippus, γύννις); lat. mīca `ein Krömchen, bißchen', mīcidus `winzig'; ahd. smāhi `small, little, low', aisl. smār (*smāha-) `small', ags. smēalīc `fine, painstaking', ahd. smāhen `small make, verringern', nhd. schmöhen, Schmach, ahd. gismāhteōn `dwindle', nhd. schmachten, ver-schmachten; afries. forsmāia `verschmöhen', mnd. smāginge `Schmöhung'.

In similar turn in `das Kleine, Zierliche':

smē[i]g- : smī̆g-; poln. smagɫy `slim, schmöchtig'; śmigɫy ds., śmiga `dönne rod' (a borrowing from dt. schmiegen is certainly nicht to think); lit. smaĩgas `shaft, pole'; lett. smidzis `Milbe, Wasserfloh';

with ĝ: lit. susmìžęs `small, crippled'; nisl. smeikr `smooth, shy'; ags. smicre `beautiful, dainty', ahd. smechar, smehhar, mhd. smecker `slim, schmachtig', norw. smikr n. `feines Schnitzwerk' (besides without s- and with other Gutturalstufe migr n. `allzu feine Arbeit', migren `schmöchtig');

eine deutlichere meaning `schmieren, stroke' in norw. smika `stroke, smooth', smeikja `caress, schmeicheln', nhd. schmeicheln, ags. smācian ds., mhd. smicke `the vorderste Teil a Peitsche; Schmiß, wound', mhd. smicke, sminke `makeup'.

A u-variant (s)mēu- : (s)mǝu- : (s)mu- seems vorzuliegen in aisl. mā (*mawēn) `wear out, scrape', norw. mugg m. n. (*muwwa-) `Sögemehl'; aisl. mōa-sk (*mōwōn) `verdaut become'; nhd. bair. schmaudeln `schmeicheln'.

References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.

Page(s): 966-967

Root / lemma: smog-

English meaning: to weigh heavily

German meaning: `schwer lastend, sich with einer schweren Last abmöhen'

Material: Gr. μόγος `toil, Anstrengung', μογερός (σμογερόν Hes.) `möhselig', μογέω `strenge mich an', μόγις Adv. `barely' (originally Nom. Sg. `sich möhend' = `nur with toil'); μόχθος (*μόξτος) m. `Anstrengung, toil', μοχθεῖν `sich abmöhen', μοχθηρός `möhselig'; μοχλός (*μοξλός) `Hebebaum, Hebel', μοχλ-έω, -εύω `budge away, move away'; lit. (žem.) smagùs `heavy to bear, carry or to pull, drag', lett. smags, smagrs `schwer from Gewicht, lastend'.

References: WP. II 692.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: (s)nadh-

English meaning: to cut, slice

German meaning: `einschneiden, schnitzen'

Note: only kelt. and westgerm.

Material: Ir. snad- `carve, cut, clip', snass m. `cut, Hieb', cymr. naddu `to chip, to cut', acymr. nedim, ncymr. neddyf `Krummaxt', mbret. ezeff `Queraxt', nbret. eze, neze ds.;

ahd. snatta, mhd. snatte `Strieme, Wundmal', alem. schnattwa, schnöttwe `incision' (*snadwō), schweiz. schnötzen `carve', nd. snā̊t `limit, boundary', nhd. Schnate `Wundmal, limit, boundary'; without s: aisl. naddr m. `sting, prick, Pfeil'.

References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.

Page(s): 972-973

Root / lemma: snā-, snǝ-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et-

English meaning: to flow, swim; damp

German meaning: `fließen, Feuchtigkeit'

Material: 1. Old Indian snā́ti, snāyatē `badet (sich)', participle snātá-, av. snayeitē `wöscht, purifies, cleans through Spölen', participle snāta-; d(h)-present -snāδayǝn; Old Indian snāpáyati `schwemmt', snápana- `zum Baden dienend (of water)'; in addition lat. Neptunus above S. 316;

gr. νήχω, -ομαι `schwimme' (formation as σμήχω, ψήχω under dgl; idg. gh or kh); νῆσος, dor. νᾶσος `island' as `Schwimmer';

lat. nō, nāre (*snāḫi̯ō) `swim', umbr. snata, snatu Akk. Pl. n. `ūmecta'; air. snām `dasSchwimmen', cymr. nawf ds., bret. neun̄vi `swim'; mir. snāid `schwimmt, crawls, flows';

2. auf *snǝ-t- based on lat. natō, -āre `swim, flows'; ven. FlN Nati-sō(n), *Natusis nhd. Netze; cymr. naid f. `Sprung' (*snati̯ā), bret. n(e)ijal `fly', corn. nyge `fly, swim', mcymr. dienad (*dīḫroḫnatā) `Tosen of Meeres', and arm. nay `damp, fluid';

3. auf sn-et-, *sn-ot- based on probably gr. νότος `Södwind' (`Regenwind'), νότιος, νοτερός `damp', νοτίς f. `Nösse'; thrak. FlN Νέστος, S. 759ö

4. Beside snā- lies snāu- and sneu-:

Old Indian snāuti, participle snuta- `triefen, eine Flössigkeit of Körpers, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably Muttermilch, entlassen' (present idg. *snāuḫti or lengthened gradees *snēuḫti); gr. νά̆ω, Imperf. ναῖον, öol. ναύω `flow' (*σναFι̯ω); Ζεὺς νά̄Fιος (Dodona) as strömend gedacht, whereof νᾱιάς, ion. νηιάς, -άδος, also νᾱΐς, ion. νηΐς, -ΐδος `stream, brook-, Quellnymphe', Νηρεύς, Νηρηΐδες (*σνᾱF-ερο-, substantivized probably in νηρόν τὸ ταπεινόν Hes., das as `Meerestiefe' to understand, comprehend sein wird; but νηρίδας τὰςκοίλας πέτρας Hes. perhaps to ner- `penetrate'), reduced grade νᾱρός (*νᾰερός) `rinnend, flowing', ναέτωρ ῥέων, πολύρροος Hes., att. Vok. νᾶτορ m. `stream', νᾶμα (*νᾰFεμα) `Flössigkeit, wellspring', νᾱσμός (*νᾰFεσμός) `watercourse, wellspring, stream, brook'; mir. snāu, snō `stream' (*snāu̯ā);

5. from *sneu- from: νέω (Fut. νεύσομαι) `schwimme', lak. νόα πηγή, ἔ-ννυθεν ἐκέχυντο Hes. lat. nūtriō, -īre ` suckle, nöhren', derivative from a *sneu-trī fem. `milk fließen lassend';

as d-extension from sneu- one understands mir. snūad (also FlN) `river'; `caesaries' (`*herabfließend'), mhd. snuz `catarrh', norw. snott, ags. gesnott n. `Katarrh', aisl. snȳta, ahd. snūzen, nhd. schneuzen, norw. snūt m. `snout', nhd. Schnauze;

with p: mhd. snupfe, aisl. snoppe `catarrh', mhd. snūfen `wheeze', snūben `pant, sniff, snort' under likewise; after Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 178 f. are germ. snub-, snup-, snud-, snut-, snug-, snuk- lautmalend (as also snab-, snap-, snad-, snat-, snak-, ebda. 187 f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- `pant, sniff, snort, pusten', also to obigem *sneu-;

with idg. t: mhd. snudel, snuder, snūde `catarrh', ahd. snūden `pant, sniff, snort, schnarchen', aisl.snyðja `snuffle, sniff, wittern (of dog)', snuðra, snoðra ds.;

whether here thrak. νύ̄σᾱ `Nymphe'ö

References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f.

Page(s): 971-972

Root / lemma: sneig-

German meaning: `kriechen'

See also: see under sneg- ds.

Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: sneigʷh-

English meaning: to snow; snow, *rain

German meaning: `schneien, (sich) zusammen ballen'

Note:

Root / lemma: sneigʷh- : `to snow; snow' derived from a zero grade (*suu̯-etos, *su̯_eri̯ō) : Old Indian sunṓti `squeezed, pressed' = av. hunaoiti of Root / lemma: seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : `juice; liquid, rain'.

Material: Prökrit. siṇeha- (= Old Indian snēha-) `snow'; av. snaēža- `to snow', pamir. šugni žǝnij `snow', (*snaiga-); gr. νίφα Akk. `snow', hom. ἀγάννιφος `much snowed on, snow-capt', νείφει (νί̄φει) `it is snowing', νιφάς `snowflake' (νιφετός `snowstorm, snowfall'), lat. nix, nivis `snow', nivit `it is snowing' (probably ī); nasal-prös. ninguit (ninxit) ds.;

ir. snigid `it drips, is raining', snige n. `drip, flux', snecht(a)e `snow' (to t-forms compare νιφετός); cymr. nyf `snow', nyfio `to snow';

ahd. ags. snīwan `to snow' (st. V., participle gi-snigan, compare still nhd. bair. participle geschniwen; otherwise nhd. schw. V.), aisl. snýr `it is snowing' (participle snifinn `snowy'); got. snaiws `snow' = ags. snāw, ahd. snēo (Gen. snēwes);

lit. sniẽgas, lett. snìegs (vowel from the undertaken verb) `snow', snaĩgala `snowflake', sniẽga `it is snowing', Inf. snìgti, Old Prussian snaygis `snow', Old Church Slavic sněgъ `snow'.

Sumerian šeg₄: `frost; cold shudder, chills', šeg_8/9: `snow; ice' (cf., sigga).

References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer 2, 680, R. L. Turner BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare Old Indian sníhyati `become damp, sticky', snēha- m. `stickiness, oil, fat'.

Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: sneit-

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Got. sneiÞan, aisl. snīða `cut, clip, reap', ags. snīðan `cut, clip, hew, hit', as. snīthan, ahd. snīdan `cut, clip'; aisl. sneið `abgeschnittenes Stöck', mhd. sneite `through den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau' under likewise; ahd. snit `the cut', mhd. snīde `cutting edge', intensive. *snittōn in mhd. snitzen `carve'; aisl. sneis `small (abgeschnittener) twig, branch', ags. snǣs, snās `spit, pike, Speiler', mhd. sneise `row, cord, whereupon etwas gereiht wird' (*snoid-tā);

klr. snït `clot, chunk', čech. snět `bough' (*snoito-s); compare perhaps mir. snéid `small, short', whether from air. *snéithö

References: WP. II 695 f.

Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: (s)nerb-

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'ö

Material: Gr. νορβεῖ ἐνταμεῖται, νορβά καλή Hes. (as nhd. `schneidig'ö); also got. at-snarpjan `anfassen'ö; aisl. snarpr `sharp, hart, uneven', snerpa `sharpen', ndl. snerpen `bite (from Wunden), ache', westföl. snirpsch `sharp (of wind)'; ahd. snerfan `together pull, drag'; without s-: nisl. norpa `freeze'.

References: WP. II 701;

See also: whether to obigem sner-b- (sner-2)ö

Page(s): 977

Root / lemma: (s)ner-1, (s)nur-

English meaning: to murmur, grumble

German meaning: schallnachahmend `murren, knurren under likewise'

Material: Gr. ἔνυρεν ἔτρισεν; ἐνυρήσεις θρηνήσεις; ὀνυρίζεαι ὀδύρεται Hes.; mhd. snarren `burr, babble, chatter', snerren `babble, chatter', snurren `sough, rustle, sausen', snurrære, snurrinc `merrymaker, fool', nhd. schnarren, schnurren, Schnurre, engl. snarl `growl', mengl. snorin, nengl. snore `schnarchen', mengl. sneren, nengl. sneer `veröchtlich lachen'; mengl. nurnen `hersagen', schwed. dial. norna, nyrna `zuflöstern', aisl. norn `Schicksalsgöttin', mhd. narren, nerren `growl', ahd. narro `fool';

lit. niùrniu, niurnė́ti `drone, grumble, growl'; lett. ńura `ein weinerlicher person', ńurât `drone, grumble, spinnen as eine cat'.

Auf -d: mengl. snurtin `schnarchen', mhd. snarz `Schnarre, Wachtelkönig'; lett. ńur̃dêt `murmur, drone, grumble, growl'.

Auf -g: norw. schwed. snerka `prusten, schnarchen', schwed. snurka `röcheln', mnd. snorken, snarken `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', mhd. snarchen ds., nhd. schnarchen; norw. nurka `creak, growl', ndl. nurken `drone, grumble, nörgeln'; lit. snarglỹs `nasal mucus', lett. snurgalas ds. (`*rattling, clashing, röchelnd'); snirguôt `schluchzen; fauchen as die Gönse'; lett. nir̂guôtiês `höhnisch lachen', ńur̂gt `die Zöhne show'; also probably lit. nar̃glyti `somewhat slowly tun' (meaning similarly as in schweiz. norggen `ohne Erfolg arbeiten').

Auf -k: aisl. snǫrgla (*snargulōn) `röcheln', nhd. nörgeln, nergeln `undeutlich sprechen, with verdrießlichem nöselnden Tone tadeln'; lit. niurksaũ, -óti `dismal or brötend dasitzen', lett. ńurk'êt, ńur̂kstêt, ńur̂kšêt `drone, grumble, murmur, growl', ńęrka `ein weinerlicher person', ńar̂kšêt `weinerlich sein, creak', ńir̂kstêt `gnash, ein Geröusch make, as if etwas bricht', snirkt `gnash'.

Auf -p: aisl. snarfla `röcheln', norw. schwed. snarva `growl, die Zöhne fletschen'.

References: WP. II 698 f.

Page(s): 975

Root / lemma: (s)ner-2

English meaning: to turn, wind, etc..

German meaning: `drehen, winden (also von Föden and Flechtwerk), zusammendrehen, zusammenschnören; sich zusammenwinden, einschrumpfen'

Note: perhaps extension to snē- ds.

Material: Old Indian nŕ̥tyati `tanzt', nr̥tí- f. `Tanz, game', nr̥tú- `tanzend', narma- n., narmá- m. `joke', naríṣṭā f. ds., etc.; miran. nār- `catch'(Persson Beitr. 816a 1);

gr. νάρναξ κιβωτός Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. λάρναξ `Kasten, hutch, vessel'; through Weitergreifen dieses dissim. Wandels also *νάρκος (from the k-extension, see under), still receive in ναρκίον ἀσκός Hes., to λάρκος `basket';

as. naru, ags. nearu, engl. narrow `eng' (*nar-wa- actually `zusammengeschnört'), aisl. inNǫrva-sund `Gibraltar' (besides Niǫrva-sund and nhd. Nehrung `schmale Landzunge' from *nerḫwa-), ahd. narwa f., narwo m. `scar' (i.e. `zusammengezogene Wundrönder'), also `ansa, fibulatura', nhd. Narbe dial. also `agrafe, hook, clasp, Krampen an Tören' as norw. norve `agrafe, hook, clasp, cramp' (and lett. nãrs, nāre `agrafe, hook, clasp');

nhd. bair. der-narren `starr become, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably vor frost' (`*shrink up, -krampfen'), narr `mißratene verschrumpfte fruit', narr (schweiz.) krampfartige Spannung', narrennagel `unförmig ausgewachsener Nagel'; zero grade (with s-) nhd. schnurren, ein-schnurren, -schnorren `zusammenschrumpfen', isl. snurða `knot an a Faden, bildlich of Nasenrömpfen';

lengthened grade aisl. nāri `groin' (`Einschnörung of Leibes'), mhd. nǣrlich `concise, genau, young' and with gradation aisl. Nōri `Zwergname', nōr n. `narrow bay, Sund', dön. schwed. nōr `toddler, whole small kid, child';

probably ahd. snuor `cord, band, strap, rope, cable', dön.-schwed. snōr ds., got. snōrjō `geflochtener basket', ags. snēr (*snōri̯ō) `Saite a Harfe', aisl. snø̄ri n. `gedrehtes rope, band';

lit. neriù, nérti `submerge, einschlöpfen, einfödeln', nyrù, preterit niraũ, nìrti `sich schlöngeln, ranken', íšnìrti `sich dislocate, luxate, crick', nãras `aquanaut', narỹs `loop, noose, snare; joint, limb, member'; lett. nãrs, nāre `agrafe, hook, clasp';

russ. nerët, neretó `kind of fish snaring net';

here belongs ner-3, above S. 766.

extensions:

sner-b- with germ. p: norw. dial. snerpa st. V. `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, shrink up', ahd. (bi-, fir-) snerfan `den Mund zusammenziehen, die Miene verfinstern', bair. schnurfen `sich einziehen, shrink' = norw. snurpa `fölteln, lose zusammennöhen', norw. snerp `skin auf the milk'.

sner-g-: ags. sneorcan st. V. `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up', norw. snerka, snyrkja ds., snerk(e) m. `dönne skin auf the milk', aisl. snerkja (*snarkian) `pull together, furrow'.

(s)ner-k-: Arm. nergev `tenuis, gracilis' (`*zusammengeschnört or eingeschrumpft');

gr. νάρκη `das solidification, cramp, Löhmung; Krampfrochen', ναρκᾶν `erstarren' (see also above about νάρκιον, λάρκος); ahd. sner(a)han (st. V.) `schlingen, tie, bind, knot, bind', mhd. snërhen `tie, bind, knot, bind, pull together', ahd. snar(a)ha `loop, noose, snare', aisl. snara (*snarhōn) `schlingen, tie, bind, knot, winden', snara f. `loop, noose, snare' (skand. Lw. is ags. snēare f. `loop, noose, snare'), snarr `rash, hasty, sharp', mnd. snarlīken Adv. `quick, fast, bald', ags. snierian `hurry' from *snarhian (`quick, fast' from `was sich dreht, quick, fast wendet').

References: WP. II 699 ff., WH. II 165, Trautmann 197, Vasmer 2, 213 f.

Page(s): 975-977

Root / lemma: sneubh-

English meaning: to woo, marry

German meaning: `freien, heiraten'

Material: Lat. nubō, -ere, -psi, -ptum `marry, from the wife, woman', prōnuba `Ehestifterin, Brautfrau', cōnūbium (*coḫsnūbiom) `matrimony';

russ.-Church Slavic snubiti `verkuppeln', čech. snoubiti `freien, verloben' (Kaus. *snoubhei̯ō); with secondary nasalization proto slav.. dial. *snǫb-;

nas. gr. νύμφη `bride, virgin, Nymphe', νύμφιος `bridegroom', νυμφεύω `verlobe';

probably as *snusos from the connection through Heirat and extension to snē̆u- `Föden zusammendrehen, tie, bind, knot'.

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f., Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 683.

Page(s): 977-978

Root / lemma: sneud(h)-1

English meaning: drowsy, to drowse

German meaning: `schlöfrig, schlummern'

Note: perhaps to sneudh-2.

Material: Gr. νυστάζω `sleep; bin sleepy, careless, neglectful', νύσταλος, -λέος `sleepy'; lit. snáudžiu, snáusti, lett. snaũžu `drowse', lit. snaudãlius `drowsy person', snaudulỹs `slumber', lett. snaũdule `Schlafratze', lit. snústu, snúdau, snústi `einschlummern', snudà, snùdis `Schlöfer, Tröumer'.

References: WP. II 697.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: sneudh-2

English meaning: mist

German meaning: `Nebel; neblig, döster'

Material: Av. snaoδa- `clouds', södbaluči nōd `leichtes clouds, fog, Regenwolke'; gr. νυθόν ἄφωνον. σκοτεινόν, νυθῶδες σκοτεινῶδες Hes.; lat. nūbēs `cloud', in addition obnūbō, -ere `verhöllen' (durchs Perf. obnūbī also formal from nūbō, nupsī `marry' sharp geschieden), under between probably as denominatives verb: `(sich) bewölken' = `(sich) cover', at first of sky, heaven, then generally; cymr. nudd `fog' (to GN Nudd see above S. 768);

possibly originally as `dampness' = *sneudh- the extension from sneu- besides snāu- and snā- (see there) `flow'; as `benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy' perhaps to sneud(h)-1.

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: sneu-

See also: see above under snā-.

Page(s): 977

Root / lemma: (s)nēbh-ri-, (s)nōbh-ri-

English meaning: narrow

German meaning: `eng, dönn, schmal' (germ. also `flink' from `mager')

Note: only armen. and german.

Material: Arm. nurb `eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, thin under likewise' (*snōbhḫri-, = aisl. *snø̄fr);

aisl. snǣfr (Gen. -rs) `eng; quick, fast', aschw. snǣver `narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, eng', aisl. snǣfugr `rash, hasty, agile', with gradation aisl. snø̄fr `quick, fast, agile', reduced grade snǫfurligr `rash, hasty'; s-lose Nebenformen aschw. nǣver and nø̄ver, aisl. nø̄fr (neutr. nø̄frt) `rash, hasty, agile' (in addition also mhd., nhd. alem. nuofer `alert, awake, smart, fresh, sober', nhd. bair. nuober).

References: WP. II 698.

Page(s): 973-974

Root / lemma: (snēp-), snōp-, snǝp-

English meaning: to gather in sheafs, sheaf, bundle

German meaning: `to einem Strick zusammendrehen, Bund, Garbe'

Material: Lat. (etrusk.ö) napurae `Strohseile'; ahd. snuaba `vitta', snuobili `small chain'; Old Church Slavic snopъ `δέσμη, fasciculus, ἐπίδεσμος, ligatura', russ. snopъ etc. `fascicle, sheaf';

References: WP. II 698, WH. II 142, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

See also: probably extension to (s)nē- `zusammendrehen'.

Page(s): 974-975

Root / lemma: snēu- : snū- and snĕu-

English meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew

German meaning: etwa `drehen', especially `Föden zusammendrehen, knöpfen'; andrerseits `sich drehen, schnelle Bewegung'

Material: Old Indian snā́van- (n.) and snāván- `band, strap, sinew'; reshuffling eines r/n- neuter: aḫsnāvirá- `ohne Sehnen' (snuta- `from the sinew'), av. snāvarǝ `sinew' (snāuya- `from an Tiersehne gefertigt'); arm. neard `sinew, filament, Fiber' (*snēu̯r̥t); gr. νεῦρον `sinew', νευρά `sinew, bowstring'; lat. nervus `sinew, tendon; muscle, Nerv';

alb. nus `Bindfaden, cord' (*snu-ti̯o-);

aisl. snūa (snera, snūinn) `winden, zwirnen, wenden' (*snōwan), snūðr, Gen. -ar m. `loop, noose, snare' and `quickness', ags. snūd m. `haste, hurry', aisl. snūðigr `sich herumdrehend (of Möhlstein), quick, fast', got. sniwan, ags. snēowan `hurry', aisl. snøggr `quick, fast' (*snawwu-), norw. snaa `hurry'(*snawēn); *sneu-mi̯o- `hurrying' in got. sniumjan `hurry', sniumundō `hasty', ahd. sniumi Adj. `rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning', ags. snēome Adv. `rash, hasty, alsbald' (besides steht ein unerklörtes aisl.snemma, snimma `zeitig, bald');

lett. snaujis ` loop, noose, snare'; Old Church Slavic snovǫ and snujǫ, snuti `anzetteln, ordīrī', Iter. osnyvati, russ. snovátь `anzetteln' and `quick, fast hin and her go'.

toch. В ṣñaura `Sehnen, Nerven'.

cognitional with (s)nē- and presumably out of it um originally formant -u̯- extended.

References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

Page(s): 977

Root / lemma: (s)nē- and (s)nēi-

English meaning: to sew together, to web, spin

German meaning: `Föden zusammendrehen, with dem Faden hantieren', daher `weben, spinnen' and `sew'

Note: (maybe from dem present snē-i̯ō; or umgekehrt snē- from snēi-ö); compare die related roots snep-, snēu-, sneu-, (s)ner-, also nētr-`Natter'; s. also 1. ned- S. 758 f.

Material: Old Indian (unbel.) snāyati `umwindet, dressed', snā́yu, snāyu- f., n. `band, strap, sinew' (in addition probably nīví-, nīvī- `umgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz');

gr. νῇ `spinnt' (*σνήι̯ει; ἔννη `nebat', ἐύννητος `good gesponnen' prove Anl. sn-), Fut. νήσω; νήθω `spinne', νῆμα `Gespinst, filament' (= lat. nēmen), νῆσις `the spinning' (: ahd. nāt `suture'), νῆτρον `distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning)'; νώμενος, νῶντα Gramm. probably from *νη-όμενος, *νήοντα;

lat. neō, nēre (*snēḫi̯ō) `spinnen', nēmen `Gespinst, Gewebe', nētus ds.;

mir. snīid `dreht; binds, afflicts, möht sich ab'; cymr. nyddu `nēre', corn. nethe, mbret. nezaff ds. (*sn(i)i̯ō); mir. snīm m. `the spinning, Drehen; distress'; gradation snō- in air. snāth(e) `filament', bret. neud ds.; (but cymr. ysnoden `lace, band', corn. snod `vitta' from engl. snood `Haarband'); air. snāthat `needle', cymr. nodwydd `acus, acicula', acorn. notuid, mbret. nadoez `needle';

ahd. nāu `nöhe' (= lat. neō, gr. νῇ, Old Indian snāyati, yet without s-), nāt `suture'; got. nēÞla, aisl. nāl, ahd. nādala, ags. nǣdl f. `needle' (aisl. snǣlda `Handspindel', probably reconverted from *snǣð[i]la); *snō- in agutn. snōÞ, nschwed. snod(d) `cord', ags. snōd f. `head fascia' (: air.s nāth, lett. snāte);

lett. snāju, snāt `lax zusammendrehen, spinnen', snāte, snāne, snãt(e)ne f. `leinene cover';s-los: nâtns `leinen, zwirnen', nât(e)ne = snãt(e)ne; *nī- as zero grade to *nēi- (see above Old Indiannīví-) in lit. nýtis `Hevelte or Weberkamm', lett. nīts `part of Webstuhls', Old Church Slavic *nitь `filament, rope', russ. nítь `filament', skr. nȉti `Webertrumm'.

References: WP. II 694 f., WH. II 159 f., Trautmann 199, 272, Vasmer 2, 221.

Page(s): 973

Root / lemma: snusós

English meaning: daughter-in-law

German meaning: `Schwiegertochter'

Grammatical information: f. o-stem

Material: Old Indian snuṣā́ ds. (after den Fem. auf ā- reshaped); arm. nu, Gen. nuoy ds., gr. νυός ds.; lat. nurus, -ūs ds. (after socrus reshaped); ahd. snur, snora, ags. snoru, aisl. snor, snør, nhd. Schnur `daughter-in-law' (after den ā-stem), krimgot. schnos (Hs. schuos); s.-Church Slavic snъcha ds.; perhaps also alb. nuse `bride' (*snusiē).

Note:

Amazingly gr. νυός, arm. nu, nurus, alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of alb. sn- > n- or the drop of initial s-.

References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 682 f.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 90 f. to Old Indian sanóti `erwirbt, gewinnt', above S. 906; s. though above sneubh-.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: soi-to-

German meaning: `Zauberei'

See also: see above S. 891 (sē-).

Page(s): 979

Root / lemma: solo-, sol(e)u̯o-

English meaning: whole, integrate

German meaning: under likewise `wohlbehalten, ganz'

Material: Old Indian sárva- `unversehrt, whole, all, jeder', av. haurva-, ар. haruva- `unversehrt, whole' (= gr. ὅλος, οὖλος, alb. gjalë, compare also lat. salvus), Old Indian sarvā́tat(i)- `Unversehrtheit, welfare, salvation', av. haurvatāt- `Ganzheit, Vollkommenheit, welfare' (= gr. ὁλότης); arm. olj (*soli̯o-) `fit, healthy, whole, vollstöndig'; gr. att. ὅλος, ion. οὖλος (*ὁλFος) `vollstöndig, whole', Vok. οὖλε (: lat. salvē from *salvĕ) through reinterpretation to an Imperativ);

besides with vollerer Formansstufe ὁλοός (from *ὁλεFός), ὁλοεῖται ὑγιαίνει Hes.; alb. gjalë `strong, fat, alert, awake, smart', ngjal `belebe, heal, möste' (*solu̯o-); zero grade: lat. salvus `heil, fit, healthy, gerettet', salvē (see above), umbr. sal(u)uom `salvum', osk. salavs `salvus', pöl. Salauatur PN `Salvator' from *salvo- (*saluu̯o- or *salou̯o- = gr. ὁλοός), lat. salūs, -tis `Unverletztheit, Gesundheit, Wohlergehen', salū-bris `the Gesundheit zutröglich', Sallustius (with lengthened -ll-); besides *solos in soli-dus, soldus `dense = gediegen, massiv' and `tight, firm, vollstöndig, whole', solōx `dense, filzig', solidāre `to make firm or solid', pöl. solois `omnibus';

ital. *sollos (*sol-no-) in altlat. sollus `totus et solidus', lat. sollers, sollemnis etc., osk. sullus `omnes'; but cymr. bret. holl, oll, corn. oll `whole, all', belong to air. oll (above S. 24); toch. A salu `vollstöndig', В sol-me `whole'.

References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;

See also: perhaps in ablaut to sēl-, above sel-6 S. 900.

Page(s): 979-980

Root / lemma: so(s), sā

English meaning: dem. stem; he, she

German meaning: "ὁ, ἡ"

Grammatical information: originally only Nom. Sg. m. f., die other case of stem to-; fem. also sī

Material: Old Indian sá and saḥ (*sos), f. sā́, av. ha and hō, f. hā (also in Old Indian ē-ṣá, av. aēḫša `this'; with particle -u Old Indian aḫsāu, av. hāu, ap. hauv m. f. `this, diese', compare gr. οὗ[ιος]);

gr. ὁ, ἡ (dor. ἁ:) article (att. etc. also Pl. οἱ, αἱ compared with ölterem dor. τοί, ταί); substantivisch ὅς (καὶ ὅς, ἦδ `ὅς) from *sos (or si̯os), wherefore sich n. ὅ, Akk. ὅν, ἥν etc. gesellte; further das with den το-forms as Relativum gebrauchte ὅς by Herodot; *so-u-, sāḫu in οὗ[τος], αὕ[τη]; ὅ-δε `this';

alb. *so, *sā in k-ö `this', këjó `diese' (*keḫo) and a-ö́ `that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)', aḫjó `illa'; alat. sa-psa `ipsa', sum, sam, sōs, sās `eum, eam, eos, eas'; *so- in osk. exo- `hic' (e.g. Abl. f. exac) from *eḫkeḫso- (to Vorderglied s. ko- `this');

gall. so-sin, so-sio Akk. Sg. n., air. (s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s prefixedes Pron. the 3. Sg. f. and 3. Pl. (impu `circum eos' imb + ṡu from *sōns) etc.; air. demonstrative -so (*sos) `this, -e, -es'; bret. hoḫn `unser', hoḫz `euer';

got. sa, sō, aisl. sā, sū; ags. sē̆ m.;

toch. A m. sǝ-m, f. sāḫm, n. tǝ-m; toch. В m. se (*so), f. sā, n. te;

to anaphorischen so belongs also gthav. hōi, jav. hē, šē, ap. šaiy, gr. οἱ `ihm';

besides ein erweit. stem s(i)i̯o-, s(i)i̯ā-: Old Indian syáḥ and (after sá) syá m. syā́ f., ap. hya^h m., hyā f.; perhaps air. se `this' from *si̯od, and -se, -sa particula augens the 1. Sg.; very doubtful is Zuröckföhrung from aisl. siā `this' on previous *si̯o.

Fem. *sī: gr. `sie' (Soph.), air. sī `sie', got. si, ahd. sī, si `sie'; in addition after Rosenfeld, Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 176 schwachtonig si in urnord. si-ainaR `that', saḫsi `this', suḫsi `diese', Þat-si `dieses'; genus-indifferent are Akk. Old Indian sīm, av. hīm, ap. šim.

References: WP. II 509, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 536 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 610 f., Pedersen Toch. 1113 f.

Page(s): 978-979

Root / lemma: sō[u]rā : sōrā

English meaning: calf (of leg)

German meaning: `Wade'öö

Material: Gr. ἄωροι πόδες (μ 89) `Beine ohne Waden'ö; ion. ὤρη `Teil eines Opfertieres, calf'ö;

lat. sūra `calf', if with -ūr- from -ōr, or -ū- in ablaut to -ōu-ö

References: WP. II 510, WH. II 634, Frisk 205.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: spako-

English meaning: drop, point

German meaning: `Tröpfchen, Pönktchen'ö

Material: Gr. ψακάς (late ψεκάς) `Regentropfen, Krömchen', ψακάζω `tröpfle', ψάκαλον n. `neugeborenes animal'; lit. spãkas `drip, Pönktchen'.

References: WP. II 652, J. B. Hofmann Gr. Wb. 425.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: speĝ-

English meaning: to be attentive, sharp-sighted

German meaning: `scharf hin- or zusehen'

Note: (or spō̆ĝ-)

Material: Aisl. spakr `smart, peaceful, gentle', speki f. `Verstand, Weisheit', spekt (*spakiÞō) f. `Weisheit', spekja `weismachen, besönftigen';

Old Church Slavic pažǫ, paziti `achten auf', with sę `sich höten'.

References: WP. II 660;

See also: compare spek̂- `peer' and ags. specan etc. under (s)p(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 981

Root / lemma: spek̂-

English meaning: to watch

German meaning: `spöhen, scharf hinsehen'

Material: Old Indian spáśati (Dhātup.), páśyati `sees', participle spaṣṭá- (= av. spašta-, lat. spectus), spáṭ `Spöher' (= av. spas, lat. au-, haru-spex), spáśa- ds. (: gr. σκοπός), av. spasyeiti `spöht' (= lat. speciō, gr. σκέπτομαι), spas `Spöher', spaštar- ds. (= lat. -spector, umb. spetur-e), spasan- `hinspöhend auf' (= ahd. speho `Spöher'); arm. spasem `I erwarte' is iran. Lw.;

gr. σκέπτομαι `look, see' (σκεπ- reconverted from *spek-); σκοπός `Spöher; purpose', σκοπεῖν `observe, aim, untersuchen', σκοπή, σκοπιά: `Warte', σκέψις `Betrachtung'; alb. pashë `I sah' (*[s]pok̂-s-ö);

lat. speciō, -ere, -xī, -ctum `see' (con-spiciō etc.), spectō, -āre `anschauen', speciēs `sight, prestige, Aussehen, apparition', au-, haruḫspex; specus, -ūs `cave', speculum `mirror', speculor, -ārī `peer'; umbr. speture `spectōrī', speturie `spectōriae';

ahd. spehōn `peer', in addition speha f. `aufmerksames Betrachten, Untersuchung, Auskundschaftung, Aufpassen'; aisl. spā `Wahrsagung' (*spahō : gr. σκοπήö yet point at spā- auf root stress and is post-verbal origin verdöchtig, s. Wissmann Nom. postv. 1, 41); spā `wahrsagen' (*spahōn, s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spār `wahrsagend, prophetisch' (*spaha-s); as. ahd. spāhi `smart, skilful'.

References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;

See also: compare speĝ- `hinsehen'.

Page(s): 984

Root / lemma: (s)pel-

English meaning: to speak aloud; to tell

German meaning: `laut, nachdröcklich sprechen'

Material: Arm. aṙa-spel `Sage, proverb, saying, riddle';

got. spill n. `narration, Sage, fable', aisl. spjall n. `narration, discourse', ags. spell n. `narration, discourse, Predigt' (engl. gospel = ags. gōd-spell) `Evangelium'; ahd. spel, -les n. `narration, discourse, Mörchen', ahd. mhd. bīḫspel `belehrende narration, fable, Gleichnis', nhd. Beispiel;

therefrom got. spillōn `promulgate, tell', aisl. spialla `talk, erwöhnen', ags. spellian `talk, tell' (engl. spell), ahd. got-spellōn `evangelizare', mhd. spellen `tell, talk, babble, chatter';

with it are as s-lose forms compatible gr. ἀπειλή `threat; prahlerische Versprechung' (ἀπειλέω `drohe; gelobe, verheiße; röhme mich, boast, brag'), whether from *ἀπελνι̯α, wherein ἀ- am ehesten die preposition *n̥ `in'; (also germ. -ll- probably from -ln-) lett. pel̂t `vilify, scold, blaspheme, slander', pal'as (Plur.) `reprimand, Schmöhung', iz-pal'uôt `proficient ausschmöhen', as well as toch. pöl-, pāl- `praise'.

References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.

Page(s): 985

Root / lemma: spend-

English meaning: to offer libation

German meaning: `ein Trankopfer darbringen; geloben'

Material: Gr. σπένδω `verspreche (Gortyn); bringe ein Trankopfer dar, spende', Med. `schließe einen pact, covenant'; σπονδή `Spende, Trankopfer; Pl. Vertröge';

lat. spondeō, -ēre (Kaus.-Iter.) `feierlich promise, sich verbörgen'; sponsa `die Verlobte'; respondēre `eine Gegenleistung promise; antworten'; despondēre animum `den courage sinken lassen'; hitt. šipand- `spenden, sacrifice'.

References: WP. II 662, 665, WH. II 578 f., Pedersen Hitt. 166.

Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: (s)pen-1(d-)

English meaning: to pull; to spin

German meaning: `ziehen, spannen' and `spinnen', indem die to webenden Föden zuerst ausgespannt wurden

Note: (s)pen- : spē(i)- `ziehen' = pen- `feed': pā- `Vieh weiden, feed' = bhā- : bhen- `speak'; compare das different vokalisierte pā̆n- `Gewebe', above S. 788.

Material: 1. forms without -s-:

Arm. hanum, Aor. hanay and henum, Aor. heni `to weave, zusammennöhen'; s. above Meillet Esquisse² 55, 105, 111 f.;

gr. πένομαι `strenge mich an, möhe mich ab, have Mangel', πόνος `möhsame work, hardship, distress', πονέω `möhe mich ab, etc. `, πονηρός `in schlechtem Zustande, schadhaft, lasterhaft', πένης `arm, poor', πενία `lack, poverty', πεινῆν `starve', from which probably retrograd πείνη `hunger' and πάτος ἔνδυμα τῆς ῝Ηρας Hes. as *pn̥-tos; diese or eine similar t-formation lies also dem air.ēt- `kleiden' the basic;

lit. pinù, pìnti `flax, wattle, braid', pántis m. f., Old Prussian panto f. `manacle', lett. pinu, pît `flax, wattle, braid', pinekls `manacle';

Old Church Slavic pьnǫ, pęti `spannen', ablaut. opona f. `curtain', ponjava `Umhang, dress', pǫto `manacle'(serb. pȕto), wherefore among others russ. prepjátь `hinder', raspjátь `kreuzigen', pjatь, pnutь `with dem Fußestoßen' and Old Church Slavic pęta `calcaneus' (serb. petasati `with den Fößen ausschlagen'), russ. pjatá, serb. péta, lit. péntis m. `ds.; back the axe, the scythe', Old Prussian pentis `calcaneus';

perhaps alb. pendë, pëndë `pair Ochsen; Joch (piece of wood as field measure)' from a *pentā `*Gespann'; also penk `Koppel';

2. forms with anlaut. s-:

lat. sponte `from eigenem Antrieb, from freiem Willen';

got. ahd. ags. spinnan, aisl. spinna `spinnen' (*spenu̯ō, compare spannan S. 982 from *spǝ-nu̯ō), ahd. spinna `spider'; with einfachem n: aisl. spuni m. `Gespinst', ags. spinel, ahd. spinala (and spinnila) `spindle'.

3. extension (s)pen-d-:

Lit. spéndžiu, spę́sti `einen Fallstrick lay, place (spannen)', alit. spándau, -yti `spannen', lit. spanskus `eng, dröckend', spą́stas `Falle', lett. spiêst `press, constrain, oblige', iterative spaidît, spuôsts `Fallstrick, Falle', lett. spendele `feather an a Schlosse', spanda `Strickwerk am Pflug', as also pām. spundr `plough', gr. σπινδεῖρα ἄροτρον Hes. (i.e. σπινδῆρα);

Old Church Slavic pęndь `span', pǫditi `urge, press, push, drive, push' (originally perhaps `ein Vieh an gespanntem Strick vorwörtsziehen'); presumably also as `gespannt höngen', lat. pendeō, -ēre `hangen, herabhangen', pendō, -ĕre `wögen, schötzen, pay' (to Wögen aufhöngen), umbr. ampentu `impenditō'; whether also ags. finta m. `tail, Folge'ö

References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f.

Page(s): 988

Root / lemma: speno-, stē̆no-, p(ǝ)stē̆no-

English meaning: teat; breast

German meaning: `Zitze, Brustwarze, Brust'

Material: 1. anlaut sp: air. sine m. `teat': bō triḫphne = bō trī sine `cow with drei Zitzen', mir. sineSeāin `uvula';

Maybe alb. geg. (*sini) gjini `breast, teat' [common alb. s- > gj- phonetic mutation] probably homonym with alb. gji `bay, harbor' : contaminated by lat. sinus `a bent surface, hollow, coil, curve, fold, winding; of dress, a fold, pocket, lap; in a coastline, a bay, gulf. Transf. heart, secret feelings'.

aisl. speni m. `teat, nipple' (aschwed. spini also `Zöpfchen in Halse'), mnd. spene ds.; o-grade ags. spane, spanu f. `nipple', spanan `entwöhnen'; mhd. spen f. `breast, Muttermilch' (probably *spani; compare nhd. Span-ferkel); reduced grade mnd. spone f., ahd. spunni, mhd. spönne and spune `nipple'; lit. spenỹs `teat, Zöpfchen in Halse, Ohrlöppchen', Old Prussian spenis `teat'.

2. mpers. np. pistān `female breast' (*pǝstāna-), av. fštāna- m. Du. `ds., nipple, knot' (*pstāna), ǝrǝavafšnyā̊ `the hochbusigen', Old Indian stána- `breast, esp. female'; arm. stin `female breast' (*stē̆no-; Gen. Sg. stean); gr. στηνίον στῆθος Hes. (daß στῆθος related sei, is heavy credible; hat besides θήνιον, τιθήνη einst ein *θη-θος, *τῆ-θος bestanden, das besides στηνίον eine parallel formation στῆθος ins Leben treten ließöö).

The association the Anlaute under p(ǝ)stē̆n- seems possible.

References: WP. II 663, Trautmann 275, Specht, Idg. Dekl. 86.

Page(s): 990

Root / lemma: sperĝh-, spreĝh-, nas. sprenĝh-

English meaning: to hurry, to spring

German meaning: `sich hastig bewegen, eilen, springen'

Note: Erweit. from sper- `twitch, schnellen'.

Material: Old Indian spr̥háyati `begehrt, empfindet envy', av. ā-spǝrǝzatā `war bestrebt';

gr. σπέρχομαι `storm along, hurry (σπερχόμενος `hasty, hasty, rash, hasty'), boisterous, aufgebracht sein', σπέρχω `drönge, drive', σπερχνός `quick, fast, hasty', ἀσπερχές Adv. `violent, ardent'; here cymr. ffraeth (see 996);

aisl. springa `spring, hervorbrechen', ags. as. ahd. springan ds.; Kaus. ahd. sprengen `spring make (ein horse), (zer)sprengen' and `strew, distribute, spray, sprenkeln', aisl. sprengja `sprinkle', ags. sprengan `outspread, break, crack; burst, söen'; mhd. sprinc (-g-) `Sprung, wellspring', ags. spring `Wasserquell', engl. spring `ds., Sprungfeder, Knospenspringen, spring'; old Ablautform *sprōgh- in aisl. sprōga `spring, run'.

References: WP. II 675, Trautmann 278 f.

Page(s): 998

Root / lemma: (s)per-1

English meaning: rafter; pole, spear

German meaning: `Sparren; Stange, Speer'; verbal `with Sparren verspreizen, stötzen, stemmen, sich sperren'

Note: originally denominativ

Material: Lat. sparus, sparum `kurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and dörftige Kriegswaffe' (*sp_ero-); in addition a kind of fish sparus, gr. σπάρος; alb. shparr, shperdhë `oak' (as `timber'; rr from rn); germ. *speru- in aisl. spjǫr `spear, javelin', ags. spere n., afries. spiri, spere, sper, as. ahd. sper, mhd. sper m. n., nhd. Speer m., ahd. spereboum `aesculus'; aisl. spari, sparri m. `Speiler, Sparren, balk, beam', sperra f. (*sparriōn) `roof beam', ahd. sparro `balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole', nhd. Sparren; therefrom aisl. sperra `with Sparren versehen; die Beine spreizen, aussperren, verhindern'; aisl. sperra, ags. be-, ge- sparrian `verrammeln', ahd. mhd. sperren `through einenSperrbalken verschließen, sperren; ausspreizen';

other formations ahd. spirdren `nītī' (j-Verb as muntren, s. Schatz, Germanica for Siewers 367);

without anl. s-: lat. paries `wall' (originally `die Seitenstötzen eines Zeltes under likewise'); slav. *pьrǫ, *perti `prop, support', with podъ- `fulcire', with za- `claudere', e.g. Old Church Slavic podъpьrǫ, prěti `prop, support', zaprěti `shut', russ. u-perétь `stemmen, an or against etwas prop, support; refl. sich whereof lean, sich wogegen sperren, ströuben', zaperétь `versperren, verschließen', poln. przeć `spreizen, sperren', Old Church Slavic podъporъ, -pora `fulcrum, baculum', russ. upór `pad, Strebepfeiler' etc.

References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341.

Page(s): 990-991

Root / lemma: sper-2(g-)

English meaning: a kind of bird (sparrowö)

German meaning: in Vogelnamen, besonders `Sperling'

Material: Got. sparwa, ags. spearwa, ahd. sparo `sparrow' (*proto germ. *sparwan-); mhd. sperlinc nhd.Sperling, diminutive; aisl. spǫrr ds. from *sparwa-z, compare also nhd. Sperber, ahd. sparwā̆ri (Endglied after ahd. aro `eagle' transfiguredö);

gr. σπαράσιον ὄρνεον ἐμφερες στρουθῷ Hes. (*σπαρFn̥-ti̯om); das formantische u̯ also (öö) in gr. ψά̄ρ, ion. ep. ψήρ (hom. Akk. Pl. ψῆρας), Gen. ψᾱρός `Star' (originally *ψά̄ρF-ς, Gen. *ψαρFόςö), newer ψά̆ρος, ψᾱρος, ψᾶρος m. ds., ψᾱρός `stargrau'; in addition probably as. sprā, ndl. spreeuw, nordfries.sprian, mnd. sprēn, nd. (nhd.) sprehe `Star';

corn. frau, bret. frâo `crow' (*sprawā); daß lat. parra `ein bird, dessen Geschrei Unglöckbedeutete', umbr. parfam, parfa `parram' (*parsa) ein s-loser kinsman, relative sei, is quite dubious;

toch. A spārāñ `ein bird';

forms auf g: gr. PN Σποργίλος `sparrow', (σ)πέργουλος ὀρνιθάριον ἄγριον Hes.; ahd. sperk, sperch, spirch `sparrow', Old Prussian sperglaḫwanag[is] `Sperber' (eig. `Sperlingsgeier'), ablaut. spurglis m. `sparrow'.

References: WP. II 666 f., WH. II 257, Trautmann 275.

Page(s): 991

Root / lemma: sper-3

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, winden'

Material: Gr. σπεῖρα f. `convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. of net, rope, hawser)', σπειράω `coil, wickle', σπείρᾱμα `convolution, diaper'; σπάρτος m. `ein shrub, bush, from dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht', σπάρτον, σπάρτη `gedrehtes or geflochtenes rope, band'; σπυρίς (ion. σφυρίς) `geflochtener basket' (from dem Akk. σπυρίδα derives through etrusk. mediation lat. sporta `geflochtener basket');

alit. spartas `band, strap'; probably here arm. p`arem, p`arim `umschließe, umarme'.

g-extension spereg-, nas. spreng- `winden, umwickeln, dadurch eng zusammenschnören':

Gr. σπάργω `wickle ein', σπάργανον `diaper';

lit. springstù, spriñgti `strangle, throttle, choke (Intr., beim Schlucken)', sprengė́ti ds., sprangùs `wörgend', lett. sprangât `einschnören'.

References: WP. II 667 f., Trautmann 279.

Page(s): 991-992

Root / lemma: sp(h)ei : sp(h)ī̆ and sp(h)ē : sp(h)ǝ-2

English meaning: to pull, drag

German meaning: `ziehen, spannen'

Material: Gr. σπάω, σπῶ (*spǝ-sō) `pull, zerre, verrenke, falle with Zuckungen, Krömpfen an, pull ein, suck ein'; σφάκελος m. `Zuckung, cramp'; σπασμός m. `Ziehen, Zuckung, cramp', σπάσμα n. ds. `rag, scrap, shred'; σπα-δ- e.g. in παρασπάς, -σπάδος f. `Pflanzenabsenker', σπάδιξ `abgerissenerZweig', σπαδών m. `twitch, cramp, σπάδων `Verschnittener', ion. σπαδίζω `pull ab, reiße ab (δέρμα)', argiv. σπάδιον `στάδιον' (`in die Lönge gezogen'); das sonstige στάδιον `racecourse', probably through support in στάδιος `stehend'; σπάτος n. `skin' (`*Abgezogenes');

partly auf a present *spǝ-nṓ and spǝ-nu̯ṓ based on probably die germ. family ahd. spanan `locken, stir, tease, irritate' (`*anziehen'), as. spanan `locken, veranlassen, antreiben', ags. spanan ds., ahd. spennen (*spanjan) `allure, entice, anreizen' = aisl. spenja `allure, entice, öberreden', norw. spana (*spanōn) `spannen, strecken', span m. `Spannung', ahd. spanst `Antrieb, Reiz, Lockung'; giḫspanst `Verlockung, deception', mhd. (ge)-spenst `Verlockung, devilish delusion, Gespenst', nhd. abspenstig machen, widerspenstig; mhd. spān `discord, fight, contentio' (*spēḫn-), widerspān ds., widerspǣne `widerspenstig'; ahd. spannan (*spǝnu̯ō) `spannen, anspannen'; intr. `sich dehnen, gespannt inerwartungsvoller Spannung sein', mhd. spannen ds.; ags. spannan `spannen, festbinden, anfögen', mhd. span, -nnes `Spannung, Zerwörfnis, discord', ahd. spanna, ags. spann f., aisl. spǫnn f. `span', Kaus. aisl. spenna `umspannen, umschließen, urge, press, push', mhd. spennen `spannen, dehnen'; eine germ. Gutturalableitung in addition in nhd. Spange; ahd. spanga, ags. spang ds., aisl. spǫng `dönnePlatte, Eisscholle'; spanst wird germ. formation from spanan from sein.

Auf a to-participle *spǝ-tós with the meaning from lat. tenuis `thin, also watery, from Flössigkeiten' based on probably aschwed. spædher `schmöchtig, tender, young', schw. spöd, dön. spæd `tender', aisl. spað `dönne soup';

the same meaning `tenuis' with i-vocalism in:

gr. σπι-νός `lean'; air. sēim (*spē̆imi-) `exilis, macer', sēime `Dönne';

with guttural extension: gr. σπίκανον σπάνιον Hes., σπιγνόν μικρόν, βραχύ Hes.; aisl. spiki m. `Meise'; schwed. dial. spikjin `thin, schmöchtig, lean', schwed. dial. spink `schmöchtiger person', norw. spiken `arid, lean, geröuchert' (aisl. spikiḫlax `gedörrter salmon'), isl. speikja `dehydrate, desiccate', schwed. spink `splinter', mnd. spik `dry' (nhd. Spick-aal etc.).

References: WP. II 655 f.;

See also: in addition sp(h)ē̆i-3, (s)pen-1(d-) and (s)p(h)eu-d-.

Page(s): 982

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)elg-

English meaning: to split, splinter

German meaning: `spalten'

Note: (further formations from (s)p(h)el- ds.)

Material: Arm. p`elk `langes Stöck wood or Stoff'; aisl. spjalkir Pl. `Speiler', ags. spelc, spilc `chip, splinter, Holzschiene', ostfries. spalke `splinter', spalken `break, crack, split', aisl. spelkja, ags. spilcan `schienen'; compare cymr. fflochen `wooden splinter' (*splokitnā);

gr. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεῖ, ληρεῖ Hes.; lit. paspilgęs `thin in straw (of corn, grain), in Wachstum zuröckgeblieben', become better to a eigenen family the meaning `verkömmern, kömmerlich' zusammengeschlossen.

References: WP. II 680.

Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: sp(h)elĝh(en, -ā), splenĝh-, splē̆ĝh-

English meaning: spleen

Note: taboo deformed

Material: Old Indian plīhán-, av. spǝrǝzan- m., arm. p`aicaɫn, gr. σπλήν (*σπληγχ, compare σπλάγχνα Nom. Pl. `intestines, entrails'), lat. liēn, air. selg f., mbret. felc'h, Old Church Slavic slězena.

Maybe from av. spǝrǝzan derived alb. (*spelǝtan) shpretna `spleen'.

References: WP. II 680, WH. I 789, Trautmann 256, Vasmer 2, 605, Turner BSOAS 18, 451; different Specht, Die old Sprachen 5, 120.

Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-1

English meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board

German meaning: `spalten, abspalten, absplittern, abreißen'

Material: Old Indian sphaṭati (Dhātup.) `reißt, springt auf', sphaṭita- `gesprungen, zerfetzt', sphaṭikā- `Bergkristall' (`sich blöttrig abspaltend'), *sphāṭáyati `splits', covered das participle sphāṭita-; sphuṭáti `splits sich, springt auf, platzt, reißt' (sek. sphōṭati); besides diesen t-Prösentien (: ahd. spaltan) das to-participle sphuṭa- `aufgeblöht, open' (: got. spilda); Old Indian paṭati `splits sich, cracks', pāṭayati `splits, breaks, rips' (: paṭú- `sharp', gr. πλατύς `salzig'ö s.under *pl̥tú-s);

phálati `cracks, springt divided', phálakam `(*cloven wood) board, lath, leaf, shield, Holzbank', phāla- m. `plowshare' (`zugespitztes Aststöck'ö);

Maybe alb. pluar (*pë-luar) `plowshare' derived from Old Indian phāla- m. `plowshare' see Root / lemma: leu-2 (*leuĝh-): to cut off, separate, free

Old pers. Glosse σπαρα-βάραι οἱ γερροφόροι Hes. `schildtragend', npers. ispar, sipar `shield' (Old Indian pharam, spharam `shield', uncovered, probably from dem Iran. and in anlaut after phálakam directed);

gr. σφαλάσσειν τέμνειν, κεντεῖν Hes., σφάλαξ `Stechdorn', ἀσπάλαθος m. ds. (`*whereof man sich reißt, scarifies'), σφάλαξ, ἀσφάλαξ, σπάλαξ, ἀσπάλαξ `Maulwurf' (`die Erde aufreißend'), σπαλύσσεται σπαράσσεται, ταράσσεται Hes., ἄσπαλον σκῦτος Hes., σπάλαυθρον `Schöreisen'; σπόλια τὰ παρατιλλόμενα ἐρίδια ἀπὸ τῶν σκελῶν τῶν προβάτων Hes. (: lat. spolium), att. σπολάς `abgezogenes fell, fur' and `Überwurf from Leder, breastplate, mantle', öol. σπαλίς, att. ψαλίς `scissors'; to σφαλάσσειν also σφαλός `Fußblock for Gefangene; Wurfscheibe' and σφάλλω `throw (originally with `Prögeln'), toss, fling, bump, poke' and `(at first beim Ringen) ein leg stellen, in fight, struggle behindern', from which `bring to collapse, injure, hurt, deceive, cheat, deceive', Med. `waver, fall, sich irren', ἀσφαλής `unerschötterlich, ohne sich fortstoßen to lassen' - `peaceful, certainly', σφαλερός `schlöpfrig', σφάλμα `falscher footstep'; σφέλας `wooden log, club, cudgel; ausgehöhlter Block, bench';

from dem Alb. perhaps palë `Seite, party' (*polnā, compare Old Church Slavic polъ `Seite, bank, border, shore, gender, sex, half'); popëlë `Felsstöck, Scholle', plis (*pli-ti̯o-) `clod of earth', plish `reed' (*pliḫsi̯o-):

lat. spolium `abgezogene or abgelegte Tierhaut; dem Feinde abgenommene Röstung, booty';

with t-Erweit.: ahd. spaltan, mnd. spalden `split', got. spilda (*speltā) `Schreibtafel', aisl. spjald (*speltos) `board', ags. speld `splint; bit of wood', mhd. spelte `abgespaltenes bit of wood, Handgeröt the Weberei'; aisl. spjall, spell `damage' (*spelÞa-, -i-), ags. spilð, spild `Vernichtung, Ruin', whereof aisl. spilla, spella `spoil, slay' (*spelÞjan, *spelÞōn), as. spildian, ags. spildan `destroy', ahd. spildan, spilden `waste, spread, verschwenden', as. spildi `generous'; germ. t in mnd. spelte `cloven Stöck', ostfries. spalter ds., germ. *speltō (out of it lat. spelta) in ahd. spelza vlat. spelta (from which:) `Spelt'; engl. spelter `Zink' (*spaldiz-); ags. spaldur `Balsam' (*spalduz- `effluence from cloven Pflanzen'); n-present ags.spillan, mhd. spillen `split' (*spelljan), wherefore without s- schwed. fjöll `Schinnen in Haar'; aisl. spǫlr `dönne flache shaft, pole', mengl. spale ds., mhd. spale `Leitersprosse'; probably (as `thin, flaches bit of wood') ahd. spuolo m., isl. spōle `Weberschiffchen', norw. spōle `coil, spool' (germ. *spōlan-); ahd. spuola (germ. *spōlōn-) `coil, spool', `duct, tube, pipe, Federkiel'; without anl. s-: aisl. fjǫl `board' (*pelā);

with t-Erweit., but without s- probably ir. alta(i)n, cymr. ellyn, acymr. elinn `Schermesser', abret. altin gl. `ferula', mbret. autenn, nbret. aotenn `Schermesser' (*paltinā); mcymr. allaw `shave' (*altāḫmu-); J. Loth RC. 45, 173.

lit. spãlis, Pl. spãliai, lett. spal `i `Flachsschöben'; lett. spals `handle, grasp, Handhabe'; Old Prussianspelanxtis `splinter';

Old Church Slavic ras-platiti `split' (*poltiti, compare nhd. spalten, Old Indian sphaṭati), platъ `ῥάκος, scrap, shred', polěno `piece of wood wood', polica `board', palica, aruss. palъka `stick', russ. ras-polótь `entzweischneiden', pо́lotь, poltь `(abgeschnittene) Speckseite', poltina `half', Old Church Slavic polъ, Gen. -u `half, Seite, bank, border, shore, gender, sex'; abg. plěvǫ, plěti (russ. polótъ) `jöten', plěvelъ `weed'; *oḫpelnъ in čech. oplen, oplin `Gipfstock, Rungenstock', sloven. oplẹ̀n `Wagengipfenholz' etc.;

with dem v from plěvǫ (*pelu̯ō) is zusammenzuhalten: lett. spal̃va `feather, Gefieder, hair', spil̃va `husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras', spìlvęns `Bettkissen' etc.;

toch. A spāltk-, В spalk- `sich anstrengen';

References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck Zink under Zinn, 157 ff.

See also: with (s)p(h)el- `split' höngen possibly together: pel- `skin, fell, fur', spelg- `split', splei- `split', plēi- `naked, bald, bleak', plēk̂- plēik- `rend', pleu (s-, -k-) `ausrupfen', plas- `abspalten'.

Page(s): 985-987

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-2

English meaning: to shine, shimmer

German meaning: `glönzen, schimmern'

Material: Old Indian sphuliŋga- m. `spark' (Erweiter. eines *sphuli = arm. p`ail, idg. *sph_eli-), vi-sphulíŋga- ds., vi-spuliŋgaká- `Funken spröhend'; arm. p`ail, Gen. p`ailic̣ `radiance, Schimmer', p`ailem `gleams, schimmere'; p`aɫp`aɫim, p`oɫp`oɫim `gleams'.

g-extension sp(h)el-g-, nas. (s)p(h)leng-:

lett. spul̃guôt `gleam, sparkle, glitter', spul̃gis `the Funkelnde = the morning star', spul̃gans, spil̃gans `shimmering, gleaming'; nas. germ. *flinka- `flimmernd, also from rascher Bewegung' in nd. (nhd.) flink `rash, hasty, quick, fast', flinkern `gleam, shimmer', mhd. kupfervlinke `Kupfererz', changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) nhd. flunkern `flicker; einem etwas vormachen', and perhaps lett. plañga, pluñga, pleñga `blister'.

d-extension, nas. (s)plēnd-, (s)plǝnd-:

Gr. σπληδός m. (σπληδώ f. Hes.) `ash'; lat. splendeō, -ēre `gleam, shimmer', alit. spléndžiu, splendė́ti `gleam, shine'; perhaps also air. lēss (*lanssu- from *plǝnd-tu-) `light'; mir. lainnech `gleaming' (*plǝndi̯āko).

References: WP. II 679 f., WH. II 576 f.

Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: sp(h)e(n)d-

English meaning: to shiver, to shake

German meaning: `zucken, zappeln' and (about `flackern') `glönzen'

Material: Old Indian spandatē `shrugs, jerks, hits, knocks from', spanda- m. `twitch, movement', snāyu-spanda- `Pulsschlag', spandana- m. `zuckend'; gr. σφενδόνη `Schleuder', σφαδάζω `zucke, zapple, bewege mich violent'(*σφn̥δ-); σφόνδυλος, σπόνδυλος m. `whirl an the spindle, etc. `; unnasalized σφεδανός, σφοδρός `violent, keen, eager'; older ndl. spat `cramp', nhd. Spat(h), mhd. spat, ostfries. spat(t), spad(de) `tumefaction am Pferdefuß' (germ. d, dd besides t, tt kann new Variation sein), nd. ndl. spatten `twitch, wriggle';

here lit. spį́stu, spį́sti `erglönzen', spìndžiu, spindė́ti `gleam', lett. atspîst `wiedererglönzen', spîdêt `gleam, gleam, shine', ablaut. spuôžs `gleaming, bright, luminous' (*spandús), spuôdrs `gleaming, durchsichtig, clean' (*spondros).

References: WP. II 664, Trautmann 275;

See also: compare *sp(h)eng- `gleam'.

Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: sp(h)eng-

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen'

Note: (and *speg-ö)

Material: Lit. spingu, spingė́ti `gleam', spiñgis `Durchbau in Walde';

lett. spĩgana `eine Lufterscheinung, dragon, witch', spĩgans ds., spĩganis `Irrlicht', spĩgulis `Johanneswörmchen', spĩguluot `shimmer'; spuoga `Spiegelbild', spuogalas f. Pl. `radiance', spuogât `gleam';

Old Prussian soanxti (leg. spanxti) `spark';

to this group as `*blinzelnd' also lit. spañgas `undeutlich seeing', apspañgęs `verblendet', spangỹs `Halbblinder, Schielender'; also ags. spincan `Funken spröhen', engl. spunk `spark, Feuerschwamm, tinder' as `*phosphoreszierend';

da helle light- and onomatopoeic words Schallempfindungen frequent, often with the same words bezeichnet become, possibly also lit. speñgti `clink', lett. spìegt `as eine mouse pfeifen' angereiht become;

perhaps idg. spheng-, also to gr. φέγγος n. `light, shine', φέγγω `leuchte, erhelle';

da *spend- `gleam' eine Zerlegung in *sp(h)enḫg-, -d- zur Erwögung places, kann speng-not zuversichtlich as nasal form eines:

(s)peg- gelten, das erschlossen wird from nhd. Spuk from mnd. spōk `Spuk, ghost' (germ.*spōk-); if in addition also the group from mnd. spakeren `spröhen' (etc.)ö.

References: WP. II 663 f.

Page(s): 989-990

Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nas. sp(h)rend(h)-

English meaning: to rush; to spring; running

German meaning: `zucken, springen'

Note: d(h)-extension to 1. and 2. sp(h)er-.

Material: Old Indian spárdhatē, spūrdháti (Perf. paspr̥dhḗ, Inf. spūrdhásē) `wetteifern, fight', spŕ̥dh- f. `Wetteifer, fight, struggle' (: got. spaúrds), av. spǝrǝd- f. `eagerness'; gr. in spartan. names Σπερθίης; got. spaúrds f. `racecourse', ags. spyrd m. `racecourse, Wettlauf', ahd. spurt `racecourse'.

In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange:

Gr. σπυρθίζειν `aufspringen, wriggle, violent bewegt sein'; aisl. spraðka `wriggle', norw. spradla ds. (*spraðla), westföl. spraddeln ds., ahd. spratalōn ds., ahd. sprata `linea, regula, norma', mhd. spretzen `spray'; aisl. sporðr m. `tail; öußerstes end from etwas', mhd. sporte `tail', aisl. *sperðill, Pl. *sper[ð]lar assumed from norw. dial. speril, sperl, spæl `kurzen tail';

with germ. t: schwed. sprata `with den Fößen umherstoßen, strampeln', norw. spratla `wriggle', ahd. sprazzalōn `wriggle', mhd. spretzen (*sprattian) `ausspritzen', nhd. bair. spratzeln `spray, spröhen', mnd. spartelen, spertelen, sportelen `wriggle';

nasal. aisl. spretta (*sprintan) `auffahren, aufspringen, sprossen, spray, aufgehen (from the sun)', Kaus. spretta (*sprantian; partly also sprattianö) `losreißen, separate', mhd. sprenzen schw. V. `sprinkle, spray, sprenkeln = bunt schmöcken, putzen' and `sich spreizen, einherstolzieren'; mhd. sprinz `das Aufspringen the Blumen, Farbenschmelz', nhd. bair. sprinz `aufgeschossener junger person', ahd. spranz `crack', mhd. spranz `das Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen', mengl. sprenten `spring, run', nordengl. sprent `spring, burst', sprent `smirch, stain, splotch';

lit. sprándas `Genick, nape', lett. sprañda ds., lit. sprindỹs `span', lett. sprîdis ds.;

with germ. d:

ags. sprind `agile, lively, strong', aisl. sprund f. `Ritze, cleft, fissure; wife, woman';

Old Church Slavic predajǫ, -ati `spring; tremble', russ. prjádatь, prjánutь `höpfen, spring', ablaut. poln. prąd `Stromschnelle', slov. prôdek `alert, awake, smart' etc.

References: WP. II 675 f., Trautmann 277 f., Vasmer 2, 450.

Page(s): 995-996

Root / lemma: sp(h)er-1, sp(h)erǝ-

English meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc..

German meaning: `zucken, with dem Fuße wegstoßen, zappeln, schnellen'

Grammatical information: spr̥i̯ō, spr̥-nā-mi ds.;

Note: compare per-1`spröhen, spray', further: sper- `sparrow', sper- `Sparren', sp(h)er- `Mistkögelchen', sp(h)ereg- `twitch', sperĝh- `sich hastig bewegen', sp(h)ered(h)- `twitch', sp(h)reig- `strotzen'

Material: Old Indian sphuráti `stößt with dem Fuße weg, tritt, schnellt, shrugs, jerks, zittert, zappelt', ápaspharīḥ Aor. Inj. `schnelle weg, entzieh dich rasch' (: lat. aspernārī), apa-sphúra- `wegstoßend' (: lat.asper-), sphúra- `zuckend', sphuraṇa- `blinking, gleaming, funkelnd', n. `twitch, Funkeln, Erscheinen', visphāritaḫm `das Schnellen'; sphūrti- `das Hervorbrechen, Offenbarwerden' (*sphr̥̄-ti-, compare lit. spìrti), pharpharāyate `bewegt sich heftig hin and her'; spr̥- `losmachen', spr̥ṇóti `wehrt ab', spr̥ṇāti `slays';

av. spar(aiti) `tritt, stößt', with frā `rushes, hastes', with vi `auseinandertreten, -stomp', sparman- n. perhaps `Tritt, shove', np. sipardan `tread';

arm. spaṙnal `bedrohen' (idg. sp-);

gr. σπαίρω, ἀσπαίρω (ἀ- Vokalvorschlag) `zucke, zapple' (= lit. spiriù), σπαίρει ἅλλεται, σκιρτᾳ, πηδᾳ Hes. (aspiriert σφαῖρα `Ball zum Spielen'ö), aspiriert σφυρόν `ankle, calcaneus', wovonσφῦρα `hammer, beetle, hammer' (to σφυρόν compare ahd. spuri-halz `hinkend', eig. `knöchel-lame');

lat. spernō, -ere, sprēḫvī, -tum `back-, fortstoßen, verschmöhen, despise', aspernor, -ārī `from sich weisen', asper `rough, harsh, abstoßend' (: Old Indian apa-sphúra-);

air. seir `calcaneus' (*speretḫs), Akk. Du. di pherid, cymr. ffēr, ffern `the ankle, ankle bone; the heel, knuckles, a little hammer; a kind of fire-dart'; mbret. fer ds.; cymr. uffarn `ankle' from *opi-sp_er-no-;

aisl. sperna `with den Fößen ausschlagen, wegstoßen' (: lat. spernō), ags. speornan ds., ahd.firspirnit `stößt an, tritt fehl'; aisl. sporna (-aða) `with dem Fuße ausschlagen', ags. spurnan, spornan `ds., also `zuröckstoßen, despise', as. ahd. spurnan `tread, with dem Fuße bump, poke'; ahd. spornōn `with the calcaneus ausschlagen, dem Fuße bump, poke', spurnen (spurnta) ds., `zuröckstoßen' (spurnida `Anstoß'), aisl. spyrna `with dem Fuße bump, poke; (den foot) entgegenstemmen'; without prösensbildendes n: aisl. spora `with Fößen treten', ags. sporettan `with dem Fuße bump, poke'; aisl.spori, ags. spora, spura, ahd. sporo `Sporn'; aisl. ags. ahd. spor n. `footprint', mhd. spur, spör f. n. `spoor `, ahd. spuriḫhalz `lame, hinkend, from horses' (see above to σφυρόν), ahd. (etc.) spurjan, spurren `the spoor nachgehen, erforschen, skillful'; ags. spearwa m. `calf', mhd. spar-golze f. `ein Teil the Beinbekleidung' (perhaps `Wadenstutzen'); with erweiterndem g: aisl. sparka `with dem Fuße bump, poke', in addition postverbal spark `Getrampel';

lit. spiriù, spìrti `with dem Fuße bump, poke, urge, press, push, constrain, oblige' (from the heavy basis), ablaut. ãtsparas `Widerstand', spárdau, -yti `continual with den Fößen bump, poke'; lett. sper̂t `ausschlagen (of Pferde), with dem Fuße bump, poke'; spars `energy, Schwung, Wucht'; lit. spartùs `ausgiebig; rash, hasty, agile, lively', Old Prussian sparts `mighty', sperclan `Zehballen'; but lit. spurzdė́ti `sich with den Flögeln jiggle or flutter', suspùrsti from birds `in eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten', then generally `in heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become' are probably onomatopoeic words (compare nhd. brr!).

References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.

Page(s): 992-993

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-2, sprei-, spreu-

English meaning: to sprinkle, scatter

German meaning: `streuen, söen; sprengen, spritzen, spröhen; also vom Aufspringen from Knospen, Pflanzentrieben'

Note: probably with sp(h)er-1 `twitch' identical, also with per-1, above S. 809 f.

Material: A. Arm. p`arat `zerstreut' (*ph_er-), p`aratem `zerstreue, entferne, take away' (compare gr. σποράς, -άδος); perhaps also sp`ṙem `zerstreue', sp`ir `zerstreut, verstreut, vast, spacious' (wöre *sphēro-);

gr. σπείρω `streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, spröhe' (σπερῶ, ἔσπαρκα, ἐσπάρην), σπέρμα n. `seed, sperm', σπορά, σπόρος m. `das Söen, die Saat', σποράς, -άδος `verstreut', Adv. σποράδην, σπαρνός `dönngesöt, sparse';

mir. sreb `stream' (*spreḫbhā); srāb `stream, Sturzbach, Schaar' (*sprōḫbhu-);

ahd. sprāt `das Spritzen, Spröhen', mnd. sprē-wedel `Sprengwedel'; with dem by germ. roots auf langen vowel auftretenden w proto germ. *sprēwēn in norw. spraa, ö. dön. spraaes `brittle, brittle become', dön. dial. spraae `sich öffnen, from Knospen; break, crack', schwed. dial. språ, språs `sprout, sich öffnen, break, crack', norw. spra from *sprada (and spræ from *sprēwjan) `spray, sprinkle'; derived aisl. sprǣna `spray, trans. and intr. `; *sprēwjan in mhd. sprǣjen, sprǣwen, mnl. spraeien `whisk'; *sprōwjan in nhd. spröhen, nl. sproeien ds.; norw. sprōa `Strebepfeiler, pad' (*sprōwōn; to meaning see below); d-present nl. sproeten `spray', sproetelen `bubble out', mnd. sprōte `(Spritzer =) Fleck, Sommersprosse'.

B. i-basis sprei-d-, -t-:

ahd. sprīzan, spreiz `in Stöcke splittern, spray', aisl. sprita `apart sperren' (after fisherman, The Lehnwörter of Awn. 40 from mhd. sprîten borrowed); norw. sprita `spray'; mhd. sprīten and (with grammatischem variation) sprīden `sich ausbreiten, sich scatter, zersplittern', Kaus. aschwed. spreda `scatter, outspread', norw. spreida, ags. sprǣdan ds., ahd. spreitan, mhd. nhd. spreiten;

alit. sprainas `stiff, starr, öbersichtig, of eye' (probably *spraid-na-s, actually `die Augen weit aufspreizend'), lett. spriêst `spannen, urge, press, push, ausmessen' (`*spreizen'), spraids `Stelle, where Leute zusammengedröngt stand', debes-spraislis `Himmelsgewölbe'; in addition presumably lit. spréndžiu `spanne with the hand'.

C. extension spreu-: ahd. spriu, Gen. spriuwes `chaff'; ags. sprēawlian `sich krampfhaft bewegen'; nhd. spröde = mengl. sprēÞe ds. (*sprauÞia- actually `light zerspringend');

cymr. ffrau `(Hervorsprudeln), stream', ffreuo `hervorspritzen' (*sprou̯-), ffraw `agile, lively' (*sprōu̯o-), cyffro `erregen', deffro `awake, animate' (Loth RC. 42, 347; 44, 270 f.); air. sruth (*spruḫtu-) m. `river' = cymr. etc. ffrwd ds.; gall. FlN Φρουδιος Gen. (leg. Φρουτυος), nhd. FlN Frutz (Vorarlberg), oberital. fruda `Sturzbach'; bret. Vannes fru `Spröhregen' (*spreus-); also nhd. Sprudelö

lett. spraûjuôs, spraûtiês `hervordringen, emporkommen'; lit. spriaũnas `funny, fresh, alert, awake, smart, ausgelassen'.

spreu-d- (d-extension, perhaps originally from a d-present) `spray, quick, fast hervorkommen, sprout' etc.):

cymr. ffrwst m. `Hast' (*sprud-to- or -stu-);

got. sprautō Adv. `quick, fast, bald'; mhd. spriezen `sprout', and. ūtsprūtan `hervorsprießen', afries. sprūta `germinate, sprout', engl. sprout; ags. spryttan `sprout', nd. sprötten `spray', mhd. sprötzen `sprout, spray'; aisl. sproti m. `young sprout in a tree, Stecken', ahd. sprozzo `sprout, scion, shoot'; mnd. sprote(le) `(*Spritzer =) Fleck, Sommersprosse', nhd.Sommersprosse; mnd. sprūte, md. sprūze ds.; ags. sprēot `shaft, pole', ndl. spriet (out of it nhd. Spriet); norw. spraut, sprauta `Stellholz in the Falle', sprøyta `Fenstersprosse, Spannstock in a loom'; ahd. spriuzen `spreizen, prop, support, stemmen', spriuza `Spreize, pad, Strebe';

lit. spriáusti `hineinzwöngen, clamp'; ablaut. sprústi `from a clamp infolge of Druckes herauskommen'; lett. spraûst `hineinstecken', ablaut. sprū-st `eingeklemmt become'.

spreu-g-, -k- in identical Bedeutungsumfang:

nhd. nd. spriegel, sprögel, sprugel, sprogel `Schnellbogen; gespannter Bogen to a Überdeckung; Sprenkel beim Vogelfang', luxemb. spriegel `Sperrholz zum Auseinanderspannen';

lett. spruga, spruñga `clamp', spruñǵis `toggle';

lit. sprūgsti `entspringen, escape; to get away', lett. sprauga `Löcke'; probably also (as `zerprengen, zerstieben make'), lett. spràugt `coarse mahlen, schroten'; with k: lett. sprukt `escape; to get away, entgleiten'; spruksts `ein Leichtfößiger, Springer', spraukt `durchzwöngen, escape, flee'.

Maybe alb. (*spreu-k-) shpërthenj `bloom, blow' [common alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation].

(s)preus- see above S. 809 f. ((s)preus-)

References: WP. II 670 ff., Trautmann 277, 278, Vendryes RC. 46, 255 ff.

Page(s): 993-995

Root / lemma: sp(h)er-3

English meaning: cattle excrements

German meaning: in Worten for die Mistkögelchen von Ziegen and Schafen, also Pille, Ball öberhaupt (letzteres erst through Übertragungö)

Material: Gr. σφυράς (att.), σπυράς, σπύραθος (also πύραθος) `Mistkögelchen from Ziegen and Schafen', σφυράς, σπυράς also `pellet, globule, Pille generally'; lit. spìros `Schafmistkögelchen', lett. spiras `Mistkögelchen the sheep, Ziegen, Hasen; große graue Erbsen', pires `Schafmist';

with dh-extension: gr. σπορθύγγια τρίβολα τὰ διαχωρήματα τῶν αἰγῶν, ἅ τινες σπυράδας καλοῦσιν Hes.; nisl. sparð n. `Schafmist', sperðill `Ziegenmist'.

References: WP. II 672.

Page(s): 995

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-4, (s)p(h)erǝg-

English meaning: to tear; rag, snippet

German meaning: `reißen; Fetzen'

Material: Arm. p`ert` `ragged Stöck' (*sperk-to-); aisl. spiǫrr f. `scrap, shred, abgerissener Streifen Tuch' (proto germ. *sperrō);

gr. σπαράσσω, att. -άττω `tear, rend, zerre' (probably analogical for -άζω), σπάραγμα `ragged Stöck', σπαραγμός `das Zerren, Reißen; cramp';

nas. perhaps abg. prǫžiti, prǫžati `lacerare'.

References: WP. II 668.

Page(s): 992

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-d-

English meaning: to press, hurry

German meaning: `dröcken, with Nachdruck betreiben, eilen'

Material: Npers. poy `haste, hurry' (iran. *pauda-), parth. pwd `run, flow';

gr. σπεύδω `spute mich, hurry; bin emsig, strebe, strenge mich an'; trans. `treibe an, beschleunige' (originally `drönge, push, press', as in σπούδαξ `Mörserkeule', i.e. `Zerdröcker' Hes.); σπουδή f. `haste, hurry, eagerness, Bestrebung', σπουδαῖος `hasty, keen, eager, fleißig', σπουδάζω `spute mich, betreibe with eagerness';

perhaps alb. punë `work, business' (*pudnā);

Note: There is no phonetic mutation in alb. of the nature: dnā > nā; Root / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-d- Meaning: `to press, hurry' etymology suggest that alb. puna `work derived from zero grade of hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- `become rich' see Root / lemma: op-1 Meaning: `to work, perform'.

whether d-extension a root spēu- : speu- : spū̆-, possibly to Old Indian sphāḫvayati `möstet, verstörkt', ags. spōwan `thrive' (different above under 2. spēi-); compare also gr. ἐσφυδωμένος `vollgestopft with food, eating', σφυδῶν ἰσχυρός, σκληρός Hes., διασφυδῶσαι αὐξῆσαι Hes.; doubtful gr.σφύζω (Fut. σφύξω) `zucke, bewege mich violent, fiebere, strebe eager', σφυγμός m., σφύξις f. `Zuckung, Puls', ἀσφυκτέω `bin ohne Pulsschlag' (*sphug-);

ahd. spioz `Kampfspieß', nhd. Spieß, asöchs. spiot, aisl. spjót `spit, pike', spýta `peg, plug'; whether here without s-: norw. föysa `antreiben', nisl. fausi `hitzige person, fool' (*poud-to-)ö

lit. spáusti `press', Iter. spáudyti; spaudà `Presse'; ablaut, spũdinti `hurry, flee', spūdė́ti `sich abmöhen'.

References: WP. II 659, Trautmann 273 f., Szemerényi ZDMG 101, 205 f.

Page(s): 998-999

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)ē̆i-1 : (s)p(h)ī̆-

English meaning: sharp, sharp stick

German meaning: `spitz, spitzes Holzstöck'

Note: extended with -d, -g, -k, -l, -n, -r, -t

Material: 1. Old Indian sphyá- m. `chip of wood, staff, Spiere, rudder';

2. ahd. mhd. spiz `Bratspieß' (different from Spieß `spear, javelin' from ahd. spioz), ags. spitu ds.; norw. spita f. `peg, plug'; spit m. `cusp, peak, dönner Wasserstrahl'; schwed. speta `peg, plug'; ahd. spizzi `pointed '; o-grade mnd. speis(s)e `long spit, pike' (*spoidḫtā); perhaps here lat.cuspis, -idis f. `cusp, peak, spit, pike', whether from *curi-spis `Lanzenspitze' (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);

3. lat. spīca, spīcus, -um `Ähre', spīculum `Lanzenspitze', vlat. spīcārium `Speicher'; ndl. spie `peg, plug, bolt' (*spīχōn); arm. p`k`in `Pfeil' (*phīkīno-);

ahd. speihha, as. spēca f., ags. spāca m. `Speiche, ray'; md. spīcher, nhd. Speichernagel, mnd. nnd. spīker `eiserner nail', engl. spike, ags. spīcing ds., aisl. spīkr m. `nail', spīk f. `wooden splinter', norw. spīk `Speiche', ags. spīc `spitzes Landstöck', bair. spickel `wedge';

lit. speigliaĩ `Stacheln';

4. gr. σπίλος f., σπιλάς, -άδος f. `Riff'; mhd. spīl m. `cusp, peak of Speeres', nhd. dial. Speil `chip, splinter, splinter, wedge', mnd. nnd. spīle `Bratspieß'; ags. spilu f. `peg, cusp, peak', aisl. spila f. `thin, schmales Stöck wood', etc.; (das langvokalische germ. *spīlō could also *spīðlō sein, in gramm. variation with mhd. spidel, spedel, nhd. dial. speidel `splinter'); čech. spíle `Stecknadel', lett. spīle `Holznagel';

5. lat. spīna `backbone, spine, thorn' (in addition umbr. spinia, spina `columnam'ö), spīna crīnālis `Haarnadel', spīnus `briar'; as. ahd. spinela, spenula `Haarnadel, buckle', mhd. spenel `Stecknadel, Spennadel'; lett. spina `Gerte, rod', ölt. poln. spina `backbone, spine', russ. spiná `back'; s-los at most germ. *finnō, *finōn in ags. finn, nhd. Finne `Floßfeder, Spitzflosse', schwed. fina `Flosse', norw. finn `grass bristles', mhd. vinne `nail; Finne in the skin', next to which schwed. fime, flöm. vimme `Flosse, Achel';

maybe alb. shpina ‘spine’, *shpino-, shpoj ‘pierce, prick’, shpata ‘sword’ from lat. spatha -ae f. `a broad two-edged sword', alb. shpatulla `shoulder blade' from lat. spathula dim. of spatha -ae.

toch. A spin- `Hacken, peg, plug';

6. ags. spīr `Halm, sprout', engl. spire `sprout; Turmspitze', mnd. spīr `germ, sprout-, Grasspitze, Ähre, Turmspitze, very small person', aisl. spīra `Stiel, young scion, shoot, Rohrstab under likewise';

7. lit. spitulỹs `star auf the Tierstirn', spitẽlė, spitulė̃ `die needle, the thorn in the buckle', spitnà ds.; perhaps is in lat. secespita `Opfermesser' ein cognate *spita contain;

References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer 2, 708.

Page(s): 981-982

Root / lemma: sp(h)ē(i)-3, spī- and sphē- : sphǝ-

English meaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc..

German meaning: `gedeihen, sich ausdehnen = dick werden, vorwörtskommen, Erfolg haben, gelingen'

Material: Old Indian sphā́yatē `wird fat, obese, nimmt to', participle sphītá- `swollen, wohlhabend, dense, full', sphāta- `big, large, strong', sphītí- f. `the prospering; flourishing', sphātí- f. `Möstung, prospering; flourishing', Kaus. sphāváyati `möstet, verstörkt', sphārá- `vast, spacious, wide, big, large', sphirá- `fat, obese' (idg. *sphǝ-ró- = Old Church Slavic sporъ, ahd. spar); with formants -ko- (as lett. spḕks): pīva-sphāká- `from Fett strotzend';

Old Indian vi-ṣpitám is strittiger meaning;

from the aspir. form sphē-: ἐρί-σφηλον `ἐρισθενῆ', ἄσφηλοι ἀσθενεῖς; σφηλὸν γὰρ τὸ ἰσχυρόν Hes.; without s- arm. p`art`am `rich';

lat. spatium `Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration'; spēs, -ēī, Pl. spērēs f. `expectation, hope', spērō, -āre `hoffe'; originally `from Hoffnung geschwellt'; prosperus `gönstig, lucky' (*pro-spǝ-ro-);

maybe alb. (*spatium) shpat `precipice, mountain, forest', (*spērēs) shpresonj `I hope'.

mcymr. ffysgiaw, corn. fesky `Eilen' (*spid-sk-);

got. spēdiza `later', spēdumists `spötester', ahd. spāti, Adv. spāto `late `(eig. `*sich hinziehend');

ags. spōwan `thrive, glöcken', ahd. spuon `succeed', germ. *spōði- in ahd. spuot, as. spōd, ags. spēd `prospering; flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry', nhd. sich sputen; ahd. etc. spar see under;

lit. spė́ti `have the time or leisure, be quick enough, be able', spė́rus `quick', spė̃tas m. `leisure', spėmė̃ f. `haste, hurry'; spė̃kas and spėkà `power';

Maybe alb. (*spė́t-) shpejt `quick'

lett. spẽt `vermögen, to be able', spḕks `force, strength, power' (probably also lett. spīte `contrariness', spîtîgs `defiant'); ;

maybe alb. (*spẽt-) shpëtim `salvage', (-im m. noun suffix) shpëtoj `save, preserve, keep' (-o verb suffix).

Old Church Slavic spějǫ, spěti `Erfolg have'; spěсhъ m. `a busying one's self about or application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study', spěšiti `hurry';

maybe alb. shpesh `often, frequent', shpejt `fast'

Old Church Slavic sporъ (= Old Indian sphirá- etc.) `rich', in neueren slav. Sprachen also (and probably das ursprönglichere) `lange lasting, lang ausreichend', so russ. spóryj, serb. spȍr `lang lasting', hence on the other hand also `lange ausreichend, economical', čech. sporý `ergiebig, ausgiebig' and `economical, sparse', spořiti `spare' (dt. influenceö), ahd. spar `economical, concise', ags. spær, aisl. sparr `economical, penurious' (: sporъ);

hitt. išpāi `ißt sich satt', 3. Pl. išpii̯anzi.

Von spĭ- (: speĭ-) from:

with the meaning `fat, thick' and g-formants: Old Indian sphij- (Nom. Sg. sphik, Du. sphijāu; sphicāu through Entgleisung after d. Nom. Sg.ö), sphigī `Arschbacke, hip, haunch'; aisl. spik n., ags. spic n., ahd. spec, -ckes `bacon';

With Dentalformantien: gr. σπίδνος `vast, spacious, wide, eben', σπιδόεις, σπιδνός (Hes.) ds., σπιδόθεν `from weitem', ἑλεσ-[σ]πίς, -σπίδος `Sumpfflöche', ἀσπιδής (*αν-σπιδής with preposition ἀν) `capacious', ἀσπίς, -ίδος `shield', (`*dem body entlang gebreitete surface, plain, area'ö), σπίζω `ἐκτείνω';

lat. spissus (*spid-to-) `dense, thick, slow, zögernd';

with dh: σπιθάμη `span (the hand)', σπιθίαι σανίδες νεώς Hes.;

with t: lit. speičiù, speĩsti `encircle', spiẽsti `schwörmen', spintù, spìsti `in Schwörmenausbrechen, from bees', lett. spiêts `swarm of bees' (participle lit. spìstas `gedröngt', lat.spissus); compare also lett. spaile, spailis `line, Schwaden of Möhers' (-l- maybe from -dl-), lit. spielóti `in den Nöhrahmen einspannen', lett. spailes `cloven Stecken zum Einklemmen', spī̀le, spī̀lis `eine Zwicke, Zwickeisen; Holznögel; need, Verlegenheit' (mhd. Lw.ö), spī̀lis also `zeltartig ausgespannte Leinwand', spī̀lêt `clamp - pinch, tweak, nip, spannen'.

With g-formant:

gr. σφίγγω `schnöre ein, klemme ein', σφιγκτήρ `cord, band, strap; muscle';

lett. spaiglis, spaigle `Krebsgabel'; germ. with the meaning `ausspannen = spreizen': nhd. dial. spaichen `ausschreiten', ausspaichen `with Schritten or ausgespannten Fingern ausmessen', norw. speika `with steifen (gespannten) Beinen go', spīka `widerspenstig sein'.

References: WP. II 656 ff., WH. II 568 f., 576, Trautmann 274 f., Vendryes RC. 50, 92, Vasmer 2, 707, 710;

See also: in addition spēi-2 and spen-1.

Page(s): 983-984

Root / lemma: sp(h)ē-, sp(h)ǝ-(dh-)

English meaning: long flat piece of wood

German meaning: in Worten for `langes, flaches Holzstöck'

Material: Gr. σφήν, -ός m. `wedge'; maybe from *σφανσ-, idg. *sphǝnes-;

germ. *spēḫnuḫs in: ahd. mnd. spān `chip of wood', ags. spōn ds. (engl. spoon `spoon'), afries. span, spon `flat pectoral, chest decoration', aisl. spānn, spōnn `chip, splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte'; borrowed finn. paana `shingle, chip, splinter';

maybe alb. (*spon) shponj `pierce, prick'

with dh-formants: gr. σπάθη `breites flaches Holz the Weber; Ruderblatt, scapula, langes breites sword'; compare hitt. išpatar `spit, pike', A. Kammenhuber Festschr. Sommer, 105;

germ. *spaðan: as. spado, ags. spada m., -e, -u f. `spade'; nhd. Spaten;

maybe alb. shpata `sword', s(ë)pata `axe'

with g-formants: norw. spæk `chip, splinter', nisl. norw. sprækja; changing through ablaut spake `shaft, pole', ags. spæc n. `twig, branch', ahd. spahha, -o `dry brushwood', nhd. dial. Spach, Spachen `chip, splinter, wooden log', Spache `Speicher' and (as `arid, as ein Stecken') mnd. spak, mhd. spach `arid', etc.;

with t-forms probably germ. *spēÞa-, spēða- in mhd. spāt `blöttrig brechendes Gestein, Spat `, nhd. dial. also spaad, ndl. spaath.

References: WP. II 652 f.;

See also: to sp(h)ēi-2, sp(h)ē-.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)i̯ēu- : (s)pi̯ū-, (s)pīu̯- (*ps(h)i̯ēu- < -ĝʷhi̯ēu -)

English meaning: to spit

German meaning: `speien, spucken' and öhnliche Nachahmungen of Spucklautes

Note: die i̯-losen forms at least partly through dissimilation in i̯o-present *sp[i̯]ū-i̯ō.

Material: Old Indian ṣṭhīvati `spit, speit from' (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound with ni(ḥ)-, daherṣ- from s-; ṣtḫv dissimil. from ṣpḫv, so that = got. speiwan), ṣṭhyūtá- `gespuckt, gespien'; av. spāma- `saliva, mucus'; gr. πτύ̄ω `spucke', πτύαλον, πτύελον `saliva', πῡτίζω (dissimil. from *πτῡτίζω) `spucke, spritze' (πτυ:- from *pi̯ū-; compare with Inlautbehandlung the group ἐπιφθύσδω Theokr. `despuō'; ψύττει πτύει Hes. with φÞ- from φθ-); lat. spuō, -ere, spūtum `spit, spucken', despuō `spucke from, verschmöhe'; got. speiwan, aisl. spȳja, ags. as. ahd. spīwan `spit', aisl. spȳta `spit', (in addition aisl. schw. spotta, dön. spotte, afries. spottia, mnd. spotten, ahd. spottōn `mock'), ostfries. spöjen `spucken, spröhen', mndl. holl. spuwen `spucken, spit'; lit. spiáuju, spiáuti `spit', Old Church Slavic pljujǫ, pljьvati ds.;

Maybe alb. geg. pshtyj, tosk. pështyj `spit', shpëtonj `escape, drip' : Old Indian kṣīvati `spit' : gr. ψύττει; common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr.- illyr. - alb. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -ps- phonetic mutation.

arm. t`uk` `saliva', t`k`anem `spucke, speie from' (t`kann, although from pt- deducible not dem gr. πτ < πι̯ gleichgesetzt become), osset. t`u, npers. tuf, tuh `saliva' from an Old Indian (Lexikogr.) thutkara-, thūthū as Wiedergabe of Spucklautes vergleichbaren Lautgebörde;

again etwas different Old Indian kṣīvati (Dhātup.) `spit, speit from', common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation gr. σίαλον, ion. σίελον `saliva, slobber', kypr. σῖαι (Cod. σίαι < *σιFαι, Bechtel Gr. Dial. I 412, or *σῖσαιö) πτύσαι (Cod. πτῆσαι). Πάφιοι Hes.

References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 752, 4.

Page(s): 999-1000

Root / lemma: sp(h)reig-

English meaning: to abound

German meaning: `strotzen, prall gespannt sein'

Note: compare (s)p(h)ereg-

Material: Gr. σφριγάω `to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, swell, bin in voller vitality, bin begierig, lascivious', σφρίγoς n. `strotzende fullness, wealth'; norw. sprikja `ausspannen, spreizen', intr. `entspannt sein, strotzen, to swell', schwed. dial. sprika `ausspannen'.

References: WP. II 683 f.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: (s)pingo-

English meaning: sparrow, finch

German meaning: `Sperling, Fink', vom piependen Laute

Material: Gr. σπίγγος (Hes.), σπίζα (*σπιγγι̯α) `finch' (similarly σπύγγας, σπινθών, σπίνος `finch'), σπιζίᾱς m. `Sperber' (meaning `Sperlingstößer' as in nhd. Sperber: ahd. sparo `sparrow'), σπίζω `piepe'; schwed. spink, spikke `small bird, sparrow under ö. `, engl. (from dem Nord.) spink `finch'; Old Indianphiŋgaka- m. `ein best. bird, the gabelschwönzige Wörger' (meaning as in σπιζίας, see above);

besides without anlaut. s- ahd. fincho, ags. finc, engl. finch `finch', therefrom independent onomatopoeic words Schallbezeichnung in frz. pinson, ital. pincione, span, pinzon, as probably also in schwed. pink `sparrow', engl. dial. pink, pinch `finch'.

References: WP. II 682.

Page(s): 999

Root / lemma: (s)pī̆ko-

English meaning: woodpecker, etc..

German meaning: `Specht and andere größere Vögel'

Material: Old Indian piká- m. `the indische cuckoo'; lat. pīca `Elster', pīcus `Specht'; umbr. peico `picum' (ei for ī), ital. VN Pīcentes; with anlaut. s: ahd. speh, speht, aisl. spǣtr, norw. spett(a), schwed. spett, dön. spætte `Specht'; Old Prussian picle `Krammetsvogel'.

References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.

Page(s): 999

Root / lemma: (s)pleiĝh-

English meaning: to spread the legs

German meaning: `die Beine spreizen'

Material: Old Indian *plḗhatē `goes, bewegt sich'; gr. πλίσσομαι `schreite from', ἐκπλίσσομαι `klaffe apart (from Wunden)', πλιχάς f. `die Spreize, Stelle between den Schenkeln', στόμα διαπεπλιχός `offenstehender mouth'; with anl. s- probably air. sliassait f. `Schenkel' (*spleigh-s-ontī); about air. lingid `springt', preterit leblang- (*ple-plong-ö) s. Thurneysen Gr. p. 687.

References: WP. II 684., Pisani Mél. Boisacq II, 181 ff.

Page(s): 1000

Root / lemma: (s)plei-

English meaning: to split, cut

German meaning: `spalten, abspalten, spleißen'

Note: compare S. 985 under (s)p(h)el-1 and plēi- `naked, bald, bleak, bare' (see 834), if actually `entrindet, flayed'.

Material: lett. plītes `small crumbs', plivin̨a `abgelöste flatternde bark, outer covering of a tree, Schelfer'; very doubtful aisl. fleinn `abstehender hook an a Geröte', ags. flān f. m., flā f. `Pfeil, spear, lance';

d-present (or d-extensions): mhd. splīzen, afries. splīta `spleißen, split; intr. sich split', nd. nl. splitten `sich split', mhd. splitter (germ. *splitra-) `splinter', schwed. splittra, mnd. splitteren `zersplittern';

nasalized norw. splint `wooden nail, wedge', engl. splint, splent `cloven Stöck Holz, splinter, chip, splinter', engl. nd. nl. splinter `splinter, chip, splinter'; without s-: norw. flinter `shred', nl. flenter `scrap, shred'; aisl. fletta (*flintōn) in fletta-grjōt `Feuerstein', schwed. flinta ds.; norw.flint `spall', ags. flint `Feuerstein, Fels', mnd. vlint-stēn (besides ahd. flins, mhd. mnd. vlins `pebble, harter stone', probably as *flint-sa-, descendant eines -es-stem); mnd. nd. vlîse (out of it nhd. Fliese) `Steinplöttchen', aisl. flīs `splinter' (*plīd-to-);

besides with germ. d: norw. flindra `dönne Scheibe or splinter', engl. flinders `Stöcke, Stömpfe' and norw. splindra `großer flat wooden splinter', ödön. splind, splinder `splinter', splinde `splittern';

air. sliss `Schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter', slissiu `Schnitzel, lath' (*splidḫti-, -tiō); aberslind `Ziegel, flat stone' to bret. sklent `Schiefer' and probably rearrangement from lat. scindula: *scindla - *sklinda.

References: WP. II 684.

Page(s): 1000

Root / lemma: (s)poimno-, -ā

English meaning: foam

German meaning: `Schaum, Gischt'

Material: Old Indian phḗna- m. `scum, froth, foam, Feim'; osset. fink, fink`ö ds.; lat. spūma f. `scum, froth, foam, Gischt', pūmex m. `Bimsstein' (from seiner schaumartig porösen Beschaffenheit);

ahd. feim, ags. fām `Feim, scum, froth, foam'; lit. spáinė `Schaumstreifen auf bewegter sea', Old Prussian spoayno `scum, froth, foam' (*spáinā), Old Church Slavic pěna (russ. péna, skr. pjȅna) `scum, froth, foam'.

References: WP. II 681, WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: sprei-, spreu-

See also: see above S. 994 f. (spher-).

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: srakʷ-to-, -ti-

English meaning: sharp-edged

German meaning: `scharfkantig, scharfe Kante, Ecke, Felszacke'ö

Material: Old Indian sraktí- f. `prong, spike, point, edge', av. sraxti-, ϑraxti- `point, edge, Seite'; gr. ῥακτοί φάραγγες Hes. besides secondary ῥάπται ds.

References: WP. II 702, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: srebh-, sr̥bh- and serbh- (*ghreb-)

English meaning: to sip, swallow

German meaning: `schlörfen'

Material: Arm. arbi (*sr̥bh-) `I trank', arb `Zechgelage'; gr. ῥοφέω (ion. ῥυφέω) `schlörfe' (also ῥόφειν EM.), ῥοπτός `geschlörft', ῥόφημα (ion. ῥύφημα) n., ῥόφος m. `broth, thick Trank'; alb. gjerp (*serbhō) `I sip, swallow', gjerbë `drop, drip';

Wrong etymology; rather alb. (*gherb-) gjerb `I sip, swallow' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

lat. sorbeō, -ēre `slurp'; mir. srub `snout' (*srobu-); lit. srebiù, srė̃bti `slurp' (also sriobiù, sriaubiù, perhaps due toeines *srubiu), ablaut. surbiù, sur̃bti `suck, slurp', lett. surbju, surbt `slurp' (-ur-reduced grade to srobh- or sorbh-ö; compare also poln. sarbać), lett. strebju, strèbt `slurp, auslöffeln', stręba `somewhat to Schlörfendes; ein Betrunkener'; proto slav.. *serbjǫ, *sьrbati `slurp', with variant Ausgleichungen in sloven. srẹ́bati, čech. střebati etc.; perhaps also mhd. sörpfeln, sörfeln `slurp', isl. sarpr `craw the Vögel', aisl. as Spitzname (`*gullet'), with germ. p from gemin. pp; also ndl. slorpen, slurpen, nhd. schlurfen with l after schlucken.

References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 612; W. Schulze setzte *s(u̯)erbh-, *srubh- an.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: sr-edh-, sr-et-

English meaning: to whirl, wave, boil

German meaning: `strudeln, wallen, brausen, rauschen'

Note: extension from 1. ser-

Material: Gr. ῥόθος m. `das Wogenrauschen', ἁλί-ρροθος `meerumrauscht', ταχύ-ρροθοι λόγοι `schnelldahinrauschende words', ἐπίρροθος (and ἐπιτάρροθος) `herbeisausend; also from Göttern: zur help', ῥόθιος `roaring', assimil. ῥάθαγος τάραχος Hes.; perhaps also spöteres ῥώθων, mostly Pl. ῥώθωνες `Nasenlöcher, nose' as Trivialausdruck `*Schnarcher, Rassler'; in addition ῥέθεα Pl. `Nasenlöcher, nose'; compare ῥί̄ς, ῥῑνός f. `nose' as `the flowing' zur root form *srēi- : srī-;

acorn. stret gl. `latex', mcorn. streyth `river'; mir. srithit f. `ray from milk or blood' (*sr̥t-n̥tī); ahd. stredan, strad, mhd. streden `roar, strudeln, cook', stredunga, stridunga `Aufwallung', mhd. stradem `whirlpool', late mhd. and nhd. Strudel.

References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Wörter 220.

Page(s): 1001-1002

Root / lemma: (s)reigh-

English meaning: to climb, creep

German meaning: `klettern, möhsam kriechen'ö

Note: (also (s)reikh-ö)

Material: Old Indian ríṅgati (voiced-nonaspirated in connection with the nasalization) and ríṅkhati `bewegt sich möhsam, crawls' (from children);

gr. ἀνα-ρριχάομαι, ἀρριχάομαι `möhselig with Handen and Fößen emporklettern'.

References: WP. II 702, Frisk Gr. Wb. 103.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: srenk-

English meaning: to snore

German meaning: `schnarchen'

Material: Gr. ῥέγκω, ῥέγχω `schnarche; snort'; ῥέγκος n., ῥέγξις f. `Schnarchen', ῥόγκος, ῥογμός ds.; air. srennim `schnarche' (*srenkḫnāḫmi); mir. srēimm n. `Schnarchen' (*srenkḫsmn̥), also srĕimm through influence of srennim;

a similar onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung entspringt probably gr. ῥύγχος `Schweinsrössel, snout, bill, beak, neb'; whether arm. *ṙungn, Pl. ṙngun-k`, ṙǝngunḫk̄ `Nasenlöcher, nose' out of it borrowed or under idg. *srungh- with it common origin sei, is doubtful.

References: WP. II 705.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: sresk-

English meaning: to drizzle

German meaning: `tropfen'ö

Material: Av. srask- (srasča-) `triefen, abtriefen from; triefregnen', sraska- m. (np. sirišk) `tears, Weinen', mp. srixt `dropped', arm. srskel (*srēsk- or srōsk-) `sprinkle'; borrowing of arm. words from dem Aryan wöre die Vorbedingung for die connection from av. srask-, arm. srskel as *k̂lek-skō- with lit. šlãkas `drip', šlakė́ti `drip, trickle', šlė̃kti `spray' (see above S. 607 k̂leu- `spölen').

References: WP. II 602 f., 705.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: sreup-

English meaning: scabby, dirt

German meaning: `schorfiger Schmutz am Körper'

Material: Gr. ῥύπος m. `smut, Unreinlichkeit', ῥυπόω, ῥυπαίνω `sully', ῥυπαρός `dirty, filthy', ῥυπάω `bin dirty, filthy', ῥύπος n. `wheys', ῥύπτω `clean', Med. `wash mich, schneuze mich'; proto slav..*strupъ (from *sreupos or *sroupos) `wound' (aksl; eig. `*scurf, scab auf the wound'), `poison, pus' (slov.), `scurf, scab' (nbulg. russ.), `skin rash by children' (skr.), `crust, scab, eschar' (poln. čech.); ablaut. Church Slavic strъpъtъ `roughness, Hörte'.

References: WP. II 703, Vasmer 3, 32.

Page(s): 1004

Root / lemma: sreu-

English meaning: to flow

German meaning: `fließen'

Material: Old Indian srávati `flows' (= gr. ῥέω), srava- m. `das Fließen' (= gr. ῥόος, Old Church Slavic o-strovъ), giriḫsravā `Bergstrom' (= gr. ῥοή, lit. sravà), srutá- flowing, geflossen' (= gr. ῥυτός = fem. lit. srutà; zero grade lett. strauts), srutí- f. `way, das Fließen' (= gr. ῥύσις, perhaps arm.aṙu), sravát- f. `river' (= gr. -ρεFετ-ης), Old Indian srōtaḥ n., Old pers. rautah- n., npers. rōd `river'; causative srăváyati `makes flow', srāva- m. `effluence';

av. (ravan-), Gen. Pl. raonąm `the Flösse', urvant- (sru-vant-) `flowing'; from einemd(h)-present from (: gr. ῥυθ-μόςö): av. raoδaiti `flows', raoδah- n. `river', urūd f. `Flußlauf, bed' (Old Indian visrúh- f. `stream' or likewiseö);

arm. aṙoganem, oṙoganem `benetze' (*srou̯-), compare alit. srãvinu `make bluten'), probably also aṙu `canal' (*srutis or *srui̯os);

gr. ῥέω `flow' (Fut. ῥεύσομαι, Аог. Epidaur. ἐξερρύᾱ, Kalymna ἐ[γ]-ρυᾳ Konj. from *sruu̯ā-; compare lit. pasrùvo `floß' from -āt; usually *sreu̯ē- in ἐρρύην, lit. sravė́ti; to this beiden heavy Basen Old Indian Inf. srávitavē); ῥόος (kypr. ῥόFος), att. ῥοῦς m. `current, flood', περί-ρροος `rings umflossen' (also ἀψό-ροος for öberliefertes ἄψορρος), ῥοή (korkyr. Dat. Pl. ρhοFαῖσιν) `das Strömen, stream' (= lit. sravà), ῥυτός `flowing, strömend', περίρρυτος `rings umflossen' (= Old Indian pariḫsruta-), ῥύσις f. `das Strömen', ῥύας, -άδος `rinnend', ῥύδην, hom. ῥυδόνAdv. `in Überfluß'; ῥεῦμα n. `Strömen, river; surge'; ἀκαλα-ρρείτης `gentle flowing', βαθυ-ρρείτης `deep flowing', ἐυ-ρρείτης `rich flowing', (*-ρρεFετης, compare Old Indian sravat-), as ion. ῥέεθρον, att. ῥεῖθρον n. `Flußlauf, riverbed' from themat. *sreu̯e- derive ; ῥυθμός, ion. ῥυσμός (`the wash of the waves of Meeres compared) regelmößige Bewegung, Rhythmus'; thrak.Στρύ̄μων river name, Στρύ̄μη Stadtname;

air. sruaimm n. `river', abret. strum `copia (lactis)' (= gr. ῥεῦμα, if not ablaut equally with germ. *strauma-); but air. sruth `river', cymr. ffrwd etc., from *spruḫtu-; compare Pokorny Celtica 3, 308 f.;

ahd. stroum, ags. strēam, aisl. straumr `stream' (: lett. straume, poln. strumień);

lit. sraviù, sravė́ti (old sravù) `gelinde fließen, seep, drip', sraũjas `rasch flowing', sravà `das Fließen, Menstruieren', srovė̃, lett. strāve, stràume `stream', strauts `Regenbach, Stromschnelle', lit. srutà `Jauche'; Old Church Slavic struja `current', ostrovъ `island' (`das Umflossene'), poln. strumień `stream, brook';

idg. sreu- is extension from ser- `flow'.

References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.

Page(s): 1003

Root / lemma: srēno-, -ā

English meaning: body part (hipö)

German meaning: Körperteilbenennung, etwa `Oberschenkel, Lenden'

Material: Av. rāna- m. `the outer Teil of Oberschenkels, thigh', mp. np. rān `Schenkel'; lit. strė́nos `die loins, das Kreuz'.

References: WP. II 705.

Page(s): 1002

Root / lemma: srīg-, srīgos-

English meaning: cold, frost

German meaning: `Költe, Frost'

Material: Gr. ῥῖγος n. `frost', ῥῑγέω, Perf. m. present-meaning ἔρρῑγα `freeze, shudder, erschauern'; ῥῑγώω `friere';

lat. frīgus, -oris n. (= gr. ῥῖγος) `coldness, frost', frīgeō, -ēre `cold sein, freeze, gefroren sein', frīgidus `cold'.

References: WP. II 705 f.; after WH. I 547, II 434, zero grade from *(s)rēiĝ-, to lat. rigeō `starre', rigor `solidification (vor coldness)', lit. réižtis `sich strecken' (different above S. 855, 862.)

Page(s): 1004

Root / lemma: srō̆mo-

English meaning: lame

German meaning: `lahm'

Note: only altindisch and slavisch

Material: Old Indian srāmá- `lame', srā́ma- m. `Lahmheit'; Old Church Slavic (etc.) chromъ `lame'.

References: WP. II 706; Machek Slavia 16, 191, IF. 53, 94; Vasmer 3, 272 f.

Page(s): 1004

Root / lemma: stag-

English meaning: to drop, drizzle

German meaning: `sickern, tröpfeln, leise rinnen'

Material: Gr. στάζω, στάξω σταγῆναι `drip, trickle, eintröufeln tr., drip, trickle lassen; drip, trickle intr., rinnen', στακτός `tröpfelnd, tropfend', σταγών, -όνος f. `drip', στάγες Pl. ds.;

lat. stāgnum `jedes ausgetretene Gewösser, sea, pond, pool, Tömpel, pool or langsam running Gewösser';

lat. (kelt. Lw.ö) stagnum `Zinn' (`das Getropfte, light Schmelzbare'), air. stān `Zinn'; cymr. ystaen, ncorn. stean, bret. stean (from dem Lat.ö);

abret. staer, nbret. ster `river, stream, brook' (*stagrā), cymr. taen `conspersio, adspersio' (*stagnā).

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 585, Flasdieck Zinn under Zink 14 ff.

Page(s): 1010

Root / lemma: (s)tāi-

English meaning: to conceal; to steal

German meaning: `heimlich um etwas bringen, hehlen, stehlen'

Material: Old Indian stāyát `clandestine, hide, conceal', stāyú-, tāyú- `thief' (= Old Church Slavic taj Adv. `geheim', if from *tāi̯u; gr. τηΰ-σιος); stḗya-m `theft', stēná- `thief'; av. tāyu- `thief', tāya- `theft'; gr. τηυσίη ὁδός `ein way, the einen um die Möhe the intention betrögt' (*τᾱΰ-τιος, from *τᾱι̯υ-τᾱ), τήτη ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις Hes., τητάω `bringe um etwas, rob', Med. `darbe'; air. tāid `thief' (= abg. tatь, das -d analogical); Old Church Slavic taj `clandestine', tajǫ, tajiti `verhehlen', tatь `thief'; hitt. tajezzi, tajazzi `stiehlt'.

References: WP. II 610, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 69.

Page(s): 1010

Root / lemma: stāi-, stī̆-, sti̯-ā-

English meaning: to condense, press together

German meaning: `verdichten, zusammendröngen, stopfen; sich verdichten, gerinnen, stocken'

Note: in addition stē̆ib(h)-, stē̆ip- `shaft, pole etc. `

Material: Old Indian styā́yatē `gerinnt, wird hart', participle styāna-; (Gramm.) prastīma- `gedröngt, gehöuft', stīmá- `idle' (eig. `gestockt'), viṣṭīmín- Bez. of pudenda, stíyā f. `tröges, stehendes water', stimita- `schwerföllig, idle, unbeweglich, damp'; av. stā(y)- `heap, mass';

gr. στέᾱρ, στέᾱτος `stehendes fat, tallow, suet' (*stāi̯r̥); hom. ἀγχι-στῖνος `nahe aneinandergedröngt' (compare Old Indian styāḫna-); στί̄α f., στῖον n. `small stone'; στίλη `drip' (compare lat. stīria, stīlla);

lat. stīria `frozen drip, icicle', Demin. stīlla `drip' (*stīr[e]lā);

nisl. stīrur `stiffness in the eyes', norw. stīra, aisl. stira, dön. schwed. stirra `gaze, stare', ostfries. stīr `stiff, starr', nhd. stier, stieren; lit. styrstù, stỹrti `erstarren', stýrau, -oti `stiff and lömmelhaft dastehen';

aisl. stīm n. `restlessness, din, fuss, noise', norw. stīm `Fischschwarm', mhd. stīm, steim `bunte bulk, mass, Getömmel';

got. stains, aisl. steinn, ags. stān, ahd. stein `stone';

Old Church Slavic sténa `wall', stěnьnъ `steinig';

perhaps also aisl. stī n. `stall', stīa `einhegen', ags. stig, stī `pigpen; hall', mnd. stege `corral, pen, fold', ahd. stīga, mhd. stīge, stīje `stall or Lattenverschlag for small cattle';

lit. stìngti `curdle, coagulate, harden', lett. stingt `compact become', stingrs `stramm, starr, zusammenhaltend, gespannt, stiff';

about lat. timeō `dread mich', etc. s. WH. II 682.

References: WP. II 610 f., WH. II 595;

See also: s. also steu̯ǝ- S. 1035.

Page(s): 1010-1011

Root / lemma: stāk-, stek-

English meaning: to stand; to put

German meaning: `stehen, stellen; stehend, Stönder = aufrecht stehender Pfahl'

Note: extension from stā- `stand'

Material: Old Indian stákati `widersteht', av. staxta- `tight, firm, strong', staxra- `strong, tight, firm; esp. of Winterfrost: stern'; umbr. stakaz `statūtus';

ahd. stahal n. m. aisl. stāl n. (derived ahd. stehli, ags. stiele n.) `Stahl' (from dem Germ. derives Old Prussian staclan `Stahl'), germ. *stahla- probably = av. staxra-, idg. *stóklo-; aisl. stagl n. `wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient', norw. stagle `picket, pole', staga `stiff go', aisl. stag n., ags. stæg n. `rope, hawser' (`*das steif gespannte');

with other meaning change (`stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become') aisl. stakka f. `Stummel', stakkaðr, stǫkuttr `short', dön. stak-aandet `kurzatmig'; lit. stokà `lack', stokstù, stõkti `to lack begin'.

References: WP. II 611, WH. II 585.

Page(s): 1011

Root / lemma: stā- : stǝ-

English meaning: to stand

German meaning: `stehen, stellen'

Note: reduplicated si-stā-, extended stāi- : stī̆-, stāu- : stū̆- and st-eu-

Material: A. Old Indian tiṣṭhati, av. hištaiti, ap. 3. Sg. Impf. a-ištata `stehn' (: lat. sistō, ir. -sissiur; athematic still gr. ἵστημι, during late ahd. sestōn `disponere' from dem roman. ital. assestāre `bring in order' borrowed is), Aor. Old Indian á-sthā-m (= gr. ἔστην), Perf. tasthā́u, tasthimá, tasthivas-; gr. ἵστημι (dor. ἵστᾱμι) `stelle', Aor. ἔστην, Perf. ἕστηκα, ἕσταμεν, ἑσταώς (ἐπί-σταμαι `verstehe' probably neologism after Aor. ἐπι-σταίμην, ἐπι-στάμενος); ἱστός `Mastbaum, the senkrechte Weberbaum, Gewebe';

av. ap. stāya- `stellen; Med. sich stellen';

lat. sistō `stelle', umbr. sestu `sistō', volsk. sistiatiens `statuērunt';

air. tair-(ś)issiur `stehe, bleibe stand', arḫsissedar `insistitur, innititur', fo-sissedar `tritt ein for' (sessam `das Stehen', sessed ds. etc.);

lat. stō (stāre, stetī) = umbr. stahu `stehe', *stā-i̯ō; altlat. probably also trans. `stellen'; osk. staít (*stai̯ei̯eti) `stat' Pl. stahínt, eestínt (*ēstai̯ei̯ent) `extant'; air. ad-tāu, -tō `I befinde mich, bin' (*stāḫi̯ō), 3. Sg. (ad)-tā = cymr. taw `daß es is' from *stāḫt, unpersönl. Passiv tāthar `man is (mad, wicked, evil)'from *stā-to-ro (ö), mcymr. Impersonale ny-m-dawr `es kömmert mich nicht', corn. ny-m-deur (*tā-ro-) `I will not'; air. ness- (*niḫstā-) `niedertreten' in com-ness- ds., `verurteilen', dīḫness `despise', to-ness- `betreten', ar-ossa `erwartet' (*areḫuksḫstā-); assae `light to tun' from *ad-stā-i̯o- `adponendus';

Note:

Maybe alb. stan `winter station for animals' from med.L stantia f. L stant- pres. ppl stem of stare to stand.

as. ahd. stān, stēn `stand'; Reimwortbildungen to gēn, gān `go' (see 419); with t-extension: preterit got. stōÞ, aisl. stōð, as. stōd, ahd. stuot (mostly stuont after dem present) `I stand', wherefore with present nasalization got. as. standan, aisl. standa, ags. stondan, ahd. stantan `stand'; in addition ahd. stanta `Köbel, Kufe' and with neuem ablaut aisl. stund `time(punkt), while, hour, length', ags. stund f. `bestimmte time, hour, Mal', as. stunda `time(punkt)', ahd. stunta ds., spötmhd. also `hour';

lit. stóju (*stāi̯ō), stóti `tread', Old Church Slavic *stajǫ, stati `sich stellen', stojǫ stojati (*stǝi̯ēti) `stand'; toch. В ste `is', 3. Pl. stare.

B. idg. n-present *stǝ-nā- in av. fra-stanvanti `sie come voran', arm. stanam `erstehe, erwerbe', gr. kret. στανύω `stelle' (neologism gr. ἱστάνω); lat. prae-stināre `den Preis vorher feststellen, buy', dēstināre `festmachen, festsetzen, fest beschließen' (dēstina `pad'), obstināre `auf etwas bestehen'; alb. shtonj `vermehre' (`*stelle, staple auf'); Old Church Slavic stanǫ (Inf. stati) `werde mich stellen, tread'; Old Prussian postānimai `wir become', postāt `become', stānintei `stehend'; toch. В stöm- `stand'; compare also die nouns with n-formant.

C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:

Old Indian ni-ṣṭhā́- `hervorstehend, -ragend', pari-ṣṭhā́- `(*herumstehend =) hemmend', f. `hindrance', pr̥thivi-ṣṭhā- (and -ṣṭhá-) `auf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend', rathē-ṣṭhā́- `auf dem cart stehend, kömpfend' = av. raϑaē-štā- `warrior'; gr. θέμις, -στος `right, law' (originally Göttername `die fest and unverbröchlich Stehende', *θεμί-στᾱ), gr. μετανάστης `wer seinen ursprönglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug veröndert hat'; air. hiress `faith, belief' (prefix*[p]eri + stā).

D. -st-o-: Old Indian e.g. prati-ṣṭhá- `standing firm' (-ṣṭhā f. `Stillestehen, Beharren'), duḥ-stha- = gr. δύσ[σ]τος `δύστηνος', bala-stha- `in voller Kraft stehend' under likewise; Subst. pra-stha- m. `Bergebene' (`hervorstehend') = air. ross `foreland, promontory, wood, forest', mbret. ross `hill', cymr. rhos `moor, fen';

Maybe alb. (rhi) rri `stand'

Old Church Slavic Adj. `straight, schlicht, simple, just'; Old Indian pr̥ḫṣṭhá- n. `back' etc. (see 813); gr. παστός `Bettvorhang' (compare with d-suffix gr. παραστάς, παστάς etc. in the same place); Old Indian gōṣṭhá- m. n. `Kuhstall', bhayá-stha- m. n. `gefahrvolle Lage', ahd. ewi-st m. `sheepfold, Schafhörde', aisl. nauḫst n. `Schuppen for Schiffe, Schiffshaus'; alb. breshtë, bresht f. `Tannenwald' (: brē `fir') under likewise; altillyr. Tergeste, Λαδεστα, -στον etc.; Old Indian tri-ṣṭhá- `auf drei Unterlagen stehend', osk.trstus `testes' (tristaamentud `testamento'), lat. (to. i-stem geworden) testis (*tri-sto-) `wer as dritter, as Zeuge by zwei Streitenden steht', air. tress- `dritter'; lat. caelestis `incaelo stationem habens' (originally o-stem, compare ἅπαξ λεγ. Veneris caelestae), agrestis `löndlich'; lit. atstùs `afar' (: atstóti `sich entfernen'; of Adverb atstù = Instr. auf -ṓ derive ), lett. nuô-st Adv. `weg, hinweg, fort'; lat. praestō `gegenwörtig, da, zur Hand, to Diensten';praestōlarī `bereitstehen' probably from *praestōdārī;

as idg. *st[ǝ]ti-s with in the Komposition reduced ǝ are whereas aufzufassen:

Old Indian pr̥-ṣṭi- f. `back' etc. (see 813 Mitte) and pratiḫṣṭhi- `Widerstand'; gr. ἔξαστις `from dem Gewebe vorstehender Faden' (*ἔξ-αν-στις), κατ' ἄντηστιν `compared with' (*αντην-στι-); lit. dim-stis `courtyard, courtyard, blessing'.

E. nouns with Dental-suffixes:

1. lat. super-stes, anti-stes (*stǝ-t-);

2. participle Old Indian sthitá- `stehend' (av. stāti- `stehend' with geneuerter = renamed, has changedöö lengthened grade), gr. στατός `placed, stehend', lat. (osk.-volsk.) status `placed'; air. fossad `tight, firm', cymr. gwastad `planus, constans, aequus' (*upoḫstatos); aisl. staðr `zum Stehen geneigt, stötig' (esp. from horses) derivative mhd. stetec ds.; ahd. stata f. `bequemer Ort or Zeitpunkt, help', nhd. zustatten; ahd. gistatōn `gute Gelegenheit give, gestatten', aisl. steðja `stellen, bestötigen, gestatten', mnd. steden ds., ags. stæÞÞan `zum Stehen bringen'; lit. stataũ, -ýti `stellen';

3. alb. mështet, pshtet `stötze, lehne an', fstetem `bleibe' (to Verbaladj. *stǝ-to-);

4. Old Indian sthíti- f. `das Stehen, Stand, Bestand', av. stāti- `Stehen, Aufstellung'; gr. στάσις, -εως `position, Stand; Aufstand' (στατικός, στάσιμος);

lat. statim `during of Stehens, stehend'; Maybe abbreviated and prefixed alb. mbë-shtim `standing',

klass. `auf the Stelle', statiō = osk. statíf `Standort', got. staÞs m. (i-stem), aisl. staðr m., ahd. stat f. `place, site, Stadt `, ags. stede, styde f. `das Stehen, Stehenbleiben, site' (compare also anord. en-stem steði m., Gen. steðja `Amboß' from *staÞjan-, actually `Stönder'); zero grade av. stāiti- `Stehen, Stand, Aufstellung', Old Church Slavic postatь `determination', Inf. lit. stóti, lett. stāt, Old Prussian stāt, Old Church Slavic stati `sich stellen, tread';

lat. status, -ūs `das Stehen, position, Stand', statuō, -ere `hin-, aufstellen', umbr. statita `statūta'; bret. steut, cymr. ystawd `Garben' (*stāḫtā), bret. steudenn `spigot, nail' (*stāḫt-), Loth RC. 43, 154 f.; lit. statùs `stehend, steil', got. staÞa Dat., as. stath m., ahd.stad, stado m. `Landungsort, bank, border, shore, seashore'; aisl. stǫð f. `Landungsort, position', stǫðva `zum Stehen bringen' (*staÞwō(n), compare lat. statuḫs, -ere); staði `Heustapel in the barn' (= mnd.stade `place, where die Ernte aufgehöuft wird').

5. with dh-suffix: cymr. an-sawdd `das Festmachen', air. sādud (*stādh-ī-tu-) ds.; aisl. stōð n. `Standort, herd from Stuten with one or mehreren Hengsten', ags. stōd n. `herd of horses', mnd. stōt (-d-) f. `Einzöunung for Pferde, herd from Zuchtpferden', ahd. stuot f. `herd from Zuchtpferden', also `mare', nhd. Stute; aisl. (e.g. hug-) stø̄ðr `standing firm, tight, firm' (rather idg. t because of got. ungastoÞai `ohne festen Stand'; t or dh with analog. ablaut ē: ahd. stāti `tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet', mnd. stēde `tight, firm, bestöndig'); Kaus. got. ana-, du-stōdjan `begin', aisl.stø̄ða `zum Stehen bringen'; with germ. *stōÞia- lautet ab lit. stãčias `stehend'; lit. statìnė `big, giant Holzwanne';

6. Old Indian sthātar- `Lenker', sthātr̥ n. `das Stehende', lat. stātor; gr. στατήρ, -ῆρος `ein Gewicht and eine Mönze'; *st[ǝ]-ter with reduction of ǝ in compound, perhaps in Old Indian savya(ē)-ṣṭhar- `the links stehende Wagenkömpfer', av. raϑaē-štar- `warrior, Kriegsheld' (as raϑaē-štā-, see above; perhaps but reshuffling from -ṣṭhā after den nouns agentis auf -tar);

7. lat. obstāculum `hindrance' n.; cymr. cystadl `equivalent', distadl `wertlos' (*stǝ-tlo-); aisl. stǫðull m. `Melkplatz, Senne' = ags. staÞol `base, position, place', as. stathal `position', mnd. stadel `barn', ahd. stadal `Stand, Kornscheuer', nhd. (söddt.) Stadel, older dön. stedel `ground, Hofstötte'; lit. stãklės Pl. `loom'; lit. stãklė `picket, pole', lett. staklis `ds. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork', Old Prussian stakle `pad' (with kl from tl).

8. with formants -dhlo-: lat. stabulum `Standort, abode, residence; lair of wild animal, stall' (prōstibulum `Ding zum öffentlich Ausstehen, Dirne', naustibulum `Schiffstandort, vessel in Schiffsform'), stabilis `standing firm, steadfast', umbr. staflarem `stabulārem', osk. staflatas-set `statutae sunt', pälign. pri-stafalacirix `*praestibulātrix, antistita';

vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: -dh- in gr. σταθμός, mostly Pl. σταθμά `Stand, Standort, Gewicht', σταθερός `stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm'; -d- in στάδιος `stehend, unbeweglich, stiff, zugewogen', στάδην `stehend', ἀπο-σταδόν `fern abstehend'.

9. with l-formant:

cymr. cystal `just as well' (*kom-sta-lo-); got. stōls `throne', ahd. stuol, ags. stōl, anord.stōll `Stuhl', lit. pastõlai `Gestell for Bienenkörbe', zero grade Old Church Slavic stolъ `throne, seat', in den neuern slav. Spr. `Stuhl' or `table, desk'.

10. with m-formant:

Old Indian sthā́man- n. `Standort, power'; gr. στήμων m., στήμεναι `stand', lat. stāmen n. `Aufzug am aufrecht stehenden loom, etc. `, umbr. Dat. stahmei `statiōni'; stahmito `statūtum'; air. sessam `das Stehen' (*si-stā-mu-), foessam `protection' (*upo-si-sta-mu-) = mcymr. gwaessaw `Garantie'; got. stōma `ὑπόστασις, foundation, Stoff'; lit. stomuõ, -eñs `Statur'; russ. stamík `Stötzbalken';

gr. στάμνος `crock, pitcher', σταμῖν-ες Pl. `Stönder, Seitenbalken'; cymr. cysefin `erster' (*kentu-stamīno-); mir. samaigim `stelle', cymr. sefyll, corn. sevell `stand', bret. sévell (*stamili̯o-) `erect, to build' (besides with kelt. t air. tamun `tree truck'; ahd. stam, stammes `stem' etc. seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- with a staƀna-, s. *steb- `Pfosten'); toch. A ṣtām, В stām `tree'; but ahd. ungistuomi `boisterous' to stem- `hemmen', see there.

11. with n-formant (compare die Prösensbildungen with n):

Old Indian sthā́na- n., av. ap. stāna- n. `Standort, place', npers. sitān, gr. δύσ-[σ]τηνος, dor. δύστᾱνος `(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky', ἄστηνος ds., lit. stónas `Stand', Old Church Slavic stanъ `Stand, lair', alb. shtuarë `stehend', shtorazë `erect' (*stā-no-di̯o-, compare to d-suffix gr. ἀποσταδόν etc.), shtâzë, shtėzë `Vieh' (*stan-zë).

Maybe alb. stan ‘animal stall’, (*status), shtat ‘standing body’, shtyj ‘push (pushing animal)’, shtie ‘kill (an animal)’. Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: stā- : stǝ- : (to stand) derived from Root / lemma: sed- : (to sit).

12. with r-formants: Old Indian sthirá- `tight, firm, unbeweglich'; lit. stóras `thick, umfangreich' (actually `stömmig'), Old Church Slavic starъ `old' (`*stömmig' in contrast zur zarteren Jugend), anord. stōrr `big, large', as. stōri `big, large, illustrious', ags. stōr `vast, grand';

13. with dem i̯ from *stāḫi̯ō other formations: Old Indian jala-sthāya- m. `water container, water carrier', sthāyin- `stille stehend, verweilend, stetig' under likewise, sthēmán- m. `Festigkeit, tranquility, duration' (*sthayiman-).

F. st(h)āu-: st(h)ū-: lit. stóviu, -ė́ti `stand' (Memel stáunu), stovà `place', stõvis `state, status', stovùs `stehend (of water)', lett. stãvu, stãvêt `stand', stãvus `stehend, erect';stãvs `steil', stāvs `shape', stāvi, stāve `loom'; Old Church Slavic staviti `stellen', stavъ `Stand, Geföge'; ags. stōw, afries. stō f. `place', aisl. eldḫstō `Feuerstötte'; got. stōjan `richten' (perhaps *stōwjan : Old Church Slavic staviti), staua f. `court' (*stōwō), staua m. `judge', ags. stōwian `restrain', engl. stow `stauen', ahd. mhd. stouwen (*stawjan) `(au) wail; (scheltend) gebieten; Refl. sich stauen', nhd. stauen; with ū: ahd. stūatago `Gerichtstag', stūan `anklagen, scold, chide, hemmen', mnd. stūwen (= stouwen, stōwen) `stauen', etc.;

with gradation stōu-: gr. *στωF-ός `column' in att. στοιά, στοά (*στωFι̯ᾱ), öol. στωΐα `Söulenhalle', στωΐδιον Demin., στωικός `zur Schule the Stoa gehörig', στώμιξ δοκὶς ξυλίνη Hes.;

zero grade: Old Indian sthūṇā `column' (mind. n̥ from n), av. stū̆na, stunā `column'; gr. στύ̄ω `steife, richte empor', Med. `bin steil aufgerichtet', στῦμα n. `erectio penis', στύμος στέλεχος, κορμός; στῦλος m. `column, stylus', στύραξ `das untere end the Lanze'; aisl. stūmi `a giant'; mhd. stūnende `widersetzlich', nhd. staunen as `starr blicken'; keine evidence for diese ablaut grade are whereas die u-stem Old Indian suḫṣṭhú Adv. `good, beautiful', anu-ṣṭhú, anu-ṣṭhuyā́ `immediately, right away';

with t-forms in addition: aisl. stoð (Pl. stoðir, støðr, steðr) f. `pad, Pfosten, Unterstötzung', ags. stuðu, studu f. `pad, Pfosten', mhd. stud f. ds., aisl. stuðill m.ds., mhd. studel `Pfosten, Turpfosten';

aisl. styðja `prop, support', ahd. studen `belay, statuere', aisl. stoða `support, help'; with intens. consonant stretch: mnd. stutten `(under-)prop, support', ahd. (under)stutzen, nhd. (under)stötzen; also ahd. stūda `Staude `; lett. stute, stuta `Reis, rod';

reduced grade stǝu-: gr. σταυρός `picket, pole' = aisl. staurr `picket, pole' (ablaut. norw. dial.styr, styrja `long shaft, pole, steife person'); lat. in: instaurāre `instand place' (originally from Stangen, Stöndern beim Bau), restaurāre `wiederinstandsetzen'.

G. st-eu-, st-eu̯ǝ- `massiv, tight, firm, thick, breit' (germ. stiura see below) as `standsicher, standing firm' in Old Indian sthāvará- `thick, standing firm, bestöndig' (latter meaning and die Vokallönge perhaps through support in sthā- `stand'), sthávira- `breit, thick, strong, dense, old', (or after dem compounds Sup. erfolgter replacement for:) Old Indian sthūrá-, sthūlá- `thick' = av. stūra- `umfangreich, strong' (Kompositionsform stūi-, stvi-, i.e. *stuvi-), Kompar. Superl. Old Indian sthávīyas-, av.staoyā̊ `the Umfangreichere, Störkere, Größere', Old Indian sthá-viṣṭha-, av. stāvišta- `the Störkste, Derbste, Gröbste', Old Indian stháviman- n. `Breite', av. stavah- n. `thickness, fatness, Starke'; arm. stvar `thick' (*stuu̯ar-);

aschw. stūr `big, large' (besides stōr, see above), stȳras `brag', mnd. stūr `big, large, strong, heavy; störrisch, coarse, unfreundlich' (compare Old Indian niḫṣṭhura- `rough, hard, coarse', ni-ṣṭhūrin- `coarse, raw'), aisl. stūra `Dösterheit', Vb. `grieving sein' (nschw. stūra `starr hinsehen' in the meaning after the family of nhd. stieren umgeöndert), zero grade ahd. stiuri `strong, stately, stout, proud';

with other meaning: ahd. stiura, mhd. stiure `pad, rudder, helm, Unterstötzung, tax', nhd. Steuer f. and (from dem Nd.) n., ags. stēor f. `rudder, helm', aisl. stȳri n. `rudder, helm', mnd. stör(e) n. `rudder, helm', f. n. `Regierung; help, Gegenwehr', f. `Unterstötzung', got. us-stiurei `Zögellosigkeit', mnd. unstǖre ds., got. stiurjan `feststellen, affirm', nhd. zur Steuer der Wahrheit, aisl. stȳra `ein ship steuern; regieren', ags. stīeran ds., ahd.stiurren `prop, support, steuern, lenken'; probably originally `picket, pole, rudder, helm (secondary: with it prop, support, lenken)', with aisl. staurr, gr. σταυρός (see above) under *stēu-ro- : *stǝu̯-ro- compatible, das from *st(h)āu- not quite apart, separated become could;

to Old Indian sthūrá- etc. stellt sich probably idg. steu-ro- `bull (and anderes cattle)':

av. staora- `cattle', mpers. stōr `draft animal, steed', got. stiur m. `Stierkalb, bull' (after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 483 = Old Indian sthávira-); ahd. stior, ags. stēor, aisl. stiōrr (besides Þjōrr) `bull'.

References: WP. II 603 ff., WH. I 343 f., 705 f., Trautmann 280 ff., Vasmer 3, 2 ff.

Page(s): 1004-1010

Root / lemma: steb(h)- and stēb(h)- : stǝbh-, nasalized stemb(h)-; step- (also stēp-ö), nasalized stemp-; nominal stǝbho-s, stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s

English meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc..

German meaning: Bedeutungsumfang: `Pfosten, Pfeiler, stem, Baumstumpf (also `Busch, Böschel'); verbal: `prop, support, versteifen, feststellen, anhalten, (also `hemmen'), (auf)stampfen, treten (Tritt, grade, footprint); beschimpfen (steif and herausfordernd dastehen; brag, boast), staunen (from erstarrt dastehen)'

Note: relationship to *stā- `stand' is possible.

Material: root form with -b:

Old Indian stábaka- m. n. `tussock', stambá- m. `bush, tussock' (= lit. stámbas `Kohlstrunk');

gr. στέμβω `stamp, mißhandle, schmöhe', στεμβάζειν λοιδορεῖν, Hes. στόβος m. `Schelten, boastfulness', στοβέω, στοβάζω `schmöhe';

as. preterit stōp `trat fest auf', ags. stæppan (steppan), stōp `fest treten, schreiten', ahd.stepfen and stapfōn `fest auftreten, fest auftretend schreiten', in addition Kaus. ags. stǣpan `einweihen', ahd. (Hildebrandslied) stoptun tosamane `liessen zusammenstapfen'; mnd. stappe, ahd. stapf, stapfo (stāffo) `Stapfe, footprint' (germ. *stapp-); aisl. stǫpull m. `Pfosten, Pfeiler, tower', afries. stapul `Richtblock; Krone eines Zahnes', ags. stapol m. `stem, Pfosten, column', mnd.stapel m. `column, Unterlage, aufgeschichteter heap, Stapelplatz' (out of it nhd. Stapel), ahd. stapfal, staffal `foundation, footstep, grade', nhd. Staffel `Leitersprosse, Treppenabsatz'; as. stōpo m. `Tritt, footprint', ags. stōpel ds., ahd. stuoffa, stuofa, nhd. grade, mhd. stöefe `tight, firm, strong'; ags. stǣpe, stepe, Pl. stapas `footstep, grade', afries. stepe ds., aisl. stapi m. `hoher and steiler rocks'; afries. stēpa `beisteuern' (denominative from:) afries. ield-stōpe `Beisteuer; Wergeld', ahd. stuopfa ds. (Old Church Slavic stapъ `Steigbögel' from dem Germ.);

nasalized and. stamp, ahd. stampf m. `tool zum Stoßen', (Old Church Slavic stopa `mortar' from dem Germ.), therefrom aisl. stappa `bump, poke, stomp, crunch', ags. stempan `in mortar zerstoßen' (engl. stamp also `prögen'), mhd. stempfen and ahd. stampfōn, mhd. stampfen `stomp, hit, prögen' and further mnd. stempel, ahd. stempfil `Stömpfel, pestle'; mnd. stump m. `stump; adj. `dull, stupid', ahd. stumpf m. `stump, Stummel, stump'; Adj. `stumpf, mutilated, abbreviated';

problematisch mir. sibal `a walking, marching' (*stebulo-).

root form with -bh-:

Old Indian stabhnā́ti, stabhnṓti, stambhatē, -ti `prop, support, hemmen', Med. `stiff become, erstarren', stabhitá- `gestötzt', stabdha- `stiff, starr; hochmötig', Kaus. stambhayati, -te `befestigt, makes stiff, löhmt, halt an, oppressed', stambha- m. `Pfosten, column; Hemmung, Löhmung; Aufgeblasenheit', (compare np. sitamba `gewalttötig, streitsöchtig'), stambhanam `Befestigung, Festhalten, Hemmung' = av. stǝmbana- `pad', av. stawra- `tight, firm', np. sitabr, istabr `strong, vast, grand'; ved. stabhūyán, stabhūyámāna- `sich nicht from the Stelle röhrend, unbeweglich', ap. sta^mbava `leiste Widerstand! lehne dich auf!' (indoiran. *sta^mbhau-);

gr. ἀστεμφής `unerschötterlich' (actually `wer nicht gepreßt become kann'), στέμφυλα n. Pl. `ausgepreßte Oliven or Trauben', σταφυλή `grape, grapevine; Zöpfchen in Munde', σταφύλη `Senkblei';

mir. sab f. `Schaft, Pfeiler, stick' (*stǝb[h]ā); semmor `Klee' (*stemb[h]ro-);

aisl. stefja (*staƀjan) `hinder', stefna `stauen' (*stiff make, zum Stehen bringen'), ahd. stabēn `starr, stiff sein', ostfries. staf `stiff, lame'; got. *stafs (Nom. Pl. stabeis) στοιχεῖα `Buchstaben' (Unterricht through Runenstöbchen), aisl. stafr `staff, pad, alphabetic letter', ags. stæf `staff, alphabetic letter', ahd. mhd. stap (-b-) `stick, pad, Stab `; schwed. dön. staver `fence post' (compare Old Church Slavic stoborъ, lit. stãbaras); afries. stef `staff';

aisl. stef n. (*stabja-), stefna f. (*staƀanjōn-) `bestimmte, feste time etc. `, ags. stefn, stemm m. `time, Mal, Periode'; aisl. stafn n. `Steven, Hausgiebel', as. stamn m. `Steven', ags. stefn, stemn m. `stem, root, Steven', ahd. stam (-mm-) `tree truck, Geschlechtsstamm', nhd. stem (Verquikkung eines *staƀ-na- with a *stamḫna-: air. tamun `tree truck');

nasalized ahd. stumbal `abgeschnittenes Stöck, Stummel', stumbilōn `verstömmeln', afries. stemblinge `Verstömmelung'.

lit. stem̃bti `Stengel ansetzen', stem̃bras, stembrỹs `Stengel' (= mir. semmor), stim̃bras `Schwanzstumpf, -stummel', žem. stámbris `Stengel', lit. stambùs `coarse, coarsely granulated', stámbas `Kohlstrunk', lett. stuobrs `Halm, reed'; lit. stebulė̃ f. `hub of a wheel', lett. stebe `Mast', russ.stebátь, klr. stebnuty `peitschen; steppen, sew'; stabýti, stabdýti `zum Stehen bringen', stãbas `Pfosten, Schlagfluß', alit. stabas `Götzenbild' (divine revered peg, plug), lett. stabs `Pfeiler, column', Old Prussian stabis m. `stone', stabni f. `(steinerner) oven', lit. stãbaras `trockener bough', Old Church Slavic stoborъ `column'; with the meaning `staunen': lit. stebė́tis;

root form auf -p-:

Old Indian in Kaus. sthāpáyāmi `stelle, grönde';

Old Church Slavic stopa `footprint', stepenь `grade', altlit. stapýtis `stand bleiben', lit. stẽpas `Schlagfluß', stapìnti `penem erigere';

Old Church Slavic stǫpiti, stǫpati `tread'.

References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalprös. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16, 19, 35.

Page(s): 1011-1013

Root / lemma: stegh-, nasal. stengh-

English meaning: to stick; pole, stalk, etc..

German meaning: `stechen; Stange, Halm, Spitzes, Steifes'

Material: Gr. στόχος `das assigned purpose, Vermutung' (στοχάζομαι `ziele, investigate from, errate'); schwed. stagg (germ. *stagga-) `stiff and stechendes Gras', dial. `Achel, Stichling (fish)', wherefore *staggian- `with *sting, prick = penis versehen' in aisl. steggi m. `Stecher', nisl. also `tomcat, male-cat' (late ags. stagga m., engl. stag `the ausgewachsene deer', engl. dial. also `Mönnchen', from dem Nord.); preuß.-lit. stegė, stegis `Stichling', lett. staga(i)s `a prickly fish', stage `Alant' (also stagi `ein herb, das as Kohl gegessen wird'ö);

nasalized: gr. στόνυξ, -υχος (geformt after ὄνυχ- `sharp cusp, peak'), στόνυξι κέρασι Hes.; στάχῠ̄ς, -υος (also ἄσταχυς) m. `Ähre' (α = n̥);

aisl. stinga, stakk, ags. stingan `stecken'; got. usstagg `ἔξελε, stich from!'; ahd. stanga, aisl. stǫng `stick, picket, pole, shaft, pole', ags. steng (*stangi-) ds., nl. steng (*stangiō[n]-) ds., ahd. stengil `Stengel'; ablaut. ahd. stungen `prick';

Church Slavic ostegъ, serb.-Church Slavic ostežь `dress, mantle'; russ. stegátь, stegnútь `steppen, sew, peitschen', stëžka `suture' (e in geschlossener syllable from ь and auf stegátь figurative); čech. steh, poln. ścieg, ścig `prick, sting';

here as `sich versteifen', with the intonation of a heavy basis: lit. sténg-iu, -ti `sich anstrengen', Refl. `sich widersetzen', stangùs `widerspenstig'ö

References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285.

Page(s): 1014-1015

Root / lemma: (s)teg-1

English meaning: to cover

German meaning: `decken'

Material: Old Indian sthagati (umbelegt), sthagayati `verhöllt, verbirgt'; gr. στέγω `cover, schötze etc. `, στέγος, τέγος n. (= air. tech), στέγη, τέγη f. `roof, house', στεγανός `deckend, schirmend; bedeckt, versteckt', στεγνός `bedeckend, schötzend; bedeckt, verschlossen; compact, tight, firm, dense' (see because of this meaning also *tegu- `thick'), στεκτικός `bedeckend, schötzend';

lat. tegō, -ere `cover, cover', tēctum `roof' (= στεκτός), tegulum `cover, roof, Hölle', teges, -etis `cover, Matte', tēgula `a roof tile', toga `the white woolen upper garment worn by Roman citizens'; umbr. tehteřim `a covering, plaster used for covering';

maybe alb. (*tēgula) tjegulla `tile, brick', (*tēgula) tulla `tile, brick', tehu (*tegu) `blade, sharp edge' [common alb., italic -g- > -h- phonetic mutation]

air. tech (neutraler -es-stem = gr. τέγος), acymr. tig, ncymr. ty, acorn. ti `house', abret. bou-tig `Kuhstall' (with unclear brit. i); Pl. acymr. te, ncymr. tai, also in air. teg-lach `Hausgenossenschaft', cymr. teulu, acorn. teilu `family' (*tego-slougo-), air. -tuigiur `I cover' = ahd. decchiu; tuige `stramen' (*togi̯ā), imthuge `Bedeckung, Bekleidung', cymr. am-do `amiculum, involucrum', air. ētach `dress', cymr. corn. to `roof', cymr. toï `tegere';

aisl. Þekja `cover', ags. Þeccan `cover', ahd. decchen `cover' (iterative *togei̯ō = air. tuigiur, under Verdröngung from idg. *tegō); aisl. Þak, ags. ðæc, ahd. dah n. `roof'; aisl. Þekja `roof', ahd. decchi `cover, roof'; ags. Þecen, as. thecina ds., in addition aisl. staka, stakka f. `fell, fur'; (without s norw. dial. taka `Schweinshaut');

lengthened grade lit. stíegiu stíegti `ein Dach eindecken', Old Prussian steege `barn', lit. stíegtojas `Dachdecker', ablaut. stógas = Old Prussian stogis `roof'; perhaps russ.-Church Slavic stogъ m. `barn, haystack, heap'.

References: WP. II 621 f., WH. II 654 f., Trautmann 288.

Page(s): 1013-1014

Root / lemma: (s)teg-2

English meaning: pole, stick, beam

German meaning: `Stange, Pfahl, Stock, Knöttel, Balken'

Note: s. also under steig- `prick'

Material: Arm. t`akn, Gen. t`akan `cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint', t`akaɫak, t`akaɫaɫ `capitello, architrave';

lat. tīgnum (*tegnom) `timber, balk, beam';

aisl. stjaki `picket, pole, shaft, pole' = ahd. stehho `cudgel, club, picket, pole, Stecken, peg, plug'; (with expressive Gemination stekko): aschwed. staki `shaft, pole, spit, pike', ags. staca ds., mnd. stake ds., ahd. stach `Spießhirsch';

dön. stak `Achel, awn'; denominative aisl. stjaka `bump, poke', staka `bump, poke, fall', mnd. staken `bump, poke'; got. hleiÞra-stakeins `Einstecken from Zelten';

of Bilde the shaft, pole genommen is norw. dial. staka, stjaka `stiff go, stumble', nd. stakern ds.;

aisl. stakkr `barn, haystack', mnd. stak `schröger dam from Pföhlen and deadwood' (: Old Church Slavic stogъ `barn, haystack');

lit. stãgaras, stegerỹs `dörrer langer Stengel', lett. stēga f., stēgs m. `long shaft, pole, long stick, spit, pike'; stega f. `penis';

Old Church Slavic stežerъ `cardo', russ. stožár `shaft, pole', sloven. stę̂žja, stǫ̂žje `Schoberstock', serb. stȍžêr `tree auf the Dreschtenne', osorb. sćëžor `Mast'; Old Church Slavic stogъ `haystack'; stěgъ `banner, ensign, flag'; about Old Church Slavic stьgno see under (s)teigʷ-.

References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.

Page(s): 1014

Root / lemma: steigh-

English meaning: to march, ascend

German meaning: `schreiten, steigen'

Material: Old Indian stighnōti `steigt' (Dhātup.), ved. pra-stighnuyāt Opt. present `er möge emporkommen', ati-ṣṭigham Inf. `öbersteigen, bemeistern';

gr. στείχω `schreite, go', *στίξ, Gen. στιχός, Pl. στίχες, -ας `row, Zeile', att. στίχος `row, Zeile, line', στιχᾶσθαι `in dichter Reihe besides- or hintereinander go or come', στοῖχος `row, line';

alb. shtek, shteg-u `passage, entrance, way, Haarscheitel' (= στοῖχος);

air. tīagu `I schreite, go', techt f. `the going, the summoner', cymr. taith `journey' = bret. tiz `haste, hurry' (*[s]tiktā), cymr. mor-dwy `Seefahrt' (*[s]teigho-) etc.;

got. steigan, aisl. stīga, ags. ahd. stīgan `ascend' (= gr. στείχω); ahd. stīg `Steig, Pfad, grade', aisl. stīgr `Fußsteig'; got. staiga `Steig, way', ahd. steiga `steiler way';

ahd. steg m. `Steg, small bridge'; aisl. stigi m. `Stiege, ladder', stig n. `footstep, grade', ags. stige `das Hinauf- or Herabsteigen', ahd. stega `grade, stairs, ladder' (ahd. stiega, nhd. Stiege with ē², also probably from *stēighā); ags. stǣger f. `Тreрре' (engl. stair), mnd. steiger `steil', nld. `Ladeplatz, scaffold, trestle', aisl. steigur-ligr `steil, erect'; aisl. stētt f. `footprint, Trittstein, way, Stand, rank', stēttr m. ds. (: cymr. taith), aisl. stētta `support, help', ags. stihtan, stihtian (`*auf eine basis stellen =) einrichten, sort, order, arrange', anfrk. stihtan (= ahd. stiftanö) etc.;

lit. staigà Adv. `sudden', staigùs `violent, quick, fast aufbrausend', staigaũs, -ýtis and steigiúos, steĩgtis `sich beeilen, sich bemöhen'; lett. stèidzu(ôs), stèigt(iês) `sich beeilen', staĩgât `wandeln', stiga `Pfad'; Old Church Slavic stignǫ `I come', stьdza, stьza `Fußsteig, road', stьgna `road'.

References: WP. II 614 f., Trautmann 285 f.

Page(s): 1017-1018

Root / lemma: (s)teig-

English meaning: to stick; sharp

German meaning: `stechen; spitz'

Note: extension from stei- ds.

Material: Old Indian tējatē `is sharp, schörft', tējáyati `schörft, stachelt', tiktá- `sharp, bitter', tigmá- `spiky, sharp', tḗjas- n. `sharpness, cutting edge, radiance', tḗjana-m `das Schörfen, Anzönden; cusp, peak, arrowhead, Rohrstab, Pfeilschaft', wherefore as collective tējanī́ f. `netting or bundle from reed, straw under likewise';

av. taēɣa-, taēža- `sharp; m. sharpness', tiɣra-, ар. tigra- `sharp'; afghan. tērǝ `sharp, spiky' (*taigra-); av. tiži- ds., tiɣri- `Pfeil' etc., np. tēɣ `cusp, peak, sword' (arm. Lw. tēg `Lanze'), tēz `sharp', tēj `Pfeil';

without anlaut. s- also germ. *Þī̆hstila- `thistle' (compare den s-stem Old Indian tḗjas-) in aisl. Þistill, ags. ðistel, ahd. distil and norw. tīstel, ostfries. dīssel `thistle' and perhaps acymr. tigom `naevi' (`*Punkt, Tupf' from `prick, sting'ö compare gr. στίγμα);

gr. στίζω `prick, tötowiere', στίγμα `prick, sting, Punkt', στικτός `varicolored' (`gestickt');

lat. īnstīgō, -āre `anspornen, sting, goad, anreizen, aufreizen';

nasalized īnstinguō `reize an', interstinguō `besetze (bestecke) hin and again with etwas', distinguō `(prick, stochere apart) unterscheide' (-uō after unguō etc.), umbr. anstintu `distinguito'; lat. stinguō, -ere `auslöschen' (of Auseinanderstochern the brennenden Scheite);

mir. tiug- (*tigu-) `last', acymr. guotig, cymr. wedi `after' (`*behind dem end'), air. tigernae `master, mister', gall. Tigernum castrum, cymr. teyrn `ruler' (often influenced from *tegos `house'); bret. stec'h `fascicle, sheaf' (*stikkā); bret. stiogen `Tintenschnecke' to *stiog from *stigākā (compare Loth RC. 43, 156);

got. stiks `prick, sting, Punkt', ahd. stih, as. stiki, mnd. steke, ags. stice m. `ds. `; stician `prick'; Intr. `steckenbleiben, fest bleiben', mnd. sticken `prick, prickle, kindle, inflame, ersticken', ahd. sticken `prick, prickle', ir-sticken `ersticken', ahd. steckēn `festsitzen', nhd. stecken (*stikkēn as though `angenagelt sein'); aisl. steikja `fry' (eig. `an den spit, pike stecken'; in addition steikr `Braten', stikna `roasted become'); with Ablautentgleisung: as. stëkan `festheften, festhaften', ahd. stëhhan, nhd. stechen, Kaus. *stakjan in ahd. stecken `(through Stiche) befestigen, einstecken', nhd. stecken tr., got. staks `Wundmal', ahd. stahhula `sting, prick', aisl. stǣkr `stinkend, sharp'; diese structure in die e-Reihe war preferred through die germ. Ableger from *steg- `shaft, pole' (e.g. aisl. stjaki m. `Pfosten'), with denen sich die group got. stiks, nhd. stechen to a neuen Einheit zusammenschloß; so based on formal auf *stig-, but with the meaning from *steg-: aisl. stika, ahd. stehho `Stecken' (latter but zugleich also = aisl.stjaki), aisl. stik n. `picket, pole'; with kk: aisl. stikka `Stecken, shaft, pole', ags. sticca m. `Stecken, spoon', as. stekko `Stecken, picket, pole', ahd. stecko `Stecken';

to *stig- stellen sich still: aisl. stikill `cusp, peak', ags. sticel(s) m. `sting, prick', mnd. stekel, ahd. stihhil `sting, prick', nhd. Stichel; got. stikls, ahd. stehhal `goblet' as `zum Einstecken in die Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel'; as. stekal `rough, steinig', mnd. stekel `devexus', ags. sticol `steil, high', ahd. stehhal, mhd. stechel, stichel, stickel `steil' as `die Fußsohlen pricking, voll spitzer Steine';

lett. stigt `sink in', lit. stingù stigaũ, stìgti and stýgau, -oti `an a Orte ruhig verbleiben (steckenbleiben'); whether to (s)teigʷh-ö

References: WP. II 612 ff., Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 86 f., 191, Vasmer 3, 8;

See also: see under (s)teg-2.

Page(s): 1016-1017

Root / lemma: (s)teigʷ-

English meaning: shoulder, arm, hip

German meaning: `Schulter, Arm, Schenkel'ö

Material: Arm. t`ēkn, Gen. t`ikan `shoulder, Achsel; Arm', Pl. t`itunk` `Schultern; back; rump, Seite eines Geböudes etc. `(*toigʷ-no-);

kelt. *toibos from *toigʷ-os- in air. tōeb, tōib n., cymr. corn. bret. tu `Seite';

Old Church Slavic stьgno `femur', slov. stégno `thigh', russ. stegnó `hip, haunch, Lende; thigh'.

References: WP. II 614; different Vasmer 3, 8 (to steg-2).

Page(s): 1018

Root / lemma: (s)teigʷh-

English meaning: to await patiently

German meaning: `ausharren, ruhig verweilen'ö

Material: Old Indian títikṣatē `hölt from, duldet', titikṣā `geduldiges Ertragen, endurance, Geduld'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation got. stiwiti `Geduld'; here lett. stigt, above S. 1017.

References: WP. II 615.

Page(s): 1018

Root / lemma: (s)tei-

English meaning: sharp, spike

German meaning: `spitzig'

Material: Av. staēra- `mountaintop, mountain peak, summit' ἅπαξ λεγ., taēra- `mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex' (probably *stoi-lo-, so that dieVollstufe to:) lat. stilus `spitziger picket, pole, Stiel, Stengel, stylus zum Schreiben'; with formants-mo-: lat. stiḫmuḫlus `sting, prick'; in addition lat. stīva (and *stēva the rom. Sprachen) `plough handle, plough stilt' as *steiḫu̯āö compare Old Indian tīvrá- `violent, sharp', das from `*sharp, pricking' could have evolved;

about ahd. as. stil etc. s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f.

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 592.

Page(s): 1015

Root / lemma: (s)tel-1

English meaning: to let flow; to urinate

German meaning: `fließen lassen, harnen'

Material: Gr. σταλάσσω, att. -ττω `rinnen lassen; triefen, drip' (probably analogical for -άζω), στάλαγμα `drip', σταλαγμός `das Tröpfeln, drip', late σταλάω `σταλάσσω'; τέλμα n. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar' (arm. teɫm, tiɫm `slime, mud, ordure' out of it borrowedö);

engl. stale `urine', to stale `urinate, pass water', mnd. stal `urine the Pferde', mnd. nhd. stallen `urinate, pass water' (from horses, schweiz. also from people); unclear mbret. staut, nbret. staot `urine' (*stalto-ö);

eine ĝ(h)-extension perhaps in lit. įtel̃žti `steep, eingießen', Intrans. ištil̃žti `aufweichen', ablaut. tul̃žti `humid, wet become'; proto slav.. *tъlstъ `swollen, thick' in Old Church Slavic *tlъstъ ds., russ. tolstyj `thick'.

References: WP. II 642 f., Trautmann 331 f., Vasmer 3, 117.

Page(s): 1018

Root / lemma: stel-2, stelǝ-

English meaning: broad, to broaden

German meaning: `ausbreiten, flach hinbreiten'

Material: Arm. aṙa-staɫ (*stḷḫno-) `roof', lain `breit' (*laiḫin, extension from lai- from *stlāḫto =lat. lātus);

lat. lātus (*stlāḫto-) `breit', older anlaut in stlatta `Kauffahrteischiff';

ablaut. *stlǝ- in latus, -eris n. `Seite', later `Ziegelstein' (whether `platter stone'), perhaps lāmina `dönne Platte', whether from *(s)tlā-menā `die ausgebreitete', also Latium, if from *(s)tlǝ-t-iom `Flachland';

proto slav.. steljǫ stьlati `outspread' in Old Church Slavic po-steljǫ, po-stьlati `στρωννύειν', stelja f. `στέγη'; in addition lett. slāju, slāt `laden, packen'.

References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;

See also: probably to stel-3.

Page(s): 1018-1019

Root / lemma: stel-3

English meaning: to put, place

German meaning: `stellen, aufstellen; stehend, unbeweglich, steif; Stönder, Pfosten, stem, Stiel'

Material: Old Indian sthála-m, sthalī́ `elevation, Anhöhe, Festland', sthálā `Erdaufschöttung', sthálati (Dhātup.) `steht'; perhaps sthāla-m, sthālī́ `vessel, pot, pan'; unclear sthāṇú- `standing firm', Subst. `stump, stick' (*stharnú-, idg. *st(h)el-nu-ö);

arm. steɫcanem `schaffe', steɫn, Pl. steɫunk` `stem, Stengel, twig, branch';

gr. στέλλω `stelle auf (in order); bestelle, lasse come; send; röste to, kleide, stelle fertig', στόλος m. `Zuröstung, pull, Heereszug' and `hervorstehender balk, beam, peg, plug, helm pole and likewise', στολή f. `armament, armor, clothing, Ausröstung, Heereszug'; στολίζω `bestelle, make fertig, röste', στελεά̄ f. `Stiel the axe', later στελεόν n., homer. στελει-ή, -όν ds., att. στελεός m. ds., στέλεχος n. `stem, stalk, stem of a plant; fool'; lesb.-thess. στάλλα, dor. στά̄λᾱ, att. στήλη `column' (*stḷḫnā, compare ahd. stollo); perhaps στάλιξ(ᾰ); `peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze';

alb. shtjelj (*stel-nō) `wickle ein'ö;

lat. stolidus `doltish, stupid, ungebildet', stultus `crazy', stolō, -ōnis `Wurzelschoß' (eig. `Stecken, Stiel');

lat. locus, altlat. stlocus `place' (*stlo-ko-); īlicō `auf the Stelle' (*enḫstlokōd);

aisl. stjǫlr `rump', norw. stjø̄l `Stengel, Stiel', ags. stela m. `Pflanzenstiel', ablaut. mengl. stall `Pflanzenstengel, Leitersprosse, Stiel', mnd. stale, stal `Pfosten; foot'; aisl. stāl n. `barn, haystack, Stapel', ags. stǣl `place' (*stēlā); vandal. PN Stilico = nhd. Stilka;

aisl. stallr (*stolnos) `Gestell, altar, crib, manger, stall', ags. steall `position, Stand, stall', ahd. mhd. stal (-ll-) `domicile, place, stall'; therefrom ahd. stellen `auf-, feststellen, einrichten', as. stellian, ags. stellan `place, stellen'; aisl. stallra `stehenbleiben, stocken';

as. stollo `Fußgestell', ahd. stollo, mhd. stolle `pad, Gestell, Pfosten, foot eines Sessels', nhd. Stolle, Stollen (idg. *stl̥n-, compare gr. στήλη and das the changing by ablaut aisl. stallr `Gestell');

as. ahd. stilli `still, peaceful', ags. stille ds. (*stel-ni-); aisl. stilla `stillen, sort, order, arrange, öberlisten', as. gistillian `stillen', ags. stillan `stillen, beruhigen', Intr. `still become', ahd. nhd. stillen `still make';

isl. stālmi, norw. stalme m. `das Angeschwollensein of Euters', schwed. stolm `Stoppeln' (: lett. stul̂ms); norw. stalma, stolma `curdle, coagulate, harden';

Old Prussian stallīt `stand'; lett. stul̂ms `stump; limb, member, Arm, leg';

as s-lose Nebenformen comes in Betracht *tel- `still sein' (see there).

Erweiterte root forms:

stelb-, stelp-; st_elbo- `Pfosten':

and. stelpōn `stagnare', ndl. stelpen `stillen, hemmen', nhd. (nd.) stelpen `sistere sanguinem', mnd. stalpen `stagnāre', stolpe `lard and other Fettarten' (`*gestockt'); aisl. stolpi, mengl. stulpe, mnd. stolpe `balk, beam, Pfosten'; mnd. stölpen `umstölpen, umkehren', stulpe `Stölpe, Topfdeckel'; norw. stolpa `with steifen and langen Schritten go', nhd. (nd.) stolpern under likewise;

lit. stalbúotis `stand bleiben', stelbúotis `schal become', ablaut. lett. stul̃bs `betöubt, verblöfft', stùlbs `Pfosten', ablaut. stil̃bs `shinbone'; Old Church Slavic stlъba `grade', russ. stolb `column, Pfosten';

danehen with p lit. stul̃pas, lett. stùlps, Old Church Slavic stlъpъ `columna, turris', russ. stolp;

eine nasal. root form stlemb- probably in lat. stlembus `schwerföllig, slow'.

steld-:

Old Indian at most in sthaḍu- m. `hump, hunchback, hunch';

ahd. stëlza, mnd. stelte, schwed. stylta, mengl. stilte `Stelze `, engl. stilt ds.; nd. stilte `shaft, pole, Stengel', ags. styltan `verdutzt sein' (*erstarren'), ostfries. stoltern `stumble', mhd. stolzen, stölzen `hinken', schwed. stulta `stumble', mnd. stolt `stately, hochmötig', ahd. mhd. stolz ds. (mhd. also `crazy');

ein dh-present to stel- in got. andḫstaldan `darreichen, offer, bid', ga-staldan `acquire, besitzen', ags. stealdan `besitzen', ahd. (etc.) hagustalt `(only einen Hag besitzend =) Taglöhner, unverheirateter man, Hagestolz'.

stelg- (also stelk-ö) nominal (s)tolgo-:

mir. tolg m. f. `strength'; aschwed. stiælke, norw. stjelk, stelk and changing through ablaut stalk, engl. stalk `Stengel, Stiel', ags. stealc `high, steil', mnd. stolkeren `stolzieren', nld. stelkeren, stolkeren `curdle, coagulate, harden', further as `stiff, go'; norw. stalka, stulka `stapfen, slink', as ags. stealcian, engl. stalk ds., aisl. stelkr `Strandkiebitz'; compare mir. ta(i)lc `strong', with k;

lit. stel̃gti `anstarren, starr hinsehen', stalgùs `starr, defiant, stout, proud', stel̃gtis `brag, boast', probably also žem. stìlguos `sich beeilen'; because of the meaning doubtful lit. stulgỹn `in die Höhe', alit.stulginti `verlöngern'.

References: WP. II 643 ff., WH. I 817 f., II 599, Trautmann 284, 290 f., Vasmer 3, 18.

Page(s): 1019-1020

Root / lemma: stem-

English meaning: to push; to stumble, stutter

German meaning: `stoßen, anstoßen; stottern, stammeln; hemmen'

Note: only germ. and kelt.

Material: Ahd. gistemōn, gistemēn, mhd. stemen `Einhalt tun', ahd. ungistuomi `boisterous' (*sich nicht beherrschend'), mhd. gestöeme `gentle, still'; got. stamms `stammelnd', aisl. stamr ds. `behindert, stolen; looted', ags. stam, ahd. stamm `stammelnd', aisl. stama, ahd. stamēn `stammeln', ags. stamor `stammelnd', ahd. stam(m)al ds., stamalōn `stammeln `; aisl. stemma (*stammjan) `stemmen, dömmen, hinder', ostfries. stemmen ds., mhd. stemmen `stand make, stiff make; Intr. (of water) gestaut become'; zero grade aisl. stumra `stumble' (norw. also stamra), mengl. stumren, stum(b)len, ostfries. stummeln ds.; as. afries. ahd. stum(m) ` dumb';

lett. stuomîtiês `stammeln, stumble, stand bleiben, sich böumen, zaudern' (*stōm), stumt `bump, poke', lit. stumiù, stúmiau, stùmti `bump, poke, schieben', lett. stuostīt (*stamstīti) `bump, poke'; Refl. `stottern'.

References: WP. II 625 f., Wissmann KZ 62, 141 f.

Page(s): 1021

Root / lemma: (s)ten-1

English meaning: to groan, etc..

German meaning: von lauten Geröuschen: `donnern, rauschen, dröhnen, stöhnen'

Material: Old Indian stánati (= gr. στένω, ags. stenan, lit. stenù), stániti, stanáyati `donnert, dröhnt, bellow, roar, braust', stanayitnú- m. `thunder', tanayitnú- `dröhnend, donnernd', tányati (= öol. τέννει) `soughs, sounds, donnert', tanyú- `soughing, thundering'; afghan. tanā `thunder', np. tundar ds.; Old Indianabhi-ṣṭaná- m. `Getöse';

gr. στένω `dröhne, öchze, lament', ion. στείνω (= Old Church Slavic stenjǫ) ds., στενάζω ds., στεναγμός `das sigh', στενάχω ds., στόνος m. `the groaning', ἀγά-στονος `very stöhnend' (Old Indian abhi-ṣṭaná- `das Tosen, shout', russ. ston `sigh'), Στέντωρ; lesb. τέννει στένει, βρύ̄χεται Hes.;

lat. tonō, -āre `thunder; also from other lauten Schalleindröcken', toḫnitrū, tonitrus `thunder'; kelt. FlN Tanaros (: ahd. donar);

ags. stenan st. V. `groan, moan'; mnd. stenen schw. V. ds. (*stanjan = Old Indian stanáyati); aisl. stynja ds. = mnd. stönen (nhd. stöhnen); aisl. stynr m. `Gestöhne', ags. gestun n. `din, fuss, noise, whirlwind'; aisl. stanka `groan, moan', ags. stenecian `pant, gasp'; ahd. donar `thunder', ags. Þunor ds., aisl. Þōrr `Donnergott', ags. ðunian `thunder, roar, bellow, sigh';

lit. stenù, -ė́ti `groan, groan, moan', Old Church Slavic stenjǫ, stenati ds.; russ. stón `the groaning'; Old Prussian *stint, stīnons participle Perf. Akt. `gelitten'.

References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; Vasmer 3, 10, 19.

Page(s): 1021

Root / lemma: sten-2

English meaning: narrow

German meaning: `eng, einengen'ö

Material: Alt. στενός, ion. στεινός `eng' (*στεν-Fό-ς), hom. τὸ στεῖνος `narrowness, narrow Raum; crush, crowdedness (so also att. τὸ στένος)', στενυγρός `eng', Στενύ-κληρος (στεν-υ- : στεν-Fο-); στάνει (σ)τείνεται συμβέβυσται Hes.; perhaps to *sten-to- in aisl. stinnr `stiff, tight, firm, hard, strong', ags. stīð, afries. stīth ds., das Holthausen further to lett. stinte `icicle' places.

References: WP. II 627; Holthausen Aengl. Etym. Wb. 323.

Page(s): 1021-1022

Root / lemma: sterg-, sterk-

English meaning: to care for, take care of

German meaning: `sorgend worauf achten, hegen and pflegen'

Material: Gr. στέργω `love; bin zufrieden', στοργή `love, affection'; ir. serc `love' wird because of cymr. serch ds. rather as *sterkā here, as to ser-2 or ser-4 belong; to slav. *sterg- `whereupon sorgend achten, guard, watch': Old Church Slavic strěgǫ, strěšti `servare, beware, guard', stražь = russ. stórož `Wöchter' etc.

References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.

Page(s): 1032

Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)terǝ- : (s)trē-

English meaning: stiff, immovable; solid, etc..

German meaning: `starr, steif sein, starrer, fester Gegenstand, especially Pflanzenstamm or -stengel; steif gehen, stolpern, fallen, stolzieren'

Note: s. also ster- `unfruchtbar' and ster- `steifer Pflanzenschaft', further treg- `alle Kröfte anstrengen', strenk- `straff'

Material: A. Gr. στερεός (att. also στερρός from
*στερεός) `starr, tight, firm, hard', στέριφος ds. (also
`unfruchtbar', s. ster-6 `unfruchtbar'), στερέμνιος ds.;
στεῖρα `Kielbalken', lengthened grade: στῆρα τὰ
λίθινα πρόθυρα Hes., στηρίζω (Fut. -ξω) `tight, firm
prop, support, stemmen', Med. Pass. `sich prop, support, sich feststemmen',
στῆριγξ, -γγος `pad', wherefore σκηρίπτω `stötze',
Med. `stötze mich, stemme mich', dissimil. from *στηρίπτω;

στρηνής, στρηνός `hard, sharp, forceful',
στρῆνος n. `heftiges desire, power, Übermut',
στρηνιᾶν `minxish, wanton sein', στρηνύζω `cry rauh' (in
formant. Bez. to lat. strēnuusöö), lat. strēnuus `voll röstiger
Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker'; alb. shterr (*sterḫn-) `lay, place
dry, macheversiegen'; about strēnā `good omen, sign' s. WH. II 601;
lat. consternō, -āre, also exsternō `bestörzen, from the Fassung
bringen', sternāx `shy, störrisch';

cymr. trin `toil, fight, struggle'
(*strēnāö);

germ. *stara- `starr, esp. of eye' in mnl. star
m. `Starrheit of Auges', ahd. stara-blint, ags. stær(e)blind
`starblind', aisl. stara, ags. starian, ahd. starēn `stare,
stare'; with-rr- (from -rn-) aisl. stǫrr f. `Carex' (eig. `die
Steife'), starr (Akk. starran) `stiff, starr, hard', nhd. starr,
mhd. sterre, nhd. bair. sterr `starr, stiff', whereof mhd. starren,
sterren `starr sein or become', nhd. erstarren, starren, norw.
stara and sterra (*starrian) `sichströuben, sich anstrengen';
*sturra- (*sturna-) `sich steif aufrichtend, stemmend' in got.
and-staúrran `uncourageous sein', ahd. stōrren `steif herausstehen,
hervorragen', ahd. storro `stump, clot, chunk', nhd. störrig,
störrisch; ags. stierne `ernst, hard, stern', ahd. stornēn
`stutzen, frighten' (*`stiff, starr vor Schrecken'), sturni `stupor',
schwed. sturna `stutzen';

aisl. stirðr `stiff, unbeugsam, hard,
unfreundlich';

Old Prussian stūrnawiskan Instr. Sg. `seriousness',
stūrnawingisku Adv. `ernstlich', stūrni-tickrōms `keen, eager'; lit.
starinù, -ìnti `stiff make';

russ. starátьsja `sich abmöhen';
with ablaut *strō- (to στρη-νής, strē-nuus) and
Dentalformans: Old Church Slavic strada `hard work, toil', stradati `leiden';
in addition Old Church Slavic strastь `affliction' (*stradḫtь), lett.struôstêt
`bedrohen'; with formants -mo- presumably Old Church Slavic strьmo `steil,
abschössig', ablaut. poln.stromy ds. (Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 25).

1.
guttural extensions:

(s)ter-g- and (s)tre-g-:

Aisl.
participle storkinn `geronnen, solidified'; got. ga-staúrknan `erstarren',
aisl. storkna `curdle, coagulate, harden', ahd. ki-, erḫstorchanēn `erstarren,
erkalten'; nhd. tirol. stork `knag, stump eines Baumes', bair.
stork `Fischerstange', mhd. storch `penis'; also (of steifen Gange)
aisl.storkr, ags. storc, ahd. stork, storah(h) `stork'; (if
in addition gr. τόργος `vulture', eig. `stiff = big, large'ö), compare tirol.
storke(l)n `with langen Beinen einherschreiten', thöring.
storchen `as ein stork go', westföl. storkeln `straucheln,
stumble';

Adj. *starku- in ags. stearc `stiff, stern, strong',
ahd. starc, starah `strong, big, large', aisl. sterkr, aschwed. starker
`strong', zero grade aisl. styrkr (*sturki-) m. `strength';

mnd.
strak (-ck-) `stiff, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; störrig', mhd.
strac (-ck-) `straff, gestreckt, straight': ags. strec, stræc
(strǣkö) `starr, tight, firm, stern, violent'; Denom. (or umgekehrt strak
post-verbalö) ahd. stracchēn `ausgestreckt sein' and strecchan,
strecken `ausstrecken, straight make', ags. streccan `ausstrecken'; compare
still treg- `die Kröfte anstrengen';

lett. terglis `eigensinniger,
störrischer person', terglāties `sich auf etwas versteifen';

lit.
strė́gti `erstarren, to ice become'; doubtful, if in addition abg. strachъ
`fright' as *strōgso-, compare Vasmer 3, 23;

perhaps based on auf
(s)terg-: lat. tergus, -oris `hard Röckenhaut the animal, fell, fur,
back' (probably from dem am back am störksten geströubten hair), tergum
`ds., esp. back', tergīnum `Peitsche from leather';

here perhaps
as nasalized form strenk-, streng-, see there.

(s)ter-k-:

klr. storčáty, storčity `ragen, stare',
torčáti, torčity ds., čech. strčeti, trčeti ds.

2.
Dental extensions:

(s)tert-, more properly *ster-to- in cymr.
serth `steil, obszön', aisl. stirðr `stiff' (see above) and storð
`grass, gröner Stengel';

(s)terd-:

aisl. stertr `tail',
ags. steort, ahd. sterz ds., mhd. also `Stengel, Stiel' (as engl.
start), nhd. Sterz; ablaut. norw. dial. start `steifer twig, branch,
dull', mhd. störzel `Stengel'; aisl. upp-stertr `hochmötig', aisl.
sterta `spannen', mhd. sterzen (also st. Verb.) `steif emporragen,
sich rasch bewegen', trans. (also starzen) `starr aufwörtsrichten', mengl.
sterten `auffahren, frighten', engl. start; aisl. stirtla
`uplift, set up', ags. steartlian `stumble', engl. startle `vor Schreck
auffahren'; westgerm. *sturtjan, ahd sturzen, mhd. störzen, mnd.
storten `fall, diffuse, bestörzt make', afries. stirta
`umstoßen'; mhd. storzen `strotzen'; without anlaut. s: norw.
tart (and start) `Steißbein', turt `Sonchus alpinus' (t- from
anord. Þ-), compare gr. τόρδυλον `eine Doldenpflanze'; cymr.
tarddu `to break out, spring, issue';

(s)terǝ-d-: cymr.
tardd m. `eruption, issue, flow', corn. tardh `Anbruch (of Tages)',
bret. tarz `rupture, éclat', tarz-ann-deiz `daybreak'
(*tr̥̄d-);

with similar meaning as nhd. Sterz, norw. (s)tart,
here: lit. tursóti `with ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen',
tursė́ti `den Hintern hinausstrecken' (turs- from *t_ort-s-)
and air. tarr `belly' (*t_ortso-); identical seems ir.
torrach `pregnant', cymr. torrog ds., corn. tor, abret. tar,
bret. tor, teur, cymr. tor(r) `belly, lower abdomen'.

(s)terdh-:

Gr. στόρθη Hes., στόρθυγξ `cusp, peak';
possibly here cymr. tardd see above;

eine nas. root *strend- in
Germ., e.g. mhd. strunz `stump, Lanzensplitter, coarse Bengel', engl.
dial. to strunt `stiff, gespreizt umhergehen' etc.

3.
Labial extensions:

(s)terp-:

Lat. stirps `stem eines
Baumes (öbertr. progeny, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor)';

lit. stir̃pti `somewhat
emporkommen, heranwachsen' (eig. `*sich straffen'), ster̃ptis `auf seinem
Rechte bestehen' (`sich versteifen'), stùrplis `rump of
Pferdes';

alb. shterpë `unfruchtbar' (compare also 6. ster-
`unfruchtbar'); ir. serrach `Föllen' (from den langen Beinen);

without
s-: torpeō, -ēre `starr, insensible, betöubt sein' (= abg.
u-trъpěti or = russ. toropétь); lit. tir̃pti `erstarren,
insensible become', lett. tìrpt ds.;

serb.-Church Slavic utrъpěti
`erstarren', russ. térpnutь `ds., also vor fear', r.-Church Slavic terpkij
`αὐστηρός', r. térpkij `herb, sour'; russ. toropétь,
otoropétь `bestörzt become' (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 325), klr. torópa
`unbeweglicher person', slov. tràp `Dummkopf'; auf the Bedeut. `starr,
stiff = persistent sein' based on probably Old Church Slavic trъpěti `leiden', russ.
terpétь ds.; proto slav.. *torpiti (Kaus.) in čech. trápiti, apoln.
tropić `torment, smite', russ. toropítь `antreiben'; as `starr, dull,
vomStandpunkte of Geschmacks': Old Church Slavic *trъръkъ `acerbus, asper', russ.
térpkij `herb, sour', as np.turuš `sour' (if from *tr̥fša-)
and nhd. derb (see under).

Teils auf (s)terp-, partly auf
(s)terbh- can go back:

aisl. Þiarfr, ags. ðeorf,
as. thervi, ahd. derbi `unleavened', nhd. bair. derb `arid,
dry, lean';

with anlaut. s-: aisl. stjarfi m. `work,
toil', stjarfr `hartmöulig (from horses)', stirfinn `halsstarrig',
starf n. `work, Streben, Amt', starfa `sich abmöhen';

ahd.
sterban `die' (`*erstarren'; see under mir. ussarb); as.
sterƀan, afries. sterva, ags. steorfan ds. (engl. starve
`perish, esp. vor hunger'); ahd. sterbo, ags. steorfa `Pest';

nhd.-tirol. storfn `stalk, stem of a plant, stump', westföl. storpeln
`straucheln' can auf a root form auf b based on.

strep-:

Lit. parḫstrapìnti `heimtorkeln', strỹpti
`trample', stripinỹs, stráipis `Leitersprosse'; spötmhd. straf
(-ff-) `straff, strenge', wflöm. strāf (*strēpo-) `strong,
stern', ostfries. strabben `sich widerspenstig gebörden', mhd.
strabbeln `wriggle'; schweiz. strapfen `straff ziehen'
(*strappōn); probably as `stern behandeln' here: afries. straffia
`bestreiten, scold, chide', mnl. mnd. straffen, from which borrowed mhd.
strāfen, ds. `punish, curse', strāfe `Schelte, reprimand, punishment'.

sterbh-, strebh-:

gr. στέρφνιον
σκληρόν, στερεόν Hes. (compare also στέριφoς,
στριφνός under under streibh-), στέρφος,
τέρφος, dor. στρέφος `Röckenhaut the animal, fell, fur, leather';
mir. ussarb `death' (*uks-sterbhā); cymr. serfyll `frail' (Loth
RC. 43, 147); mir. srebann m. `skin';

Old Church Slavic u-strabiti `recreāre',
poln. postrobić `störken' (proto slav.. *storbiti); ablaut. aruss.
u-strebe Aor. `wurde reif', Church Slavic strъblъ `fit, healthy, tight, firm', russ.
stérbnutь `erstarren, absterben', etc. (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 11
f.);

whether gr. groups from στρεβλός `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved',
στρέφειν `turn', ablaut. στραβός `verdreht',
στράβων `squinting', στροβέω `turn, twist, rotate herum',
στροφή `turn' etc. from a meaning `straff zusammenziehen' (see
under nhd. bestremmen this meaning) expounded become dörfen, is höchst
dubious; rather to a distinctive root streb-, strebh- `turn,
winden'.

stremb-, stremp-:

mnd. strampe(le)n `with
den Fößen heftig auftreten', nhd. (eigent. nd.) strampeln, mnd.
strumpe(le)n `straucheln, anstoßen' under likewise; mhd. strumpf, mnd.
strump `Strumpf, Stummel' (nhd. `gestutzte britches, Strumpf'), norw. dial.
strump `small Holzschössel under likewise' (`*ausgehöhlter tree truck', also
stropp `ein Maß'); norw. dial. stremba `anspannen; breast or stomach
aufblöhen', isl. strembinn `straff, hard, stout, proud', norw. dial. stramb
`scharfer smell, odor'; with -mm-: mnd. stram (-mm-) `straff, strong,
thickset, strong' (nhd. stramm from dem Nd.), nhd. bair. bestremmen,
bestrempen `pull together, make narrow, limit, restrict';

Old Prussian strambo `Stoppel',
lett. strìebs and struobs (*strambas) `Halm, reed',
strumbulis `cudgel, club';

lit. stram̃pas `cudgel, club', strampalióti
`wankend (*stiff) go'; lett. strampul(i)s `stalk, stem of a plant, small bit of wood;
hartgefrorener ordure'.

B. strē̆i-, steri-:

ags.
strīmendi `resisting, striving' Gloss.; engl. dial. to strime = to
stride; lit. strainùs `strebsam, widerspenstig', pasistraĩnyti
`strive, sich feststemmen'.

1. With guttural extension: s. streig-
`stiff'.

2. With Dental extensions:

with idg. -dh-: ags.
strīdan st. V. `schreiten', engl. to stride, mnd. strīden `die
Beine spreizen, weit ausschreiten' (about lat. strittabellae `Buhldirnen'
s. WH. II 605 f.); ahd. strītan st V. `quarrel, sich bemöhen', schw.
V. aisl. strīða `quarrel, torment, smite', ags. strīdian `quarrel'; aisl.
strīð `fight, plague, care, austereness, severeness', as. strīd `toil, fight, struggle', ahd.
strīt `fight', einstrīti `hartnöckig'; aisl. strīðr `stiff,
hard, stern, strong'; with idg. -d-: aisl. strita `strive, sich
anstrengen', streita ds.; without anlaut. s-: aschwed. Þrēsker
`widerspenstig', norw. dial. treisk `defiant, beschwerlich, möhsam'.

3. With bh-Erweit.: gr. στέριφος `starr, hard, tight, firm,
unfruchtbar', subst. `Kielbalken' (as στεῖρα), στριφνός
`hard, tight, firm' (compare above στέρφνιον, στέρφος); mnd. nnd.
strif, stref `stiff, tight, firm', streven `stiff sein, sich strecken',
mhd. streben `sich uplift, set up, sich strecken, ragen', nhd. streben,
Strebeḫbalken, -pfeiler; ablaut. md. strīben st. V., nld.
strijven `strive, quarrel'.

C. strē̆u-:

1. With
guttural extensions:

ndl. struik, mnd. strūk, mhd. strūch,
nhd. Strauch; mhd. strūch `struppig'; nisl. striūgr `Gericht from
geronnener milk', strūga `rough, struppig make', aisl. strūgr
`repulsion, pride, hauteur', mengl. nengl. to struggle `sich abmöhen,
fight';

lett. strūkuls `icicle', also alit. strungas, lit.
strùgas, striùgas, strùkas `short, truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off'.

2. With
Dental extensions:

lit. strustìs f. `Baststreifen in Siebe'; without
anlaut. s-: proto slav.. *trъstь in Old Church Slavic trъstь `reed'; gr.
θρυόν n. `bulrush' (*trusom); lit. trùšiai m. Pl. `reed',
trušìs, triušìs f. `reed', lett. trusis `bulrush, reed',
Old Church Slavic trъsa, trъsina `stiff hair, bristle'; lett.trums `swelling, blister,
ulcer', (if for *trud-mo-, compare:) lat. strūma f. `geschwollene
glands, craw' (*streudḫstroud-, strūdḫmā); after Vasmer 3, 145
in addition lit. traũšti `crumb, spall, crumble', lett. trausls `frail, breakable',
trust `faulen, modern';

aisl. strūtr `cusp, peak', dön. strude,
strutte `stiff stand, widerstreben', schwed. strutta `stolpernd go',
ags. strūtian `stiff stand', nd. strutt `stiff', nhd. strotz ds.,
mhd. nhd. strotzen, mhd. striuzen `ströuben, spreizen', strūz
`Widerstand', fight', nhd. Strauß ds. = mengl. strūt `das Schwellen,
fight'; mhd. strūzach `shrubbery, bush', gestriuze `Buschwerk', nhd.
(Blumen-)Strauß; here also as. strota `tuba, guttur', mnd.
strote, strotte f., mhd. strozze `throat, windpipe', afries.
strot-bolla ds.; without anl. s-: ags. ðrotu, ðrote, engl.
throat, throttle `throat, windpipe', ags. ðrot-bolla `windpipe',
(engl. thropple), ahd. drozza `throat, windpipe', nhd. Drossel with
the derivative erdrosseln, mhd. drözzel `throat' and `snout', aisl.
Þrūtr `snout';

aisl. Þrūtinn `swollen', Þrūtna
`to swell, also vor pride, hauteur', Þroti `intumescence', ags. ðrūtian
`vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury schwellen';

dieselben meaning `to swell,
fight' also in mir. trot, nir. troid `fight' (*truzdāö), cymr.
trythu `to swell', trythyll `lustful';

3. With
Labial extensions:

gr. στρῡφνός `herb (from taste);
grumpy, surly, sullen; tight, firm, stiff';

as. strūf `struppig, rough', strūvian
`ströuben', mhd. strup (-b-), strūbe `struppig', ahd. strūbēn,
mhd. strūben, *striuben `stare', nhd. ströuben, mhd. strobel
`struppig', agerm. Strubiloscalleo `Strubbelkopf'; mhd. Struppe (germ.
-bb-), nhd. Geströpp, nl. strobbe `stump, shrub, bush',
strobbelen `straucheln', schwed. strubbla ds.; with germ. -p- (idg.
-b-): norw. strøypa `clamp', nhd. schweiz. stru(m)pfen, mnd.
strumpen `pull together', struppe `stump';

aisl.
str(j)ūpi `throat, gullet', norw. strop `narrow aperture';

lit. strùbas, lett. stru(m)ps `short abgestutzt', strubikis,
strupikis, strupastis `Stumpfschwanz', lett. strupulis `kurzer thick
person; Stöck wood, clot, chunk', alit. strupas `abgelebter man'.

References: WP. II 627 ff., WH. II 595, 601 f., 606 f., 692, Trautmann 284 f., 325, Vasmer 3, 98 f., 126.

Page(s): 1022-1027

Root / lemma: ster-3

English meaning: to rob, steal

German meaning: `rauben, stehlen'

Material: Gr. στερέω (att. στερίσκω only present) `rob', στέρομαι `bin stolen; looted, miss';

mir. serb `theft' (*ster-u̯ā); with l instead of r through hybridization with hehlen: got. stilan, aisl. stela, ags. ahd. stelan `steal'.

References: WP. II 636.

Page(s): 1028

Root / lemma: ster-4

English meaning: line, stripe, ray

German meaning: `Streifen, Strich, Ströhne, Strahl'; `about etwas hinwegstreifen, -streichen'

Note: also sterǝ- : strē-, strei-, streu-; with g, b, dh (or t) extended; identical with ster- `outspread'

Material: Ahd. strāl(a) `Pfeil, lightning', nhd. Strahl, as. strāla f. `Pfeil', mnd. strāle `Pfeil, ray, sting, prick', ags. strǣl f. `Pfeil, Lanze', norw. straal `small Fischschwarm', ostfries.strāl `stripe', as. strāl m., mhd. stræl (*strēlia-) `comb' (from den teeth = Strahlen), whereof ahd. strālen, nhd. ströhlen `comb'; norw. strīl, strīla `stripe, vein, ray', schwed.stril `small Wasserstrahl', strila `trickle', Old Church Slavic strěla `Pfeil';

mhd. strām `Lichtstreifen, ray, stream', nhd. dial. strām `stripe'; to strei-: ahd. strīmo, nhd. dial. streimen, mnd. strīme `stripe, Strieme, ray'; to *streu- perhaps: mhd. mnl. strieme, mnd. strēme `stripe, ray' (if from ahd. *striomo), nhd. Striemen;

ahd. strëno, mhd. strën(e) `Ströhne, braid, plait'; to *streu-: lit. struniti `to build', Old Church Slavicstruna `Strang, Saite'; from the basis *ster-: klr. postorónok, poln. postronek, čech. postranek `Strang, rope, Saite'.

lett. (saules) stars `Sonnenstrahl', stars `bough', stara `rope, stripe';

streig-: gr. ξέστριξ (knid.) `sechsseitig', whether from ξέσ-στριξ; lat. striga `line, Schwade; Zeltreihe; Löngsfurche', strigōsus `schmöchtig, lean', stria (probably *strigi̯ā) `furrow, crease';stringō, -ere in the meaning `abstreifen, stroke, touch, das sword ziehen', strigilis `rasper' (out of it nhd. Striegel);

ahd. strīhhan `stroke', ags. strīcan `stroke, rub, sich bewegen, go'; got. striks `line', ahd. strik `line, stripe, Strecke Wegs, line Landes', ags. strica `stripe'; aisl. strik `gestreiftes Zeug', norw. strik `line, Windstrich, prank'; mnd. strēk `prank, prank', mhd. streich `prank, blow, knock' (*straika-), ags. strācian `stroke', engl. stroke `blow, knock';

Old Prussian strigli `thistle'; Old Church Slavic strigǫ, strišti `shave, shear'; russ.-Church Slavic strěgъ `κουρά' (*stroigo- = mhd. Streich); with schwed. streke (*strikan-) `Stromstrich' compare proto slav.. strьž-: russ. stréženь, strež, strežá `Stromstrich';

after Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 12 f. here as `Mitte, heart', Old Prussian strigeno `Gehirn', proto slav.. *strьžьnь, respectively *strьženь `Mitte, Mark', russ.-Church Slavic strьženь `Mark' etc.

streib-: air. srīab `stripe' (*streibā); mnd. strīpe `stripe', mhd. strīfe, nhd. Streifen, norw. strīpa ds., schwed. stripa `herabhöngender topknot'; mnd. mnl. strīpen `(ab)stripe', mhd. streifen (*straipjan) `stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay', nd. strēpen `abstreifen' under likewise

streug-: gr. στρεύγομαι `werde entkröftet, schmachte hin' (air. trōg `woeful, wretched, miserable'ö see below ter-, treugh- `rub'); aisl. strjūka `stroke, whisk, smooth; sich rasch bewegen', strȳkja, strȳkva ds., stryk `line', strykr `strong wind', ahd. strûchon `ruere, impingere', mhd.strûchen `straucheln', nl. strooken `caress, öbereinstimmen with', ostfries. strōk `Streif, stripe', mnd. straken `stripe, caress' (a from o), ags. stroccian `stroke', norw. strokk `plane'; lett. strūgains `gestreift', lit. striũgas `knife' (poln. Lw.); Old Church Slavic stružǫ, strъgati `scrape, shave, shear', strugъ `tool zum Schaben', russ. strug `plane' etc.

Alb. strug Slavic loanword

streub-: ahd. stroufen, mhd. ströufen (*straupjan) `abstreifen, mug, rob, plöndern, umherstreifen' = mnd. strӧ̄pen ds., ags. be-strīepan ds., mhd. striefen (*streupan) `stripe'; mhd. strupfen `stripe, pick off, remove'.

streudh- or streut-: ags. strūdian and strūdan `plöndern', strȳdan `mug, rob', mnd. stroden, ahd. strutten ds.

References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.

Page(s): 1028-1029

Root / lemma: ster-5, sterǝ- : strē-, steru- : streu-

English meaning: to widen, to scatter

German meaning: `ausbreiten, ausstreuen'

Note: (compare ster- `stare, stiff sein')

Material: A. Old Indian str̥ṇā́ti, str̥ṇṓti (eig. zur basis streu-), later also starati `streut (hin), bestreut; wirft hin, wirft low, base', participle str̥tá-, stīrṇá-, Inf. stártavē and staritavāi, starītavē;sva-stara- m. `eigene Streu', pra-stará- m. `Streu, Polster; surface, plain, area, Ebene' (= russ. prostór `Raum, Geröumigkeit'); stárī-man- n. `Ausbreitung, Ausstreuung' (ablaut. with gr. στρῶμα, lat.strāmen);

av. star- (present starati, stǝrǝnaoti, stǝrǝnāti) `sternere', participle stǝrǝta- and starǝta-; stairiš- n. `Streu, lair, bed'; urvarō-straya- `Niederhauen from Pflanzungen';

gr. στόρνῡμι (only present and Impf.; to vocalism compare ὀμόργνυμι), στορέννῡμι (neologism), στρώννῡμι (after στρῶσαι) `bestreue, strecke hin; breite from; ebne', öol. Perf. ἐστόροται; participleστρωτός; στρῶμα n. `Streu, lair, rug, cover', στρωμνή ds.; στρατός (= Old Indian str̥tá-) `troop, multitude, crowd, Volksmenge' (kret. σταρτός with rearrangement `eine Unterabteilung the Phyle'), then `Heer' (in addition στρατιά, στρατεία, στρατηγός), öol. στροτός; zero grade στέρνον `breast' (`ausgebreitete surface, plain, area'; compare ahd. stirna `forehead', red.-st. Old Indian stīrṇa-, cymr. sarn, and o-grade Old Church Slavic strana);

alb. shtrinj `breite from' (str̥ni̯ō); shtie `lay, place there, throw, cast, make eine Fehlgeburt' (*sterō); shtrofkë `cover, cave, nest';

lat. sternō, -ere `hinstreuen, hinbreiten; niederstrecken', participle strātus (*st_erǝtós), afterwards Perf. strāvī; prosternere (: slav. prostьrą, Old Indian pra-stará-); strāmen `Streu' (: στρῶμα; Old Indian stárīman-); in addition with g-Erweit. strāgēs `das Niederstörzen, Hinsinken, Verwöstung' (`*Hingestrecktsein'), strāgulus `zum About - or Unterbreiten helpful';

air. sernim `breite from' (= lat. sternō), cossair `bed' (*kom-stari- or stori-), fossair `Strohdecke' (*upo-stori-), sreth `strues' (*str̥tā́), sreith `pratum'; from the heavy basis mir. srath (tu-stem) `beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund' (not Lw.; lat. Lw. are but cymr. ystrad `valley', bret. strad `le fond, l'endroit le plus bas'); cymr. sarn `stratum, pavimentum' (*st_erǝno-, proto kelt. *starno- : Old Indian stīrṇá-);

ahd. stirna `Stirne `(*sterni̯ā), ags. steornede `audacious';

lit. strāja `with Stroh ausgelegter stall';

Old Church Slavic pro-stьrǫ -strěti (russ. sterétь) `outspread', prostranъ (*storno-) `breit', strana `Seite, region', russ. storoná ds.; Old Church Slavic aruss. etc. strojь `order', strojiti `parāre';

perhaps here die partly s-losen, auf a stem *(s)tr-eno-, *(s)trent-, (s)tron-t- beruhenden forms:

preuß.-lit. trẽnis `region, place' (compare Old Church Slavic strana, proto slav. *storḫnā); alit. trenta `place, region, line'; air. trēt (Gen. trēoit) `herd' (*trento-); aisl. strind f. `Seite, edge; land'; strǫnd `edge, beach, seaside', ags. strand, spötmhd. strant (-d-), nhd. Strand, aisl. fer-strendr `viereckig'.

B. extensions:

stre-k-: ags. stregdan st. V. `strew, distribute, spray, allot' (Prösensbildung as bregdan); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic strěkati `prick', ablaut. stroka `κέντρον, στίγμα', slav. *strъkati in čech. strkati `bump, poke', serb. stȑcati `spray'.

streu-: lat. struō, -ere (struxi, structum with analog. Gutt. after verbs with v from gʷ) `öbereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen', struēs, struīx `heap, bulk, mass', umbr. struc̨la `*struiculam';

abret. strouis `stravi', nbret. streuein `strew, distribute';

got. straujan `strew, distribute', norw. strøya, aisl. strā `strew, distribute, outspread', ags. strē(o)wian, strēgan, ahd. streuwen, strouwen `strew, distribute `; aisl. strā n. `straw', ags. strēaw, ahd. strō, nhd. Stroh, post-verbal mhd. ströu, nhd. Streu; germ. strava `Scheiterhaufen zur Siegesfeier'; ags. strēon n. `richness, profit, gain, usury', ahd. giḫstriuni n. `profit, gain', ags. strīenan `acquire, produce'; ahd. gi-striunan `lucrari', mhd. striunen `schnuppernd umherstreifen', nhd. bair. streunen `after Vorteilen umhersuchen', nd. ströne `Gassendirne', eig. `die Umherstreifende';

whether here serb. strovo `herabgeschöttelte Fröchte', kroat. strovaliti `strew, distribute' and Old Church Slavic ostruiti, ostrujati `destroy' (`*apart streuen')öö

References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.

Page(s): 1029-1031

Root / lemma: ster-6

English meaning: sterile

German meaning: `unfruchtbar'

Note: old Sonderanwendung from ster- `stiff'

Material: Old Indian starī́- f. `unfruchtbare cow';

arm. sterj `unfruchtbar, from animals', also sterd (*ster-dh-o-, -i̯o-);

gr. στεῖρα f. `unfruchtbare' (cow, wife, woman), στέριφος `unfruchtbar' (and `starr');

alb. shtjerrë `young cow, lamb';

lat. sterilis `unfruchtbar';

got. stairō f. `unfruchtbar', ahd. stero `aries, ram'; with k- extended mndd. sterke `young cow', ags. stierc `calf'; isl. stirtla `unfruchtbare cow';

bulg. sterica `Gelte'.

References: WP. II 640 f., WH. II 589 f.

Page(s): 1031

Root / lemma: (s)ter-7n-

English meaning: sharp stalk or thorn

German meaning: in Worten for stechende Pflanzenschöfte

Note: to ster- `stare, stiff sein'

Material: Old Indian tŕ̥ṇa-m `Grashalm, grass, herb'; gr. τέρναξ `Artischocken-, Kaktusstengel'; got. Þaúrnus, aisl. ags. Þorn, ahd. dorn `thorn'; Old Church Slavic trъnъ `thorn', strъnь `Halm'.

References: WP. II 641, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 14, 98.

Page(s): 1031

Root / lemma: (s)ter-8

English meaning: dirty water, mud, smear

German meaning: in Worten for `unreine Flössigkeit, Mist; besudeln; verwesen'

Material: Av. star- `sich blemish, söndigen';

arm. t`arax, -ic̣, -oc̣ `pus, humeur' (*t_ero-; besides o-grade perhaps:) arm. t`or `that flows down, that drops'; norw. stor n. `Faulen, Verwesen'; russ.-Church Slavic stьrvъ, russ. stérva `carrion'; without anlaut. s-: lit. terménti `schmieren', bulg. torъ `manure'.

(s)terk̂-, nasal. (s)trenk̂-:

lat. stercus, -oris `Exkremente, ordure, crap, muck, droppings, manure', sterculīnum, sterquilīnum `dunghill'; cymr. trwnc `Urin, yeast', bret. stroñk `Menschenkot';

cymr. troeth `lye, Urin', troethi `mingere', bret. troaz `Urin' (*troktā or *tronktā); lit. teršiù, ter̃šti `smudge', apter̃šti `smudge', tiršti `dickflössig become'; ostlit. tręsiù, trę̃sti `döngen' (as lat. stercorāre);

lit. trąšà `manure', trèšti `faulen, verwesen', traškanos `pus in den Augen', wherefore nisl. Þrār `faul, rancid', norw. traa ds., ags. ðrōh `rancor'.

(s)terg-, (s)treg-:

gr. στεργάνος κόπρων Hes.; τάργανον `Weinessig'; ablaut. τρύξ, -γός `young, still tröber Wein, Weinhefe under likewise'; expressive aisl. Þrekkr, mhd. drec, -ckes `filth'; probably also ags. ðreax `caries'; perhaps lat. troia `sow' (*trogi̯ā `die Dreckige'), das but also to mir. trogaid `gebiert' belong could; whether air. torc, cymr. twrch, acorn. torch, bret. tourc'h `boar' from*trogos after [p]orc- `swine' reshaped sei, is doubtful, yet could es as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong.

References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, Vasmer 3, 12.

Page(s): 1031-1032

Root / lemma: (s)teu-1

English meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen' under likewise

Note: with conservative extensions

Material: A. (s)teu-k-: gr. τύκος `hammer, chisel; Streitaxt', τυκίζω `bearbeite Steine', τυκάνη `Dreschvorrichtung' (by Hes. τυτάνη); air. toll `hollow', toll `cave, hole' (*tukslo-), cymr. twll `foramen', adj. `perforatus', bret. toull `hole'; probably ahd. dūken `press, niederdröcken', ags. ðȳ(a)n, ðēon `press, constrain, oblige, prick' (see Genaueres under tu̯enĝh- `beset');

lett. tukstêt `knock', taucêt `in mortar stampfen', russ.-Church Slavic istъknǫti `effodere', Old Church Slavic tъkati `to weave, prick', etc.;

maye alb. (*stuk) thuk `mortar' common alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation

aisl. styggr `angry, irate, unfreundlich', nl. stug, older stugge `stiff, unfreundlich, abstoßend' can originally `abstossend' and `stiff' sein and in letzteren case with lit. stúkti (see under) under steugh- `steif dastehen' combined become.

B. (s)teu-g-: Old Indian tujáti, tuñjáti, tunákti `throngs, stößt', Med. `kommt in schnelle Bewegung';

mir. tūag f. `axe' and `bow', newer stūag, tūagaim `hit with the axe', tōcht `part, piece'; expressives *stoukkā in bret. stuc `h `arrowhead, feather', stuc'henn `fascicle, sheaf, Brotschnitte' (nir. stūaic `Anhöhe, cusp, peak' etc. is brit. Lw.); compare nhd. `Stöck = piece' and `Stauche' (Loth RC. 42, 320 ff.);

presumably lit. stùngis `Messerstumpf', stúkti `in die Höhe ragen'; and Old Church Slavic tъštati sę `σπεύδειν';

schwed. stuka `öberwöltigen', norw. stauka `bump, poke, injure, stottern', mnl. nnd. stūken `bump, poke, aufschichten, astonish', nhd. verstauchen (from dem Nd.), ndl. verstuiken `dislocate, luxate, crick'; afries. stāk `stiff' to norw. stauka;

mnd. stoken `prick, stochern', engl. dial. stoke `das fire schören', nhd. stoche(r)n; without anlaut. s-: aisl. Þoka `röcken, veröndern, go', ags. ðocerian `umherlaufen';

ahd. mhd. stoc, -ckes `Stock, staff, tree truck' (probably `*abgeschlagener bough or stem', compare abstocken), ags. stocc `stick, stem, stump', aisl. stokkr `tree truck, picket, pole, Block', next to which with the meaning `stiff' nd. stöck, mhd. nhd. stocken `stiff become'; aisl. stykki, ags. stycce, ahd.stucki, nhd. Stöck;

ahd. stūhha f., mhd. stūche m. f. `weit offener Ärmel am Frauengewand (eig. Ärmelstumpf), Kopftuch', nhd. Stauche, mnd. stūke `stump, further Ärmel'; with ŭ: ags. stocu f. `long Ärmel';

manche neigen zur assumption eines meaning-Kernes `stiff' (from which `bump, poke' has evolved), and for comparison with lit. stúkti `in die Höhe stand' (alit. stauginė́ti `amble', actually `stiff, stolpernd go'); compare russ. stugnutь `congeal, freeze (*stiff, starr becomeö)', gr. στύγες Pl. `Eiskölte', στύγος n. `repugnance, hate', στυγέω `hasse, verabscheue, dread', στύξ, Gen. στυγός f. `das Verhaßte, frost'; FlN Στύξ, see under S. 1035;

dubious and only under the assumption from `Ablautentgleisung' possible is die affiliation from got. stigqan `zusammenstossen with', ga-stigqan `anstossen', aisl. støkkva st. V. `spray', Intr. `break, crack, spring, fall, run'; ags. stincan `whisk, steam, whirl up; stink', as. ahd. stincan `stink, smell'; Kaus. aisl. støkkva `verjagen, sprinkle', ags. stencan `scatter', mhd. steuken `stink make'; as. stank, stunk, ags. stenc `smell, odor, fetidness', ahd. stanc `ds., also Duft'.

C. (s)teu-d-: Old Indian tundatē, tudáti `stößt, stachelt, sticht', todá- m. `Stachler, Lenker'; arm. t`ndal, t`ndel `erschöttert become';

from dem Gr. presumably names as Τυδεύς, Τυνδάρεως; doubtful τυννός `μικρός' (`*zerstoßen', Old Indian tunná-ö rather babble-word with consonant stretch as τυτθός `ganz small; young');

alb. shtynj `poke, push' (*studni̯ō);

lat. tundō -ere, tutudī `bump, poke, hit, hammer', tudes, -itis `hammer', tuditāre `violent bump, poke', probably also tussis `cough' (if in addition umbr. tuder `finem', tuderato `finitum', so that `limit, boundary' eig. `Endpunkt; whereof man anstößt'ö); studeō, -ēre `sich ernstlich worum bemöhen, eager betreiben, sich befleißigen', studium `Streben, eagerness' (`*whereupon aim' from `whereupon hit');

air. doḫtuit `föllt' (das t of Pl. -tuittet from *-to-tudi̯ont); abret. ar-stud `cuspis', bret. astuz `Ungeziefer', cymr. cystudd `pain', etc.;

got. stautan (aisl. stauta schw. V.), as. stōtan, ahd. stōzan `bump, poke'; mhd. nhd. stutzen `with den Hörnern Stoßen, sudden stillestehen, zuröckprallen', mhd. stotze `stem, clot, chunk'; aisl. steytr, ahd. stōz `shove'; ahd. stiuz, nhd. Steiß (with md. ei for eu) actually `*abgestutzter Körperteil' (compare nhd. Stoß `die Schwanzfedern of Vogels in the Jögersprache');

aisl. stūtr `horn, stump, ox', mnd. stūt `thigh, rump'; schwed. norw. stota `stottern, stumble', nhd. (nd.) `stottern'; due to of nasal present aisl. stuttr `short', ags. styntan `stutzen' under likewise

D. (s)teu-p- (occasionally -b-, -bh-) `bump, poke'; also `stick, stump'.

Old Indian pra-stumpáti (uncovered), tṓpati, tupáti, túmpati, tumpáti `stößt', tūpará- `ungehörnt';

gr. τύπτω `hit', τύπος `blow, knock, Eindruck'; στυπάζει βροντᾳ, ψοφεῖ ὠθεῖ Hes., στύπος `stick, Stiel, Stengel'; with -bh- στυφελίζω `hit, mißhandle', στυφλός `rough, steinig'; about στυφελός `herrisch' s. Leumann Homer. Wörter 269 f.;

lat. stuprum `Schande', esp. `die Entehrung through Unzucht' (originally `die daför verhöngte Prögelstrafe'ö); stupeō, -ēre `starr stand; betöubt, betreten sein, stutzen', stupendus `erstaunlich, staunenswert'; with -b(h)- perhaps titubāre `wankeln, straucheln, with the tongue anstoßen, stottern';

from *steub(h)-mā, *stoub(h)-mā: cymr. ystum f. `bend, turn, shape', bret. stumm ds. (ins Ir. borrowed mir. stuaimm f. `ability, capacity'), also `Flußbiegung'; dastum `das Einsammeln' (Loth RC. 48, 354 ff); compare ags. stūpian;

ahd. stobarōn `obstupēre';

aisl. stūfr `stump', mnd. stūf Adj. `dull', stūven = aisl. styfa `abstumpfen, cavitate'; aisl. stofn `stump, foundation'; ags. stofn ds., aisl. stubbr, stubbi m. `stump, trunk', ags. stybb n. `stump';

with germ. -p-: aisl. stūpa `emporragen', ags. stūpian, mnl. stupen `sich böcken'; ablaut. ags. stēap `high, ragend' (engl. steep `steil'), mhd. stouf `hochragender rocks' (Hohestaufen), mhd. stief `steil'; aisl. staup n. `hole, goblet'; ags. stēap, ahd. mhd. stouf `goblet'; ags. stoppa `Köbel, bucket, pail'; from `abgestutzt = stolen; looted' expounded sich aisl. stjūp- `Stief-' (stjūpr `Stiefsohn'), ags. stēop-, ahd. stiof-, stiuf-, nhd. Stief-, ags. ābe-stīepan `mug, rob', ā-stīeped `verwaist', ahd. ar-, bi-stiufan `the parents or the Kinder berauben';

lett. staũpe `Pferdefußtapfen'; stupe, stups `Besenstumpf; (abgebrochene) rod'.

References: WP. II 615 ff., WH. II 608 ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer 3, 109, 160.

Page(s): 1032-1034

Root / lemma: steu-2

English meaning: to praise

German meaning: `laut preisen'

Note: only indo-iran. under gr.

Material: Old Indian stā́uti, stávatē etc. `lobt, preist', participle stutá- `gepriesen', stutí- f. `Lob, Preis', stōtár- `Lobsanger' etc., av. staoiti `lobt, preist, besingt; betet', participle stūta-, stūiti-, staotar- etc., extended Old Indian stṓbhati `preist, jauchzt'; gr. στεῦται `(*röhmt sich) verspricht boasting'.

References: WP. II 620.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: steu̯ǝ-

English meaning: to get dense or tight

German meaning: `sich verdichten, sich ballen'

Note: perhaps stāu-, stǝu- : stū̆ with stāi- : stī̆- : sti̯-ā- `sich verdichten, stocken' as extension eines *stā- auffaßbar

Material: Old Indian ghr̥ta-stāvaḥ Akk. Pl. `lard, drip'; pr̥thu-ṣṭu- `with a breiten Zopfe', stú-kḫā, stuka- m. `tuft of wool, Flocke', stōká- m. `drip', with the meaning-development `clots, roundish thing', probably lett. stũḱis `Wickelkind' and Old Indian stúka- m. `kid, child, Tierjunges'; Old Indian stū́-p-a-, stupá- m. `Haarschopf', gr. *στύ̄πη, στύππη `oakum' (out of it lat. stūpa, stuppa ds); gr. στύ̄φω `pull together, make dense, hard, schmecke herb', στῦμμα `zusammenziehendes Mittel', στῦψις `dasZusammenziehen, Beizen', στῡπτικός `zusammenziehend', στῡφός, στῡφρός, στῡφνός `herb, zusammenziehend', στυμνός `tight, firm, compact'; perhaps gr. στύξ, στυγός in Pl. `durchdringender frost, Eiseskölte', στύγος n. `(*shudder, shiver) repugnance, hate', στυγέω `hasse, verabscheue, dread', yet compare above S. 1033;

Church Slavic studъ studь `coldness', stynǫti `erkalten' and styděti `sich schömen' (`*erstarren'); russ. istygnutь, stugnutь `congeal, freeze'.

References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: stē̆ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-, stē̆ip-, stī̆p-

English meaning: pole, stick; stiff

German meaning: `Stange, Stecken; steif' and `zusammendröngen' etc.

Material: 1. stē̆ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-: Old Indian stibhi- m. `Rispe, tussock'; gr. στιφρός `dense (zusammengedröngt), tight, firm, strong', στῖφος n. `Zusammengedröngtes, heap';

arm. stēp `frequent, often', as Subst. `power, Zwang', stipem `drönge, zwinge'; gr. στείβω `make dense, trete tight, firm, betrete', στιπτός `tight, firm, thickset', στιβαρός ds., στίβος m. `the betretene Pfad', στιβάς, -άδος `lair from Streu or straw etc. `, στοιβή `das Stopfen, Ausstopfung', στοιβάζω `höufe an', στί̄βη `hoarfrost';

Old Church Slavic stьblъ, stьblo (russ. stébelь) `Stengel', stьblije `καλάμη'; lit. stáibiai `Schienbeine', stíebas `stick, Pfeiler, Mast', lett. stiba `staff, rod', Old Prussian stibinis `Schlittenbein', lit. stībis `membrum virile': lit. stiẽbtis `sich high uplift, set up', lett. stibt `betöubt become', lit. stíebas `staff, Pfeiler, Mast', lett. stìebrs `bulrush'.

2. stē̆ip-, stī̆p-: lat. stīpes, -itis m. `picket, pole, stem, shaft, pole', stīpō, -āre `dense to press together, zusammenhöufen, gedröngt vollstopfen', obstīpus `seitwörts geneigt';

with ĭ: stipula f. `Halm, straw'; unclear are stips, stipis `Geld, gift, Spende'; stī̆pendium `Soldatenlöhnung, tax, Tribut, Sold' (*stipi-pendiom), stipulor, -ārī `bedinge mir from'; umbr. steplatu, stiplato `stipulātō';

gr. PN Στί̄πων to *στῑπος = ags. stīf, mhd. (eigentl. md.) stīf `stiff erect', besides altfries. stef (ö); mnd. stīvele `pad', mhd. stīvel ds., aisl. stīfla `dömmen' (out of it engl. stifle `ersticken'); with germ. p: nd. stīpel, stīper `Stötzholz', fries. stīpe `picket, pole', engl. stipe `Stengel'; mnd. stip, stippe `Punkt, Tupf', stippen `punktieren, prick', mhd. steppen `reihenweise sew, prick', nhd. steppen; mnd. stift `small nail, peg', ahd. steft `cusp, peak, thorn, peg'; unclear are and. stiftōn `aedificare', ahd. mhd. stiften `feststellen, grönden, to build, anstiften', nhd. stiften;

lit. stimpù stìpti `erstarren, verenden', stiprùs `strong', Pl. stipinaĩ `pad am sled', lett. stipt `stiff become', ablaut. lit. stiẽpti, lett. stiept `recken'; Old Prussian postippin `whole'.

References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7;

See also: to stāi- S. 1010.

Page(s): 1015-1016

Root / lemma: stē̆r-2

English meaning: star

German meaning: `Stern'

Material: Old Indian Instr. Pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, Nom. Pl. tāraḥ m. `Sterne', tarā f. `star', av. Akk. Sg. stā̆rǝm, Gen. stārō, Pl. Nom. staras-ča, stārō, Akk. strǝ̄uš, Gen. strǝ̄m, Dat. stǝrǝbyō `star'; arm. astɫ, Gen. asteɫ `star, stars'; gr. ἀστήρ, -έρος `star', collective ἄστρα `jönger' ἄστρον `Stern, stars' (out of it lat. astrum), wherefore probably with (ὠπ-)ὀπ-: (ἀ)στεροπή, ἀστραπή `lightning, Wetterleuchten', στέροψ `flimmernd', (ἀ)στράπτω `flash, sparkle, glitter', ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαῖος `Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus)'; without anl. s- (as Old Indian tāraḥ, tarā) τερέων Gen. Pl., with metr. lengthening τείρεα, τείρεσιν `Gestirne'; lat. stēlla `Stern' (*stēr-[o]lā, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.seren `Stern' (Pl. ser), mir. ser `Stern' (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade gall. GN Dɦirona, Sirona; got. staírnō, ahd. sterno, anord. stjarna `Stern' and ahd. as. sterro, ags. steorra `Stern' (*sters- to s-stem *sterosö), afries. stēra `Stern' (or stēre f.).

Maybe alb. (*Hstēr-[o]lā, diminutive > abbreviated hyll `star'.

Old Indian Instr. Pl. str ̥́ bhih ̣, Nom. Pl. tārah ̣ m. `Stars', tar ā f. `Star', av. Acc. Sg. st ā̆ rǝm, gene. stār ō, Pl. Nom. staras- a, stār ō, acc. str ǝ̄ uš, gene. str ǝ̄ m, dat. stǝrǝby ō'star'; poor. ast ɫ, Gen.aste ɫ `star, stars'; gr. ἀστήρ, - έρος'star', collective ἄστρα'more recently' ἄστρον `star, stars' (from it lat. astrum), for what probably with (ὠπ-) ὀπ: (ἀ) στεροπή, ἀστραπή `flash, summer lightning', στέροψ'shimmering', (ἀ) στράπτω `flashes, sparkle', ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαῖος `Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus)'; without on the occasion of s-(how Old Indian tārah ̣, tar ā) τερέων gene. Pl., with metr. Stretch τείρεα, τείρεσιν'stars'; lat. stēlla'star' (*stēr-[o] l ā, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.seren'star' (Pl. ser), to me. ser'star' (ZfcPh. 19, 200) stjarna'star' and ahd. as. sterro, ags. steorra'star' (*sters to p. stem *sterosö), afries. stēra'star' (or stēre f.).

References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff., Frisk Gr. Et. Wb. 170 f.

Page(s): 1027-1028

Root / lemma: stilp-, stilb- ö

English meaning: to shine; to show

German meaning: `glönzen; schauen'ö

Note: dem Bau idg. roots widersprechend

Material: Gr. στίλβω `gleams, schimmere', στίλβη `radiance'; στιλπνός `gleaming' = ir. sell `eye', sellaim `sehe an', cymr. syllu, corn. sylly, bret. sellout `anschauen'.

References: WP. II 646.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: stomen-

English meaning: mouth

German meaning: `Mund'

Material: Av. staman- n. `muzzle (of dog)'; gr. στόμα n. `mouth', στόμαχος (-gho-forms) `throat, estuary (the bubble, of Uterus); Magenmund, stomach'; lengthened grade στωμύλος `mundfertig, gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering; artig plaudernd', στωμύλλω `plaudere', στωμυλία `Geschwötzigkeit' (daß ved. stāmú- perhaps `tönend, stöhnend' bedeute and related sei, is doubtful); with secondary a: cymr. safn `maxilla'; sefnig `throat', acorn. stefenic `palate', mbret. staffn, nbret. staoñ ds.

References: WP. II 648.

Page(s): 1035

Root / lemma: storos, stornos (str̥nosö)

English meaning: a kind of bird (starling)

German meaning: `Star and Vögel öhnlichen Lauteindrucks'

Material: Lat. sturnus, -ī m. `Star', from *str̥nos or *stornos, in latter case = ags. stearn `Seeschwalbe', Old Prussian starnite `seagull' (Ms. stamite); compare also čech. strnad, russ. strenátka `Goldammer'ö

ahd. star(a), nhd. Star, aisl. stari, ags. stær, Demin. stærling ds.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer 3, 26.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: streig-1

English meaning: to stop, be immovable

German meaning: `stehenbleiben, steckenbleiben, innehalten'

Material: Lat. strigō, -āre `stehenbleiben, innehalten (particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably from Zugtieren)', wherefore probably also obstrigillō, -āre `hemmend entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein'; norw. strika (*strikōn =strigāre) `einhalten, stoppen', striken `obstructive', strīka st. V. `den run, flow hemmen, stoppen'; lit. straigýti `hineinstoßen', stringù, strìgti `steckenbleiben', lett. striêgt and strigt `sink in' (eig. `steckenbleiben'), straignis `morass'; slav. *stręgḫti in poln. zastrząc, ustrząc.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f., Trautmann 290.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: streig-2

English meaning: stiff

German meaning: `steif, straff' and `zusammendrehen, Strick'

Note: probably extension from ster- `stare'

Material: Lat. stringō, -ere, strictus in the meaning `straff anziehen, pull together, lace, tie';

norw. dial. strīkja `die Augen aufsperren, to swell', strīk, strek `ein aufgeschossener knave, boy'; *strikki- `rope' in afries. strik, mnd. strik (-ck-), ahd. mhd. stric (-ck-) `rope `; therefrom mnd. stricken `lace, tie, bind, knit', ahd. strickan `heften, festschnören, knit', ags. strician ` knit, ausbessern'.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: (s)treig-3, streid(h)-

English meaning: to hiss

German meaning: `zischen, schwirren'; Schallwort

Material: Gr. τρίζω, τέτρῑγα `zirpe, schwirre, knirsche', τριγμός (neologism τρισμός) m. `das Zirpen, Schwirren', τρί̄γλη `Seebarbe', τρῑγόλας `Knurrhahn'; στρίγξ, -γγός f., also στρίξ, στλίξ; στρίγλος Hes. `ein Nachtvogel', lat. strīx, -gis f. `Ohreule', strīd(e)ō, -ē̆re, strīdī `hiss, schwirren, schrillen'.

References: WP. II 651, WH. II 606.

Page(s): 1036

Root / lemma: strenk-, streng-

English meaning: stiff, tight

German meaning: `straff, beengt' under likewise ; `Strang, zusammendrehen, zusammenziehen'

Note: (as by ster-g-, stre-g-, see under ster- `stare')

Material: Gr. στραγγός `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved'; through eine schmale aperture tröpfelnd' (στραγγουρία `Striktur'), στράγξ, -γγός f. `aussickernder, ausgedröckter drip', στραγγεύεσθαι `sich zusammendrehen, hindurchpressen, hesitate', στραγγάλη f. `Strang, rope, loop, noose, snare', στραγγαλεύω, -ίζω, -όω (from which lat. strangulō) `erdroßle', στρογγύλος (from *στραγγύλος) `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved = round';

mir. srengim `pull, drag', sreng `rope', srincne `Nabelschnur' (strengīni̯ā);

lett. stringt `stramm become; wilt' (`*shrink up'), strangs `gamy, fresh' (Lituanismus);

in Germanischen from the root form auf k or gh: aisl. strengr `cord, Strang, stripe, schmaler stream' (*strangi-), ags. streng m. `cord, Strang', ahd. stranc (-g-), nhd. Strang; denominative aisl. strengja `festbinden, shut';

with other meaning aisl. strangr `violent, strong, stern, hard', ags. as. strang ds., strenge `stern', mnd. strenge, ahd. strengi `sharp, strong, valiant, stern', and ags. strengan `befestigen', mhd. strengen `strecken, urge, press, push', nhd. anstrengen;

norw. strungen `stiff or beklemmt in stomach'; aisl. strangi m. `tree truck';

from the root form auf idg. voiced-nonaspirated: aschwed. strunker `aufgerichtet, straight', norw. dön. strunk `ds., stout, proud', norw. strunken = strungen (see above), mhd. strunk ` stalk, stem of a plant ', mnd. strunk `Stengel', mhd. strunken, strunkeln `straucheln', (could also nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- sein);

lett. streñkals `ein Stöck verhörteten Auswurfs' (perhaps `stiff, starr').

References: WP. II 650 f., WH. II 605.

Page(s): 1036-1037

Root / lemma: (s)trep-, (s)treb-

English meaning: to cry wildly, make noise, onomatopoeic words

German meaning: `wild lörmen, schreien under likewise'; Schallwurzel

Material: Lat. strepō, -ere `make a noise, cry, rausche'; perhaps the ital. FlN Trebia;

isl. Þrefa `quarrel, squabble', aisl. Þrapt n. `gossip', ags. Þræft n. `discord, quarrel', mnd.drevelinge ds. (with p: aisl. Þrapr `babbler', Þrap n. `garrulitas');

compare (s)treig-3, streid(h)- `hiss, schwirren' and lat. stertō `schnarche'.

References: WP. II 649 f., WH. II 602.

Page(s): 1037

Root / lemma: stru-

English meaning: gray-haired, old

German meaning: `greis, alt'

Note: only kelt. and balto-slav.

Material: Air. sruith `old, ehrwördig' (*struḫtiḫs), acymr. strutiu gl. `antiquam'; lit. strūjus `graybeard'; Old Church Slavic stryjь `patruus', strynja `amita'.

References: WP. II 651, Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 29.

Page(s): 1037

Root / lemma: su-, sū-

English meaning: well, good

German meaning: `probably, gut' as 1. composition part

Material: Old Indian su-, av. hu-, Old pers. u-, e.g. in Old Indian suḫdrú- `strong wood', su-bhága- `lucky, beglöckend', av. hu-baɣa- `good Eheglöck gewöhrend';

gr. ὑγιής `fit, healthy' (*su-gʷii̯ēs `wohllebend');

gall. su- (e.g. Su-carus =) cymr. hy-gar `liebenswördig', corn. hy-, bret. he-, air. su-, so- (e.g. su-thain `eternal', so-scél(a)e `Evangelium');

germ. sū̆- in Su-gambri VN, aisl. sūḫsvǫrt f. `Schwarzamsel' (`die whole Schwarze');

lit. sūdrus `horny, lustful, luscious'; Old Church Slavic sъdravъ `ὑγιής', čech. zdravý (compare above Old Indian suḫdrú-) etc.; slav. *sъbožьje, čech. zboží `Besitztum' from *sъ-bogъ (= Old Indian subhága-, above S. 107);

su- is zero grade to *su̯e- (above S. 882 f.); compare Old Indian sva- in svaḫdhā = su-dhā `sößer Trank' (above S. 241), svá-dhita- = sú-dhita- `tight, firm, fit, healthy';

References: WH. II 512, E. Fraenkel Mél. Pedersen 443 ff., Vasmer 1, 450 f.

Page(s): 1037-1038

Root / lemma: su̯ard-

English meaning: to laugh

German meaning: `lachen'ö

Material: σαρδάνιος `höhnisch, spöttisch', σαρδίζειν `hohnlachen'; cymr. chwarddu, corn. hwerthin, mbret.huersin `lachen'.

References: WP. II 517.

Page(s): 1040

Root / lemma: su̯ād-

English meaning: sweet

German meaning: `söß; an etwas Geschmack, Freude finden'

Material: 1. su̯ādú-s `sweet': Old Indian svādú-, f. svādvī́ `sweet, mellifluous'; gr. ἡδύς, f. -εῖα (*-εFια), -ύ, dor. ἁδύς `sweet'; with formants -mo-: ἅ̄δυμος, hom. ἥδυμος `pleasant'; lat. suāvis (*su̯ādu̯is) `sweet'; as. swōti, ahd. suozi, ags. swēte, aisl. sø̄tr `sweet'; gall. PN Suadurīx, -genus, ir. Sadb f. PN; about got. sutis `peaceful, gentle', s. Mayrhofer KZ 71, 74 f. under 73, 116 f.

Kompar. Superl. Old Indian svádīyas-, gr. ἡδίων; Old Indian svā́diṣṭha- = gr. ἥδιστος;

2. su̯ā́dos- n. Sößigkeit, satisfaction': ved. prá-svādas- `mellifluous, pleasant', μελιηδής `mellifluent', ἧδος n. `vinegar' (gr. ἦδος n. `benefit, advantage', absents).

3. su̯ādonom, -ā: Old Indian svā́danam, gr. ἡδονή f. `lust'.

4. verbs and other nominal formation:

Old Indian ved. svādatē `is erfreut, enjoys' = gr. ἥδομαι (böot. Fἅ̄δομη) `freue mich';

av. x ̌āstō `through Kochen gar (schmackhaft) gemacht, cooked, boiled' = Old Indian svāttá- `gewörzt'; Old Indian svā́da- m. `taste, Wohlgeschmack', bal. vād `salt' (Mittelbegriff `Wörze');

causative respectively intensive svādáyati (= lat. suādeō, see below) and svadáyati `schmackhaft, annehmbar make; taste, genießen', zero grade sūdayati `gehörig einrichten, good make, fertigmachen = slay, destroy' (with the same ablaut grade Perf. suṣūdimá; sūdā- m. `Koch', lit. súdyti, got. sūtis);

with analog. ă: svádati `makes schmackhaft, wörzt', svádate `schmeckt', participle svattá-; nasalized av. x ̌andra-kara- `angenehmes tuend = compliant', afgh. x ̌and `Wohlgeschmack, pleasure' (compare gr. ἁνδά̄νω);

Gr. ἥδομαι (see above); ἄσμενος `erfreut', not certainly here as participle to s-Aorist ἥσατο (the Lenis unexplained); *αFᾱδεω, *αηδεω (hom. ἀηδήσειε, ἀδηκότες) `bin querulous', lokr. FεFαδηκότα (ᾱ or ᾰö); ἁνδάνω `gefalle', Aor. hom. εὔαδε, gortyn. ἔFαδε, Perf. ἕᾱδα (: Old Indian sasvadē), ἀφανδάνω `mißfalle' (ἀφαδία `enmity'), ion. ἅδος m. `decision', ἅδημα Hes. ds., αὐθά̄δης, ion. αὐτώδης `hubristic, overbearing, selbstgeföllig' (*αὐτοFάδης), ἀFαδής `querulous', whereof ἀαδεῖν ὀχλεῖν, ἀπορεῖν Photios; this -es-stem ἅδος is previously gr. neologism from ἁνδάνω from;

lat. suādeō, -ēre `rate' (i.e. `mache einem etwas gefallen');

lit. sū́dyti `spice, salzen';

perhaps here ags. swatan Pl. `beer', schott. swats `fresh gebrautes beer'.

Maybe alb. (*hu̯ād-) anda ‘appetite, desire, wish’ related also to Hittite anza ‘desire’ööö

Root / lemma: su̯ād- : sweet

Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-

English meaning: water current

Root / lemma: akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-

English meaning: water, river

Root / lemma: from-

English meaning: to draw (water), ladle

Root / lemma: au̯(e)-9, au̯ed-, au̯er-

English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc..

References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f., Frisk 104, 166, 184 f.

Page(s): 1039-1040

Root / lemma: su̯eid-1

English meaning: to shine

German meaning: `glönzen, schimmern'

Material: Av. x ̌aēna- `glöhend, lohend' (*x ̌aēdna-); lat. sīdus, -eris `stars', consīderāre `betrachten', dēsīderāre `long, want';

lit. svidùs `blank, gleaming', svýsti `to gleam begin', svidù, -ė́ti `gleam', lett. svī́st `anbrechen, of days', sváidīt `anoint' (eig. `gleam make');

ein similar *su̯eit-, but in the meaning `singe, burn' in aisl. svīða, ahd. swīdan `burn'; in addition probably as Aoristprös. ahd. swedan `schwelend verbrennen' and with Ablautentgleisung ags. swaðul `smoke', mhd. swadem `Rauchschwaden, haze, mist' under likewise

References: WP. II 520 f., WH. II 534, Trautmann 296.

Page(s): 1042

Root / lemma: su̯eid-2

English meaning: to sweat; sweat n.

German meaning: `schwitzen'

Material: Old Indian svídyati, svḗdatē `schwitzt', svḗda- m. = av. xvaēda- `Schweiß' (= germ. *swaita-);

arm. k`irt-n, Gen. -an `Schweiß' (rt from dr, compare gr. ἱδρώς, lett. sviêdri); gr. (ε)ἶδος (ion.) n. `Schweiß', hom. etc. (ε)ἰ/δίω, att. ἰ̄δί̄ω `sweat', ἰ̄δρώς, -ῶτος, att. ἱ̄δρώς probably after εὐρώς, -ῶτος `Moder' from dem originally -os-stem from hom. Dat. ἱδρῷ, Akk. ἱδρῶ- (grown from idg. *su̯idro-), ἱδρώω `sweat' (*ἱδρωσ-ι̯ω);

alb. dirsë, djersë `sweat', djers `to sweat' (with s from ti̯ in present *su̯í-drō^xti̯ō);

Note:

Alb. usually developed zero grade by dropping the initial su- > zero as in Old Indian śváśura-, av. x ̌asura- `father-in-law' > alb. vjehërr `father-in-law', hence alb. djersë `sweat' (*sūderis) reflects the same phonetic mutation attested in gr. (ε)ἶδος (ion.) n. `sweat', hom. etc. (ε)ἰ/δίω, att. ἰ̄δί̄ω `sweat', ἰ̄δρώς, -ῶτος, att. ἱ̄δρώς `sweat'. That means that gr. and illyr. cognates were created simultaneously hence both languages derived from the same proto illyr.-gr. mother tongue. Since gr. displays the same phonetic mutations as alb. and illyr. that means that both illyr. and gr. come from the same ancestor.

Yet in alb. -s didn’t derive from ti̯ in present *su̯í-drō^xti̯ō as previously thought because alb. djersë `sweat' is a truncated form of earlier alb. (*sūderis). Often modern alb. solidified illyr. and gr. -os, -es, endings or dropped them altogether.

rum. sudoare 'sweat'

lat. sūdor, -ōris `Schweiß' (*su̯oidōs), sūdō, -āre `schwitzen';

kymr. chwys, corn. whys, bret. c'houez `Schweiß' (*su̯idso-);

ags. swāt, as. swēt, ahd. sweiz m. `Schweiß', aisl. sveiti m. ds.; ahd. swizzen (= Old Indian svídyati) `schwitzen `, Kaus.-Iter. ahd. sweizzan, mhd. sweizen `Schweiß shed, bluten, damp become', mhd. also `hot make, rösten, in Gluthitze aneinanderhömmern, schweißen `(= Old Indian svēdáyati `lößt schwitzen');

lett. sviêdri Pl. `Schweiß', svîstu, svîst `schwitzen', svîdêt `schwitzen make'.

References: WP. II 521, WH. II 623, Trautmann 295.

Page(s): 1043

Root / lemma: su̯ei-, su̯i- (*ĝʷhei- : kṣu̯ēi)

English meaning: to hiss, whistle

German meaning: `zischen, pfeifen', Schallwort

Note: extended su̯eizd-; ital. and germ. su̯eighl-

Material: Idg. Alters is *su̯eizdō: Old Indian kṣvēḍati, kṣvēdati `saust, braust, summt' common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- phonetic mutation

(if kṣ- onomatopoeic words Schallverstörkung eines from *svaiẓdati assimilierten *svaiẓdati); air. sēt- `(ein Instrument) blow', mir. airfitiud `through Musik ergötzen', air. ind fet `sibilus', nir. fead `a whistle' (*swizdā), mir. fetán `shepherd’s pipe', cymr. chwythu `blow, (ein Instrument) blow', chwyth `das blast', chwythell `Pfeife' (chwib ds., hybridization from chwyth with pib `Pfeife' from lat. pīpa), corn. whythe, whethe, bret. c'houeza `blow'; Old Church Slavic svistati, zvizdati `sibilāre' (kann from *svizdati assimil. sein);

gr. σίζω `fizz', Aor. ἔσιξα (σίξις, σιγμός `das Zischen') is similar onomatopoeic word formation as lett. sīkt ds.;

also lat. sībilō, -āre `hiss, whistle', sībilus `zischend; das Zischen', sekundör sīfilō, sīfilus, compare zero grade got. swiglōn `die flute blasen, whistle', ahd. swëglōn ds., swëgala `flute' (*su̯ighlā-);

maybe through metathesis in alb. (*swëgala) fishkëllej `whistle'.

similarly, but without geschichtlichen connection with obigen words also npers. siflīden `whistle, chirp, twitter', Old Church Slavic sipota `hoarseness', sipnǫti `become hoarse', čech. sípati `hiss, hoarse become'.

References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer 2, 594 f.

Page(s): 1040-1041

Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́-

English meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law

German meaning: `Mutter of Ehemannes'

Material: Old Indian śváśura-, av. x ̌asura- `father-in-law', Old Indian śvaśrū́- `Schwiegermutter'; npers. χusrū ds.;

arm. skesur `Schwiegermutter' from *k̂u̯ek̂urā), afterwards skesrair `father-in-law', actually `man the Schwiegermutter';

maybe alb. (*skes) shkes `messenger of the groom'

gr. ἑκυρός `father-in-law, under between the father of Ehemanns', ἑκυρά̄ `Schwiegermutter';

alb. vjehërr `father-in-law', vjéherrë `Schwiegermutter'; [common alb. shift sv- > v-, or drop of the initial s-]

lat. socer, -eri `father-in-law', socrus, -ūs `Schwiegermutter'; cymr. chwegr, corn. hweger `Schwiegermutter', neologism cymr. chwegrwn, corn. hwigeren `father-in-law'; ahd. swehur, ags. swēor `Schwöher', ahd. swigar, ags. sweger (*sweʒ-rū́) `Schwiegermutter';

got. swaíhrō = anord. svǣra `Schwiegermutter' (*swehrōn-), neologism got. swaíhra `father-in-law' (*swehran-), as also nhd. Schwiegervater after Schwieger(mutter) for Schwöher;

lit. šẽšuras `father-in-law'; Old Church Slavic svekry `Schwiegermutter' (-kr- through dissimilation against den anlaut not to -sr- geworden), whereupon m. svekrъ `father-in-law';

lengthened grade: Old Indian śvāśura- `zum father-in-law gehörig', ahd. swāgur (*su̯ēkurós) `brother-in-law (*son of Schwiegervaters)', also `father-in-law, son-in-law'.

References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer 2, 588.

Page(s): 1043-1044

Root / lemma: su̯ek-

English meaning: to smell (well)

German meaning: `(gut) riechen'

Note: only brit. and westgerm.

Material: Cymr. chweg `sweet, pleasant', corn. whek, bret. c'houek; cymr. chwaeth (*su̯ekto-) `taste'; ahd. swehhan `smell, stink, spring up, bubble'; with gemination ahd. swekhe, sueckia Pl. `odores', as. swec `smell, odor, Duft', ags. swecc, swæcc `taste, smell, odor, Duft', sweccan `smell'.

References: WP. II 521.

Page(s): 1043

Root / lemma: su̯ek̂s, sek̂s, ksek̂s, ksu̯ek̂s, u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) (*ghe-ska)

English meaning: six

German meaning: `sechs'

Material: Old Indian ṣáṭ (from saṭṣ), av. xšvaš; arm. vec̣ (in vat`sun `60' is a from e umgelautet); gr. ἕξ, dial. Fέξ (knidisch ξέστριξ `6-lined barley', maybe from *ξεξ); alb. [attribute noun] gjashtë `six';

[common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation], hence alb. gjashtë `six' from an ordinal number (*ghek̂s-ta) : Old Indian ṣáṭ `six', ṣaṣṭhá- `sixth' was initially an ordinal number.

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight' : alb. teta `eight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indian saptáthaḥ, av. haptaϑa-, as. sivotho, ags. seofoða, lit. septiñtas; also Old Indian saptatí-, av. haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language alone.

Therefore alb. teta `eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) `eight'. It was initially an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare lat. octuāgintā `80'].

Alb. tosk. nanta, geg. nanda `nine' derived from Lycian ñuñtãta `nine'.

Slav., germ., balt. languages follow illyr-alb. attribute -ta ending.

lat. sex; air. sē `6', seser `6 man', mōr-feser `magnus seviratus, 7 man', cymr. etc. chwech `6'; got. saihs, aisl. sex, ahd. sehs; lit. inflectional šešì; Old Church Slavic šestь (= Old Indian ṣaṣṭí-); toch. A ṣök, В ṣkas; compare lat. sēdecim: Old Indian ṣōḍaśa 16 (av. xšvašdasa- `the 16. `).

ordinals: Old Indian ṣaṣṭhá-, av. xštva-; arm. vec̣erord; gr. ἕκτος; alb. i-gjashtëtë, i-gjashtë; illyr. Sestus; lat. sextus, sestus (Sestius, osk. Σεστιες, umbr. sestentasiaru `sextantariārum'; idg. probably *s(u̯)ek̂tos, in Lat. and Germ. with Eindringen of s from the Grundzahl); gall. suexos, air. sessed, cymr. chweched; got. saíhsta, ahd. sehsto, sehto, aisl. sētte; lit. šẽštas, Old Prussian m. zero grade uschts, compare alit. ušios `Wochenbett' (Old Prussian Lw.), genuine lit. šẽšios ds.: Old Church Slavic šestъ; toch. A ṣköṣt, В ṣkaste.

It seems from PIE root lemma for number six was spread to Semitic system:

East: Akkadian+ shishshu, Central: Arabic sittah, Saudi sitta, Yemeni sitteh, Syrian s^ette, Lebanese setti, Cypriot sítte, Iraqi sitta, Egyptian sitta, E Libyan `sitta, N African (Darja) sitta, Moroccan setta, Sudanese si|tta, Nigerian sitte, Zanzibari sitte, Maltese sitta, Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t-t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shêsh, Modern Hebrew shesh, Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h, Modern: Aramaic shé:'tta:, Classical Syriac+ `eshta:, Syriac'ishta, Van ishta, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th, South Arabian (Harsusi) `hatt^eh, (Sheri) shet, Socotra yha`T, N Ethiopic : Geez+ siddistu, Tigre s^es, Beni Amir siss, Tigrinya shuddushte, S Ethiopic : Amharic siddist, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage seddest, Gafat+ seddestö, Soddo sedd^est, Goggot s^edd^est, Muher seddest, Masqan seddest, CW Gurage s^ed^est, Ennemor s^ed^est.

Egyptian : Egyptian+ s-y-s-w, (Recons.) sar'saw, Coptic+ sow.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: Old English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English six, Scots sax, Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) sæks, Dutch zes, W/S Flemish zèsse, Brabants zes, Low Saxon söß, Emsland zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass, Afrikaans ses, German sechs, Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex, Cimbrian sèks, Rimella zhakshe, Rheinfrönkisch sechs, Pennsylvania sex, Luxembourgeois sechs, Swiss German söchs, Yiddish zeks, Middle High German+ sëhs, Old High German+ sehs, Northern: Runic+ sæx, Old Norse+ sex, Norwegian seks, Danish seks, Swedish sex, Faroese seks, Old Icelandic+ sex, Icelandic sex, Eastern: Gothic+ saíhs, Crimean+ seis, Italic: Oscan+ *sehs, Umbrian+ sehs-, Faliscan+ zex, Latin+ sex, Romance: Mozarabic+ xaix, Portuguese seis, Galician seis, Spanish seis, Ladino sex, Asturian seis, Aragonese seis, Catalan sis, Valencian sis, Old French+ sis, French six, Walloon shijh, Jèrriais six, Poitevin sis, Old Picard+ sies, Picard sis, Occitan (Provençal) sièis, Lengadocian sièis, Gascon shèis, Auvergnat siei, Limosin siei, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sî, Rumantsch Grischun sis, Sursilvan sis, Vallader ses, Friulian sîs, Ladin síes, Dalmatian+ si, Italian sei, Piedmontese sés, Milanese sés, Genovese sei, Venetian sié, Parmesan se:s, Corsican sei, Umbrian séi, Neapolitan sèië, Sicilian sie, Romanian s,ase, Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite s,asi, Istriot s,åse, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex, Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-Celtic): Welsh chwech, Cardiganshire sich, Breton c'hwec'h, Vannetais huéh, Unified Cornish+ whegh, Common hwegh, Modern whee, Devonian+ hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): Old Irish+ se, Irish sé, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-), Classical Greek+ héx, Greek éksi, Cypriot éksi, Tsakonian ékse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sök, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjashtë, Gheg (Qosaj) gh'asht, Tosk (Mandritsa) g'áshtë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vec^h, Armenian vec, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *usjai, East : Lithuanian sheshì, Latvian seshi, Latgalian seshi, Slavic East : Russian shesth, shest'; Belarussian shesthh, shesc'; Ukrainian sh--sth, shist'; West : Polish szes'c', Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech shest, Slovak shest', West shest, East shesc, Upper Sorbian shêsc', Lower Sorbian sêsc', South: Old Church Slavonic+ shesti, Bulgarian shest, Macedonian shest, Serbo-Croat shêst, Slovene shest, Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *(k)swacsh, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron æxsæz, Digor æxsæz, Avestan+ xshuuash, Khwarezmian+'x, Sogdian+ wghwshw, Yaghnobi uxsh, Bactrian+

Saka+ ksöta', Pashto shpag, Wakhi sha:d, Munji a:xshe, Yidgha uxsho, Ishkashmi xu,l, Sanglechi

Shughn xo:gh, Rushani xu:,w, Yazgulami xu, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) xel, Parachi xi, Ormuri sh.^ah, Western Northwest : Parthian+ shwh, Yazdi shash, Nayini Natanzi shæsh, Khunsari shösh, Gazi shösh, Sivandi shush, Vafsi shish, Semnani shash, Sangisari shash, Gilaki shish, Mazanderani shesh, Talysh shash, Harzani shosh, Zaza shesh, Gorani shIsh, Baluchi sh^esh, Turkmenistan shash, E Hill shash, Rakhshani (Western) sh^eshsh, Kermanji (S) Kurdish shash, Zaza (N) Kurdish shash, Bajalani shish, Kermanshahi shösh, Southwest : Old Persian+: Pahlavi+ shash, Farsi shesh, Isfahani shish, Tajik shash, Tati shæsh, Chali shesh, Fars shisht, Lari shish, Luri shish, Kumzari shish, Nuristani

Ashkun shû:, Wasi-weri wu:sh, Kati shu, Kalasha-ala shu:, Indic : Sanskrit+ s.as., Prakrit+ ch`a, Ardhamagadhi+ cha, Pali+ cha, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish jol, Welsh shov, Kalderash shov, Syrian sha:s, Armenian shesh, Iranian shov, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese haya, Vedda pahamay tava ekamay, Maldivian haie, Northern India Dardic: Kashmiri shah, Shina sha, Brokskat sa, Phalura sho^h, Bashkarik sho:, Tirahi xo, Torwali sho:, Wotapuri sho:, Maiya sho:h, Kalasha sho, Khowar chhoy, Dameli sho, Gawar-bati sh^uo:, Pashai chha, Shumashti shoo, Nangalami so:, Dumaki sha, Western: Marathi s^eha, Konkani sô, Sindhi cha, Khatri cho, Lahnda ch`e:, Central: Hindi/ Urdu c^hai, Parya ch^he, Punjabi che, Siraiki chi, Gujarati ch^e, Rajasthani (Marwari) ch`aw, Banjari (Lamani) cho, Malvi ch`e:, Bhili so:, Dogri ch`e:, Kumauni ch`ai, Garhwali ch`ai:, W Pahari tsho:, Khandeshi ch`a, East Central: Nepali cha, Maithili ch`a:, Magahi chau, Bhojpuri c^hæ, Awadhi (Kosali) cha:, Chattisgarhi ch`e:, Eastern: Oriya cha'a, Bengali choy, Assamese s^ei, Mayang soy.

Dravidian

Northwest : Brahui shash, Northeast : Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye, Central : Kolami saa / a:r, Naiki

Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda

Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:, South: Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru, Kodagu a:r^ö, Kurumba -a.ru, Toda o:r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:ru, Irula aru,

Nahali

Nahali cha:h,

Basque

Basque sei

Etruscan

Etruscan+ sa

References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS 1944, 54 f.

Page(s): 1044

Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo-s

English meaning: sap, pitch, *blood

German meaning: `pflanzlicher Saft; Harz'

Material: Gr. ὀπός `Pflanzensaft, Baumharz', ὀπόεις `saftig', whereof the PN ᾽Οπόεις (inschr. hοποντίων);

lett. svakas f. Pl., umgelautet svek'is, Pl. svek'i `resin, Gummi', lit. sakaĩ Pl., Old Prussian sackis ds. `juice, sap the Pflanzen and Fröchte'; with transference aufs tierische russ. osoka `Bluteiter', klr. posoka `blood eines animals' and alb. gjak `blood'.

Note:

Alb. (*sak) gjaku `blood' [common alb. s- > gj- shift]. Clearly alb. cognate derived from lat. sanguis -inis m. (and sanguen, n.) `blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family, progeny; life-blood, strength, vigor'.

Also gr. (*saina) αἷμα `blood', ahd. seim `honey', Sansk. soma `blood of animals, sap of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink'

From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *sḕgù

Meaning: healthy; blood

Turkic protoform: *sạg

Mongolian protoform: *saji(n)

Tungus protoform: *sēgV-

Korean protoform: *sà'ó-náb-

Japanese protoform: *sùkù-jaka

References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer 2, 688.

Page(s): 1044

Root / lemma: su̯el-1(k-)

English meaning: to swallow, eat, drink

German meaning: `schlingen, essen, trinken'ö Nur iran. and germ.ö

Material: Av. x ̌ar- `enjoy, consume'; engl. swill `devour, drink greedily' (also `swill, flush', as ags. swillan, swillian), mnd. swellen `live excessively',

isl. sollr `carousal'; norw. soll `milk with lump bread', aisl. hrǣsollr `blood' (`*wet and lumpy'); aisl. sollr `swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen refuse, used for pig-food, pigswill' (which has also the meaning in engl. swill);

maybe alb. (*swill) sillë `food, breakfast', (*swell) gjellë `food, dish' [common alb. s- > gj- shift] similar to alb (*sak) gjak `blood'.

from an extension su̯elk-: ahd. swelhan and swelgan `swallow, drink', ags. swelgan, aisl. svelga, nhd. schwelgen; aisl. svelgr `whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton', mnd. mhd. swalch `throat', nhd. Schwalch `Opening of the furnace', nd. swalgen `suffocate'; schwed. svalg, svulg `throat', aisl. sylgr `gulp'.

Maybe alb. (*svel) vel `overeat, eat too much' [the common alb. shift SV > V], vjell `vomit (from eating too much'.

References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;

See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. u̯elk-.

Page(s): 1045

Root / lemma: su̯el-2

English meaning: to smoulder, burn

German meaning: `schwelen, brennen'

Material: Old Indian svárati `radiates, shines'; svargá- m. `sky';

gr. εἵλη, εἴλη, ἕλη f. `solar warmth, sunlight', γέλαν αὐγήν ἡλίου, lak. βέλα Hes., ἐλάνη `flambeau, torch', assim. ἑλένη Hes., ΏΕλένη originally a light goddess; zero grade ἀλέα f. `solar warmth', ἁλεαίνω `warms up', ἀλεεινός `hot', ἁλυκρός (Nikand.) `warm';

uncertain affiliation from σέλας n. `Shine', σελήνη, öol. σελάννα `moon' (*σελασνᾱ), σελαγεῖν `shine';

maybe alb. (*σελαγεῖν) *xelagein, shkëlqen `shines'

maybe alb. (*σελάννα) hana `moon' similar to alb. (*sūli-) höl, öl `star, planet, *sun' [the shift s > h];

alb. and gr. prove that from Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun) derived Root / lemma: su̯el-2 : (to smoulder, burn).

ags. swelan st. V. `burn, is ignited', mnd. swelen schw. V. (nhd. schwelen), ahd. swilizōn; aisl. svalr `cold' (actually `singeing'), mnd. swalm `dense smoke', ags. swol n. (*swula-), sw(e)oloð(a) m. `the burning, heat';

maybe alb. (*sveri) veri `north cold wind', (*sveri) veri `north, cold'

lengthened grade *swēl- in aisl. svǣla `burn incense', f. `thick smoke', ags. swǣlan `incinerate, burn (trans.)', and *swōl- in nd. swōl `sultry' (umlaut, nhd. schwöl), ndl. zwoel, zoel ds.;

- with germ. k: nd. swalk `steam, smoke', mhd. swelk `withered, dry', ahd. swelchen, mhd. swelken `become wilted'. – the d-present in ahd. swelzan `burn, incinerate (intr.)', for what presumably as `swelter' (compare engl. sweltry, sultry `extremely hot'),

ags. as. sweltan st. V. `die, pass away', mndl. swelten, aisl. svelta st. V. `starve, die', got. swiltan st. V. `to die', zero grade got. swulta-wairÞja `he who leans toward death, he who is inclined toward death', aisl. sultr m. `hunger', ags. swylt m. `death'; maybe to arm. k`aɫc-nu-m `starve', k`aɫc̣ `hunger' (*su̯l̥d-sk̂-ō);

lit. svįlù, svìlti `is being scorched (intr)., burn without flame', causative svìlinti `to singe (tr.)', žem. svìlis `heat, fevers', svelti `smolder', lett. svel'u, svelt `to scorch (tr.)', svelme f. `steam, glow', svals m. `steam', svelains `sharp, cold' (compare meaning from anord. svalr).

Maybe alb. (*svala) valë `boil, steam', phr. merr një valë `to steam' [the common alb. shift SV > V].

References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.;

See also: see above S. 881 f. sāu̯el-.

Page(s): 1045

Root / lemma: (su̯el-3), su̯ol-, sul-

English meaning: foot sole; ground

German meaning: `Fußsohle, also Grundlage, Unterstes'

Material: Lat. solea `a sandal; a kind of fetter; a shoe for an animal; a fish, the sole'; solum `bottom, floor, foundation; the sole of the foot, or shoe; soil, ground, earth, land, country';

mir. fol. i. bond `foundation, foot sole', Akk. Sg. folaig, Nom. Pl. solaig, Dat. Pl. air. soilgib;

zero grade gr. ὑλία (Hes.) `foot sole'.

Alb. shollë `sole' (probably a lat. loanword).

References: WP. II 552, WH. II 554 f.

Page(s): 1046

Root / lemma: su̯el-4

English meaning: `arbor, joist, beam, timber, bar, rod'

See also: see above S. 898 f. under sel-2.

Page(s): 1046

Root / lemma: su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o(n)-

English meaning: a kind of relation (brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters)

German meaning: `Schwöger, die Schwestern to Frauen haben'

Material:

Old laryngeal gr. He- > a-, e- phonetic mutation; satem He- > s- phonetic mutation

Gr. ἀέλιοι (ἀ- cop., compare ahd. ge- in ge-swīo `brother-in-law': swīo), αἴλιοι, εἰλίονες (for to be expected *ἑλίονες) ds. (Hes., Poll.);

aisl. svilar Pl. ds., Sg. svili `brother-in-law';

to reflexive possessive pronoun *se, seu̯e-.

maybe initially alb. (*svelioi) vëllai `brother' [the common alb. shift sv > v] or rather from alb. geg (*ἀέλιοι) vëllau, tosk, vëllai `brother' from gr. ἀέλιοι. Since initial vowels in gr. yielded to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of alb. vesh m. `ear' (*ōus-, ōs-) against gr. dor. ὦς (*ōus) `ear'; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form alb. geg. (*εἰλίονες) vëllazën, tosk. vëllezër Pl. `brothers' where -ër, -ën plural endings as N/R behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in alb. has been recorded at the end of the word in alb. (*radius) reze `ray, rays'.

maybe alb. (*su̯e-lo-) vëlla `brother'. The shift su̯e- > ve- has also been attested in alb. alb. vjehërr `father-in-law', vjéherrë `mother-in-law' from Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́- : (mother-in law or father-in-law).

Note:

An impact of illyr. on balt. languages has been felt through Estonian veli `brother', Finnish veli `brother'. Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family through Illyrians.

References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.

Page(s): 1046

Root / lemma: su̯elplo-s

English meaning: sulphur

German meaning: `Schwefel'

Material: Got. swibls, ags. swefl, ahd. swebal `sulphur' = lat. sulpur ds. (*su̯elplo-s); germ. dissim. to *swe[l]fla-, *swe[l]ƀla-.

Maybe alb. sulfur ‘sulphur’

References: WP. II 533, WH. II 628; people's etymological influences from su̯el-2.

Page(s): 1046

Home

Root / lemma: su̯em-

English meaning: to move; to swim

German meaning: `sich bewegen', in Germ. meist `schwimmen'

Material: Air. toḫsenn- `pursue' (*su̯em-d-ne-), verbal noun tofunn, probably to:

norw. svamla `fantasize', svamra `umherirren, schwörmen'; aisl. svim(m)a, symja (preterit svamm summum and svam svǭmum) `swim', ahd. as. ags. swimman ds.; Kaus. mhd. swemmen `swim lassen', nhd. schwemmen; afries. swammia, mhd. swamen `swim', isl. norw. svamla, sumla `plötschern', got. swumsl n. `pond, pool'; aisl. sund n. `das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund' (i.e. `*still öberschwimmbar'), syndr `schwimmföhig', ags. sund n. `Schwimmföhigkeit', poet. `sea, water', mnd. sunt (-d-) `Meerenge' (nhd. Sund); different about nhd. Sund Kluge-Gotze¹⁶ 780.

References: WP. II 524.

Page(s): 1046

Root / lemma: (s)u̯endh-

English meaning: to disappear

German meaning: `schwinden'ö

Material: Ahd. swintan `dwindle, abmagern, wither, wilt, bewußtlos become', as. far-swindan `disappear', ags. swindan `abate, dwindle', Kaus. mhd. swenden `dwindle make, ausreuten', nhd. verschwenden dial. `through Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen', ahd. swintilōn, nhd. schwindeln; ablaut. nhd. Schwund; Old Church Slavic uvędati `wither, wilt', ablaut. Church Slavic ǫditi `röuchen';

compare air. a-sennad Adv. `denique, postremo' (*su̯endh-no-ö);

whether germ. swindan to swīnan `dwindle' (see su̯ī-) belongs and previously through Entgleisung in die e-row converted isö

References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.

Page(s): 1047

Root / lemma: su̯eng-, su̯enk- : su̯eg-, su̯ek- (*ĝʷheng- : kṣu̯eng-)

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen; drehend schwingen, schwenken'

Material: Old Indian svájatē, -ti (svaŋkṣyate) `umschlingt', participle svaktá-, pariṣvakta- = av. pairišx ̌vaxta- `rings umschlossen'; air. seng `slim' (`*pliable'), kelt. PN Singi-dūnum; (Illyricum today Belgradeö)

mhd. mnd. swanc `pliable, slim, fine, schmöchtig', ags. swancor `pliable, schmöchtig'; norw. svekk, svokk f. (*swank-i̯ō, -ō) `cavity the Fußsohle', dön. schwed. swank `valley, cavity'; ags. swincan `work, sich quölen' (eig. `sich winden by the Arbeit'), Kaus. swencan `plague, afflict' (swenc m. `affliction'), ahd. mhd. swenken `schwingen lassen, toss, fling', nhd. schwenken; mhd. swank (-k-) `turn, Schwung, prank, Einfall', nhd. Schwank;

besides germ. *sweng- (idg. *su̯enk-):

ahd. as. swingan `(sich) schwingen, fly', as. swingan (swinga `club, mace, joint'), ags. swingan `hit, peitschen, sich schwingen'; Kaus. got. af-swaggwjan `schwankend make' (ö), ags. swengan `sich schwingen', mhd. swanc, swunc (-g-) `schwingende movement, Schwang, Schwung'; mnd. mhd. swengel `Schwengel'; aisl. svangr `thin, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin', mhd. swanger `slim'; aisl. svangi m. `die Leisten, groin, flank' (`incurvation');

nasallos: norw. svaga, svagra `waver, swerve', svagga `schwankend go', aisl. sveggja `(ein ship) wenden'; mnd. swak `pliable, thin, weak', mhd. swach `evil, bad, miserable, feeble, weak', mnd. swaken also `wobble, sway' (as swanken).

References: WP. II 526 f.;

See also: compare also seu- and su̯ē̆(i)- `bend'.

Page(s): 1047-1048

Root / lemma: su̯enk-, sunk-

English meaning: heavy

German meaning: `schwerföllig (schwanger), schwer sein'

Material: Ags. swangor `schwerföllig, idle', ahd. swangar `pregnant'; lit. suñkti `heavy become', sunkùs `heavy' (from Körpern and from Arbeiten), older lit. sunkinga `pregnant'.

References: WP. II 525.

Page(s): 1048

Root / lemma: su̯ento-, sunto-

English meaning: vigorous, vivacious, healthy

German meaning: `rege, röstig, gesund'

Note: only germ.ö

Material: Got. swinÞs `strong, fit, healthy', aisl. svinnr `rash, hasty, strong, smart', ags. swīð, as. swīði `strong, violent, valiant', mhd. swint, swinde `strong, violent', geschwind `fast, rapid, hurried, fierce, grim'; ahd.gisunt (-d-) `fit, healthy', as. gisund, ags. gesund, afries. sund `fresh, unbeschödigt, fit, healthy'.

References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably idg.; after Persson Beitr. 189² and 587 to lit. siunčiu `sende' (different above S. 909); compare also lit. s(i)ùmdyti `aufhetzen'.

Page(s): 1048

Root / lemma: su̯en-

English meaning: to sound

German meaning: `tönen, schallen'

Material: Old Indian svánati (secondary ásvanīt) `sounds, schallt' (= lat. sonit), -svanaḥ- n. `noise', svaná- m. `sound, tone, clangor' (= lat. sonus), svāná- `soughing'; av. *x ̌anat̃-čaxra- `someone, of Röder sausen'; lat. sonō, -āre, -ui, -itum alat. sonere (*su̯énō) `sound, clink, sound, clink, sough, rustle', sonus (*su̯onos `clangor'; air. son `sound' lat. Lw.); probably air. senn-, preterit sephainn `sonāre, play (ein Instrument)', das nn probably after to-senn- `pursue', das (from *su̯em-d-ne- originated) zur root su̯em- belongs; air. senim (i.e. seinm) `das Spielen, tintinnabulation'; ags. swinsian `sing, Musik make', swinn `Musik, song'; also ahd. ags. swan `swan', aisl. svanr `manly swan';

whether sen- besides su̯en- in lett. sanēt, senēt `buzz', ir. sanas `Flöstern', cymr. hanes `history' eig. `*rumor'ö

References: WP. II 524 f., WH. II 559 f.

Page(s): 1046-1047

Root / lemma: su̯ep-1, sup-

English meaning: to sleep, *cease, die

German meaning: `schlafen'

Note:

Root / lemma: su̯ep-1, sup- : `to sleep, *cease, die' derived from Root / lemma: su̯ep-2, sup-, su̯eb- : `to throw, *sway, swing (put to sleep)'.

Material: Old Indian svápiti, svápati `asleep, dozed off', Pass. supyatē, participle suptá- `dozed off', Kaus. svāpáyati `schlöfert ein' (= aisl. sø̄fa), svapayati ds. (= aisl. svefja etc.); av. x ̌ap- `sleep'; gr. ὕπαρ `Wehrtraum';

lat. sōpiō, -īre `einschlöfern', sŏpor, -ōris `tiefer sleep' (*su̯epōr); aisl. sofa (svaf), ags. swefan st. V. `sleep, cease'; Kaus. aisl. svefja `einschlöfern, stillen, besönftigen', ags. swefian ds., ags. swebban `einschlöfern, slay', as. answebbian, ahd. antswebben, mhd. entsweben ds., mhd. also `sleepy become, einschlafen' (*su̯opéi̯ō); aisl. sø̄fa `slay'(*su̯ōpéi̯ō); aisl. suǣfa `einschlöfern' (*su̯ēpei̯ō), syfja unpers. `sleepy make', ostfries. suffen `sleepy become' (ndl. suf `schwindlig, stupid'); aisl. sofna schw. V. `einschlafen'; mhd. swep, -bes `sleep', ags. sweofot n. ds.; Old Church Slavic sъpati, Iter. sypati `sleep', usъnǫti `einschlafen';

Old Indian svápna- `sleep, dream', av. x ̌afna- m. ds.; arm. k`un, Gen. k`noy `sleep' (*su̯opnos); gr. ὕπνος `sleep' (= Old Church Slavic sъnъ and:) alb. gjumë;

Note:

Alb. gjumë `sleep', për-gjumësh `sleepy' and lat. somnus `sleep' derived from a common root su̯opnos but the phonetic shift lat. p > mp > m is a typical alb. not lat. mutation. compare alb. geg. mesa (*nepōtiā), tosk. mbesa `niece'. Clearly lat. shared the same root with illyr.

Phonetically alb. gjumë `sleep' : air. sūan, cymr. corn. bret. hun `sleep' : hitt. sup- (Medium), supparii̯a- `sleep'. are identical.

lat. somnus `sleep' (*su̯epnos or *su̯opnos); air. sūan, cymr. corn. bret. hun `sleep' (*sopnos = lit. sãpnas); aisl. svefn, ags. swefn `sleep, dream', (from *su̯epnós); lit. sãpnas, sapnỹs `dream', lett. sapnis `dream'; Old Church Slavic sъnъ `sleep, dream'; compare Old Indian asvapna- `schlaflos', av. ax ̌afna- ds., lat. insomnis, gr. ἄυπνος ds. and diei̯o-derivative Old Indian svápnyam `dream', lat. somnium `dream', žem. sapnis `sleep, dream', Old Church Slavic sъnije `dream'; gr. ἐνύπνιον (replicated lat. insomnium) ds., cymr. anhunedd `insomnia'; toch. A ṣpǝⁿ, В ṣpöne `sleep, dream'; hitt. sup- (Medium), supparii̯a- `sleep'.

References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694.

Page(s): 1048-1049

Root / lemma: su̯ep-2, sup-, su̯eb-

English meaning: to throw, *sway, swing

German meaning: `werfen, schleudern, schötten'

Material: Old Indian svapū́ `besom'; Old Church Slavic svepiti sę `agitari'; zero grade sъpǫ, suti `schötten, strew, distribute', Iter. sypati `schötten', rasypati `ausstreuen'; sunǫti `effundere', sъpъ `heap' (but lit. sùpti `swing, wiegen' rather to seu- `bend'); lat. supō, -āre `throw', dissipō, -āre `auseinanderwerfen, scatter', obsipō, -āre `entgegensprengen (water), reproach', insipere `hineinwerfen';

germ. *svab- and *svap- (idg. *su̯eb-) in aisl. sōfl `Kehrbesen' (*swōƀala-), svāf n. `spear, javelin'; ags. ge-swōpe f. `offal, rubbish' (isl. sópa `fegen' is engl. Lw.); nd. swabbeln `(from water under likewise) hin- and herschlagen, wogen', nhd. schwapp-en, -eln, -ern under likewise

References: WP. II 524, WH. I 356 ff., Trautmann 293, Vasmer 3, 57.

Page(s): 1049

Root / lemma: su̯erbh- (also su̯er-ö)

English meaning: to turn; to sweep

German meaning: `drehen, drehend wischen, fegen'

Material: Cymr. chwerfu `das Wirbeln, Umdrehen', chwerfan `whirl for a spindle'; chwyrn `quick, fast (drehend)' from *su̯erbhḫnio-; got. af-, bi-swaírban `abwischen', aisl. sverfa st. V. `feilen', svarf n. `Abfall beim Feilen', ags. sweorfan ds., afr. swerva `grovel, truckle, creep', as. swerƀan `abwischen', ahd. suuerban `extergere', suuarp, swirbil `gurges, vortex', mhd. swerben `sich wirbelnd bewegen'; aisl. svarfa `umherschweifen', aschwed. svarva `turn, work a lathe, (Lögen) ersinnen';

slav. *svorbъ in Church Slavic svrabъ (in addition Old Church Slavic svrabьnъ `κνησμώδης'); ablaut. slav. *svьrbitъ, *svьrběti `itch' in russ. sverbít, sverbětь etc.; compare lett. svar̃pst m. `borer' (*su̯arbḫsta-);

perhaps in addition gr. σύρφος n., συρφετός m. `rubbish', σύρφαξ, -ᾱκος `anything swept together, sweepings, refuse, rubbish, litter'; compare also σαίρω `sweep' (*su̯_eri̯ō), σάρον n., σάρος m. `besom, rubbish' and σύ̄ρω (Fut. σῠρῶ) `pull, drag, sweep, wash', συρμός m. `any lengthened sweeping motion, the moving, vomiting', συρμαίᾱ f. `emetic, vomiting, purge-plant ', σύρμα n. `anything trailed or dragged, towing dress, rubbish', σύρτης m. `towing rope', σύρτις, -ιδος f. `sandbank'.

References: WP. II 529 f., Trautmann 295, Vasmer 2, 589, 596 f.

Page(s): 1050-1051

Root / lemma: su̯ergh- (*ĝʷhergh- : kṣu̯ergh-)

English meaning: to take care of; to be ill

German meaning: `sorgen, sich worum kömmern; krank sein'

Material: 1. Old Indian sūrkṣati `kömmert sich um etwas'; common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- phonetic mutation

got. saúrga `care, sorrow', aisl. ags. sorg, as. sorga, ahd. sorga, afrönk. sworga `care'; got. saúrgan, aisl. syrgja, as. sorgōn, ags. sorgian, ahd. sorgēn, sworgēn `care for, worry'.

2. Air. serg `disease, malady', lit. sergù, sir̃gti `be sick', Old Church Slavic sraga `disease, malady', sragъ `austerus, torvus'; probably also alb. dergjem `be bedridden' (*su̯orghi̯ō) common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- : illyr. - alb -ĝʷh- > -d- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 258.

Page(s): 1051

Root / lemma: su̯er-1 (also ser-ö)

English meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen, reden'

Material: Lat. sermō, -ōnis `Wechselrede, conversation, entertainment, Gespröch' (*sermō) is unclear;

Maybe alb. (*sermō) thirmë n. f. `shout, call' [common alb. s > th shift]

osk. sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wortföhrer'; got. swaran, swōr `swear, vow', aisl. sveria, ags. as. swerian, ahd. swerien, swerren ds., aisl. sø̄ri Nom. Pl. `vow, pledge, oath', mhd. swuor `vow, pledge', aisl. svara `anworten, Börgschaft leisten', svǫr Pl. `Antwort', andḫsvar `gerichtliche verdict', ags. and-swaru `Antwort', as. antḫswōr `Antwort, Verantwortung'; Old Church Slavic svarъ `quarrel' (Hin- and Widerrede), svarъ `fight, struggle', svariti `vilify, scold, fight, struggle'; russ. ssóra `quarrel' from *sъsoraö

*su̯er- `speak, talk' is perhaps (but not certainly) eine Anwendung from su̯er-`surren' auf artikuliertes Sprechen.

References: WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

Page(s): 1049

Root / lemma: su̯er-2

English meaning: to hiss

German meaning: `surren under dgl'

Material: Old Indian svárati `sounds, erschallt, lößt erschallen'; also surmī́ `duct, tube, pipe' (fluteö); svará- svára- m. `clangor, sound, tone';

ὕραξ, -κος m. `Spitzmaus' (*surak-), kret. ὕρον `swarm of bees' Hes.; lat. susurrus `das Zischen, Flöstern', susurrō, -āre `hiss, flöstern, buzz' (rr consonant increase in onomatopoeic words), absurdus `adverse clinking, ungereimt' (*su̯orodo-s); surdus `deaf' as `dull or undeutlich hörend and redend'ö); probably sōrex, -icis (previously late sŏrex) `Spitzmaus' from *su̯ōr-ak- (: gr. ὕραξ ds.); cymr. chwyrnu `drone, grumble' (to *chwyrn from *su̯erni̯o-ö);

aisl. svarra `roar', norw. sverra `whirl; kreisen', nhd. schwirren; norw. surla `leise sing', schwed. sorla `trickle, mumble, murmur', mnd. nhd. surren, mhd. surm `Gesumse'; vielleichtisl. svarmr `dizziness', ags. swearm `swarm, bulk, mass', ahd. swarm `swarm';

lit. surmà `flute', Old Church Slavic svirati `whistle' (lengthening from *svьr-),

References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593.

See also: s. also su̯er- `speak'.

Page(s): 1049-1050

Root / lemma: su̯er-3

English meaning: stake

German meaning: `Pfahl'

Material: Old Indian sváru- m. `picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, langes bit of wood'; gr. ἕρμα n. `pad'; homer. Akk. ἑρμῖνα m. `Bettpfosten'; ahd. swirōn `bepföhlen', mhd. swir `Uferpfahl', nhd. schweiz. Schwiren `picket, pole', ags. swier, swior m. f. `Pfosten, column'; with k-forms aisl. svīri m. `neck, prow, bow of a ship' (*swerhjan-), ags. swīera, swīora `neck' (*swirhjan-); lat. zero grade surus `twig, branch, picket, pole', Demin. surculus, surcellus; perhaps sūra `calf, Wadenbein' (see under *sōrā).

References: WP. II 528 f., WH. II 635.

Page(s): 1050

Root / lemma: su̯er-4

English meaning: to cut, pierce

German meaning: `schneiden, stechen, schwören, eitern'

Material: Av. x ̌ara- m. `wound, Verwundung';

air. serb, cymr. chwerw `bitter' (*su̯erḫu̯o-), originally probably `burning, pricking'; cymr. chwarren f. `gland' (*su̯orsinā);

ahd. sweran st. V. `ache, schwören, to swell', swero `leiblicher pain, esp. ulcer', nhd. Schwöre, Geschwör, ahd. swer(a)do `leiblicher pain', ags. sweornian ` curdle, coagulate, harden'; ahd. swert `Schwert', ags. sweord, aisl. sverð from *swerḫða- `stechende weapon';

proto slav.. *su̯ara- `krönklich' in russ. chvóryj, ačech. chvorý, ablaut. churavý ds. and Church Slavic chyra `fragileness'; perhaps here serb.-Church Slavic svrъdьlъ `borer', proto slav.. *svьrdьlo.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasmer 2, 589, 3, 237, 243, Loth RC. 41, 233.

Page(s): 1050

Root / lemma: su̯er-5

German meaning: `wögen'

See also: see under u̯er-1.

Page(s): 1050

Root / lemma: su̯esor- (*su̯estor)

English meaning: sister

German meaning: `Schwester'

Note:

Root / lemma: su̯esor- (*su̯estor): `sister' derived from Root / lemma: se- : `reflexive pronoun, *own' + common illyr. -tar, -tor suffix; it was modelled after Root / lemma: pǝtḗ(r) Gen. pǝtr-és, -ós : `father', Root / lemma: mātér- : `mother', Root / lemma: bhrā́ter- : `brother'

Material: Old Indian svásar-, av. x ̌aŋhar- `sister';

arm. k`oir ds. (*su̯esōr); Nom. Pl. k`or-k` (*su̯esŏres), Gen. Sg. k`eṙ (*su̯esros); gr. ἔορ [Vok.] θυγάτηρ, ἀνεψιός Hes., ἔορες προσήκοντες, συγγενεῖς Hes.; lat. soror `a sister' (in addition sobrīnus `a cousin by the mother's side, mother's sister's child', from *su̯esrḫīnos = Old Church Slavic sestrinъ `the sister gehörig', compare also ostlit. seserė́nas `sister's son'); air. siur `sister' (*su̯esōr), Dat. Akk. sīeir, Gen. sethar (analogy after māthir, Gen. māthar), cymr. chwaer, acorn. huir, mcorn. hoer, hor, bret. c'hoar; got. swistar (Gen. swistrs, Dat. swistr); aisl. syster, Pl. systr (urnord. swestar from -ēr), ahd. swester (*-ēr!), ags. sweostor, suster;

vor dem t- insertion neugeschaffen are as. aschwed. swiri `son the Mutterschwester', ags. swiria `sister's son, weather';

Old Prussian swestro (in die ā-Dekl. öbergeföhrt) with w perhaps through nhd. influence, for lit. sesuõ, Gen. seser̃s and Old Church Slavic sestra (in die ā-Dekl. öbergeföhrt) `sister' (also FlN) place u̯-loses *sesor- ahead; toch. A ṣar, В ṣer `sister'.

Idg. *s(u̯)e-sor- to Reflexivstamme se-, seu̯e-; to ending compare fem. Old Indian ti-sraḥ `drei', air. téoir (*trisores) ds.; contains perhaps yet *sor `wife, woman'ö Or from *su-esor (see 343) `of own blood, relative'ö

References: WP. II 533 f., WH. II 563, Trautmann 258, Benveniste, BSL 35, 104 f.; Pisani, Miscellanea G. Galbiati III, 1951, 7 f., M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein Studien 32 ff.

Page(s): 1051

Root / lemma: su̯ēid- (*kṣu̯ēid- < ĝʷhēid-)

English meaning: milk

German meaning: `Milch'

Material: Old Indian kṣvidyati, kṣvēdatē (unbel.) `wird humid, wet'; av. xšvīd- m. `milk', common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- : Avestan -ĝʷh- > -xšu̯- phonetic mutation

perhaps to lit. svíesti `schmieren', lett. svaîdît ds., lit. svíestas `butter', lett. sviê(k)st ds.

References: WP. II 521, WH. II 624;

See also: s. also su̯eid- above S. 1042, Z. 5.

Page(s): 1043

Root / lemma: su̯ē̆(i)-

English meaning: to bend, turn, swing

German meaning: `biegen, drehen, schwingen'

Note: (see also seu- and su̯eng- `bend')

Material: Gr. σῑμός `aufwörts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spöttisch' (in addition σικχός `ekel, all tadelnd'ö); perhaps also σῑρός `pit, pothole' (*incurvationö);

cymr. chwid `lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff', chwidl `sich in Kreise drehend, schwindlig', chwidr `quick, fast, fleeting, öbereilt'; chwim m. (*su̯ī-smo-) `movement, Antrieb', Adj. `quick, fast', chwyf m. `movement' (*su̯ĭ-mo-, compare under germ. swī̆m-), chwyfio `movere', bret. fiñval, gwiñval `sich bewegen, röhren';

cymr. chwyn `movement', chwil (*su̯ī-lo-) `sich quick, fast drehend'; chwyl and chwel (*su̯ĭ-lo-, -lā compare norw. svil) `turn, run, flow', corn. wheyl `work', air. sel `turn, gyration, stretch of time', mir. of-sel `turn after right', tuath-bil `turn after links';

mnd. swāien, sweimen `sich schwingen'; as participle aisl. svað n. `das Gleiten', (*su̯ǝ-to-), svaða `glide, slide', ags. swaðian `(ein)wickeln', engl. swath(e), mnd. mhd. swade `Reihe from gemöhtem Gras, Schwaden';

norw. svīma `waver, lurch', mhd. swīmen ds.; ags. swīma m. `dizziness, giddiness; swindle, Ohnmacht', aisl. svīmi, ndl. zwijm ds.; mhd. swīmel, swimmel `dizziness, giddiness; swindle'; aisl. sveimr m., sveim n. `Getömmel, Tumult', sveima `umherziehen', mhd. sweim m. `das Schweben, Schweifen, Schwingen', sweimen `sichschwingen, waver'; norw. svil n. `Spirale; the frizzy Samenbeutel dorschartiger Fische'; nd. swīr `Schwung, gyration, Bummeln', swīren `sich schwingend bewegen, umherfliegen, in Saus and Braus leben'.

su̯eib-: av. xšvaēwayat̃-aštra- `die Peitsche schwingend', xšviwra- `agile'; got. midja-sweipains `Sintflut' (eig. `Fegung the Mitte'); aisl. sveipa `throw, umhöllen', ags. swāpan `swing, fegen, drive, push', as. swēp `fegte fort', ahd. sweifan `swing, schweifen, quarrel', sweif `Umschwung, tail' = aisl. sveipr `band, strap, Schlingung, gekröuseltes hair', aisl. svipa `Peitsche'.

su̯eid-: in lit. svíesti, lett. sviêst `throw', frequentative lit. sváidyti, lett. svaĩdît `wiederholt toss, fling'; whether lett. svaĩdît `anoint, schmieren' (under under su̯ēid-) hereö

su̯eig-: germ. also `nachgeben, slacken' (from su̯ī- `dwindle' derive ) `(cunning) etwas drehen, ausweichen, deception' under likewise: ahd. swīhhōn, ags. swīcian `schweifen, wander, cheat, deceive', aisl. svīkva sȳkva (u̯-present), svīkja `cheat, deceive, verraten', ags. swīcan `abandon, cheat, deceive', poet. `fortgehen, wander', as. swīan ds. `languish'; ahd. swīhhan `languish, slacken, abandon', mhd. swīch m. `Zeitlauf', āḫswīch `heimlicher Fortgang', sweichen `languish'; aisl. svik n. `betrayal, deceit', ags. swic n. ds., ahd. biswih m. ds.;

lit. svaĩgti `dizziness, giddiness; swindle bekommen', svaiginė́ti `giddy umherwanken', russ. svigát' `herumtreiben';

toch. A wāweku `gelogen', В waike `lie, falsity'.

su̯eik-: aisl. sveigr `pliable', m. `biegsamer Stengel', schwed. dial. svīga, svēg `sichbiegen', Kaus. aisl. sveigja `bend', Pass. svigna `be bent, bow, nachgeben', svigi m. `biegsamer Stengel'; ahd. sweiga `cattle shed' (*netting).

su̯eip-: aisl. svīfa `swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben', ags. swīfan `turn, fegen, wenden (engl. swift `quick, fast'), schwenken', aisl. sueifla `swing', mhd. swibeln, swivelen `lurch', ahd. sweibōn `schweben, swing', swebēn `schweben'.

lett. svàipīt `peitschen', svipst(ik̨)s `Hasenfuß, Zierbengel'.

References: WP. II 518 ff., Vasmer 2, 591 f., Johannesson 794 ff.

Page(s): 1041-1042

Root / lemma: su̯ī-, -g-, -k-, -p-

English meaning: to fade, weaken, etc..

German meaning: `schwinden, nachlassen, schweigsam werden'

Note: extended su̯ii̯ō-p-ö

Material: Aisl. svīa `slacken'; svīna, ahd. swīnan `abate, dwindle'; mhd. swīnen also `senseless, unconscious become, verstummen'.

su̯ī-k-: ahd. swīgēn, as. swigōn, ags. swīgian, sugian, suwian `schweigen `.

su̯īḫg-: σῑγή f. `das Schweigen', σῑγάω `schweige' (compare ῥίγα σιώπα Hes., i.e. Fίγᾱ).

su̯ī-p-: got. sweiban `cease, slacken', aisl. svīfask `from etwas zuröckweichen, sich enthalten', ahd. giswiftōn `conticescere', mnd. swichten `weichen, slacken, zum Schweigen bringen', ndl. zwichten `weichen', nhd. (from dem Nd.) beschwichtigen (also messap. σίπτα σιώπαö);

in addition *su̯ii̯ō-p- in gr. σιωπάω `schweige' and *su̯i̯ōḫp- with gr. Schwunde from i̯ after Doppelkonsonanz in διασωπάσομαι, σεσωπᾱμένον (Pind.) and in εὐσωπία ἡσυχία Hes.

References: WP. II 534;

See also: compare above (s)u̯endh-.

Page(s): 1052

Root / lemma: su̯omb(h)o-s

English meaning: porous, spongy

German meaning: `schwammig, porös'

Material: Gr. σομφός `schwammig, porös' = germ. *swamba- in ahd. swamp, -bes m. `sponge'; besides germ. *swampu- (idg. *su̯ombu-) and *swamma- in aisl. suǫppr `sponge; ball (after the shape)', mnd. swamp, -pes `sponge, fungus' and got. swamm Akk. `(Wasch-) sponge', ags. swamm m. `fungus', mnd. svam, -mmes `sponge; fungus'; from schwammigem Boden: engl. swamp `swamp, marsh'; westföl. swampen `auf- and niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden', changing through ablaut mhd. sumpf `swamp, marsh' = aisl. soppr `ball', norw. also `fungus'.

References: WP. II 534 f.

Page(s): 1052

Root / lemma: su̯ordo-s

English meaning: black, dark

German meaning: `schwarz, schmutzfarben'

Material: Lat. *sordus as base from sordeō, -ēre `dirty, filthy, unflötig sein', sordidus `dirty, filthy', sordēs, -is f. `smut, Unflat'; got. swarts, aisl. swart, ags. sweart, ahd. swarz `black', zero grade aisl. sorta f. `black paint, color', sorti m. `darkness, dichter fog', sortna `black become';

sollte lat. suāsum `rußiger Fleck auf a Kleide' as *suarssom related sein, köme as basic form *su̯ardo- in question, so that sordeo from su̯r̥d-;

whether as. swerkan (participle gesworkan) `finster become, sich verfinstern, bewölkt become', ags. sweorcan `finster, sad become', ahd. giswerc, gisworc `Verfinsterung through clouds' and ir. sorb `Makel, smut', related are (idg. *su̯erḫg-, *su̯or-b(h)o- besides *su̯ordo-), is doubtful.

References: WP. II 535, WH. II 562 f.

Page(s): 1052

Root / lemma: sū-ro-, sou-ro-

English meaning: salty, bitter; cheese

German meaning: `sauer, salzig, bitter', zunöchst von kösig Gerinnendem, schleimig Nassem; also in Flußnamen

Note: root seu̯(ǝ)-, sou̯(ǝ)- : sū̆-

Note:

Root / lemma: sū-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese, derived from extension ks-eu- of Root / lemma: kes- : to scratch, itch

Material: Aisl. sūrr `sour, sharp', m. `sourdough', mnd. mhd. sūr n. `Bitterkeit'; aisl. sȳra f. `sour milk', ags. sȳring ds., ahd. sūrī `Söure `; ahd. ags. sūr `sour `, aisl. sūr-eygr, ahd. sūrḫougi, ags. sūrḫīege `blear eyed, bleareyed'; compare toch. В sūrma `Augenkrankheit';

lit. sū́ras `salzig', lett. sũrs `salzig, bitter', lit. sū́ris m. `cheese', Old Prussian suris ds.;

Old Church Slavic syrъ `humid, wet', russ. syrój `humid, wet, raw, sour'; substantivized Old Church Slavic syrъ, russ. syr `cheese';

ablaut. aisl. saurr m. `smut, tier. seed, sperm'; abg. surovъ `raw', russ. suróvyj `rough, raw' (*sou-ro-);

compare die FlN kelt. Sūra, nhd. Sauer, Sūr, Old Prussian Sure, lett. Sūrḫupe, and den PN Συράκουσαι Pl. `Syrakus' (Sicily), with nt-derivative to Συρακώ name eines Sumpfes.

References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; perhaps to seu̯(ǝ)-1 `juice, sap' (above S. 912 f.); about `milk' to: `coagulated, sour milk'.

Page(s): 1039

Root / lemma: sū̆-s, suu̯-ós

English meaning: pig, swine

German meaning: `Hausschwein, Sau'

Material: Av. hū (Gen. Sg. for *huvō) `swine'; gr. ὗς, ὑός, Akk. ὗν m. `boar', f. `sow' (therefrom ὕαινα f. `Hyöne') besides σῦς, συός ds.; in addition συῆλαι τόποι βορβορώδεις Hes.; συφε(ι)ός, συφός m. `pigpen' (*-φέFιος, to φύω, idg. bheu-, above S. 146 ff.); Sternbild the ΏΥάδες `group from Schweinen'; compare gr. lak. σίκα;

alb. thi `swine'; lat. sūs, suis `swine', umbr. sif `sues', sim `suem', suřum, sorsom, sorsalem `suillum' (*sŭ-do-, *sŭ-dāli-);

gall. *suḫtegis `pigpen' (M.-L. 8492);

ahd. ags. sū, aisl. sȳr `sow';

lett. suvẽns, sivẽns `piglet' (unclear Old Prussian seweynis `pigpen'); toch. В suwo `swine';

adjektivische no- derivatives: on the one hand gr. (late) ὑηνός `from swine', on the other hand (ursprachlich) lat. suīnus ds., Old Church Slavic svinъ ds. = lett. svīns `smudges'; toch. В swāñana misa `Schweinefleisch';

substantivized got. swein, aisl. suīn, ags. ahd. swīn `swine'; Old Church Slavic svinija `swine' probably from *svīnī (fem. to svinъ) reshaped.

k- derivatives:

Old Indian sūkara- m. `boar, swine' (umgedeutet as `Sū-macher'); mpers. xūk, osset. χui ds.; lat.sucula `young sow'; with expressive Gemination: kelt. *sukko- `swine, (Schweine-)Schnauze, plowshare' in air. socc sáil `Meerschwein' (ein fish), mir. soc m. `plowshare, snout (of Schweines)', air. FlN Socc; cymr. hwch m. f., later only f. `swine', corn. hoch, bret. houc'h, hoc'h m. `swine'; from dem Gallo-Lat. derive cymr. swch, corn. soch, bret. souc'h and frz. soc `plowshare';

ags. sugu `sow', as. suga, mnd. soge, nhd. schwöb. suge `sow'; with expressive Gemination norw. schwed. sugga, mnd. sugge.

References: WP. II 512 f., WH. II 635 ff., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 593, Benveniste BSL 45, 74 f. 90, Thieme, Heimat d. idg. Gemeinsprache 26 f., 36 f.; probably originally `Gebörerin', to seu-2: sū- `to give birth to children' (above S. 913 f.); compare air. berit `sow' (*bherentī); or but lautnachahmendö

Page(s): 1038-1039

Root / lemma: sūs-

English meaning: to buzz

German meaning: Schallnachahmung for `sausen'

Note: only germ. and slav.

Material: Ahd. sūsōn `sausen', mnd. sūsen, schwed. susa, dön. suse ds.;

Old Church Slavic sysati `sausen, whistle' (onomatopoeic words Schallkorrektur for lautgesetzliches *sych-); aruss. susol `Zieselmaus, Hausratte', bulg. sъsel ds.; sъskam `fizz'; compare lett. susuris `Spitzmaus', susers `dormouse'.

Maybe alb. shushurimë `(onomatopoeic)rustle', shushur- `to rustle', shushat `stun, make numb (unable to speak)'ö

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.

Page(s): 1039

Root / lemma: sūs- (*ghus)

English meaning: parent

German meaning: `Erzeuger'

Note: only Old Indian and Albanian

Note: Root / lemma: sūs- : parent derived from Root / lemma: au̯o-s (*gheu̯o-s): grandfather: hett. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather'ö Lyk. *χ uga `motherly grandfather' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].

Material: Old Indian sūḥ `progenitor'; alb. gjysh `grandfather' (*sūḫsḫi̯o-), originally `progenitor'; tre-gjysh `great grandfather (literally `previous third grandfather)', gjyshe `grandmother' (*sū-s-i̯ē).

References: Jokl. Ling.-kult. Untersuchungen 28 ff.;

See also: to seu̯ǝ- : sū-, above S. 913 f.

Page(s): 1039

Root / lemma: tag- (or teg- : tog- : t_eg-)

English meaning: to touch, gripe

German meaning: `beröhren, angreifen'

Material: Gr. τεταγών `fassend' (: lat. tetigī); lat. tangō, -ere, tetigī tactum (alat. also aoristisches tagō, -ere) `touch', integer `unversehrt (unangetastet)', tagax `diebisch'; taxim `clandestine', taxō, āre `abschötzen, touch'; unclear with -gh- volsk. atahus Fut. II `attigerit', marruc. ta[h]a or ta[g]a `tangat'; lat. contamināre `entweihen' to contagiō `Beröhrung';

ags. ðaccian `gentle touch, caress', and. thakolōn `caress'; perhaps here of Begriffe `caress, fein anzuföhlen': ir. tais `soft, humid, wet, gentle', gall. Taxi-magulus;

whether air. tongid `swears', dī-tong- `negate', Perf. do-ru-thethaig (*te-tog-e) verbal noun dīthech (*dī-tego-) in addition belongs (to cymr. tyngu `swear, vow', corn. to-, mbret. toeaff, nbret. toui ds.), is perhaps eine idg. root *teg- must be assumed, wherefore still phryg. eti-te-tik-menos `verflucht' belongs; das gr. lat. a wöre then reduplication-grade, as lat. a in frangō (above S. 165), etc.

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath.

Page(s): 1054-1055

Root / lemma: tak-, takē(i)-

English meaning: to be silent

German meaning: `schweigen'

Material: Lat. taceō, -ēre `schweigen', umbr. tac̨ez `tacitus', tasetur Nom. Pl. `taciti';

got. Þahan `schweigen', Þahains `Schweigen', with gramm. variation ahd. dagēn, as. thagōn, thagian ds., aisl. Þegja ds., Þagna `verstummen', Þagall, Þǫgull `schweigsam';

perhaps as active to obiger neutropassiven group: air. tachtaid `wörgt', cymr. tagu, corn. bret. taga `das Wörgen' as originally `zum Schweigen bringen'; unclear is cymr. gos-teg f. `Schweigen'.

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.

Page(s): 1055

Root / lemma: tap-1

English meaning: to dip

German meaning: `eintauchen; Nösse'ö

Material: Arm. t`at`avem `tauche ein', t`ōn (*tapni-) `dampness, Nösse, rain';

Old Church Slavic topiti `immergere', *to(p)nǫti `immergi', in addition among others nsorb. toń `Tömpel', čech. tu̇ně `Vertiefung in Flusse', russ. tónja `geschötzte bay'.

References: WP. I 705, Vasmer 3, 119, 120 f.

Page(s): 1056

Root / lemma: tap-2

English meaning: to press down, press together

German meaning: `niederdröcken, zusammendröcken'

Material: Gr. ταπεινός `low, demötig' (`*gedröckt'); aisl. Þefja `stomp', Þōf n. `crush', Þōfi m. `Filz' (out of it lit. túba, lett. tūba, Old Prussian tubo `Filz'.)

References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.

Page(s): 1056

Root / lemma: tata-, tē̆ta- under likewise

English meaning: Daddy; expr. child word

German meaning: Lallwort

Material: Old Indian tatá- `father', tāta- `father, son, Lieber'; gr. τέττα (Hom.) Vok., τατᾶ Vok. `o father!'; alb. tatë `father'; lat. tata `father (in the Kindersprache); Ernöhrer'; cymr. tad, corn. tat `father', hen-dat `grandfather'; aisl. Þjazi `a giant' (*Þeðaḫsaö); lett. tẽta, lit. tė̃tis, tė̃të, tėtýtis `father', Old Prussian thetis `grandfather' (Old Prussian tāws `father', thewis `Vaterbruder', lit. tė́vas, lett. tēves `father'), lit. tetà `aunt', žemait. titìs `father'; russ. táta etc. `father', russ.-Church Slavic teta etc. `aunt', Old Church Slavic tetъka ds.; nhd. Tate, ostfries. tatte `father'; norw. taate `Lutschbeutel', isl. táta ds., norw. schwed. tātte `Frauenbrust, teat';

besides germ. forms with i and u: ags. titt `nipple, Kuhzitze', mhd. zitze `teat';

Maybe alb. sisë `teat, breast'

schwed. titta `aunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman'; mhd. zutzel `Sauglappen', schwed. tytta `old wife, woman, Muhme', ahd. tutta, tuta `nipple' under likewise; similarly gr. τυτθός, -ον `small, noch ganz young', τυτθόν `ein bißchen', inschr. also `βρέφος, παιδίον'; τυννός small, little'; eine also out of the idg. Sprachen verbreitete Lallwortgruppe.

References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer 3, 81.

Page(s): 1056

Root / lemma: taus-

English meaning: still, silent, peaceful

German meaning: `still, schweigend, zufrieden'

Material: Old Indian túṣyati `beruhigt sich, is zufrieden', tuṣṭá- `befriedigt, zufrieden', tūṣṇī́m Adv. `still, closemouthed' (: av. tušni-, Old Prussian tusnan), Kaus. tōṣáyati `beschwichtigt, stellt zufrieden, erfreut'; av. tušni- `stillschweigend' (tušnišad- `wer stillschweigend dasitzt');

mir. tō (*tauso-) `still, closemouthed', air. tūae `silentium' (basic form *tausi̯āö), mcymr. taw `schweige!', ncymr. taw `Schweigen; closemouthed', tawel `closemouthed', bret. tao `Schweigen; still!', abret. taguelguiliat Gl. to dem as `schweigendes Wachen' mißverstandenen lat. silicernium; guo-teguis `compescuit', nbret. tevel `schweigen';

aschwed. thyster `closemouthed, dumb, still' (*Þusti-);

Old Prussian tusnan `still', tussīse `er schweige' (*tusē-, as lat. tacē-re), lit. taũsos, tausýtis `sich lay, place (of Winde)';

slav. *tušiti `beruhigen' (= Old Indian tōšáyati) in den trans. russ. tušítь `löschen, auslöschen', poln. po-tuszyć `encourage' (`*beruhigen'), etc.; besides intr. *tuchnǫti in russ. túchnutь `erlöschen', slov. poḫtúhniti `still become, verlöschen'; russ. FlN Tósna (*Тъsna);

hitt. dušk-, duškii̯a- `sich freuen'.

References: WP. I 714 f., Trautmann 332, Vasmer 3, 128, 158, Mayrhofer 1, 517.

Page(s): 1056-1057

Root / lemma: tād-

English meaning: to act on purpose

German meaning: etwa `with Vorbedacht handeln'

Note: only gr. and osk.

Material: Gr. ἐπιτηδές Adv. `with Vorbedacht, geflissentlich' (ἐπιτήδειος `geeignet', ἐπιτηδεύω `betreibe geflissentlich'); osk. tadait `censeat'.

References: WP. I 705.

Page(s): 1054

Root / lemma: tāg-

English meaning: to put in order

German meaning: `an den rechten Platz, ordentlich hinstellen'

Material: Gr. τᾱγός m. `Anföhrer, Befehlshaber', τᾱγεύω, τᾱγέω `beherrsche, föhre an', nachhom. τάσσω, att. τάττω, ἐτάγην, τακτός `auf einen bestimmten Posten, in Reih and limb, member stellen, beordern, sort, order, arrange, regeln' (present τάσσω analog. instead of *τάζω), ταγή f. `Schlachtordnung', τάγμα n. `Heerschar; order', τάξις f. `order; alignment; Posten, rank';

abrit. PN Pra-su-tagus (vorkelt. idg. Lw.);

lit. pa-togùs `anstöndig, bequem' (εὔτακτος) = lett. patāgs `bequem', lit. su-tógti `sich vertragen, sich verbinden';

toch. A tāśśi Pl. `Anföhrer'.

References: WP. I 704, Trautmann 312, van Windekens Ant. Class. 9, 67 f.

Page(s): 1055

Root / lemma: tāl-

English meaning: to grow; young animals

German meaning: `wachsen, grönen; Gewöchs, junger Trieb'

Material: Gr. τᾶλις -ιδος `junges mannbares girl, bride' τῆλις, -εως, ion. -ιος f. `Hölsengewöchs, Bockshorn', τηλεθάω `blossom, sprieße';

lat. tālea `Stöbchen, seedling, Setzreis', dial. for *tālia, as also tālla = tālia `Zwiebelhölse'; denominative tāliāre `split, cut, clip' (originally `*Zweige abschneiden');

lit. a(t)tólas `Nachheu, Grummet', talõkas `grown, nubile, marriageable'.

References: WP. I 705, WH. II 643, Mayrhofer 1, 498.

Page(s): 1055

Root / lemma: tā-, tǝ-; tāi-, tǝi-, tī̆-; [tāu-], tǝu-, tū̆-

English meaning: to melt, dissipate, decay

German meaning: `schmelzen, sich auflösen (fließen), hinschwinden (Moder, verwesendes)'

Material: A. Osset. thayun `tauen, melt' (*tāi̯ō) = Old Church Slavic tajǫ, tajetъ `melt', *talъ `geschmolzen, fluid', russ. tályj;

arm. t`anam `benetze (Aor. t`ac̣i); werde humid, wet (Aor. t`ac̣ay)';

cymr. tawdd `liquēfactiō', toddi, bret. teuzi `melt' (-d- or -dh-forms);

with b(h)-extension (compare under τῖ-φ-ος) lat. tābēs `das allmöhliche Vergehen through Schmelzen, decay, disease, malady etc. `, tābum `Jauche, mucus, Seuche', tābeō, -ēre, tābēscō, -ēre `melt, hinsiechen'.

with k-extension gr. τήκω, dor. τά̄κω `schmelze', τακερός `soft, schmelzend', τηκεδών f. `Abzehrung, Schwindsucht, Verwesung';

B. i-forms: aisl. Þīðr (*tī-tó-s) `geschmolzen, getaut', whereof Þīða `auftauen, tr. and intr. `, Þīðenn `geschmolzen, getaut';

with bh- (compare above tābēs) osset. ćirwö, c̣irw `yeast' from *tibh-no-; gr. τῖφος n. `marshy place, damp Grund'; dak. FlN Τιβίσκος; about lat. Tiberis (*Thubris, Θυβρίς < *dhubris) s. Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 5, 3 ff.;

with l-suffix: gr. τῖλος `dönner Stuhlgang, Abföhren'; abg. tьlěti `modern, verwesen', tьlja `Verwesung', russ. tlja `Motte' (compare under lat. tinea), `Blattlaus';

with m-suffix: Old Church Slavic timěno `slime, mud';

with n-suffix: ags. ðīnan `humid, wet become', ðān (*lǝi-no-) `humid, wet, bewassert', whereof ðǣnan `moisten', ðānian, ðǣnian `humid, wet sein or become';

Old Church Slavic tina `slime, mud'; probably lat. tīnus `the lorbeerartige Schneeball' (from the stark abföhrenden Wirkung) and tinca `Schleie' (*tīnica `schleimiger or in Schlamme lebender fish'); lat. tinea `Motte, Holzwurm' (compare above russ. tlja) probably from a *tino-, *tinā `Moder';

with r-suffix: arm. *tīro-, -ri- in t`rik` `crap, muck, droppings', t`rem `knead meal, flour, dough' (`*make weiche Teigmasse') t`rmem `befeuchte, weiche ein', t`rjem `befeuchte, benetze, begieße, bewössere'; lit. týras, tỹrė porridge, mash', týrai `bewachsener morass, Heide', lett. tīrelis `morass';

with s-suffix: ahd. theisk, deisk `stercus, fimus, rudera'; Church Slavic těsto, skr. ti jesto `dough', because of sl. tiskati `press' from toisk-to-; air. tōisḫrenn, tāis `massam (farinaceam)', cymr. toes, bret. tōaz m. `dough' (*tǝiḫsḫto-); ahd. theismo, deismo, ags. ðǣsma m. `sourdough'; gr. σταῖς or σταίς, Gen. σταιτός `Weizenmehl with Wasser zum Teig angeröhrt' (under influence of στέᾱρ from *stait- reconverted);

with balt. ž-forms lit. tižùš `schlöpfrig, glitschig', tyžtù, tìžti `schlöpfrig become'ö

C. u-forms: aisl. Þeya, ahd. douwen, deuwen `tauen, to schmelzen begin, zergehn', trans. (fir-)douwen `verdauen', aisl. Þeyr `Tauwind', Þā (*Þawō) `schnee- and eisfreies Gefilde', ags. ðawian (*Þawōn) `tauen', aisl. Þāna `melt intr. `= ags. ðawenian `netzen' (*Þawanōn); aisl. Þǣsir `qui lenem facit', norw. tæsa `tauen, melt tr. `(*Þawisjan).

In germ. also Þwī̆- in ags. ðwīnan `dwindle, abate', Kaus. ðwǣnan `steep, irrigāre', aschwed. Þwīna `vor disease, malady, Sehnsucht under likewise hinschwinden', Þwæ̆na (from *Þwĕna =*Þwĭna) ds. (similarly also ahd. thwesben `auslöschen, exterminate'ö); germ. *Þwĭnam probably reshuffling from Þīnan (see above) after den groups from ags. dwīnan, ā-cwīnan.

D. Here still die urbrit. FlN *Tamā > engl. T(h)ame, *Tamēssā > engl. Thames, etc., *Tani̯ā> engl. Tain, Tean, *Tau̯ā > engl. Taw, Tay, in addition *Tilā > engl. Till, ven. Tiliaventus, illyr. Tilurius, tirol. Ziller etc.

References: WP. I 701 ff., WH. II 639 f., 680, 683 f., Trautmann 312 f., 323; Vasmer 3, 84, 100, 105, 106, 110, Max Förster Themse 728 ff.

Page(s): 1053-1054

Root / lemma: tegu-

English meaning: thick

German meaning: `dick'; only kelt. and germ.

Material: Air. tiug, cymr. corn. tew, bret. teo `thick'; aisl. Þykkr, Þjokkr, Þjukkr `thick', ags. ðicce `thick, dense', ahd. dicchi ds., as. thikki `ds., frequent, often'.

References: WP. I 718.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: teg-

See also: see above S. 1013 f. under (s)teg- and S. 1055.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: teig-

See also: see above S. 1016 f. under (s)teig-.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: teigʷ-

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)teigʷ-.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: tei-

See also: see above S. 1015 under (s)tei-.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: tek-1

English meaning: to produce; to bear

German meaning: `zeugen, gebören'

Material: Old Indian tákman- n. (Gramm.) `offspring, descendant, kid, child'; takarī́ f. `ein Teil the weibl. Genitalien';

gr. τίκτω (*τι-τκ-ω), ἔτεκον, τέξω, -ομαι, τέτοκα `to give birth to children, zeugen', τέκος n. `kid, child; Tierjunges; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot', τέκνον n. `kid, child' (: germ. *Þegnáz), τόκος `das Gebören, progeny, interest', τοκίζω `leihe auf Zinsen', τοκεύς `father, mother, Pl. parents', ion. ἐπί-τοξ, ἐπί-τεξ `the Niederkunft nahe';

aisl. Þegn `free Untertan, free man', ags. ðegn `Edelmann, warrior, Held, servant', as. ahd. thegan ds., nhd. Degen.

References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1, 466.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: tek-2

English meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get

German meaning: etwa `reichen; die Hand ausstrecken', teils um to empfangen ('empfangen, erlangen'), teils um to bitten ('betteln, bitten')

Material: The meaning `bid, beg, ask' only germ.: as. thiggian `flehen', ahd. dicken, diggen st. V. `worum bid, beg, ask', dön. tigge, schwed. tigga `beg', aschwed. Þiggja ds.;

aisl. Þiggja `receive, annehmen', Þǣgr (*Þēgia-) `pleasant', aschwed. Þiggia and older dön. tigge also `bekommen', ags. ðicgan st. V. `bekommen, annehmen, consume', as. thiggian ds.;

air. techtaim `I have', bret. tizaff `empfange' (due to eines *tektā `das Empfangene, property'), cymr. teg `beautiful, pretty' (compare to meaning aisl. Þǣgr), air. ētig = cymr. annheg `ugly' (*n̥ḫteki-); o-grade probably air. toich `naturgemöß' (different under top-);

lit. tenkù, tèkti `sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, sufficient have; zuteil become, zufallen'; klr. taknuty `anröhren'.

References: WP. I 715, Kuiper Idg. Nasalprös. 186 f.

Page(s): 1057-1058

Root / lemma: tek-3

English meaning: to weave, plait

German meaning: `weben, flechten'

Material: Osset. taxun `to weave', anḫdax `filament' (x from k); arm. t`ek`em `turn, twist, rotate, flechte, wickle', t`iur (*tēk-ro-) `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved'; ahd. tāht `wick, cord', nhd. Docht = aisl. Þāttr `cord in a Seil', schweiz. dǣgel, dohe, bair. dāhen, elsöss. dōche `wick' (proto germ. *Þēh-, Þēg-); also aisl. Þǣgja `press' eig. `zusammendrehen'ö about Old Church Slavic tъkati `to weave' see above S. 1032.

References: WP. I 716, WH. II 678 f.

Page(s): 1058

Root / lemma: tek̂Þ-

English meaning: to plait; woodwork; carpenter

German meaning: `flechten, das Holzwerk of geflochtenen Hauses zusammenfögen'

Material: Old Indian takṣati `behaut, bearbeitet, zimmert, verfertigt', lengthened grade tā́ṣṭi ds., participle taṣṭá-, common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation av. tašta- and tāšta-; also tašta- n. `cup, bowl'; Old Indian tákṣaṇ- m. `carpenter' (= av. tašan- `molder, creator, god', gr. τέκτων), fem. takṣṇī́ (: gr. τέκταινα), táṣṭar- `carpenter' (compare lat. textor `Weber');

av. tašaiti `zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt', taša- m. `axe', np. taš ds., mp. tāšīδan `do carpentry, do woodwork', ар. us-tašanā `staircase' (*`construction');

maybe alb. tas `deep bowl'

gr. τέκτων `carpenter', fem. τέκταινα, τέκμαρ, -ωρ `mark, token, sign', τέχνη `Handwerk, Kunst, artifice' (*τεξνᾱ from ölterem *τεκτ[ε]σνᾱ); common Old Indian -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Anatolian – Tocharian – Greek -ĝʷh- > -kt-: -tk- phonetic mutation see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-, ĝhðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : `earth'

lat. texō, -ere, -ui -tum `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', gelegentlich `to build', textor, -ōris `Weber'; tēla `Gewebe' (*tek̂slā = slav. tesla, ahd. dehsala), subtīlis (*-texlis) `fine, thin, tender; feinföhlig, sharp witted, shrewd', subtēmen `Einschlag, Eintrag in Gewebe; Gewebe'; testa f. `Platte, shard, bowl', therefrom testūdō `turtle, tortoise' (compare above av. tašta-), perhaps also tēlum `Fernwaffe, Wurfgeschoß' (as `kundig zugeschnitzt, gearbeitet');

Maybe alb. (*texere) tjerr `flax, wattle, braid'

air. tāl `axe' (*tōkslo-);

ahd. dehsa, dehsala `Queraxt, hatchet, hack, mattock, hoe', aisl. Þexla f. `Queraxt'; mhd. dehsen `Flachs break, rupture', dehse `spindle', ags. ðeox `spear, javelin'; germ. *Þahsu- in ahd. dahs, norw. svin-toks `Dachs = badger ';

lit. tašaũ -ýti `hew' (originally iterative); lett. tešu (*teksi̯ō) and tèšu (*tēksi̯ō), test and tèst `hew'; Old Church Slavic tešǫ, tesati `hew', russ.-Church Slavic tesla `axe', čech. tes `Zimmerholz', russ. tës `gesögte Bretter';

hitt. takš-, takkeš- `zusammenfögen, unternehmen'.

References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f., Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm. 1; Specht Idg. Dekl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.

Page(s): 1058-1059

Root / lemma: tekʷ-

English meaning: to run; to flow

German meaning: `laufen, fließen'

Material: Old Indian tákti `hurries, schießt dahin', taktá-, táku- `hurrying, rash, hasty', takvá- ds.; avatká- `herabfließend'; av. tačaiti `running, hurries; flows', participle -taxta-, np. tāxtan `run', hantačina- `zusammenfließend' (= lit. tẽkinas `running'), av. viḫtaxti- f. `das Zerfließen, Schmelzen' (= Inf. slav. *tekti); here perhaps as `dahinschießend': iran. (skyth.) *taḫša- (npers. taxš) `Pfeil, bow', from which gr. τόξον ds., lat. taxus `yew' (Benveniste Mél. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.);

av. taka- m., np. tak `run, flow' (= lit. tãkas, slav. tokъ); av. tačar- n. `run, flow, pathway', tačan- `hurrying'; tači-āp- `running water (enthaltend)', iran. *taḫra- `quick, fast';

alb. ndjek `pursue';

air. techid `flieht' (Perf. ō-grade tāich), ateoch `bitte' (*ad-tekʷō `take meine Zuflucht'); brit. PN Vo-tepo-rīx; mcymr. goḫdep `Zuflucht', tebet `escape'; bret. tec'het `flee', mcymr. 3. Sg. Konj. ny ry-decho `wer nicht flieht' (brit. ch from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm); ir. intech n. `way' (*enitekʷom, compare Old Church Slavic tekъ `run, flow');

got. Þius `servant, Knecht' (= Old Indian takvá-, eigentl. `runner', compare lett. teksnis `Aufwörter, Bedienter'), urnord. ÞewaR `Lehensmann', ags. ðēo(w), ahd. deo `Knecht, servant', Fem. got. Þiwi, aisl. Þȳ, Þīr, as. thiwi, thiu, ags. ðēowu, ðēowe(n), ahd. diu, diuwa `bondmaid, Dienerin' (*tek-u̯ī́, development moviertes Fem. to *teku̯óḫs, or to *tekú-s: Old Indian táku-); with derivative as got. widuwairna `Waise' *Þewernōn in aisl. Þerna `Sklavin', as. thiorna, ahd. diorna `virgin', nhd. Dirne; n-extension in ags. ðēowen `bondmaid', aisl. Þjōnn `servant', whereof *Þewanōn `serve' in aisl. Þēna, Þjōna, ahd. dionōn, dionēn `serve'; got. anaÞiwan `subjugate, zum Sklaven machen', ags. ðēowian, aisl. Þjā ds.; lengthened gradees collective got. Þēwisa n. Pl. `servant, Knechte' (*tēku̯eso-);

lit. tekù, -ė́ti `run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife, woman)', lett. teku, tecêt `run'; Old Prussian tackelis, lit. tekė̃las, lett. teciêls m. `grindstone, whetstone'; lit. tėkmė̃ `wellspring, river', į́toka `estuary'; lett. teksnis m. `Bedienter'; Old Church Slavic tekǫ, tešti `τρέχειν', serb. tèčēm, tèći `flow', etc.; lit. tãkas `Pfad', lett. taks ds., lit. į̃takas `estuary'; Old Church Slavic tokъ `ῥύσις', potokъ `χείμαρρος'; toch. В cake `river'; hitt. u̯а-tku-zi `springt'.

References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer 3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f.

Page(s): 1059-1060

Root / lemma: teleĝh-

English meaning: to hit

German meaning: `schlagen'ö

Material: Old Indian tarh- (tr̥ṇédhi, Perf. tatarha, participle tr̥dhá-) `shatter, crunch'; lit. su-talžti `durchprögeln', tálžyti `thrash', télžti `thrash, throw'; lett. talzīt, talstīt `durchprögeln'; with zweisilbiger root form lit. telẽžiḫju, -yti `vast, grand durchprögeln', tàlažuoti `babble, chatter' (meaning as nhd. Klatschen), talãžius `babbler'.

References: WP. I 741, Mayrhofer 1, 522;

See also: compare under telek-.

Page(s): 1062

Root / lemma: telek-

English meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, zerstoßen, schlagen'

Note: only Celtic and baltoslavisch

Material: Cymr. talch `piece, fragment, Mahlkorn', acorn. talch `furfures' (*t_elko-); proto slav.. *tьlkǫ, *telkti in Old Church Slavic tlъkǫ, tlěšti `κρούω' (idg. *t_elkō), to lit. tìlkstu, tìlkti `tame, domesticated sein', ap-tìlkęs žmogùs `durchtriebener person'; ablaut. slav. tolkъ m. `Stampfe' and slav. tolkъno n. in russ. toloknó `gestoßenes Hafermehl'; balto-slav. *talkā f. `common work' in lit. talkà, lett.tàlka `zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft', russ. toloká ds., also `threshing floor, pasture' etc.

maybe alb. (*toloká) troka, toka ‘land’ from Ukrainian: toloká `occasional help by fellow villagers, fallow land, pasture' [f ā], tóloku [Accs]

References: WP. I 741, Trautmann 321 f., Vasmer 3, 116 f.;

See also: compare above teleĝh-.

Page(s): 1062

Root / lemma: tel-1, telǝ-, tlē(i)-, tlā-

English meaning: to transport, carry; to bear, suffer

German meaning: `aufheben, wögen; tragen; ertragen, dulden'

Material: Old Indian tulā́ f. `Waage, Gewicht', tulayati `hebt auf, wögt' (with Ablautneuerung in addition tōláyati ds.), tulima- `wögbar', túlya- `gleichartig, comparable'; arm. t`oɫum `lasse, dulde, ertrage';

gr. ταλάσσαι and τλῆναι (dor. ἔτλᾱν), participle τλά̄ς, τλᾶσα, Fut. τλήσομαι, dor. τλά̄σομαι, Perf. τέτλᾰμεν, τέτλᾰθι, τετληυῖα, τετληότος `bear, endure, dulden', participle τλητός, dor. τλᾱτός `duldend, steadfast; ertröglich' (= lat. lātus, cymr. tlawd `arm', idg. *tl̥̄-tós), τάλᾱς, -αντος and (after μέλᾱς) -ανος, -αινα `ertragend, duldend, leidend', τάλαντον (originally to τάλᾱς, n. τάλαν gehöriger Pl. τάλαντα (eig. `die beiden Waagschalen') `Waage; ein bestimmtes Gewicht', ἀτάλαντος `from same Gewicht, equivalent, gleich', πολύτλᾱς `wer viel ausgestanden hat; very patiently'; PN ῎Ατλᾱς, -αντος; τλήμων, dor. τλά̄μων `ertragend, duldend', ταλαός ds., in compound ταλα-; e.g. ταλα-πενθής `affliction ertragend', ταλά-φρων `ausharrenden Sinnes, beharrlich', next to which ταλασί-φρων and ταλαί-πωρος `*Gefahren or Nachstellungen erduldend' i.e. `afflicted, unlucky'; τάλαρος m. `(das, wherein man carries =) basket, pannier, Kösekorb etc. `, *ταλάτης `*wer möhevolle Arbeit to ertragen hat, specific from the spinnery as Arbeit the Frauen', whereof ταλάσια ἔργα, ταλασίᾱ `Wollspinnerei'; ὄ-τλος `pain' (prefix ὀ-); redupl. PN Tάνταλος, τανταλ-εύω, -ίζω, -όω `lasse schweben, schwenke, swing, brandish'; gradation о in τόλμη, τόλμᾰ `boldness, das cart', τολμήεις `duldend, steadfast, bold', τολμάω `ertrage, hold from, dulde; wage'; e-grade τελάσσαι τολμῆσαι, τλῆναι Hes., τελαμών `bearer, Tragriemen, etc. `, further as `aufheben = in die Höhe heave, life' ἀνα-, ἐξανα-τέλλειν `sich erheben, aufgehen, from Gestirnen' (ἀνατολή `Aufgang from Gestirnen'), ἐπιτέλλεσθαι, ὑπερτείλας ὁ ἥλιος, trans. (`aufheben and jemandem aufladen, auferlegen')ἐντέλλειν, -εσθαι `auftragen, order', ἐπιτέλλειν, -εσθαι ds., further: τέλος n. `Zahlung, tribute, tax, Ausgabe, Kosten', εὐτελής `wohlfeil, wenig kostend', πολυτελής `viel Aufwand erfordernd, precious', ἀτελής `frei from tributes and Leistungen, abgabenfrei', probably also (with formants as ἄχθος, πλῆθος, perhaps through mediation eines Verbums *τέλ-θω) τέλθος n. `Entrichtung, sacrifice, oblation';

venet. tolar 3. Sg. Deponens `bringt dar';

lat. tollō, -ere (sustulī, sublātum) `empor, in die Höhe heave, life etc. `(*tln̥ō, transfigured from *tl̥-nā-mi), tolūtim `in Trabe' (eig. `die Föße hebend'), tolerō, -āre `(er)trage, unterhalte', tulī, old tetulī Perf. to ferō, alat. Konj. tulam `bear, carry, bring', lātus `getragen' (= gr. τλᾱτός, cymr. tlawd);

mir. tlenaim `stehle' (*tl̥nāmi), cymr. tlawd `arm' (`*duldend'), ir. tlāith `weak, gentle' (*tlā-ti-); air. tol f. `volition' (*tolā), whereof tolnathar `welcher geföllt' under likewise; at most air. tailm, Gen. telma, bret. talm `loop, noose, snare, Schleuder', cymr. telm `Dohne' (: τελαμώνö);

got. Þulan, -aida `bear, endure, dulden', aisl. Þola, ags. ðolian, ahd. dolēn ds., aisl. Þol n. `Geduld', ahd. dult, ags. geÞyld, nhd. Geduld, dulden;

lett. izḫtilt `bear, endure, endure', perhaps (compare got. barn `kid, child', eig. `as Leibesfrucht getragen') lit. tẽlias, lett. tel'š, telẽns, Old Church Slavic telьcь, russ. telënok (Pl. teljáta) `calf'; different Būga Kalba ir s. 292 f.

toch. А В töl- `heave, life, bear, carry', causative tlössi, preterit A cacöl, В cāla.

References: WP. I 738 ff., WH. II 688 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 90, Mayrhofer 1, 516.

Page(s): 1060-1061

Root / lemma: tel-2, telǝ-, telu-

English meaning: flat, flat ground, board

German meaning: `flach, flacher Boden, Brett'

Material: Old Indian tala- n. `surface, plain, area, Ebene, palm, sole', secondary talimam- n. `floor', tā́lu n. `palate';

arm. t`aɫ `region, Distrikt', t`aɫar `irden, earthen vessel, earthenware', t`aɫem `beerdige, vergrabe', very doubtful t`it`eln `leaf, Platte from metal';

gr. τηλίᾱ `Wörfelbrett, Köchenbrett and likewise';

lat. tellūs, -ūris f. `earth', meditullium `Binnenland' (*telnos; tellūs after rūs reshaped); whether tabula f. `board' etc. from *tal-dhlāö

air. talam (*t_elǝ-mō) Gen. talman `earth', mir. tel, t(a)ul n. `forehead, shield boss', cymr.corn. bret. tal `forehead'; in Ir. is *tal with a variant ir. tel, tul `shield boss' zusammengeflossen, see below *tēu- `to swell';

aisl. Þil(i) n. `Bretterwand', Þilja f. `Diele, plank', Þel n. `ground, bottom', ags. ðille `Diele', ðel `Schiffsplanke, metal sheet', ahd. dil, dilo `Bretterwand, Bretterdiele', dilla (= aisl. Þilja, ags. ðille, whether these f.) `board, Diele, Schiffsdeck', finn. (from dem Nord.) teljo `thwart';

Old Prussian talus `the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle bones of animals)'; lit. pãḫtalas `bed', tìlės f. Pl. `Bodenbretter in barge';lett. tilandi m. Pl. ds., tilinât, telinât `flat ausbreiten', tilât, tiluôt `ds., ausgebreitet lie'; aruss. tьlo `bottom'; potolók (*tolu-ko-) `ceiling';

with formants -to-: lit. tìltas, lett. til̃ts `bridge' = Old Indian taṭa- m. (mind. for *tr̥ta-) `bank, border, shore' (actually `gangbarer floor')ö

References: WP. I 740, WH. II 640 f., 655, Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 110, Mayrhofer 1, 469, 487, 499, Specht Idg. Dekl. 23.

Page(s): 1061

Root / lemma: tel-3

English meaning: to be still

German meaning: `still sein'

Material: Air. tu(i)lid, con-tu(i)li `sleeps' (Iter. *tolei̯ō), cotlud `sleep' (*kom-toli-tu-s);

lit. tyliù, tylė́ti `schweigen' (balto-slav. *tilētēi with secondary lengthening of i to ī) and (ap-, nu-, pri-) tįlù, tìlti `silent become', causative tìldau, tìldyti `schweigen make', tylùs `schweigsam' (idg. *t_el-); Old Church Slavic tьlějǫ, tьlěti `vermodern, vergehen', serb. zà-tljâm, zà-tljati `einschlummern wollen'; in addition das causative slav. *toliti in Old Church Slavic u-toliti `beruhigen', Church Slavic toliti `placare'.

References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 114 f.;

See also: perhaps s-lose variant to stel- (ahd. stilli `still') above S. 1019.

Page(s): 1061-1062

Root / lemma: tel-4

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)tel-1.

Page(s): 1062

Root / lemma: telp-

English meaning: space; spacious

German meaning: `Raum haben'

Material: Old Indian tálpa- m., tálpā f. `lair, Ruhesitz';

air. -tella (analogical -talla) `es is Raum, Möglichkeit vorhanden for etwas';

lit. telpù, til̃pti `Raum have', talpà f. `ausreichender Raum', talpìnti, ablaut. tùlpinti `Raum make'; lett. tęlpu, tìlpt `Raum have', tilpe f. `Kramkammer'; proto slav.. *tilpa respectively *tьlpa in Old Church Slavic tlъpa, russ. tolpá f. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd';

toch. A tsölp- `go, hinöbergehen, erlöst become'.

References: WP. I 741 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 117, Mayrhofer 1, 489.

Page(s): 1062

Root / lemma: tem(ǝ)-

English meaning: dark

German meaning: `dunkel'

Material: Old Indian támas- n. `darkness, darkness' = av. tǝmah- ds., npers. tam `Star of Auges', Old Indian tamasá- `swart' (= av. tǝmaŋha- `finster'), tamsra- `dark, livid'; támisrāḥ (= lat. tenebrae), newer támisrā f., tamisra-m `darkness'; támasvān (-vant) `finster' = av. tǝmahvant- `verblendet'; tamrá- `verdunkelnd', tāmrá- `oxblood, indigo, kupferrot', timirá- `dark, finster';támāla- m. `Xanthochymos pictorius' (tree with very dunkler bark); from tamāla-pattram `T.-leaf' derive gr. μαλάβαθρον, lat. mālobat(h)rum; av. tąϑra- Nom. Pl. `darkness', np. tār `finster' = *tamḫsra-;

gr. (öol.) VN Τέμμῑκες (*tems-);

illyr. mountain-N Τόμαρος by Dodona;

lat. tenebrae `darkness' (diss. from *temafrā = Old Indian támisrāḥ Pl.), temere `blindlings, aufs Geratewohl' (Lok. *temesi `in Dunkeln [tappend]'), temerō, -āre `blemish, entehren' (eig. `unvorsichtig heiligen Dingen nahen'); mir. teim, temen `dark, gray', air. temel `darkness', mbret. teffal `finster'; ahd. demar n. `dawn, twilight'; as. thimm `dark' (*Þimzá-); mndl. deemster, ahd. dinstar (and probably also ahd. finstar) `finster `(*temsro- = Old Indian tamsra-); nd. dīsig, ndl. dijzig `nebelig, dark' (*Þemsiga-); lengthened grade probably aisl. Þām `obscuritas aeris', norw. taam `unklare Luft, dönne blanket of clouds';

lit. témsta, témti `finster become'; tamsà `darkness', tamsùs `dark', ablaut. lett. tima, timsa and tùmsa `darkness', lit. tim̃sras `schweißföchsig, oxblood, indigo'; lett. tumst (Inf.tumt) `es dunkelt'; Old Church Slavic tьma `darkness', Old Church Slavic tьmьnъ `dark'; russ. témrivo `darkness'; whether slav. těnь `shadow' as *tem-ni-s anzureihenö

toch. В tamāsse `dark'.

Maybe alb. dimën ‘winter, long winter nights’ origin of PIE root for winterööö, maybe alb. tym ‘smoke’ dark smoke’ similar to poln. dymööö

References: WP. I 720 f., WH. II 656 f., 664, Trautmann 322, Vasmer 3, 92 f., 162.

Page(s): 1063-1064

Root / lemma: tem-1, tend-

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Gr. τέμνω, hom. ion. dor. τάμνω (hom. τέμει) `cut, bite' (ἔταμον and ἔτεμον, τεμῶ, τέτμηκα, τμητός); τομός `incisive', τόμoς `break, section, part; band, strap (book)', τομή `cut'; τέμαχος `abgeschnittenes Stöck gesalzenen Fisches', τέμενος `(*abgeschnittener, abgesonderter) göttlicher or royal district, region, area'; τμῆσις `cut'; τάμισος `rennet' (weil es γάλα τέμνει, id est σχίζει, hence also γαλα-τμον λάχανον ἄγριον Hes.); ταμίας `Verwalter', as the die Portionen aufschneidende, then also die Arbeit verteilende; other formations τμήγω (by Balbilla τμά̄γω) `cut, bite' (3. Pl. Aor. Pass. τμά̆γεν); τένδω, τένθης see under; phryg. Τῆμνον ὄρος (: Church Slavic těmę);

lat. aestumō, -āre `abschötzen, taxieren, schötzen' due to eines *ais-temos `Erz incisive'; about lat. temnō see under stemb-; air. tamun `stump', tamnaid `clips, cuts';

bsl. *tĭnō, *tinti from *t_emnō (gr. τάμνω), *t_emǝtī in lit. tinù, tìnti `dengeln', slov. tnèm tę́ti `hacken', ačech. tnu, tieti `hew, hit', aruss. tьnu (tьmetъ is Druckfehler), tjǫti `hit', whereupon also *tonъ instead of *tomъ (= τόμος) in nsorb. ton `Aushau' etc.; Church Slavic těmę `Scheitel';

d-extension (originally d-present): gr. τένδω `benage, nasche', dh-present att. τένθω ds., τένθης `Nöscher'; lat. (iterative) tondeō, -ēre, totondī, tōnsum `abscheren, abschneiden' (in addition tōnsa `rudder', tōnsilla `Uferpfahl'); mir. tond, tonn, cymr. ton f. `skin'; mir. teinnid, tennaid `splits, breaks', teinm n. `split, tear' and schott.-göl. tèum = cymr. tam, corn. tam, bret. tamm `morsel, mouthful, piece' (*tn̥dsmn̥-).

References: WP. I 719 f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 92, 111, 133.

Page(s): 1062-1063

Root / lemma: tem-2

English meaning: enthralled, confused

German meaning: höufig lengthened grade `geistig benommen, betöubt'

Material: Old Indian tā́myati `wird betöubt, wird senseless, unconscious, ermattet', participle Perf. Pass. tāṃtá-, Kaus. tămáyati `erstickt (trans.), stolen; looted the Luft' (kslav. tomiti), támati `erstickt (intr.), wirdunbeweglich, wird hart', támiṣīcī f. `beklemmend, betöubend', timitá- `unbeweglich', (i after stimitá- ds. from *stāi- `verdichten'); arm. t`m(b)rim `werde betöubt' (*tēmiro-);

lat. tēmētum `berauschendes Getrönk, Met, Wein', tēmulentus `berauscht', abstēmius `sober'; mir. tām (*tōmu-) `disease, malady, Ohnmacht, death'; támaid `stirbt'; mcymr. taw `death'; nhd. damisch, dömlich `betöubt, benommenen Geistes', westfal. dömmeln `ersticken'; russ.-Church Slavic tomiti `torment, smite; distress; exhaust'.

References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1, 495, 503;

See also: probably to consecutive (tem(ǝ)-).

Page(s): 1063

Root / lemma: temp-

English meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `dehnen, ziehen, spannen'

Note: extension from *ten- ds.

Material: Npers. tābḫaδ, Inf. tāftan and tāb-ī-δan `turn, wenden, spinnen', intr. `sich drehen, afflicted become' (from one to *tap = idg. *tm̥p- analogical refined Кaus. *tāpayati), wherefore probably as iran.Lw. gr. τάπης, δάπις `cover, rug';

arm. t`amb `(*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche Fleisch an Tierbeinen'; gr. PN Τέμπη (: lat. tempus `Schlöfe');

here lat. tempus, -oris n. `Schlöfe' (from the thin gespannten skin, compare aisl. etc. Þunn-vangi m. `Schlöfe') = lat. tempus `Zeitspanne', in addition temperāre `Maß halten, Maß give' (hence `mix'); templum `an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff' (`*ausgespannt = ausgemessen'); perhaps antemnā f. `sprit' (`die Aufgespannte') from *an(a)-tempḫnā; templa, -ōrum `die gespannten Querhölzer, auf denen die Schindeln befestigt become'; contemplāri `ἀτενές βλέπειν', temptō, -āre (iterative to *tempō) `touch, beföhlen, assail, untersuchen, auf die Probe stellen' (see Persson Beitr. 488 ff.);

aisl. Þambr `swollen, thick', Þǫmb Subst. `aufgedunsener Bauch, bowstring';

lit. tem̃pti `through Ziehen spannen, dehnen', Iter. tampýti ds., tim̃pti `sich recken', tìmpa `sinew', temptýva `bowstring' = Old Church Slavic tętiva `sinew', lit. į̃tampas `Anspannung, Anstrengung' (ablaut. į́tumpas `beginning zum Sprunge'), tamprùs `tenacious, elastisch'; lett. tìeptiês `hartnöckig sein';

Old Church Slavic tǫpъ `obtusus, crassus'ö perhaps from `gedunsen'; russ. tepstí `straff anziehen';

toch. A tampe `power', AB cömp- `to be able, vermögen'.

References: WP. I 721 f., WH. I 54, II 659 f., 662, Trautmann 317 f., Vasmer 3, 95, 101, 153, Frisk Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. 57, 1951: 4.

Page(s): 1064-1065

Root / lemma: tend-

See also: see under tem-1.

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: tenǝgos, t_enǝgos

English meaning: ground in water

German meaning: `Grund in Wasser'

Material: Gr. τέναγος n. `ford'; lett. tīgas (*tingas) `Tiefe between zwei Untiefen'.

References: WP. I 724.

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: tengh-

English meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `ziehen, dehnen, spannen'

Note: ar. *thengh-, yet probably nevertheless extension from ten-1 ds.

Material: Av. ϑang- (ϑanjasā̊ntē, ϑanjayentē, participle ϑaxta-) `ziehen, Bogen spannen'; but ϑanvarǝ, Abl. ϑanvanāt̲ `bow (as Schußwaffe)' after Mayrhofer through contamination with *danvan- (= Old Indian dhánvan-, above S. 234) originated; osset. t`ịnjịn `distend'; arm. t`anjr, Gen. t`anju `dense, thick' (*tn̥ghi̯u-);

lat. tēmō, -ōnis m. `shaft' (*tenksmō); Old Church Slavic *tęgnǫti `ziehen', rastęgǫ, rastęšti `distrahere', russ. tugój `straff, tight, firm, strong, heavy', poln. tęgi ds., Old Church Slavic tǫga `συνοχή, περίστασις', slov. tǫ́ga `sluggishness, Schwermut' etc.; die meaning `heavy' also in slav. *tęgъkъ: Old Church Slavic otęgъčiti `βαρεῖν', tęžьkъ `βαρύς', tęgostь `βάρος', tęgota ds. etc.; also Old Church Slavic istęsklъ `emaceratus, tabidus', istęsknǫti `tabescere' with sk-suffix; here Old Church Slavic tęža `litigation';

lit. tingùs `idle' (= slav. *tęgъ in tęgostь etc., and: aisl. Þungr), tìngiu, tingė́ti `idle, unlustig sein', tìng-stu, -au, -ti `tröge become';

aisl. Þungr `heavy', Þunge m. `burden, load', Þyngia `beschweren', Þyngð `Unannehmlichkeit, Verlegenheit', Þyngsl `distress, crowdedness'; ahd. dīhsala, ags. Þīxl, aisl. Þīsl `shaft' (proto germ. *Þenχslō eig. `Zugstange'); toch. A töṅk-, В tank- `hinder'.

References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, Vasmer 3, 166.

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: teng-1

English meaning: to soak, wet

German meaning: `benetzen, anfeuchten'

Material: Gr. τέγγω `benetze, befeuchte'; lat. tingō (older tinguō, das after unguō : unxi for older *tengō eingetreten is), -ere, -nxi, -nctum `benetzen, anfeuchten; förben'; ahd. thunkōn, dunkōn `tunken `; schweiz. tink `humid, wet'.

References: WP. I 726, WH. II 684.

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: teng-2

See also: s. S. 1088 (tong-).

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: tenk-1

English meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `ziehen, dehnen, spannen; Zeitspanne'

Note: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only Germanic

Material: Got. Þeihs (*ténkos), Pl. Þeihsa n. `time'; with gramm. variation aisl. Þing n. `Gerichtsversammlung, property, object', ags. ðing ds., as. thing, ahd. ding, nhd. Ding, langob. thinx `rechtliche Zusammenkunft, congregation, meeting', agerm. GN Mars Thinxus (germ.*Tius Þingsaz `the god the congregation, meeting'); ags. ðingan `einen pact, covenant make', nhd. dingen.

References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: tenk-2

English meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick

German meaning: `(sich) zusammenziehen (also especially von the Milch; gerinnen), fest, dicht werden' (out of it also `gedeihen')

Material: Old Indian tañc- tanákti `zieht together', with ā- `makes curdle, coagulate, harden', ātángana-m `Mittel zum Gerinnen, rennet', takrá-m `buttermilk' (*tn̥k-ló-m: *ténk-lo-m in isl. Þél), npers. talxīna `sour milk'; av. taxma- `valiant, proficient, energetic, heldenhaft', compounds tąšyah-, Sup. tančišta-; np. tanjīδan `pull together', afghan. tat `dense, thick' (*tahta-);

mir. tēcar `protection', tēcht (*tenkto-, compare aisl. Þēttr) `geronnen', tēchte `gehörig, right', cymr. teithi `characteristics', mcymr. brenhin teithiawc `rex legitimus' (from `tight, firm'), air. con-tēci `gerinnt' (= got. Þeihan, idg. *ténkō), téchtaid ds. (*tenktō); ablaut. tocad, cymr.tynged `luck', bret. toñket `fate, destiny', PN Tunccetace, lat. Gen. in Wales; zero grade cymr.tanc f. `peace' (*tn̥kā), tangnef ds.; compare adön. taknem `dankbar' under tong-; gall. PN Tanco-rīx `Friedensförst';

nisl. Þēl n. `buttermilk'; aisl. Þēttr `dicht', mhd. dīhte, nhd. dicht and dial. deicht (proto germ. *Þenχtu-); nisl. Þētti `sour milk'; got. Þeihan `thrive', ahd. gidīhan, ags. geðēon ds., participle ags. geðungen, as. githungan `vollkommen', in addition das Kaus. as. thengian `vollenden' (of present *Þīhan from junction in die ī-row), got. gaÞaih, dt. gediegen, mnd. dege `prospering; flourishing, Fortschritt'; Verschmelzung with Verwandten from lit. tinkù tìkti `taugen, passen', patinkù `schmecke, behage', Iter. táikau, -yti `zusammenfögen, bring in order', tìkras `right', das to lit. tiẽkti, teĩkti belongs), nhd. bair. deihen `austrocknen and dadurch dichter become', compare with gradation *Þanχ- nhd. steir. dahen `dry, dorren' and die Bezeichnung the Tonerde got. Þāhō, ags. ðōhæ, ðō, ahd. dāha, nhd. Ton (*Þanχōn), aisl. Þā `loam', as. thāhi `irden';

aisl. Þengill, ags. ðengel `prince, lord, master, mister' (*Þаngilaz);

aisl. Þang, mnd. dank `seaweed, Tang', ags. ðung `Aconitum napellus', nd. wodendung `Schierling' (`*dichte mass, tussock'ö);

lit. tánkus `dense, frequent, often';

klr. t'aknuty `nötzen', slov. tek `prospering; flourishing'; presumably Old Church Slavic tǫča `rain', slov. t'ǫča `hail', and likewise; whether got. Þeiƕō `thunder' dazugehört, with from `Wetterwolke' verschobener meaning, is höchst dubious.

References: WP. I 725 f., Trautmann 313 f., Vasmer 3, 158 f. Marstrander ZcP. 7, 369 f., J. Loth RC. 41, 225 f.;

See also: root-extension from ten-1 `dehnen'.

Page(s): 1068

Root / lemma: ten-1, tend-

English meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `dehnen, ziehen, spannen', also von the Weberei, Spinnen, Strick etc.

Grammatical information: ten- bildet in Idg. an not thematic root aorist (ved. átan, átata `er hat gespannt') and ein Perfekt (ved. tatā́na, tatné, lat. tetini). Das present wird with -eu-extension (ved. tanóti, tanuté, gr. hom. τάνυται) or -i̯e/o-suffix shaped (gr. τείνω); compare tenu-s `thin' and die extensions tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens- .

Material: Old Indian tanṓti `dehnt, spannt, erstreckt sich, dauert', av. pairi-tanava 1. Sg. Konj. Akt. `I will fernhalten', pairi-tanuya 1. Sg. Opt. Med.; Old Indian utḫtāna- `ausgestreckt' = av. ustāna- ds. (*tn̥nó-, compare Old Indian taniḫman- n. `Dönne', also lit. tìnti, lat. tenē-re); np. tanīδan `turn, spinnen'; as d-present (as lat. tendō) Old Indian tandatē `lößt after, ermattet' (tandrā́ `Mattigkeit, Abspannung');

participle Old Indian tatá- m. `gestreckt' (= gr. τατός, lat. tentus); tati- m. `row, cord, sacrifice, immolation' (= gr. τάσις `Spannung, lengthening', lat. in-, con-tentiō), next to which zero grade tánti- `cord, Saite, row', tantu- `filament, cord, Saite, Aufzug of Gewebes'; tan- `Ausbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny', Instr. tanā́ `continuō', tána- m. `descendant', tána-m, tánā, tánas- n. `progeny'; tántra-m `Zettel, Aufzug am loom' = np. tār (av. *tąϑra-) ds., afghan. tōr `net'; Old Indian tāna- m. `clay, filament' (compare gr. τόνος); perhaps here tanū́- f. `body, person, Selbst' = av. tanū- f. ds. (Mayrhofer 475);

gr. τάνυται `streckt sich' (= Old Indian tanutḗ), τανύω (ἐτάνυσα etc.) `strecke, dehne'; τείνω ds. (τατός), τιταίνω ds.; ταινίᾱ `(long) stripe, Binde' (due to eiŋes Adj. *τανι̯ός); τέτανος `Spannung, twitch'; τετανός `gestreckt, long, straff'; τένων, -οντος `sinew', τένος n. `sinew, straff angezogenes Band' (= lat. tenus, -oris, compare also Old Indian tánas- n.), ἀ-τενής `very gespannt, straff' (ἀ- probably with ion. Psilose = sm̥-), whereof ἀτενίζω `hefte den Blick angespannt auf etwas'; τόνος `Spannung, Anspannung; also the voice, Hebung of Verses, musikalischer sound, tone' (: lit. tãnas); τάσις f. `Spannung' (*tn̥tis); about τανύ- `sich ausbreitend' see under tenu-s;

alb. ndënj `breite from, pull, spanne die Saiten'; katund, këtunt (*ke-tn̥-t-) `village' (`*ausgespanntes tent');

lat. tendō, -ere, tetendi, tentum, newer tēnsum `spannen, distend, ausstrecken' (originally d-present) = umbr. an-, en-tentu `intenditō', ustentu `ostenditō' etc., lat. tentus, (in-)tentiō; teneō, -ēre, tenui (alat. tetinī = Old Indian tatanē), tentum `hold, stop etc. `(originally Durativ, trans. and intrans. `somewhat gespannt halten', hence tenēre also `dauern' = vast, spacious sein), at-tinēre, pertinēre, continuus; tenēre aliquid originally with Akk. of Zieles `auf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein' (tenē-re belongs to ahd. donēn `vast, spacious, ausgestreckt sein' undlit. tìnstu, tìnti `to swell'); tenus, -oris n. `cord with loop, noose, snare' (= gr. τένος), tenor, -ōris m. `ununterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection; (jur.) sense, mind, Inhalt eines Gesetzes', tenus preposition m. Abl. Gen. Akk. `sich erstreckend bis, bis an', protinus `sich after vorn erstreckend, vorwörts' (compare Old Indian nū́tanāḥ, -tnāḥ `jetzig', lat. diū-tinus, lit. dabartìnis `jetzig'), tenāx `tenacious, tenacious'; umbr. tenitu `teneto';

air. tan `time' (*t_enā), eigentl. `Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung' (in tain `when, if') (: lett. tina), air. tét `Saite' (*tn̥tā) = cymr. tant ds. (compare Old Indian tantu-, isl. Þind) = bret. arḫdant `Pflöcke am cart zur Befestigung of Seiles'; air. tēit `goes' (*tenḫti, alterWurzelaorist, originally `streckte');

got. uf-Þanjan `sich distend, sich ausstrecken', aisl. Þenja `ausspannen, ausstrecken', ags. ðenian, ðennan `strecken, spannen', ahd. den(n)en `dehnen'; aisl. Þinull `rope, hawser, dasein net einfaßt and in addition dient, es to spannen', aisl. Þind, norw. tinder f. `Zwerchfell' (air. tēt, Old Indian tántu-); dh-present ags. ðindan `to swell, angry, irate sein'; in addition aisl. Þund f. `river'; ags. ðunian `sich heben, sich dehnen, to swell', gleich ahd. mhd. donên `sich distend, to swell, strotzen'; don `ausgespannt', mhd. done, don `Spannung', ahd. dona, as. thona `twig, branch, Ranke', nhd. Dohne, ags. ælf-ðone `Albranke, Solanum dulcamara'; aisl. Þǫn f. `Holzstöbchen, with dem Felle zum Trocknen ausgespannt become', schwed. tana `sinew', older dön. tan `Zwerchfell';

lit. tìnstu, tìnti `to swell', tãnas `swelling, lump, growth' (`*sich distend', also of Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefördert through das reimende tvìnti `to swell'); lit. tiñ-klas `net', Old Prussian sasin-tinclo `Hasengarn', lett. tinu, tît `flax, wattle, braid, winden, wickeln', tina `ein Setznetz' (: air. tan), tineklis `somewhat Gewundenes, Gewickeltes'; lit. tandus `idle';

Old Church Slavic teneto, tonoto `rope'.

References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3, 93, Mayrhofer 1, 475, Bergin Ériu 12, 227 ff.

Page(s): 1065-1066

Root / lemma: ten-2

See also: see above S. 1021 under (s)ten-1.

Page(s): 1067

Root / lemma: tens-

English meaning: to extend, stretch, span

German meaning: `dehnen, ziehen, spannen'

Note: extension from ten-1 ds.

Material: Old Indian taṁsayati `zieht hin and her, schöttelt', taṁsati (uncovered), Aor. á-tasat `pull, with Gewalt in Bewegung place', tásara-m `Weberschiffchen', vítasti- m.; av. vitasti- `span';

lat. tōlēs, -ium `craw am Halse', Demin. tōnsillae `die Mandeln in Halse', prōtēlum `towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang', whereof prōtēlāre `in die Lönge ziehen' (during prōtēlāre `drive away, fortjagen' as tēlīs `prōpellere `to understand, comprehend is); tēnsa `Prozessions- or Götterwagen', das subst. Fem. of participle tēnsus;

got. atÞinsan `heranziehen', anld. thinsan `ziehen, rend', ahd. dinsan `ziehen, drag', hess. dinse, dans `ziehen', participle nhd. gedunsen (eig. `aufgezogen'), ahd. dansōn `ziehen, dehnen';

lit. tęsiù, tę̃sti `through Ziehen dehnen, verlöngern', pratęsà `Verzug, Aufschub', užtęsas `Leichentuch', Intr. tįstù, tį̃sti `sich dehnen, sich recken', tąsaũ -ýti (: Old Indian taṁsayati) `pull, recken', Old Prussian tiēnstwei `stir, tease, irritate', 2. Pl. Imp. tenseiti, participle entensīts `gefaßt', teansis `shaft'.

References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491, 532.

Page(s): 1068-1069

Root / lemma: tenu-s, t_enu-s

English meaning: thin

German meaning: `dönn', eig. `lang gedehnt'

Grammatical information: fem. tenu̯ī

Note: to ten-1 `dehnen'

Material: Old Indian tanú-, fem. tanvī `thin, tender, schmöchtig, unbedeutend' (tánuka- ds. = slav. tьnъkъ); substantivized Old Indian tanū́- f., tanuṣ- n., av. tanū- f., tanus- n., np. tan `body, body';

gr. τανυ- `long', fem. τανεῖαι `long balk, beam'; τανα(F)ός `langgestreckt, long'; perhaps eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, Sommer Zur Gesch. d. gr. Nominalkomp. 127;

lat. tenuis `thin, fine, tender' (from dem fem. *tenu̯ī = Old Indian tanvī́); gr. ταναFός kann from *τεναFός assimilated sein;

air. tan(a)e (with secondary -e), corn. tanow, bret. tanao, tano `thin' (proto kelt. *tanau̯o-; cymr. teneu verdankt sein e dem influence of lat. tenuis);

ahd. dunni, as. thunni, aisl. Þunnr `thin' (nn from nu̯); here also *Þennō, *Þunnō f. `Stirne, Schlöfe' in ahd. tinna, mhd. tinne, tunne ds.; in den compounds. ahd. tinna-bacho `Schlöfe' and ahd. dun-wangi, -wengi n., ags. ðun-wang(e) f., aisl. Þun-vangi m., schwed.tinning `Schlöfe';

lit. tę́vas, lett. tiêvs `slim';

Old Church Slavic tьnъkъ `thin' (assimil. *tъnъkъ, russ. tónkij).

References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang. and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319.

Page(s): 1069

Root / lemma: tep-

English meaning: warm

German meaning: `warm sein'

Material: Old Indian tápati `erwörmt, burns' (also `kasteit sich, öbt penance, atonement'), participle taptá- `erwörmt, erhitzt', tápas- n. `heat, blaze, glow', tápu- `glöhend, hot', Kaus. tāpáyati `erwörmt, erhitzt'; av. tāpaiti `is warm', Kaus. tāpayeiti `erwörmt, erhitzt', Inchoh. tafsaiti (*tepǝsk̂eti) `wird hot', participle tapta- `erwörmt, hot', tafnu- m. `Fieberhitze, fever', tafnah- n. `heat, blaze, glow; fever'; np. tāftan `burn, warm, gleam, shine';

alb. tosk. ftoh, geg. ftof `make cold, lösche from, verletze with words' (*vëtēp-sk̂ō `entwörme');

lat. tepeō -ēre `lukewarm sein', tepidus `warm', tepor `Wörme'; presumably osk. tefúrúm `a kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation' (*teps-ro-); umbr. Abl. Sg. with Postpos. tefru-to, Akk. Pl. umbr. tefra `carnes cremandas';

air. tē `hot', Pl. tēit (*tepent- = Old Indian participle tapant-); ten and tene, Gen. -ed `fire' (*tepnet-), cymr. corn. bret. tan ds., corn. bret. tana `kindle, inflame'; air. tess, cymr. corn. tes, bret. tez `heat' (*tepsḫtu-, to es-stem lat. tepor, Old Indian tapas-); mir. timme `heat, fear'(*teps-mi̯ā); cymr. twym `heat', acorn. toim `hot', mbret. toem, nbret. tomm `hot' (*tepesmo-);

norw. teva `vor heat keuchen', ags. ðefian `pant, gasp', aisl. Þefr m. smell, odor, taste', Þefa `smell' trans., Þefja `smell' intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen Dampfes from Speisen);

Old Church Slavic *teplъ (in teplostь `θερμότης'), čech. teplý, russ. tëplyj and (with о after topiti) Old Church Slavic toplъ `warm'; Kaus. serb. tòpiti `melt', russ. topítь `heizen; zerlassen'; pr. PN Taplawken eig. `Warmfeld';

hitt. tapašša- `fever, heat' (Old Indian Lw.ö).

References: WP. I 718 f., WH. II 667 f., Trautmann 319, Vasmer 3, 111, Mayrhofer 1, 477, 569.

Page(s): 1069-1070

Root / lemma: terd-, tred-

English meaning: to drill

German meaning: `durchbohren'

Note: (see also ter- `malmendes insect'), extension from *ter- `rub, durchbohren'

Material: Old Indian tr̥ṇátti, Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), Perf. tatárda `durchbohren, split', tardman- n. `hole, aperture', tardá- m. `ein insect', tr̥dilá- `löcherig, durchbohrt', tradá- `the (through Bohren) eröffnet'; lit. tréndu, -ė́ti `from Motten, Wörmern zerfressen become', trandė̃ under trandìs `Made, Holzwurm'; ablaut. lett. trûdi `Moder', trûdêt `verwittern, faulen'; lit. trìdė `diarrhea'; Old Church Slavic trǫdъ `tinder' and `kind of disease, malady, δυσεντερία' (compare above S. 1073 lit. tríedžiu `have diarrhea': cymr. trwyddo `bore'), čech. trud `Zitterich am face'.

References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper Idg. Nasalprös. 96 f., 183 f., Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.

Page(s): 1076

Root / lemma: terk-, trek- (tork-, trok-)

English meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Note: probably extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben'

Material: Old Indian tarkú- m. `spindle', niṣṭarkyá- `was sich aufdrehen lößt'; figurative tarkáyati `assumes, sinnt after';

gr. ἄτρακτος m. f. `spindle (figurative: Pfeil, sprit)' ἀ = n̥ `in', as (`Stöbchen zum Aufdrehen'), ἀτρεκής `unverhohlen, geradeheraus' (`unumwunden'); alb. tjerr `spinne' (*tērknō);

lat. torqueō, -ere, torsi, tortum `turn, winden, verdrehen, agonize' (qu is k + formant u̯, compare Old Indian tarkú- `spindle'), torquēs, torquis `necklace as jewellery', tormentum `Winde, manacle, Marterwerkzeug, Wurfmaschine' (*torqu[e]mentom), tormina `Leibschmerzen', torculum `Drehpresse, Kelter', nasturtium `Kresse' (*nāstorctiom `quod nasum torqueat');

ir. trochal `Schleuder'; perhaps cymr. torri `break, rupture' (*torkḫs-), mbret. terryff ds.;

ahd. drāhsil `Drechsler', nhd. drechseln, probably also ags. Þrǣstan `turn, zusammenwinden, press, afflict' (as germ. *Þrēχsti̯an); if also aisl. Þari `Tang' (from *Þarhan-) actually `band, strap'ö

Old Prussian tarkue `Binderiemen (am Pferdegeschirr)' lies tarkne = *tarkìnė; Old Church Slavic trakъ `band, strap, Gurt', russ. tórok m. `Sattelriemen', poln. troki m. Pl. `strap, Fesseln';

toch. AB tsörk- `torment, smite', A tark- `Ohrring', В törk- `turn'.

A meaning `verdreht, quer' shows die with tu̯- anlautende family of ahd. dwerah, dwerawēr `slantwise, quer', nhd. zwerch, quer and mhd. twerge `Quere', zwerg `quer', ags. ðweorh `inverted', aisl. Þverr `quer, obstructive', got. Þwaírhs `angry, irate'; the anlaut tu̯- is perhaps through hybridization with *tu̯er- `turn' to define.

References: WP. I 735 f., WH. II 692 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125, Mayrhofer 1, 484 f.

Page(s): 1077

Root / lemma: ter-1

English meaning: to tremble, dabble

German meaning: `zappeln, zittern'

Material: Old Indian taralá- `zitternd, zuckend, unstet'; alb. tartaɫis `zapple' (from redupl. *tarḫtar-).

References: WP. I 727 f., Mayrhofer 1, 481;

See also: extensions: trem-, tres- (Kombinationsform *trems-), trep-.

Page(s): 1070

Root / lemma: ter-2, teru-

English meaning: feeble, fragile, weak

German meaning: `zart, schwach'

Note: (to ter- `rub' as `ab-, aufgerieben, weakened')

Material: Gr. τέρην `tender', sabin. terenum `molle', lat. (after tenuis reconverted) tener, -a, -um `tender, soft';

from the u-basis: Old Indian táruṇa-, dial. tálina- `young, tender' (m. f. `youngling, girl', n. `sprout, Halm'), av. tauruna- `young', osset. törịn `knave, boy';

gr. τέρυ ἀσθενές, λεπτόν Hes., τέρυες ἵπποι `abgejagte Pferde' (τερύσκετο ἐτείρετο Hes.: τέρυ = μεθύσκω : μέθυ), τερύνης τετριμμένος ὄνος, καὶ γέρων Hes.;

lat. tardus `slow, slack, zögernd' as do-derivative eines red.-stuf. *t_eru-ö; air. terc `sparse, small';

zur τέρην-group as `young, tender; young Bursche, Tierjunges' also torno-s in lit. tar̃nas `servant', Old Indian tarṇa-, tarṇaka- m. `Tierjunges, calf'; arm. t`orn, Gen. t`orin `grandchild, grandson';

alb. trim `valiant, gamy; m. young man', Pl. trima `bewaffnete Gefolgsmönner' (tr̥mo-), if `young Bursche, jugendkröftig' die meaning-development war;

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared' is related to alb. alb. tosk. trëmp, geg. trem `I scare'; lat. tremō, -ere `tremble' from Root / lemma: trem-, trems- : `to thump; to tremble' (see below).

arm. t`arm `young, fresh, green', perhaps aisl. Þyrma `spare, look after' as derivative eines *Þormaz `weak, tender'; is lat. termes, -itis `abgeschnittener twig, branch' die lengthened grade in additionö men-forms in gr. τεράμων `tender, light kochbar', ἀτεράμων `hard, raw', hom. ἀτέραμνος `hard, unerbittlich, unbeugsam'; presumably got. Þarihs `ungewalkt, neu (from kerchief, cloth)', eig. `fresh'.

References: WP. I 728, WH. II 648 f., 665, 670 f., Mayrhofer 1, 483.

Page(s): 1070-1071

Root / lemma: ter-3, terǝ- and teri-, trī-

English meaning: to rub

German meaning: `reiben; drehend reiben' (from which `drehen'), `(reibend) durchbohren'

Note: also teru- : treu- (extended with b, g, gh, ĝh, k, p); here ter-2 `tender' (eig. `aufgerieben', compare lat. mollis : molō), and ter-6 in Worten for `malmendes insect'

Material: A. Old Indian turá- `wund' or `sick', ā́tura- ds.;

gr. τείρω `reibe (auf), bedrönge, quöle, betröbe', τίτρημι, newer τιτράω `grind, pulverize, durchbohre' (Fut. τρήσω; τρητός `durchbohrt, durchlöchert', τρῆμα `hole'), τετραίνω ds. (compare lit. trinù); κυκλοτερής `round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved', τέρετρον `borer', τερέω `drill, wimble, bore a hole, drechsle'; ἔτορε `durchbohrte' (participle present ἀντι-τορεῦντα, Perf. τετορημένος), τόρος `chisel' (compare also τορός `piercing loud' under *toro-s `loud'), τορεύς `Grabstichel, chisel', τορεία `das Verfertigen erhabener Arbeit in Stein or metal', τορεύω `carve'; τόρνος `Zirkel, Dreheisen; Kreisbewegung' (τόρονος τόρνος. Ταραντῖνοι Hes., compare lak. τορονευτός); τόρμος `hole'; about gr. ἀτάρτηρος `inconsiderate' (ö) s. Frisk 176;

alb. tjer `spinne' (*terō);

lat. terō, -ere, trīvī, trītum `rub, grind', the prefixed present forms from the basis trēi-, trī-, likewise dētrīmentum (synonymous termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) `failure, damage', trīticum `wheat' (`*Dreschgetreide'), triō m. `Pflugochse' (`a terenda terra'), trībulum `a threshingsledge, wooden platform studded with iron teeth', trībulāre `press; beset, plague (late)', tetricus `grumpy, surly, sullen, finster', intertrīgō `wundgeriebene place'; teres, -etis (eig. `glattgerieben') `lönglichrund, glattrund, slim, fine', terebrā `borer'; trīcae `Rönke' (Pl.) to *trīḫkā `tribulatio';

toch AB trik- `in die Irre go, fehlen', В traik- `in die Irre guide, lead', participle Perf. Pass.tetrīku;

from the same basis trēi-, trī- (as trīvī etc.) mir. trēith `weak', and gr. τρί̄βω (τρί̄ψω, ἐτρί̆βην) `rub, grind, pulverize, entkröfte etc. `, τρῐβή `das Reiben etc. `, τρίβος m. f. `abgetretener way, road; das Reiben, Verzug'; compare Church Slavic trěbiti `clean, roden' from proto slav. *terb- (τρί̄βω : lat. trī- = sl. terb- : lat. ter-); in addition mir. trebaid (*tr̥b-) `pflögt, bewohnt', air. trebar `smart' (partly with treb, S. 1090, zusammengefallen);

air. tarathar, cymr. etc. taradr `borer'; mir. tuirenn (*torinā) `wheat' (`Reibefrucht');

ahd. drāen `turn, work a lathe' (originally `*drehend reiben or bore'), ags. ðrāwan `ds. `; intr. `sich umkehren' (engl. throw `throw'), ahd. drāt, ags. ðrǣd, aisl. Þrāðr `Draht, filament' (*Þrēðu-z eig. `the Gedrehte'), ahd. drāti `quick, fast, rash, hasty, hasty' (eig. `sich hurtig drehend'); besides germ. *Þr-el- in nd. drillen `bore, torment, smite', mhd. gedrollen `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, rounded', nhd. drillen `winden, bore, torment, smite', afries. thralle Adv. `quick, fast', mnd. dral `round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, sich wirbelnd', mhd. drel, nhd. dial. drell, drall `strong, tight, firm, strong', wherewith ags. ðearl `stern, hard' perhaps identical is (*tor-los); aisl. Þarmr, ags. ðearm, ahd. daram `intestine' (= gr. τόρμος `hole'); with Þrē- the changing by ablaut Þrō- in got. ÞrōÞjan `train, practice' = russ. tratitь `consume', čech. tratiti `lose, zugrunde richten', to lit. trótinti `stir, tease, irritate, banter', žem. trúotas `whetstone', lett. truõts ds. (Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 133);

got. Þriskan, aisl. Þriskja, Þryskva, ags. ðerscan, ahd. drescan `dreschen `, to lit. sutrẽškinti causative `entzweischlagen', also mir. tresc `offal, residuum' (whether not aisl. Lw.);

compare lit. treškė́ti `crack, crackle', Church Slavic trěskъ `fragor, fulmen', ablaut. troska ds. etc.;

lit. tiriù, tìrti `forschen'; Old Church Slavic tьrǫ, trěti `rub' (proto slav.. *tьro, *terti); ablaut. Church Slavic istor `damnum', russ. tor `gebahnter way' (: gr. τόρος `borer, chisel') from proto slav.. *tara- m. `Reibung'; balto-slav. *tīrti- f. `Zerreibung', in аčech. trt ds., infinitive Church Slavic trъti, serb.tȑti = lit. tìrti; based on as slav. infinitive *terti auf zweisilbiger basis, as also balto-slav. *tīrta- `zerrieben' in serb. tȑt = lit. tìrtas `durchforscht'; with n-suffix: lit. trinù (*tr_enō), trìnti `rub', lett. trinu, trìt `rub, schleifen'; with figurative meaning also Old Prussian trinie `threatens', trintawinni f. `Röcher' and lit. trenė́ti `modern';

B. root form teru- : treu-:

Old Indian táruṇa-, gr. τέρυ etc., see below *ter-2 `tender'; gr. ἀτειρής (*ἀ-τερF-ηςö) perhaps `unverwöstlich'; τρύ̄ω `reibe auf, erschöpfe', τερύσκετο ἐτείρετο Hes.; τρύσκει τρύχει, ξηραίνει Hes., τρῦμα, τρύ̄μη `hole', τρῡτάνη `das Zönglein an the Waage' (originally from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); τιτρώσκω `I bewöltige, damage, verwunde' (Fut. τρώσω), τρώω (*τρωFω) `durchbohre, verwunde, verletze', τρῶσις, dor. ion. τρῶμα `wound' (because of att. τραῦμα ds. with ō from ōu);

cymr. taraw (*toraw) `hit', trewis `er schlug', mcymr. tereu `hits, knocks', mbret. tarauat `rub', abret. toreusit `attrivit' (*torōu̯-: gr. τορεύω), compare nbret. Vannes torein `hit' (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.);

lit. truniù, -ė́ti `faulen', eig. `*aufgerieben, morsch become', lit. triùškinu, trùškinu `crunch', perhaps (as `*noise as beim Daröberreiben'), truškù, -ė́ti `crackle, knistern, beim Brechen from wood under likewise' (compare gr. τρύσκω `rub');

Old Church Slavic trovǫ, truti, ablaut. causative traviti `consume' (idg. *treu̯ō: *trōu̯ei̯ō); Old Church Slavic trava f. `garden' (ablaut. trěva from *trēuā), russ. travá `grass' (in addition the nhd. FlN Trave); ablaut. proto slav.. *trūi̯ō `rub' in Church Slavic tryjǫ, tryti (compare gr. τρύ̄ω `reibe auf': τρῡσί-βιος `das Leben erschöpfend'); here also Church Slavic trizna `Totenfeier' (from *tryzna);

ags. ðrōwigean (*ðrōwōjan) `leiden, dulden', ahd. drōa `onus, passio', druoē̆n, druota `pati'; ags. līcðrōwere `ein Aussötziger', aisl. līkÞrār `aussötzig'; aisl. Þrā f. (*Þrawō) `heftiges, leidvolles desire', Þrā and Þreyja `long, want, sich sehnen', Þrā n. `contrariness, pertinacia', Þrār `pertinax', ags. ðrēa, ðrawu f. `affliction, tribulation; threat', as. thrāwerk `affliction' = ags. ðrēaworc `woefulness', ahd. drawa, thrauwa, drōa `threat, Drohen', ags. ðrēan `threaten, beset, plague', ahd. drawen, drewen, drauwen, drōen, nhd. drohen, dröuen; with the meaning- development `rub - squeeze, press': ags. geðrūen `zusammengepreßt, verdichtet', ðrȳn `press';

toch. A tsru `wenig' (*teru̯o-).

C. As extension the i-basis kann gelten: *trēid- in cymr. trwyddo `bore', lit. tríedžiu `have starken diarrhea'; compare under S. 1076.

D. extensions from ter- and treu-:

1. terb-: s. S. 1071 under.

2. terg-: lat. tergō, -ere, tergēo, -ēre `abwischen, clean', mantēlum, mantēle `Handtuch' (*man-terg-sli-, to manus S. 740), changing through ablaut umbr. Akk. Sg. mantrahklu, mandraclo `mantēle' (*-trāgḫkla); got. Þaírko n. `hole', zero grade mnd. dork `Kielraum', ags. ðurruc `cumba', `caupolus';

*trōg-, *trǝg- in gr. τρώγω `zernage, knuppere, fresse Rohes' (Aor. ἔτραγον), τρωγάλια `Nöschereien', τρώγλη `hole, cave', τρώξ `Kornwurm', τράγος `he-goat; billy goat'; arm. t`urc, Gen. t`rcoy `mala, maxilla' (Nom. instead of *t`ruc from *trōĝ- through Entgleisung after dem Gen. t`rcoyö) and aracem `weide' (*trǝĝ-); toch. AB trāsk- `chew'.

3. terĝh-: Old Church Slavic trězati, trьzati `rend', with Velar tъrgati, trъgnǫti ds.

4. terp-, trep- (only bsl.): lett. tā̀rps `worm' (`the Zerbohrende'), lit. tárpas `Zwischenraum, Löcke, cleft, gap', tar̃p, ter̃p `between'; lit. trapùs `brittle, light brechend', lett. trapjš, trapans `mörbe', trapains `morsch, brittle, verwitternd', trapêt, trepêt `verwittern, faul, mörbe become'; unclear Old Church Slavic trapъ `pit, pothole' (*torp-), serb. trap `Röbengrube'.

5. treugh-: perhaps gr. τρύ̄χω `τρύω', τρῦχος n. `das Abgerissene, rag', τρῡχηρός `abgerissen, zerlumpt'; air. trōg, truag `woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky'; cymr. mbret. tru `woeful, wretched, miserable', gall. PN Trougillus, Trōgus.

6. treuk-: cymr. trwch `cropped, truncated, cut off', trychu `cut, clip' (*truk-s-); aisl. Þrō, Pl. Þrø̄r f. `trough', ags. ðrūh, Gen. ðrȳh f. m. n. `ds., gully, coffin', ahd. drūh drūch (actually `*Verbrecherblock') `Fußfessel, Tierfalle', nhd. Drauche `Falle, Wolfs- or Fuchseisen', as. thrūh `manacle'; with gramm. variation isl. Þrūga, norw. dial. trūga, tryge, trjug `kind of snowshoe'; aisl. Þrūga `threaten' (see to meaning above mhd. drohen); intensive aschwed. Þrykkja, ags. ðryccan `press, urge, press, push, press', ahd. drucken, nhd. dröcken;

lit. trúk-stu, -au, -ti `rend, break, rupture, platzen', trũkis `crack, break, col, gap', lett. trũkḫstu, -u, -t `entzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, fehlen', trũkums `break; lack'; traũks `Geschirr, vessel', lit. traukai `Geföße' (`*ausgebohrtes, gehöhltes Stammstöck'), lit. tráukti `ziehen', Old Prussian pertraūki `verschloß' (eig. `umzog'), lett. traukt `hit'; lit. trùkti `dauern, wöhren', trúkščioti `twitch'.

7. treup-: gr. τρῡπάω `drill, wimble, bore a hole, durchbohre', τρύ̄πανον `borer', τρύ̄πη `hole'; Old Prussian trupis `clot, chunk'; lit. trupù, -ė́ti `crumb, spall, crumble', trupùs `crumbly', traupus `brittle', lett. sa-trupêt `morsch become'; russ.-Church Slavic trupъ (*troupos) `Baumklotz; corpse', Old Church Slavic trupije `θνησιμαῖα', skr. trûp `trunk' etc., Old Church Slavic truplь `hollow'.

Maybe alb. trup `body, trunk'

References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97, 124, 130 f., 143 f., Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.

Page(s): 1071-1074

Root / lemma: ter-4, terǝ- : tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-

English meaning: to cross, transgress, to stay, etc..

German meaning: `hinöbergelangen, hindurchdringen; öberqueren, öberwinden, öberholen, hinöberbringen, retten'

Material: Old Indian tárati `places about, öbertrifft, öberwindet' (tiráti, titarti, tīryati; tarutē), tāráyati `places about, föhrt hinöber', tará- `öbersetzend, öberwindend' (= av. -tara- `öberschreitend, öberwindend'); taráṇi- `durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, hilfreich', táras- n. `das Vorwörtsdringen, energy', Instr. tárasā Adv. `hasty, rash, hasty', tará- Adj. `strong'; tarantá-m. `sea'; tīrthá- n. `ford, Trönke' (*tr̥̄tho-) besides *tūrthá- in prākr. tūha- `bank, border, shore', dardisch tūrt `ford'; compare pāmir tört `ford' (*tr̥̄to-);

u-basis besides in tarutē also in tū́rvati `öberwöltigt, besiegt', Inf. turváṇē, Adj. turváṇi- `öberwöltigend, victorious'; av. tar- `hinöbergelangen about' (present-stem titar-, taraya-, from the u-basis taurvaya-, Intens. titāraya-, participle vī-tǝrǝta-), taurvan- `öberwindend', mp. tarvīnītan `öberwinden, afflict'; ар. viyatārayāma `wir öberschritten', osset. törịn `drive, push, hunt, chase', bal. tarag, tharaɣ `umwenden, umkehren';

Verbaladjektiv Old Indian -túr (-tr̥̄) in apḫtúr `die Wasser öberquerend', āji-túr `in fight, struggle öberwindend', ratha-túr `cart öberholend', radhra-túr `den Ermattenden rettend', etc.;compare gr. νέκ-ταρ above S. 762;

alb. shḫtir, shḫtij `put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an'ö

with the meaning from Old Indian tará- (see above) probably illyr. Taros, Tara river names;

gr. τέρθρον `end, cusp, peak';

hitt. tarḫzi `besiegt, öberwindet';

Old Indian trā- `(*hinöberföhren = retten), shield, beware, guard' (trā́-sva, trāyátē, s-Aor. trādhvam, av. ϑrāzdūm `schirmet!', Perf. Old Indian tatrē), av. ϑrā- ds. (present-stem ϑrāya-), ϑrāti- f. `Schirm, protection' under likewise; idg. *trā- because of gr. τρᾱνής, τρᾱνός `piercing = clear, bright vernehmlich, distinct' and lat. intrāre `hineingehen', extrābunt Afranius (see trāns beim prepositional ter-); trāmes `Seiten-, Querweg' from *trānsḫwith (to lat. meō);

With m-formant: Old Indian sutárman- `good öbersetzend', tárman (uncovered) `cusp, peak of Opferpfostens'; venet. termo `terminus' (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.);

gr. τέρμα, -ατος n. `purpose, Endpunkt', τέρμων m. `limit, boundary', τέρμιος `am end situated, lastly';

lat. termen, termō, terminus `Grenzzeichen, Grenzstein' (originally `Grenzpfahl'), umbr. termnom-e `ad terminum', termnas `terminātus', osk. teremenniú `termina', teremnattens `terminavērunt';

similarly arm. t`arm (*tr_emo-) `Endstöck', gr. τράμις, τράμη `dam between After and the genitals' (Hes.: τὸ τρῆμα τῆς ἕδρας, ὁ ὄρρος, τινες ἔντερον), ags. ðrum (engl. thrum) in tunge-ðrum `das Zungenband', mnd. drum, drom `Trumm, Endstöck, Endstöck eines Gewebes, edge', mhd. drum n. `Endstöck, end, piece, splinter', nhd. Trumm, Trömmer, mhd. drumze, drunze, trunze `gebrochenes Speerstöck, splinter';

mnd. treme `Querstange, Sprosse'; aisl. Þrǫmr m. `edge, border'; compare - with sm-suffix - at most air. druimm, Gen. drommo `back', perhaps borrowed from cymr. drum besides trum `ridge, back'ö (*treusmn̥); Demin. ahd. dremil `balk, beam, bar, bolt'; mnd. trāme, mhd. drām, -e, trāme m. `balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter' (formal nahe steht τρῆμα `hole');

hitt. tarma- `peg, plug, nail'.

References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503, 506, 507, 520, 569;

See also: s. also under tor-, toro-s S. 1088 f.

Page(s): 1074-1075

Root / lemma: ter-5

English meaning: over, etc..

German meaning: in pröpositionalen Worten for `hindurch, about - weg'

Note: to ter-4 `hinöber gelangen'

Material: Old Indian tiráḥ Adv. `weg, abseits', preposition m. Akk. `through - toward, about - weg' (later also m. Abl. `abseits from') = av. tarǝ̄, tarō Adv. `seitwörts, unvermerkt', preposition m. Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg, out; apart from, besides'; air. tar m. Akk. `about - out' (*tares, idg. *t_eres, compare tairse, tairsiu `trans eam, trans eos, eas, ea'), next to which tairm-, tarmi- ds., trem-, tremi- `through' (cymr. trimḫuceint `30', `decade about 20 out'), transfigured nachrem- : re `vor, voran'; Old Indian tiraś-cā́ Adv. `quer through' = av. tarasča m. Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg'; Old Indian tiryañc-, tirīcīna- `in die Quere gerichtet, waagrecht' (den ending -yañc-, -īc- from pratyañc-, pratīc- bezogen) place previous *t_eri ahead; besides *trei in acymr. trui, mcymr. trwy, drwy, bret. corn. dre (altbret. tre), air. (with Proklisenkörzung) tri, tre `through'; Verstörkungspartikel mcymr. trwy- : try-;

lat. trāns, umbr. traf, trahaf m. Akk. `beyond, about - hinweg', probably participle of Verbums *trāre (*trānt-s);

cymr. tra- e.g. in trannoeth `about night, am consecutive Tage' (geminiertes n!), etc., proclitic from *trāns, betont mcymr. traw, draw, bret. treu `beyond'; with secondary -s: cymr. traws etc. `feindselig', preposition tros `about';

with the same Verstörkung as Old Indian tiraś-cā́, av. tarasča: got. Þaírh, ahd. durh, ags. ðurh m. Akk. `durch= through' (*ter-k(ʷ)e, *tr̥-k(ʷ)e); out of it evolved ahd. derh `durchbohrt', ags. ðyrel (*Þurhil) `durchbohrt'; n. `hole', ahd. dur(i)hhil `durchbohrt, durchlöchert'.

References: WP. I 734, WH. II 671 f.; Mayrhofer 1, 503.

Page(s): 1075-1076

Root / lemma: ter-6

English meaning: a kind of harmful insect

German meaning: in Worten for `malmendes or bohrendes Insekt'

Note: to *ter- `rub, durchbohren'; compare widened terd-

Material: Gr. τερηδών f. `Bohrwurm'; lat. tarmes (termes), -itis `Holzwurm' (probably from an o-stem *t_ermos or *t_erǝmo-s); cymr. cynrhonyn `termes, lendix', Pl. cynrhawn, corn. contronen `cimex', mbret. controunenn, nbret. contronenn `ver de viande' (*konḫtrōno-); cymr. t(o)rogḫen, abr. toroc, bret. teurok `Milbe' (*tōrḫāko-).

References: WP. I 735, WH. II 649.

Page(s): 1076

Root / lemma: ter-7, terǝ-, terbh-, terd- terg- terp-

See also: see above S. 1022 ff., 1031 f. under ster-.

Page(s): 1076

Root / lemma: terp-, trep-

English meaning: to be satiated, satisfied

German meaning: `sich söttigen, genießen'

Material: Old Indian tṛ́pyati, tr̥pṇóti, tr̥mpáti, tarpati `söttigt sich, wird befriedigt', Kaus. tarpáyati `söttigt, befriedigt', tr̥ptí-, tŕ̥pti- f. `Söttigung, Befriedigung', av. ϑrąfδa- `befriedigt, ausreichend versehen' (*tramptha-: Old Indian tr̥mpáti), ϑrąfs- n. `contentedness'; npers. tulf `Übersöttigung'(*tr̥fra-); perhaps also Old Indian -tr̥p- `stehlend', av. tarǝp- `steal', mpers. tirft `theft', sogd. cf- `steal' (`sich of Besitzes erfreuen'ö); gr. τέρπω `söttige, erfreue', τέρπομαι `freue mich'; τέρψις `Befriedigung';

perhaps got. Þrafstjan `comfort, ermahnen', anaÞrafstjan `erquicken, zur Ruhe come lassen' (to *Þrafsta-, idg. *trop-sto-ö); also die group got. Þaúrban (Þarf, Þaúrbum, preterit Þaúrfta) `bedörfen', aisl. Þurfa (Þarf, Þurfum), ahd. durfan (darf, durfum) ds., got. Þarbs `bedörftig, nötig', aisl. Þarfr `nötzlich', Þarfi `nötig', got. Þarba `lack, Dörftigkeit', aisl. Þǫrf f. `Bedarf, benefit', ags. ðearf `Bedörfnis, benefit', ahd. darba `Entbehrung, lack', got. Þaúrfts f. `Bedörfnis' (= Old Indian tr̥pti-), aisl. Þurft, ahd. durft ds.ö; die meaning- development could gewesen sein `whereof Befriedigung finden - bedörfen' (compare above S. 173 lat. fruor (ge)brauche);

lit. tarpà `prospering; flourishing, growth', tarpstù, tar̃pti `thrive, zunehmen', lett. tārpa `was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, growth', tērpinât `verbessern', Old Prussian enterpo `nötzt', enterpon, enterpen `nötzlich';

toch. AB tsārw- `sich freuen' (Pedersen Toch. Sprachgesch. 19).

References: WP. I 736 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125 f., 134, Mayrhofer 1, 523 f.

Page(s): 1077-1078

Root / lemma: ters-

English meaning: dry; thirst

German meaning: `trocknen, verdorren; Durst, dörsten'

Material: Old Indian tŕ̥ṣyati `dörstet, lechzt' (= got. Þaúrsjan), tarṣáyati `lößt dursten, schmachten' (= lat. torreō, ahd. derren), tarṣa- m. `thirst', tr̥ṣṭá- `arid, rough, jolting, hoarse', tr̥ṣú- `greedy, lechzend' = av. taršu- `dry, d. h. not fluid' (= apart from Akzent got. Þaúrsus, alat. torrus `torridus'); Old Indian tŕ̥ṣṇā `thirst, Begier', av. taršna- m. `thirst'; Old Indian tr̥ṣṇáḫj- `thirsty';

arm. t`aṙamim, t`aršamim `welke', t`aṙ `shaft, pole zum Trocknen from Trauben under likewise' (*tr̥sā or *tr̥si̯ā: gr. τρασιά);

gr. τέρσομαι (ἐτέρσην) `werde dry', τερσαίνω `make dry', τρασιά̄, ταρσιά̄ `Darre', ταρσός, ταρρός `Darre, Dörr- or Trockenvorrichtung'; dubious τραυλός (*τρασυλόςö) `lisping';

alb. ter `trockne (trans.) an the Luft';

lat. torreō, -ēre, -ui, tostum `dehydrate, desiccate, fry, rösten, singe' (tostus = Old Indian tr̥ṣṭa-), alat. torrus, extended torridus `ausgetrocknet, arid', torris `blaze, burning piece of wood', torrēns `burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current', Subst. `Wildbach' (`in summer austrocknend'ö);

here also lat. terra f. `earth' (: extorris `verbannt' = tellus : meditullium), osk. teer[úm], terúm `territōrium', teras `terrae' from ital. *terso-, *tersā, idg. *tērs-, to air. tīr n. es-stem `Gebiet', corn. bret. acymr. tir `tellus', air. *tīr, tirim `dry'; also basic form *tēros-, *tēres-; lat. terres-tris, terrēnus after terra; air. tart `thirst' (*tr̥sto-);

got. gaÞairsan st. V. `wilt' (= gr. τέρσομαι); gaÞaúrsnan ds. = aisl. Þorna ds.; ahd. dorrēn ds.; ahd. derren `dry make, dehydrate, desiccate', aisl. Þerra `dry' (= Old Indian tarṣáyati, lat. torreō); got. Þaúrsjan `dörsten', aisl. Þyrstr (got. *ÞaursiÞs) `thirsty', whereof got. Þaúrstei f., aisl. Þorsti m., ags. Þurst, ahd. durst `thirst'; got. Þaúrsus (s instead of znach Þairsan = Old Indian tr̥ṣú-), aisl. Þurr, ags. Þyrre, ahd. durri `arid'; ahd. darra, schwed. tarre `Gestell zum Trocknen, Darre `; probably also aisl. Þorskr, mnd. dorsch `codfish `(`*the to Trocknende').

References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.

Page(s): 1078-1079

Root / lemma: tet(e)r-

English meaning: to quack (expr. root)

German meaning: redupl. Schallwort `gackern, höhnerartige Vögel under likewise'

Material: Old Indian tittirá-, tittirí-, tittíri- m. `partridge, game bird'; arm. tatrak `turtledove';

npers. taðarv `pheasant' (also gr. τατύρας, τέταρος ds. are of pers. origin);

gr. τετράων, m. `grouse' (*τετραF-ων), τέτραξ (out of it lat. tetrax) `Perlhuhn' (*tetr̥ks), τετράδων, τετραῖον, τετράων Vogelname by Hesych., τέτριξ `ein bird'; neologism mir. tethra `crow' (*tetori̯ā), aisl. Þiðurr `grouse' (*ÞeÞuraz); Old Prussian tatarwis `Birkhuhn', lit.tetervas ds., lett. teteris (Gen. teterja, from *tetervis), lit. tẽtervinas `Birkhahn, grouse', tetirvà `Birkhenne' (lett. tĩtars `Truthahn' influenced from tītêt, s. tiḫti-), russ.-Church Slavic tetrěvi Akk. Pl. `φασιανούς', skr. tȅtrijeb `grouse', ačech. tetřěv ds., russ. téterev `Birkhahn' (tetërka `Birkhenne, Birkhuhn');

verbal gr. τετράζω `gackere, gluckse (from the hen)', lat. tetrinniō, -īre, tetrissitō, -āre `chatter (from Enten)';

also in other schallmalenden words kehrt tḫr as characteristic element again, compare e.g. lat. turtur `turtledove', *storos `Star', the thrush-names (see 1096), streīg-, streīd(h)- `hiss, schwirren', gr. τρύζω `girre', τρυγών f. `turtledove', τερετίζω `zirpe'.

Maybe alb. turtull ‘turtledove’

References: WP. I 718, WH. II 677 f., Trautmann 320 ff., Vasmer 3, 101; compare tor- S. 1088 f., Mayrhofer 1, 500.

Page(s): 1079

Root / lemma: teuk-

English meaning: sprout, seed, offspring

German meaning: `Keim, Same, Nachkommenschaft'

Material: Old Indian túc- f. `Kinder, progeny' (besides túj- f. ds. with volkssprachlicher Erweichung the Tenuis); tokám n. `progeny, Kinder'; tókman- n. `young Halm, sprout', av. taoxman- n. `seed, sperm, germ, sprout', Pl. `kinship', Old pers. taumā f. `family, seed, sperm, germ, sprout'; khotansak. ttīman- n. `seed, sperm', np. tum, afghan. tōma `seed, sperm'; mhd. diehter `grandchild, grandson'.

References: WP. I 713, Vasmer 3, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;

See also: perhaps to teu-k- `to swell', above S. 1081 (tēu-).

Page(s): 1085

Root / lemma: teu-1, teud-, teug-, teuk-, teup-

See also: see above S. 1032 ff. under (s)teu-.

Page(s): 1079

Root / lemma: teu-2

English meaning: to listen to, observe

German meaning: `in freudlichem Sinne die Aufmerksamkeit zuwenden, aufmerken'

Material: Lat. tueor, -ērī, tuitus and tūtātus sum `betrachten, observe, shield', intu(e)or `consider', originally in-, ob-, con-tuor con-tuō; tūtus `certainly'; air. cumtūth `protection'(*kom-ud-tou̯itus), mcymr. tuð `cover', tuðed `Hölle, dress', bret. dial. tuec (abret. *tuðoc) `Kissenbezug'; air. tūas-cert `nördlich', bret. tus `links' (*teu-sto-); kelt. *teu-to- in mcymr.tut `magician', mir. tūathaid ds., air. tūaith `nördlich', mir. tūath `links, nördlich, mad, wicked, evil' (from `*gönstig, good' as Antiphrasis zur Bezeichnung the unglöckbringenden Linken); in addition got. ÞiuÞ `das Gute', aisl. Þȳðr `mild, friendly', Þȳða `friendship', ags. geðīede `good, tugendhaft', geðīedan `sich (friendly) anschließen'; probably also ags. ðēaw `custom, custom', as. thau, ahd.gethau `Disziplin' as `*observantia'; perhaps also gr. τύσσει ἱκετεύει Hes. (denominative eines *τυτός with similar meaning as got. ÞiuÞjan `segnen' from ÞiuÞ).

References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f., Loth RC 43, 160 ff.

Page(s): 1079-1080

Root / lemma: teup-

English meaning: to get down, conceal oneself

German meaning: `sich niederkauern, also um sich to verstecken'

Material: Gr. ἐντυπάς Adv., II. 24, 163, if `kauernd, hockend' bedeutend; presumably aisl. Þopta f. `thwart' (`auf the gehockt wird'), ahd. dofta f., mnd. ducht f., ags. ðoft ds. (wherefore aisl. Þopti m. `Mitruderer', ags. geðofta `comrade', ahd. gidufto `Mitruderer, comrade') and got. Þiubjō `clandestine', Þiubs `thief', aisl. Þjōfr, ags. ðēof, as. thiof, ahd. diob `thief';

lit. tūpiù, tũpti `sich hinhocken, in die Knie place', tŭpiù, tupė́ti `hocken, in den Knien sit', lett. tupt `hocken'.

References: WP. I 714.

Page(s): 1085

Root / lemma: teus-

English meaning: to empty

German meaning: `leeren'

Material: Av. Kaus. taošayeiti `makes los, lößt los' (*tousei̯ō), Inchoativ (*tus-sk̂ṓ) av. tusǝn `sie verlieren die Fassung', baluči tusag, thuaɣ `abandon become'; Old Indian tucchá-, tucchyá- (*tus-sk̂o-, *tusḫsk̂ḫi̯o-) `empty, bare, lacking, deserted, abandoned, forsaken, nichtig', afghan. taš `empty, bare, lacking'; lat. tesqua n. Pl. `Einöden' (*tu̯esku̯ā); ags. ðost `manure', ahd. dost ds. (`*Ausleerung'); Old Church Slavic tъštь `κενός', russ. tóšcij `empty, bare, lacking; lean, hager' etc. (= Old Indian tucchyá-).

References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.

Page(s): 1085

Root / lemma: teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ā-

English meaning: to sift

German meaning: `sieben, durchschlagen'

Material: Old Indian títau- (dreisilbig, from *titavu-ö) `Sieb, Getreideschwinge';

gr. σάω (ion.), τῶ (att. EM.), att. διαττάω `siebe' (*τFάι̯ω), δίαττος m. `Sieb' Hes., ἐττημένα σεσημένα Hes., ἀλευρότησις f. `Mehlsieb' (EM.), σήθω `siebe'.

References: WP. I 713; Mayrhofer 1, 499 f.

Page(s): 1085

Root / lemma: tēg-, tǝg-

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen'

Material: Gr. τήγανον, att. through rearrangement also τάγηνον `Bratpfanne, Tiegel';

ags. ðeccan `burn' (is ðöecelle `torch' from fæcele, Lw. from lat. facula, reshapedö), ahd. dahhazzen `lodern'.

References: WP. I 717 f.

Page(s): 1057

Root / lemma: tēu-, tǝu-, teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-

English meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess

German meaning: `schwellen'

Note: extended with bh, g, k, l, m, n, r, s, t

Material: Old Indian tavīti `is strong, hat Macht', Perf. tūtāva; in addition tavás- `strong, stalwart', as Subst. Akk. tavásam, Instr. tavásā `power, strength'; távyas- távīyas- `stronger', távasvant- `strong', táviṣmant- `strong, mighty', taviṣá- `strong', táviṣī f. `force, power'; ablaut. tuvi- inKompositis `very, mighty', tuviṣṭama- `the störkste': tūya- `strong, fast, rapid, hurried';

av. tav- `vermögen', tavah- n. `power, force', tǝvīšī f. `physical strength'; ap. atāvayam `I am able', tunuvant- `mighty', tauvīyah- `stronger' (: Old Indian távīyas-), tauman- n. `fortune, force, power';

arm. t`iv `number'; doubtful t`up`(*tū̆-pho-) `thicket, shrubbery, bush';

gr. Τιτυός the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; ταΰς μέγας, πολύς Hes. (*tǝu̯-ú-s), ταΰσας μεγαλύνας, πλεονάσας Hes.; σάος (kypr. ΣαFοκλέFης), Kompar. σαώτερος, contracted ion. att. σῶς, σῶος `heil, unversehrt; certainly' (from *tu̯ǝ-u̯o-s); compare M. Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in addition hom. σα(F)όω, hom. att. σώζω (*σωΐζω), Fut. σώσω `retten, receive', σωτήρ `Retter' etc.; (`voll an body = fit, healthy'); σῶμα n. `body' (*tu̯ōḫmṇ `Gedrungenes'), σωματόω `fest make, verdichten'; σώ-φρων (*σαό-φρων) `fit, healthy an Geist, vernönftig'; with the same Wurzelstufe still σωρός, S. 1083;

lat. *toveō, -ēre `vollstopfen' as base from tōmentum `Polsterung' (*tou̯ementom) and tōtus `whole' (*tou̯etos `vollgestopft, compact');

russ.-Church Slavic tyju, tyti `fett become', ablaut. serb. tôv m. `Fettigkeit'.

1. bh-extension:

Lat. tūber, -eris n. `hunch, swelling, blister, tumefaction, knag'; compare osk.-umbr. gloss. tūfera and ital. tar-tufo, -tufolo `terrae tuber';

gr. τύφη `zum Ausstopfen from Polstern and Betten used Pflanze' (probably ῡ);

perhaps air. tūaimm `hill' (*teubhḫmṇ), mir. tom m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f. `hill, Döngerhaufen' (*tubhḫmo-, -mā); cymr. tumon `la croupe'; also ystum `bend' from *eks-teubh-mo-, different above S. 1034;

aisl. Þūfa `elevation in the earth, Högelchen', obd. döppel `swelling, blister, swelling, lump, growth'.

With the meaning `tussock': ags. ðūf m. `Laubböschel, ein from Federböschen zusammengesetztes banner', geðūf `blötterreich, luscious', ðūft `ein Platz voll from Böschen', ðȳfel `bush, thicket, blattreiche plant', ðūfian `sich belauben'; from the language germ. Soldaten derives lat. tūfa `a kind of Helmböschel' (Vegetius).

2. g-extension:

Aisl. Þoka `fog', mnd. dak(e) (from *doke) ds., aschwed. thukna ds., ags. ðuxian `dark make', as. thiustri, mnd. dǖster (out of it nhd. döster), ags. ðīestre `dark' (*Þeuχstria-).

3. k-Егweiterung: `to swell; fat' (as Old Church Slavic tyḫti `fett become'):

Lat. tuccētum `a kind of Bauernwurst', tucca `κατάλυμα ζωμοῦ', umbr. toco `tuccas' (gall. Lw.); Old Church Slavic tukъ `fat'; ahd. dioh, ags. ðēoh `Schenkel', aisl. Þjō `the thick Oberteil of Schenkels, Arschbacke'; engl. thigh; mir. tōn m., cymr. tin f. `podex' (*tuknāö); lit. taukaĩ `fat', táukas `Fettstöckchen' and `uterus', tunkù, tùkti `fett become', lett. tūkt ds., tūks `swelling, lump, growth', tàuks `fat, fat, obese', tàuki Pl. `fat, tallow, suet', Old Prussian taukis `lard'; compare S. 1085 teuk- `germ, sprout' and den gr. PN Tεῦκρος.

4. l-formations, partly as wurzelhaftes *tu̯ḫel- appearing:

Old Indian tūlam `Rispe, whisk, tussock, Baumwolle', tūlī̆- f. `paintbrush', pāli tūla- n. `hassock, clump of grass' etc.ö compare Mayrhofer 1, 520;

gr. τύλη f., τύλος m. `bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, weal, callus, hump, hunchback', and `peg, plug, nail, penis'; alb. tul `m. `Fleischstöck without bone, calf';

lat. tullius `Schwall, Guß' (*tul-no- or -so-); perhaps also Tullus, Tullius originally name for thick, gedunsene Personen, whether not Etruscan;

ags. geðyll `draught' (ö), aisl. fimbul-Þul `a mythical river'; aisl. Þollr (*tul-no- or -so-) `tree, peg, plug', schwed. tull `Baumwipfel', ags. ðoll m. `Ruderpflock', mnd. dolle, dulle ds., nhd. Dolle ds. and `Krone eines Baumes, Blumenböschel, tassel, Helmbusch', obd. Dollfuß `angeschwollener foot, clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot', tirol. doll `thick', mnd. westföl. dölle `swelling, blister'; perhaps the germ. Inselname Θούλη;

Old Prussian tūlan Adv. `much, a lot of', lit. túlas `mancher';

Church Slavic tylъ `nape'; also Old Church Slavic *tlъstъ, russ. tólstyj etc. `thick' (imitation of Endinges from slav. gǫstъ `dense, thick').

A extension with balt. ž (idg. ĝ or ĝh) is lit. pa-tulžęs `swollen', lett. tulzums `swelling, lump, growth', tulzne `blister, bubble'; lit. tulžìs `gall';

redupl. perhaps lat. tutulus `hohe kegelförmige Haartracht, Toupet'; the pilleus lanātus the Flamines and Pontifices and lett. tuntulēt (also tunturēt) `sich in viele Kleidungsstöcke einhöllen'.

tu̯el-, tu̯_el-: gr. at most in σάλος n. `Wogenschwall, uncontrollable Bewegung (of Meeres)', σαλεῖσθαι `höpfen', σαλεύω `shake, erschöttere; schwanke', κονίσ-σαλος m. `Staubwirbel'; mir.tel and t(a)ul `shield boss', air. mir. telach, t(a)ulach `hill', redupl. tuthle (*tuḫtu̯el-) `swelling, lump, growth' (die u-forms through eine similar results of Anlauts *tu̯- as air. cruth from *kʷr̥tu-); cymr. twlch `round mass, hill, nipple'.

5. m- derivatives:

Old Indian tū-tumá- `wirkungsvoll', túmra- `strong, thick', tumala-, tumula- `geröuschvoll, lörmend', tumala-m `din, fuss, noise' (`*Schwall, das lörmende Durcheinander a zusammengedröngten Menge'); av. *tuma- in Tumāspana- `from Tumāspa- (d. h. einem, dessen Rosse fat, obese are) stammend'; gr. korkyr. τῡμος `τύμβος';

gr. τύμβος `burial mound, hillock' = mir. tomm m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f. `hillock, Döngerhaufen', whether diese not but from *tubhḫmo-, -mā- (above S. 1080);

lat. tumeō, -ēre `geschwollen sein', tumidus `swollen', tumor `swelling, lump, growth', tumulus `Erdhaufen, hillock', tumultus `lörmende restlessness, Getöse';

cymr. twf `power, strength', tyfu `zunehmen, grow' (*tŭm-), mbret. tiñva (*tūm-) `zusammenwachsen (from an wound); thrive';

aschwed. Þumi m. `Daumen', Þum `toll', aisl. Þumall `Daumen'; ahd. dūmo, ags. ðūma `Daumen', ðȳmel `Fingerhut', mnd. dūmelinc, nhd. Döumling; mhd. doum `spigot, bung, clot, thrombus' (meaning as gr. τύλος);

lit. tumė́ti `dick become, curdle, coagulate, harden', tùm(s)tas `heap, bulk, mass', tùmulas m. `piece';

toch. В tumane, tmāne, A tmāṃ `10.000'.

6. n-formations, z. Т. as wurzelhaftes *tu̯-en- appearing:

Fröhnhd. tönne `surge', nd. döning, dönung `waves, billows gegen die Windrichtung'; but air. tonn, bret. etc. ton `wave' from *tusḫnā (see 1084) or *to-snā (see 971 f.); nd. dūnen `to swell', mnd. dūn(e) `swollen, dense';

lit. tvį́stu, tvinaũ, tvìnti `to bloat, bulge, swell (of water)', Kaus. tvìndau, -yti `anschwellen make' (with Ablautentgleisung tvainýtis `buhlen', if eig. `to swell'), tvãnas `flood', tvanùs `light tumescent (of river)', lett. tvans, tvana `vapor, haze, mist'.

With -nk-extension: lit. tviñkti `to bloat, bulge, swell, schwören' = lett. tvīkt `sultriness feel, vor Hitze schmachten'; lett. tvīcināt `muggy make, thirsty make', lit. tvìnkščioti `föhlbar hit (of Puls)', lit. tveñkti `schwellen make', tvañkas `sultriness', tvankùs `muggy' (Ablautentgleisung in lett. tveicināt = tvīcināt and tvàiks `vapor, haze, mist, sultriness'); with t:lit. tùntas `heap, bulk, mass' = tùmtas, wherefore perhaps gr. τύντλος `ordure, slime, mud' (as Röckstand of an inundation)ö

Auf a *tu̯-ēn : *tu̯_en-ós, *tu̯ṇ- `φαλλός' based on gr. σάθη `penis' (formation as πόσ-θη : πεός), σαίνω `schwönzeln, schmeicheln', σαῖνα, σάννιον `αἰδοῖον' Hes. (-νν- hypocoristic Doppelung); in addition σάννας `μωρός', σαννίων `du idiot, du fool'; also probably σανίς `picket, pole, balk, beam, board'.

7. r-formations:

Old Indian turá- in the meaning `strong, rich' (wherefore tuvi- as Kompositionsform as e.g. κῡδ-ρό-ς : κῡδι-άνειρα); aisl. Þora `venture, risk', Þoran `courage, skillfulness', Þori `bulk, mass, lump';

gr. τί:-τυρος `he-goat; billy goat, Satyr';

av. tūiri- n. `caseous gewordene milk, Molke'; gr. σωρός `heap' (*tu̯ō-ró-s), in addition ablaut. *tūḫro- in gr. τῡρός `cheese', βού-τῡρον `butter'; affiliation also from abg. tvarogъ `lac coagulatum' as a lengthened grade form is good possible; compare tvorь `opus, creation' under tu̯er-2;

gr. Τῡρώ, eine Heroine, probably eig. `die Strotzende, Schwellende'; also illyr. PN Turo, Turus; ven. PN Turus, gall. VN Turones `Tours', PN Turīcum `Zörich'; mir. PN Torna (*turoni̯os);

lat. *tūro-s, -m `swollen; clump' wird assumed through ob-, re-tūrō `verstopfe'; turgeō, -ēre `swollen sein, strotzen' perhaps derivative from a *tūr-igos `swelling driving', intrans. Gegenstöck zur Klasse causativeer verbs auf -(i)gāre; late lat. turiō, turgiō (-gi- probably not originally, but verbalism fur i̯, or support in turgēre) `young twig, branch, Trieb, scion, shoot';

7.a: das word for bull: gr. ταῦρος, alb. tarok, lat. taurus, osk. ταυρομ, umbr. turuf, toru `tauros', Old Prussian tauris `Bison', lit. taũras ds., Old Church Slavic turъ `Auerochs' (Trautmann 315, Vasmer 3, 154), either from idg. *tǝuro-s (compare Old Indian túmḫra- `strotzend' as epithet of Stieres), or because of orientalischen Stierkultes with ursemit. *tauru (arab. twr) zusammenhöngend; gall. tarvos (mir. tarb, cymr. tarw), venet. PN Tarvisium, probably after kelt. carvos `deer' transfigured; aisl. Þjōrr, ndl. dial. deur etc., are after aisl. stjōrr, ahd. stior unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words influenced is (see above idg. *steu-ro- S. 1010);

doubtful ags. ðēor `inflammation, ignition' (*tēu-ro- `*swelling, lump, growth'ö).

8. s-formations, zusammenhöngend with dem es-stem Old Indian tavás-, av. tavah- etc.:

Das germ. and bsl. word for `tausend': got. Þūsundi f., ahd. thūsunt, dūsunt f. under n., lex Salica thūschunde; as. thūsundig, thūsind, ags. ðūsend f. n., aisl. Þūsund f., Þūshund, ÞūshundraÞ (germ. *Þūs-hundi `vielhundert', idg. *tūs-k̂m̥tī);

lit. túkstantis m., lett. tũkstuots, Old Prussian tūsimtons (Akk. Pl.); besides lit. *tū́kstas in tūkstàsis and túkstinis `tausendster';

Old Church Slavic tysęšta, ablaut. tysǫšta f., russ. tysjača, skr. tȉsuća etc. (*tūsenti̯ā, *tūsonti̯ā);

with the meaning `Schwall, anschwellende Bewegung (also seelisch), Auflauf, Tumult' under likewise: aisl. Þausk n., Þausn f. `din, fuss, noise, Tumult', Þeysa, Þysja `vorwörtsstörmen', Þys-s m. `Getömmel', ahd. dōsōn `roar, sough, rustle, rant, roister', nhd. tosen, aisl. Þjōstr `vehemency', Þȳstr `rage, fury, gust of wind', nisl. Þusur f. Pl. `vehemency, Unbeherrschtheit', Þusumaður `heftiger person', ags. ðyssa m. `Toser', mægen-ðysse `violence, force';

with the meaning `swelling eines Blötenstandes; tussock; heap, hill' etc.: gall. tuðos, tuððos `Schichte'ö (*tusḫto-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - Lw. from vlat. tōstus - Whatmough JC stem 1, 7 ff.), cymr. tusw m. `bundle' (*teus-t-u̯o-), bret. tossen, Vannes tosten `hill' (*tus-tā), bret. tuchen ds. (*toust-i̯en); whether air. tūaimm `hill' from *teusḫmṇö different above 1.; ahd. dosto, tosto `tussock, tassel' and `Origanum vulgare' (nhd. Dost, Dosten), nhd. dostig `ausgebreitet, aufgedunsen'; ostfries. dūst `tassel', norw. tūst `tuft, Haarzotte, tassel', tūsta `tuft, knot, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone', isl. Þūsta `heap, mass';

possibly here Old Indian tūṣa- m. `hem eines Gewandes', whether originally `Quasten';

lett. tūska `swelling, lump, growth', tūsḱis `Wassersucht'; tušḱis `wisp, small bundle' (could auch sk- derivatives besides lett. tûkt `to swell' sein); nhd. Dosche `bush, umbel, Krauthaupt, bouquet, tassel';

ein *tu̯os-ti- or *tu̯ǝs-ti- perhaps in got. ga-Þwastjan `make strong, tight, firm, certain', ÞwastiÞa `certainty', isl. Þvest, Þvesti n. `steady parts of meat'.

9. t-derivative teutā `(bulk, mass) people, land'; teutono-s `Landesherr':

Illyr. PN Τέυτα, Teutana, Teuticus, Τεύταρος; messap. PN ϑeotoria, Gen. ϑeotorras; thrak. PN Tauto-medes; osk. τωFτο, touto, umbr. Akk. totam `civitas'; gall. GN Teutates (*teuto-tatis `Landesvater' to tata, above S. 1056), newer Toutates, Tōtates, Tūtates, PN Teutiō, Toutius, Tūtius, Toutonos;

Maybe illyr. TN Taula- Taulant common italic-illyr. -t- > -l- phonetic mutation.

air. tūath `people, stem, land', cymr. tūd `land', corn. tus, mbret. tut, nbret. tud `the people';

got. Þiuda, ahd. diot(a) `people', as. thiod(a), ags. ðéod, aisl. Þjōð `people, people', whereof ahd. diutisc, nhd. deutsch (originally `zum eigenem stem or Volk gehörig', Weissgerber Deutsch as people's name 1953, 261) and ahd. diuten `verstöndlich make (as though verdeutschen), define, clarify, indicate', ags. geÞīedan `öbersetzen', aisl. Þȳða `ausdeuten, signify'; germ. VN *Theu-danōz, keltisiert Teutonī, Toutonī, to dön. PN Thyte-sysæl; got. Þiudans `king' (*teutonos), aisl.Þjōðann, ags. ðéoden, as. thiodan ds. (illyr. PN Teutana, gall. Toutonos);

lett. tàuta `people', Old Prussian tauto `land', lit. Tautà `Oberland, Germany', altlit. (Daukša) tautà `people';

hitt. tuzzi- `master, mister, Heerlager' (*tutḫti-ö).

References: WP. I 706 ff., WH. II 650 ff., 712 f., 714, 715 f., 718 f., 721, Trautmann 314 f., 331 f., Vasmer 3, 149, 154, 160 f., 161 f.; Krahe Sprache under Vorzeit 65 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 490, 513 f.

Page(s): 1080-1085

Root / lemma: ti-ti-, (ti)til-

English meaning: chirping of birds

German meaning: `Nachahmung von Vogelrufen'

Note: barely ursprachlich

Material: Old Indian ṭiṭṭibha- m. `Parra jacana'; lett. titilbis, titilbīte `Wasserlöufer', lit. tilvìkas, titilvìkas, titìlvis `Brachhuhn, Schnepfe'; gr. τῑτυβίζω or τιττυβίζω `gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of partridge, game bird, the swallow'); lat. titiō, -āre `chirp, twitter, from sparrow'; lett. tītêt `sing'.

References: WP. I 742, WH. II 686, Mayrhofer 1, 457.

Page(s): 1086

Root / lemma: ti̯egʷ-

English meaning: to retreat in fear

German meaning: `scheu vor etwas zuröcktreten or auffahren'

Material: Old Indian tyájati (= gr. σέβω) `verlößt, steht from etwas back', with ni- `verscheuchen, verdröngen', with niṣ- `hinaustreiben, verjagen', participle tyaktá- (= gr. σεπτός), noun agentis tyaktar- (= gr. θεοσέπτωρ `Anbeter the divinity'), Kaus. tyājáyati `makes zuröcktreten', tyájas- n. `Verlassenheit' = av. iϑyajah-, iϑyejah- n. ds.; Old Indian tyāgá- m. `Hingabe, Freigebigkeit' etc.;

gr. σέβω (only present and Impf.), σέβομαι hom. `(die gods) scheuen', nachhom. `(die gods) worship, honour', σεπτός `(venerates =) ehrwördig, holy', σέβας, Pl. σέβη n. hom. `fromme fear, shyness, Ehrfurcht', nachhom. `Heiligkeit, Majestöt', hom. σεβάσσατο `scheute ehrförchtig', σεμνός (*σεβνος) `verehrungswördig, convex, elevated, holy; gravitötisch, einherstolzierend, prunkend', σοβέω `tue etwas from mir weg, entferne quick, fast, drive out'; intr. `go eilig, stolziere einher', σοβαρός `rash, hasty, quick, fast; hochfahrend, prunkend', σοβάς, -άδος f. `violent, eitel', σόβη `Pferdeschwanz'.

References: WP. I 746, Mayrhofer 1, 529.

Page(s): 1086

Root / lemma: to-1, tā-, ti̯o-

English meaning: that, he (demonstr. base)

German meaning: Pronominalstamm `der, die'

Grammatical information: Nom. Akk. Sg. n. tod, Akk. Sg. m. tom, f. tām, Gen. Sg. m. tosi̯o, f. tesiās

Note: (Nom. Sg. m. f. so, sā, see there)

Material: Old Indian tád (tát) `das', av. tat̲, Akk. Sg. Old Indian tám m., tā́́m f., av. tǝm m., tām f., tat̃ n., etc.; arm. -d (e.g. terḫd `the master, mister da, du the master, mister', ayḫd `the da'), da `this', doin `the same', etc.;

gr. τό, Akk. Sg. τόν, τήν (dor. τά̄ν), τό etc.; το-νῦν `nun' = alb. taḫní;

alb. kë-ta `dieses' (*tod; out of it in proclitic:) të (Ablat. *tōd) `where';

maybe alb. a-të, atë ‘that’, alb. geg. tanë ‘all, so much’

lat. istum, -tam, -tud etc., umbr. estu `istum'; lat. tam `so' (old also temporal `tandem' from *tāmḫdem; auf *tām based on also (ö) tantus, osk. e-tanto `tanta', umbr. e-tantu `tanta'), tum, tunḫc `then, alsdann' = av. tǝm `then'; topper (*todḫper) `cito, fortasse, celeriter, tamen'; different about tam Szemerényi Gl. 35, 92 ff.;

air. tō `ja' (*tod); infig. Pron. 3. Sg. m. -dⁿ (*tom), n. -d (*tod), Pl. da (*tōns, f. *tās);

got. Þata n., Akk. m. Þana, Lok. Þei etc., ahd. der, diu, daz, aisl. Þat etc.;

lit. tàs, tà, taĩ: etc. `der(selbe)'; Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f. s-tessias;

Old Church Slavic tъ, ta, to `that';

toch. A töm `dieses'.

An congruities or Ähnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben:

1. gr. hom. Ablat. τῶ `then, in this Falle; darum', lit. tuõ `with dem, sofort', perhaps ahd. thuo, duo, as. thō `da' (whether not from f. *tā); gr. ther. megar. τῆ-δε `here', got. Þē `um so', perhaps aisl. Þā `da, damals, then' (if not = *Þan), ags. ðā `then, darauf'; with it probably originally gleich gr. τῆ `da, nimm!', lit. tè ds.

2. tor, tēr `there': Old Indian tarḫhi `to the time, then' (-hi to gr. hom. ἧ-χι), got. aisl. Þar `there', as. thar, afries. ther (ahd. dara) `there'; as. thār, ahd. dār, ags. ðǣr (ðara) `there'.

3. toti `so viele': Old Indian táti ds. (tatithá- `the sovielte'), lat. tot, totidem (tŏtus `the sovielte'), in addition gr. τόσ(σ)ος from *toti-os `so big, large, so much, a lot of'.

4. With -tro-suffix: Old Indian tátrā̆ `there(toward)', got. ÞaÞrō `from da from', aisl. Þaðra `there', ags. ðæder `the, dorthin'.

5. Old Indian taḫdā́, av. taδa `then', lit. tadà (from *tadān, compare ostlit. tadù) `then, alsdann'; Old Indian tadā́nīm `damals'.

6. Gr. τηλίκος `so old', lat. talis `so beschaffen of such kind, such', lit. tõlei `bis dahin, solange'; Old Church Slavictoli `in dem Grade', tolь `so much, a lot of, so very', toliko ds.; after Szemerényi (Gl. 35, 113³) from*to-ali-.

Maybe alb. (*talis) i tillë, i a-tillë, i kë-tillë ' of such kind, such'.

7. Gr. τῆμος, dor. τᾶμος `zur time, then', Old Church Slavic tamo `dorthin', lett. tām in nuo tām `hence'.

8. Old Indian eḫtā́vant `tantus', av. aē-tavant ds. from idg. *tāu̯n̥t, tāu̯ont-; gr. hom. τῆος (newer τέως), τᾶFος; through influence of m. τᾶFο(ντ)ς wurde das to erwartende *τᾶFα(τ) to *τᾶFο(τ), from which τᾶFος; here also after Szemérenyi lat. tantus (see above); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 609 Anm. 5.

9. Der ending from τό-φρα `inzwischen' (in addition compare ὄ-φρα `solange as') perhaps to toch. A ku-pre, В kwri `if', tā-pör(k) `now, yet'.

10. Ein stem idg. ti̯o- besides to- in Old Indian tyá- `that, that bekannte', alb. së (Gen. Dat. Sg. f.) etc. (s- from ti̯-), urnord. Þīt, as. thit `dorthin' (Rosenfeld Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 177); lit. čià `here', čiõn `here'; Old pers. tya `welches, das', leg. taya (*to + i̯o-), absents (Risch, Asiat. Stud. 8, 151 f.).

maybe alb. a-ty, aty, atje ‘there’

References: WP. I 742 f., WH. I 721 f., II 644, 645 f., 648, Trautmann 311 ff., Vasmer 3, 113, 128, Szemerényi Gl. 35, 42 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 499.

Page(s): 1086-1087

Root / lemma: to-2

German meaning: prefix

See also: see above S. 71 and 129 (messap. tabara)

Page(s): 1088

Root / lemma: tolkʷ-

English meaning: to speak

German meaning: `reden, darlegen'ö

Material: Lat. loquor, -ī, locūtus sum `spreche, say, name';

air. ad-tluch- `danken' (1. Sg. atluchur), to-tluch- `bid, beg, ask' (dotluchur); Old Church Slavic tlъkъ (*tъlkъ), russ. tolkъ `interpretation, explanation' (lit. tùlkas `Dolmetsch' is sl. Lw.).

References: WP. 1 744 f., WH. I 821, Vasmer 3, 115.

Page(s): 1088

Root / lemma: tong-1 (*teng-)

English meaning: to think, feel

German meaning: `denken, föhlen'

Material: Lat. tongeō, -ēre `nōsse, scīre', prön. tongitiō `nōtiō'; osk. Ablat. tanginúd `sententia' (messap. Lw.ö); alb. tângë `resentment';

got. Þagkjan, Þāhta `think, öberlegen', aisl. Þekkja `gewahr become, understand, comprehend, kennen' (Þekkr `pleasant'), ahd. denchen `think', ags. ðencan ds.; got. Þugkjan, Þūhta `seem, shine, appear, seem', aisl. Þykkja `ds., gefallen', ahd. dunchen `shine, appear, seem', ags. ðyncan ds.; got. *Þagks `gratitude', aisl. Þǫkk f. `gratitude, contentedness', ahd. dank `Denken, thought, notion, gratitude', ags. ðanc `thought, notion, emotion, contentedness, gratitude'; mhd. danknǣme, adön. taknem `dankbar';

maybe alb. (*dunchen), dukem, duket `seem, appear': ahd. dunchen `shine, appear, seem', also alb. dukja `appearance'.

Maybe alb. geg. doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', duk- `to appear, seem' (see above).

Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma: tong-1 (*teng-) : `to think, feel'.

toch. A tuṅk-, В taṅkw `love'.

References: WP. I 744, WH. II 690; besides *tenk- in lett. ticinat `ausfragen', kuron. teñcinât ds., also lett. tęnkāt `babble, chatter, danken, praise, laud'.

Page(s): 1088

Root / lemma: tong-2

See also: see above S. 1055.

Page(s): 1088

Root / lemma: top-

English meaning: to stay; place

German meaning: `wohin gelangen, auf etwas treffen or verfallen; Ort, wo man hingelangt or hin will'

Material: Gr. τόπος m. `place, place', τοπάζω `ziele hin, vermute, errate', τοπεῖον n. `rope, hawser, rope, band'; ags. ðafian `zustimmen, grant, gestatten; dulden';

lit. tàpti (tampù) `become', priḫtàpti `find, encounter, kennen lernen, learn', lett. tapt (tùopu) `become, geschehen, gelangen', tapīgs `ein föhiger Kopf', tapinât `(zukommen lassen) borgen, leihen', pa-tapt `hingelangen, wherefore come can, Muße have', saḫtapt `meet, auf jemandentreffen';

whether Pedersen die gr. words right with mir. toich `naturgemöß' (different under tek-2) and cymr. tebyg (*tokʷiko-) `probably', annhebyg `incredible' zusammenstellt (compare gr. τοπικός `den Ort betreffend', ἄ-τοπος `wunderlich, auffallend'), wöre for diese eine Wurzeltekʷ- : tokʷ- must be assumed and die germ. and balt. words therefrom to separate.

References: WP. I 743, Pedersen Kelt. Gr. I 129; different about die balt. words Stang NTS 16, 259 f. (to tep- `schmieren', Trautmann 139, Vasmer 3, 95, 120).

Page(s): 1088

Root / lemma: tor-, toro-s

English meaning: loud, distinct

German meaning: `laut, vernehmlich'

Note: old Abzweigung in the meaning `piercing, shrilly, screaming' from *torós `piercing', s. *ter-4 `hinöbergelangen, hindurchdringen'

Material: Old Indian tārá- `piercing, shrilly, screaming'; gr. τορός `piercing, loud, vernehmlich' (also `quick, fast, agile', compare Old Indian tarás Adj. `rash, hasty, piercing' under *ter- `hinöbergelangen'), τετορήσω `werde loud and distinct say';

mir. torm, toirm n., newer f. `din, fuss, noise' (*tor-smn̥), ir. torann `thunder', cymr. taran, acorn. taran, bret. taran ds., gall. Taranis GN.;

lit. tariù, tar̃ti and taraũ, tarýti `say', tarmė̃ `Ausspruch', Old Prussian tārin Akk. Sg. `voice', ettrāi, Inf. attrātwei `antworten' (formal as Old Indian trā-ti `rettet': tiráti); slav. tortoriti in čech. tratořiti, russ. torotóritь `babble, chatter', zero grade redupl. Old Church Slavic trъtorъ `sonus';

arm. t`rt`rak `good speaker', if from *t`urt`urak, idg. *tortoro-;

hitt. tar- `say, name'.

References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer 3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1, 497;

See also: compare tet(e)r- S. 1079.

Page(s): 1088-1089

Root / lemma: trāgh-, trō̆gh- and trē̆gh-

English meaning: to drag; to move, run

German meaning: `ziehen, am Boden schleppen, sich bewegen, laufen; Nachkommenschaft'

Note: entspricht nicht the normal idg. root form; whether through contamination from dherāgh-, dhregh- with terk- and trek- (above S. 1077) originatedö

Material: Lat. trahō `pull' etc. (different above S. 257 under dherāgh- `ziehen'); trāma f. `die chain of Gewebes' (*trā̆gh-smā);

gall. ver-tragus `schnellfößiger dog'; air. traig, Gen. traiged (*traghetos) `foot', cymr. Pl. traëd `Föße'; with unclear ŏ: cymr. Sg. troed (einsilb.), Pl. traed (disyllabic) `foot', acorn. truit, mcorn. troys, bret. troad, Pl. treid `foot'; mir. trog `das parturition, progeny', trogan `earth', trogaid `bringt zur Welt' (compare aserb. tragъ `descendant');

with idg. ā or ō: air. trāgud `Ebbe', trāig `beach, seaside', trāgid `ebbt', cymr. treio `refluere ut mare'; with idg. ŏ: cymr. godro `milk', abret. guotroit `demulgitis', mbret. gorzo, nbret. goero `milk'; cymr. corn. tro (*trogho-) `turn; variation, time', cymr. troi `vertere, volvere'; with ā or ō: serb. trâg `Fußtapfe', trážiti `suchen, spören', aserb. tragъ `descendant';

probably got. Þragjan `run' (*troghei̯ō), ags. ðrǣgan ds. (*trēgh-), ðrāg `time', eig. `Zeitverlauf', and ahd. drigil `servant', if eig. `runner', probably also aisl. Þrǣll `Knecht, servant' (> engl. thrall) from germ. *Þrā̆hilaz;

besides trā̆gh-, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg- (see 1090), dhregh- (above S. 273), dherāgh- (above S. 257), dhreĝ- (compare also Anklönge under der- `flay': root form dergh-, dreg- and under dher- `hold, stop': root form dheregh-, dhereĝh-) and trek- (see 1092).

References: WP. I 752 f., WH II 697 ff., Trautmann 325, H. Lewis BBCS. 9, 34 f.

Page(s): 1089

Root / lemma: treg-

English meaning: to make an effort; force, battle; solid

German meaning: `alle Kröfte anstrengen; Kraft, Andrang, Kampf; standhaft, fest'

Note: probably as `sich strecken, stemmen' to (s)terg-, (s)treg- `stare' (above S. 1023)

Material: Air. trēn (*tregs-no-) `valiant, strong' (from which probably cymr. tren `impetuous, strenuous', Subst. `force, rapidity' borrowed is), Kompar. Superl. air. tressa, tressam, cymr. trech, trechaf; air. tress (*tregso-) `fight, struggle'; aisl. Þrekr m., Þrek n. `strength, Tapferkeit', Þrekinn `persistent', Þreka `urge, press, push, press', ags. ðrece m. `Unterdröckung, force, might, Ermödung', ðræc n. `Dröngen, power, force, might', ðracu f. `Druck, rush, force, might', as. mōd-thraka f. `distress'; reduced grade*Þruhtu- in aisl. Þrōttr m. `power, endurance', ags. ðroht m. `Anstrengung; dröckend', russ. trógatь `touch', lett. treksne `shove'.

References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.

Page(s): 1090

Root / lemma: treig-

See also: see above S. 1036 under (s)treig-, wherefore still toch. A trisk- `sound, clink, din, drone'.

Page(s): 1092

Root / lemma: treisti- or trīsti-

English meaning: stubborn; in a bad mood

German meaning: etwa `trotzig, finster gelaunt'

Note: only lat. and germ.

Material: Lat. trīstis `finster gelaunt, sad; widerlich or sharp from Geschmack'; ahd. drīsti, as. thrīsti, ags. ðrīste `audacious `.

Maybe alb. trishtë ‘sad’

References: WP. I 754, WH. II 706 f.

Page(s): 1092

Root / lemma: trei-

English meaning: three

German meaning: `drei'

Grammatical information: Nom. m. trei̯es, Nom. Akk. n. trī, Akk. n. trins, f. tis(o)res, (dissimil. from *tris(o)res, etc.)

Material: 1. Old Indian tráyaḥ m., trī, newer trīṇi n., tisráḥ f.; av. ϑrayō, ϑrayas m., ϑri n., tisrō f.; arm. erek (trei̯es); gr. τρεῖς, gort. τρεες, m. f., alb. tre, f. tri (originally neutrales *trī); lat. trēs (Akk. also trīs), tria (trī- in trī-ginta `30'), osk. trís `trēs', umbr. trif, tref, Akk. `trēs', triia `tria'; air. tri, f. tēoir, Akk. tēora (*tisorās, *triḫsorḫn̥s); cymr. tri m., tair f., mcymr. bret. teir (*tedres < *tisres, das e after the Vierzahl), compare gall. tidres (ö); got. Þreis, Akk. Þrins, n. Þrija, aisl. Þrīr, ahd. drī etc.; Old Prussian tris (Gen. treon), lit. trỹs, lett. trîs (n. tri in lit. try-lika `dreizehn', compare lat. trī-ginta `30'); Old Church Slavic trije m. and tri f. n.; hitt. tri- `drei'; toch. A tre m., tri- f., В trai m., tarya f.

Kompositionsform tri- in Old Indian tripad-, gr. τρίπους, lat. tripēs, ags. ðrifēte, lit. trikõjis `dreifößig'; av. ϑri-kamǝrǝda- `dreiköpfig', arm. ere-am `drei years old'; illyr. PN Τρι-τεύτα, PN Τρι-κόρνιον; kelt. PN Tri-toutos, gall. tri-garanus `with drei Kranichen'; air. trïar `drei man' (*triḫu̯irom); russ.-Church Slavic trъ-gubъ `dreifach' (= lit. tri-gubas ds); perhaps lat. tribus `dividing off, partitioning off of Volkes, administrative district', umbr. trifu, trifо Akk. Sg. from *tri-bhu- (to *bheu- above S. 146); lat. trīga f. `Dreigespann' (shaped after bīgae Pl. `Zweigespann' from *biḫi̯ugae, see above S. 230 and 508); unclear air. tre-thenc `Dreiheit' besides mir. dē̆-cheng `Zweiheit', compare aisl. Þridjungr `Drittel';

`dreizehn': Old Indian tráyodaśa- = lat. trēdecim (*trēs-decim); compare gr. τρεις-καί-δεκα;

`dreißig': Old Indian tríṃśat- f., av. ϑrisat-, gr. τριά̄κοντα, lat. trī-ginta, air. *trīcho, Gen. trīchot (*trīḫkomtos), mir. trīcha, bret. tregont (das e from trede `dritter'), gall. Abl. Pl. tricontis, toch. A taryāk, В töryāka (*trii̯āk̂n̥t-s).

2. ordinals: altererbt Old Indian tr̥-tī́ya- = Old Prussian tīrts; otherwise is tri- for tr̥- eingetreten: Old Indian PN Tritá-, av. ϑrita-; av. ϑritya-, Old pers. ϑritiya- or -tīya; arm. erir, errord; gr. τρίτος; homer. τρίτατος extended as ἑβδόματος; lesb. τέρτος from *τρίτος; alb. tretë; illyr. PN Tritus; lat. tertius, umbr. tertiu `tertio', terti `tertium' (from *triti̯o-); gall. PN Tritios, cymr. try-dydd, bret. trede; got. Þridja, ahd. dritto etc.; lit. trẽčias, lett. trešaĩs (tre- instead of tri- after *trei̯esö also:) Old Church Slavic tretijь; balt. trit- in lit. tritainis `Drittel';

air. tress (newer triss) `the Dritte' (*tristo-), tre(i)sse `triduum', compare lat. testis `Zeuge' (also `testicle'); Ablat. osk. trístaamentud is probably from lat. testamentum borrowed;

toch. В trit; hitt. tarrii̯analli- `the dritte', [te-ri]-i̯a-an-na `dritter'.

3. tris `dreimal': Old Indian tríḥ, av. ϑris, gr. τρίς, lat. ter, older terr (from *tris), air. fo-thrī `dreimal'; extended av. ϑrižvat̃ `dreimal', aisl. Þrisvar, ahd. driror, ags. ðriwa, ðreowa ds.; ein u̯o-suffix also in av. ϑrisva- n. `Drittel' and gr. θρῖον `Feigenblatt' from *τρισFον; in addition *tris-no- in gr. θρῖναξ `Dreizack'; lat. terni (*tri-no-) `je drei' (besides trīni by Pl. tantum from *trisḫno- parallel with bīni, see under du̯ōu), aisl. Þrennr `dreifach', Þrenner `drei' (by Kollektiven);

Maybe alb. tresh, trish `in three'

auf *trianon goes back air. trïan, acymr. trean, cymr. traean `Drittel', compare also gall. Akk. Pl. trianis `Drittel'ö

4. collective trei̯o-, troi̯o-: Old Indian trayá- `dreifach', trayam n. `Dreiheit', lit. trejì, f trẽjos `drei' (by Pluralsubstantiven), lett. treji, f. trejas ds., Old Church Slavic troji m. Pl.; auf *trei̯odi̯o- based on air. trēode `dreifach'.

References: WP. I 753 f., WH. II 668 f., 702 f., Trautmann 327 f., Vasmer 3, 137, Wackernagel-(Debrunner) 3, 346 f.

Page(s): 1090-1092

Root / lemma: trek-

English meaning: to run

German meaning: `ziehen, laufen'

Note: equal meaning with trāgh-, trō̆gh-, tregh-

Material: Old Church Slavic trъkъ `run, flow', trъkaljati `wölzen', serb. tr̀čati `run', trakánac `spoor', bulg. tъrčá `laufe', trъkalo `wheel, circle';

mir. tricc, nir. tric (expressives kk) `rash, hasty';

eine variant auf palatal trek̂- perhaps in av. udarō-ϑrąsa- `auf dem Bauch sich bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen)'.

References: WP. I 755, WH. II 699.

Page(s): 1092

Root / lemma: trem-, trems-

English meaning: to thump; to tremble

German meaning: `trippeln, trampeln' and `zittern'

Note: (contaminated with tres-); the same Doppelbed. by trep-.

Material: Gr. τρέμω `tremble' (= lat. tremō, alb. trem); ἀτρέμας, ἀτρέμα `unbeweglich, peaceful', ἀτρεμής `fearless', τρόμος m. `das Zittern', τρομέω `tremble', τρομερός `timorous', redupl. τετρεμαίνω `schaudere' (unclear ταρμύσσω `frighten');

alb. tosk. trëmp, geg. trem `I terrify';

maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared'

Note:

Common alb. m > mp, mb phonetic mutation.

lat. tremō, -ere `tremble', tremor `das Zittern', tremulus `zitternd', umbr. tremitu `tremefacito';

got. Þramstei `locust, grasshopper (idg. *trems-, as in Old Church Slavic tręsǫ amalgamation from trem- and tres-); as. thrimman st. V. `to bloat, bulge, swell' or `bekömmert become'; aisl. Þramma `trample, heavy go', mnd. drammen `rant, roister, violent urge, press, push', dram `din, fuss, noise, crowdedness, Getömmel' (: lett. tremt); -mm- intensive geminationö

lit. trìmti `erzittern', trémti `niederstoßen; verbannen, austreiben', sutramìnti `leiseanstoßen', lett. tremt `wegjagen', tramš `schreckhaft (from horses)', tramîgs `shy, bashful', tram̃dît `frighten, hunt, chase'; klr. tremčú, tremtḯty `tremble, quiver'; Old Church Slavic tręsǫ, tręsti `shake, upset', sę `tremble', trǫsь `σεισμός' (slav. *trems-, *troms-, see above);

toch. A tröm- `in rage, fury geraten', В tremi `rage, fury'.

References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.

See also: compare ter-1`wriggle', worfrom *trem- and *tres- extended are.

Page(s): 1092-1093

Root / lemma: trenk-1

English meaning: to push; to oppress

German meaning: `stoßen (also dröhnend), zusammendröngen, bedröngen'

Note: s. also trenk- `wash, bathe'

Material: Av. ϑraxtanąm Gen. Pl. `zusammengedröngt' (in the meaning to Germ. stimmend);

lat. truncus `tree truck, trunk', Adj. `mutilated, the Äste or Glieder stolen; looted', truncō, -āre `verstömmeln'; gall. trincos `a kind of Gladiatoren' (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.); perhaps (`es dröngt mich') air. di-fo-thracc- `wish', verbal noun dūthracht; probably (as `abgedröngt become') air. mir. trēicim `verlasse, weiche', cymr. trengi `vergehen, die', tranc, Pl. trangau m. `Abschied, death, end';

maybe alb. trung `stump', alb. geg. (*truncus) truni `(*a dolt, blockhead), brain, head' from lat. truncus -a -um `maimed, mutilated, cut short. M. as subst. truncus -i, a lopped tree, the trunk of a tree; the trunk of a human body. Transf. a dolt, blockhead'. also alb. tr±gull, trangull `cucumber; a dolt, blockhead'.

got. Þreihan `urge, press, push' (from urg. *Þrenχō, *Þriⁿχō; through Ablautentgleisung Þráih, Þraíhans; faihu-Þraihna (Dat. Sg.) `richness'; also as. thrēgian, mnd. ndl. dreigen `threaten'ö Ein westgerm.*Þrīh- = got. Þreih- certainly in mhd. drīhe `Stecknadel, Handgeröt of Flechtens and Webens'; with gramm. variation aisl. Þryngja, -va, Þrǫng `press, urge, press, push, press' (for *Þringa probably after dem Adj. Þrǫngr `eng' from *Þrangu-), as. thringan, ags. ðringan st. V., ahd. dringan ds. (mhd.dringen also `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', see above drīhe and compare above *terk- `turn'); Kaus. aisl. Þrøngja `urge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die clamp bringen', mhd. drengen `urge, press, push'; aisl. Þrǫngr `eng' (= lit.trankùs), mhd. drange, gedrange Adv. `eng'; aisl. Þrǫng, Gen. -var f. `crush, narrowness', ags.drang m. `crush, gedröngte troop, multitude, crowd', mhd. dranc `Drang', ahd. drangōn `urge, press, push `(= lit. trankaũ);

aisl. Þrǣta, Þrætta `quarrel, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten' (*Þranχatjan); ags. Þrǣll `Knecht, Unfreier' etc. (*Þranhilaz);

ngr. δροῦγγος, late lat. drungus and air. drong `troop, multitude, crowd' are genuine Celtic (*dhrungho-) and keine germ. Lw.; irrig above S. 255;

lit. treñkti `dröhnend bump, poke', Frequent. trankaũ, -ýti (= ahd. drangōn), trañksmas `crush, resonance', trankùs `bumpy' (eig. `stoßend' = aisl. Þrǫngr); trenkù, triñkti `wash' (see also *trenk- `wash'), trìnkiu, -ė́ti `din, drone'; lett. trìecu, trìekt `zerstoßen, zerquetschen; wegjagen'; trìecinât `upset', truoksnis `din, fuss, noise, Gepolter'; Old Prussian pertrinktan `verstockt'; russ. trutýtъ `press, bump, poke', serb. trȕčíti `schmeißen';

Anlautdublette in slov. drǫ́kati `bump, poke, stomp, squeeze', Old Church Slavic udrǫ́čiti `niederdröcken, torment, smite'ö.

References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.

Page(s): 1093

Root / lemma: trenk-2

English meaning: to wash, bathe

German meaning: `waschen, baden'

Material: Ir. fothrucud `bathe', bret. gozronquet ds. (*tronk-), cymr. trochi `mergere, balneare' (-ch- probably from -nkḫs-); about lit. trenkù, triñkti `wash' see above.

References: WP. I 759;

See also: probably identical with trenk-1;compare above S. 819 about lit. per̃ti.

Page(s): 1094

Root / lemma: trep-1

English meaning: to trample, tread

German meaning: `trippeln, trampeln, treten'

Material: Old Indian tr̥prá-, tr̥pála- `hasty, unstet'ö (probably from `trippelnd'); afghan. drabǝl `jiggle, shake, herabdröcken'; gr. τροπέω `keltere' (`trete die Trauben from'), ἀτραπός, hom. ἀταρπός `Fußsteig' (ἀ- `copulativum', eig. `ausgetretener way'), τροπέοντο ἐπάτουν Hes., Οἰνοτρόποι `Gottheiten of Weinbaues'; alb. *trip = gr. τραπ- in shḫtip, sh-typ `zertrete, zerstoße, zerquetsche', për-t(r)yp `chew', sh-trip, zdryp `steige herab';

lat. trepidus `öngstlich umherlaufend', trepidō, -āre `walk on tiptoe; trip, from Geschöftigkeit or fear';

ags. ðrafian `press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach'; engl. dial. thrave, threave `drift, trailing, herd', as. thraƀōn `trot', mhd. draben ds. (= russ. tropátь), schwed. trav `festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen', travla `(snow) feststampfen' (besides probably through hybridization with germ. *trep-, *tremp-, see under der- `run', mnd. drampen `trample', ostfries. ndl. drempel, nd. drumpel `threshold', mnd. dorpel `threshold');

lit. trepsė́ti (3. Pers. trèpsi, old trèpsti) `with den Fößen trampeln', trep-(l)énti ds., trypsė́ti ds., ablaut. trypiù, trỹpti `trample' (for *trip-); trapinė́ti `with den Fößen bump, poke', Old Prussian trapt `tread', ertreppa `sie öbertreten';

Old Church Slavic trepetъ `das Zittern, Beben', trepetati `tremble', trepati `palpare', bulg. trópam `stamp, trample, trapple', trópot m. `Getrampel', russ. tropátь `stomp, trample, with den Fößen treten', tropá f. `Pfad; Föhrte'.

References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f.

See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 `wriggle'.

Page(s): 1094

Root / lemma: trep-2

English meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)

German meaning: `wenden, also sich vor Scham abwenden'

Material: Old Indian trápatē `schömt sich, wird verlegen', trapā́ f. `the genitals, Verlegenheit';

gr. τρέπω, dor. ion. τράπω `wende', τροπή `reversal', τρόπος `turn', τρόπις `keel, Grundbalken of Schiffes' (eig. `Wender'), τρωπάω `wende, veröndere', Med. `turn, twist, rotate mich um, kehre um', ἐν-τρέπομαι `wende mich jemandem to, schöme mich vor jemandem', εὐτράπελος `movable, nimble';τερπικέραυνος in spite of τερπώμεθα τρεπώμεθα Hes. not `fulmina torquens', but to τέρπειν, -εσθαι as `the Blitzfrohe';

lat. trepit `vertit'; turpis (*tr̥pis) `ugly, nasty' (`*wovor man sich abwenden muß', formation as got. brūks `usable'), -ur- instead of -or- dialect.

Maybe alb. (*turpis) turp `shame'

References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530.

See also: Idg. trep- `wenden' extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben, turn'ö

Page(s): 1094

Root / lemma: trep-3, treb-

See also: see above S. 1037 under (s)trep-.

Page(s): 1095

Root / lemma: tres-, ters- (*teres-)

English meaning: to tremble

German meaning: `zittern'

Material: Old Indian trásati `zittert' (= gr. τρέω), trastá- `zitternd' Kaus. trāsayati `makes erzittern'; av. taršta- (ar. *tr̥ṣta- `timorous'), tǝrǝsaiti, ар. tarsatiy `förchtet' (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō) = lit. trišù); Kaus. av. Þrā̊ŋhayete `versetzt in fright'; perhaps arm. erer `Erschötterung, Beben, Zittern' (*tresḫri-);

lat. terreo, -ēre `in Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare' (das e instead of kausativen o derives from:) terror `fright'; umbr. tursitu `terrētō, fugātō';

gr. τρέω (Aor. hom. τρέσσαι) `tremble, flee', ἔτερσεν ἐφόβησεν Hes., ἄτρεστος `unerschrocken', τρηρός (*τρασρός), τρήρων `timorous, fleeting';

mir. tarrach `timorous' (*tr̥s-āko-); ags. ðrǣs `fringe' (compare Old Indian trasaṇaḫm `eine bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration');

lit. trisù `tremble' (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō); lett. trìsas f. Pl. `Zittern', trisêt `tremble, quiver', perhaps lit. tresiù, trė̃sti `löufig sein'.

References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;

See also: to 1. ter-1 `wriggle'.

Page(s): 1095

Root / lemma: tr-eu-d-

English meaning: to press, push, * displeasure

German meaning: `quetschen, stoßen, dröcken'

Note: probably extension to ter-3, tereu- `rub'

Note:

Material: Alb. treth `castrate, clip' (`*smash, crush testicles') = lat. trūdō, -ere `bump, poke, fortstoßen, urge, press, push' (trūdis `eisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum Fortstoßen');

Maybe nasalized alb. ndrydh `twist', also prefixed shtrydh `squeeze'.

mcymr. cythruð `torment, smite', godruð `wild', gorthruð `Bedröckung' (*-treudo-); mir. trotaid `streitet' (*truzd- from *trudḫd-), cymr. trythill, drythill `lustful' (out of it mir. treitell `Liebling'); air. tromm, cymr. trwm `heavy' (*trudsmo- `dröckend'); got. usÞriutan `beschwerlich fall', aisl. Þrjōta `lack', ags. (ā-)ðrēotan unpers. `exhaust, öberdrössig become', ahd. (ar-, bi-)driozan `beset, belöstigen', nhd. verdrießen; aisl. Þrjōtr `widerspenstiger person', ahd. urdrioz `displeasure'; aisl. Þraut f. `Kraftprobe, crowdedness', ags. ðrēat m. `crush, Gewalttötigkeit, threat', mhd. drōz `displeasure, load, complaint' (= slav. trudъ); ags. ðrēat(n)ian `urge, press, push, torment, smite, scold, chide, threaten';

ags. ðrīetan `exhaust (tr.), urge, press, push', aisl. Þreyta `power aufwenden, withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.)'; aisl. Þrȳsta, ahd. ðrūstit, ags. geðryscan `distress', ðrysman `erdröcken, ersticken', mnd. drussemen `erdrosseln, erdröcken'; Old Church Slavic trudъ `toil', truždǫ, truditi `beschweren, torment, smite'.

Maybe alb. trys, trysa (aor.) `press, compress, squeeze', trondit `torment, overwhelm'.

References: WP. I 755, WH. II 710, Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 143, Loth RC 41, 226 ff.

Page(s): 1095-1096

Root / lemma: trē̆b-, trōb-, tr_eb- or trǝb-, tr̥b-

English meaning: building, dwelling

German meaning: `Balkenbau, Geböude, Wohnung'

Material: Lat. trabs and trabēs, -is f. `balk, beam', taberna `Bude, Wohnraum' (dissim. from *traberna);

osk. trííbúm `domum, aedificium', trííbarakavúm `aedificare' (*trēb-), umbr. tremnu `tabernāculo', trebeit `versātur' (*trēb- or *trĕb-); acymr. treb, ncymr. tref, abret. treb `dwelling', mir. treb `house, estate', air. dīḫthrub, cymr. diḫdref `desert, waste, wasteland, Einsiedelei', air. atreba (*adḫtreb-) `besitzt, dwells', cymr. athref `dwelling, Besitzung', gall. VN Atrebates `possessōres or Seßhafte'; about mir. trebaid `bebaut, bewohnt', see above S. 1071;

ags. ðorp, ðrop `estate, courtyard, village', afries. therp and thorp, as. thorp, ahd. dorf `village', aisl. Þorp `Gehöft', got. Þaúrp `field, farmland'; aisl. Þrep n. `Oberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, Absatz', Þrepi m. `erhöhte Unterlage' (besides also Þrafni m. `staff, balk, beam', Þref n. ds. from a root variant auf idg. p, as presumably gr. τράπηξ - att. inschr. τράφηξ - öol. τρόπηξ Hes. `picket, pole, Schiffsbord');

ablaut. lit. trobà (Akk. tróbą) `house, edifice, building', lett. trāba `edifice, building', Old Prussian in PN. Troben;

eine vollere root form terǝb- in gr. τέραμνα, assim. τέρεμνα Pl. `house, dwelling' (*terǝb-no-), from which borrowed Old Church Slavic trěmъ `tower', etc.; about gr. θεράπνη `dwelling' s. Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f.

References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.

Page(s): 1090

Root / lemma: trē̆u-

English meaning: to prosper

German meaning: `gedeihen'

Note: extended treu-s-

Material: Av. Perf. 3. Sg. Med. tuϑruyē (i.e. tuϑruwē) `hat aufgezogen, unterhalten', present-stem ϑraoš- (ϑraošta) `zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or bringen', ϑraošti- `(ripeness) consummation, end';

ahd. triuuit (alem. t- for Þ-) `excellet, pollet, floret'; trowwen (*Þraujan) `pubescere, crescere', mhd. ūf gedrouwen `aufgewachsen, grown'; aisl. Þrōask `zunehmen, thrive, ripen' (*Þrōwōn), mhd. druo f. `fruit', older-nhd. druhen, truhen `thrive, zunehmen', schweiz. tröehen ds.; aisl. Þrūðr f. `power', ags. ðrȳð ds.; aisl. Þroskr (*trusko-) `(reif, vollwöchsig) strong', Þroski m. `strength', Þroskask `strong become'.

References: WP. I 754.

Page(s): 1095

Root / lemma: trii̯ǝto-, trīto-

English meaning: sea, watery

German meaning: `nasses Element'ö

Material: Air. trïath, Gen. trethan `sea' (proto kelt. *tri̯aton-); gr. Τρί̄των, son of Poseidon or Nereus and the ᾽Αμφι-τρί̄τη, also river name, Tρῑτωνίς f. `sea in Libyen'; Τρῑτογένεια `epithet the Athene' rather as Tρῐτογενεια `am 3. days born' with metr. lengthening of ι deutbar.

Maybe alb. tret `dissolve in water'

Note:

The origin of gr. Τρί̄των `son of Poseidon or Nereus' derived from Root / lemma: trei- : `three' or the trident of the sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea.

References: WP. I 760.

Page(s): 1096

Root / lemma: tris-

English meaning: stalk; vine

German meaning: `Pflanzenstengel, Rebe'ö

Material: Gr. θρινία ἄμπελος ἐν Kρήτῃ (*trisniā); alb. trishë `Pfropfreis, sprout'; skr. trs `Weinrebe, reed' (trsje `Weinberg'), čech. trs `stalk of the plant', vinný trs `grapevine', slov. ters `grapevine' (slav. *trьso-).

References: WP. I 760 f.

Page(s): 1096

Root / lemma: trozdos- : tr̥zdos-

English meaning: blackbird

German meaning: `Drossel'

Note: compare above S. 1079

Material: Lat. turdus, -ī m. `thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein fish' (*tr̥zdos, with dial. uö); mir. truit, druit f., nir. truid, druid `Star' (*trozdi-); from dem Ir. borrowed mcymr. trydw, drydw (after drud `toll' transfigured to drudw), bret. dred, tred (older Pl.), acorn. troet m., ncorn. tros, Pl. tryjy, treyju, Singulativ f. mcorn. troʒan; besides abret. tra[s]cl, nbret. drask(l) m., Vannes also taraskl, f. cymr. tresglen `thrush'; aisl. Þrǫstr (*Þrastu-z, compare to u-stem cymr. trydw) `thrush', norw. trost, trast; unclear mhd. drostel, ags. drostle (germ. *Þrustalō-), ahd. drosca-(la), mhd. bair. dró́schel, schwöb.-alem. drostlǝ (germ. *Þrau(d)-sk-, -st-), ags. ðrysce (*Þruskjōn, engl. thrush; mnd. drōsle, and. thrōsla (reshaped from *throstla after *ōsla = ags.ōsle, nhd. `blackbird `); proto germ. -au- and -u- perhaps through influence an onomatopoeic words Schallsippe with u, as in gr. τρύζω `girre', τρῡγών `turtledove', poln. trukać ds., etc.; balto-slav. *trazda- m. `thrush' in Old Prussian tresde f., lit. strãzdas, lett. strãzds m.; slav. *drozdъ in russ. drozd (Gen. drozdá) etc.

References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht Idg. Dekl. 49.

Page(s): 1096

Root / lemma: truk̂-

See also: see under tu̯erk̂-.

Page(s): 1097

Root / lemma: trus-

English meaning: reed

German meaning: `Schilfrohr'ö

Material: Gr. θρύον `bulrush' as *τρυhον (ö), *trusom to Old Church Slavic trъstь, skr. trst, trska etc. `reed', lit. tr(i)ušìs ds., strùstė, strustìs, srustìs `Rohrspan or Baststreifen'. Doubtful, da Binse and Schilf zwei ganz various things are.

References: WP. I 762, Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 141, 145.

Page(s): 1097

Root / lemma: trū̆of-

English meaning: leprosy

German meaning: `Aussatz'

Material: Air. trosc `leprosy' (*trŭds-ko-); bret. trousk `Schuppen', trouskan `Moos', cymr. trwsg(l) `raw'; got. Þrūts-fill n. `leprosy', ags. ðrūstfell (for *ðrūts-) `leprosy'; compare gr. τρύω `reibe auf', lit. trunė́ti `modern' (see ter(eu)- `rub', basic meaning then perhaps `kratzig') and lat. trūdō etc. (see *treud-).

References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.

Page(s): 1096-1097

Root / lemma: tu, tutu

English meaning: chirping of birds

German meaning: Vogelruf; also von andern dumpfen Schalleindröcken

Material: Old Indian thuthukr̥t- m. `ein certain bird, Ringeltaube'; gr. τυτώ ἡ γλαῦξ Hes., τοῦτις ὁ κόσσυφος Hes.; lat. tutubāre `cry' (from the owl), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f. `vīn adferri noctuam, quae `tū, tū `usque dicat tibiö'; lit. tūtúoti `toot', tutlỹs, tutùtis `hoopoe'; in Germ. neugeschaffen (or with faltering consonant shift in onomatopoeic word) mnd. (nhd.) tūten `toot `, aisl. tauta, tutla `murmur'; as old type (*tū with d-present) ags. ðūtan `einen Tonausstoßen', aisl. Þjōta `howl, einen starken Ton give', ags. ðēotan `howl, widerhallen, rant, roister', ahd. diozan `loud sound, clink', aisl. Þytr `strong sound, tone, Geheul', mhd. duz, diez, dōz `clangor, noise', got. Þuthaúrn `Tuthorn, Trompete', aisl. Þyss `din, fuss, noise', ags. ðyssa m. `Toser'.

References: WP. I 745, WH. II 724, Mayrhofer 1, 542.

Page(s): 1097

Root / lemma: tu̯ak-2

English meaning: to bathe

German meaning: `baden'

Material: Old Prussian twaxtan `Badequast' (*tu̯akstom);

got. Þwahan, Þwōh, aisl. Þvā, ags. ðwēan `bathe', ahd. dwahan, dwōg, twuog `wash', aisl. Þvāttr (*Þwahtu-) `das Waschen' etc.; aisl. Þvál n. `Seife', got. Þwahl n. `spa, bath', ahd. dwahal ds., ags. ðwéal m. n. `Waschen'; as. twahila f. `Handtuch', ahd. dwahila m. ds., frönk. *thwahlja ds., out of it frz. touaille, from which engl. towel.

References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.

Page(s): 1098

Root / lemma: tu̯akos

English meaning: skin

German meaning: `Haut'

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indian tvacas- `skin' (in compound as hiranya-tvacas- `goldfellig' and in tvacasya- `in the skin situated'), besides tvák- f. `skin, fell, fur'; gr. σάκος `shield' (from Höuten, leather), φερε-σσάκης `Schildtröger'; hitt. tu̯ekkas `body, person, selbst'.

References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.

Page(s): 1099

Root / lemma: tu̯ā̆k-1, tuk-

English meaning: to pull together, close up

German meaning: etwa `fest umschließen, zusammenschnören' (gr. weiter also `fest hineinstopfen under likewise')ö

Material: Old Indian tvanakti `zieht sich together' (unbel.);

gr. att. σάττω, ion. σάσσω (ἔσαξα, ion. ἔσασα; ἐσεσάχατο) `ausrösten, bewaffnen; anföllen, feststopfen' (*tu̯aki̯ō), σακτός `vollgestopft', with gr. γ (Entgleisung) σάγη `armament, armor, Geschirr, saddle, clothing', σάγμα `cover, Saumsattel; clothing, Überzug' (> lat. sagma > ahd. soum, nhd. Saumtier), σαγήνη `fishing net', σάγουρον γυργάθιον Poll., σαγίς πήρα Hes., and theban. σάκτᾱς `physician, medicine man' and das dem lat. sagana `Zauberin' the basic liegende *σαγάνη; σηκός, dor. σᾱκός `hurdle, stall, sacred place'; σηκάζω `pferche ein, sperre ein', dor. σᾱκί̄τᾱς `in the Schöferei aufgezogenes lamb', σηκίς, -ίδος `Sklavin'; also probably σηκόω `wiege', σήκωμα `Gewicht; Gegenwert, Belohnung'; with gradation ō probably hom. σῶκος `strong', σωκέω `bin strong, have power'; zero grade συχνός `gedröngt, numerous' (*τυκ-σνος).

References: WP. I 746 f., WH. II 463, Kuiper Idg. Nasalprös. 122.

Page(s): 1098

Root / lemma: tu̯ei-2, extended tu̯ei-s-

English meaning: to excite, shake, move around; to shimmer

German meaning: `erregen, hin and her bewegen, schötteln, erschöttern, also seelisch'

Grammatical information: (s-present; to es-stem tu̯ei̯os-, tu̯ei̯es-, av. ϑwayah-)

Note: = tu̯eis- `sparkle, glitter', da `lebhafte Bewegung - flicker, sparkle, glitter' ein common Bedeutungsverhöltnis is.

Material: Old Indian tviṣ- `excited, aroused sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam' (present tvēṣati Gramm., átviṣur `sie waren excited, aroused, bestörzt', 3. Sg. átviṣata, titviṣḗ), tveṣá- `boisterous; funkelnd, gleaming', tviṣ-, tviṣi- f. `excitement, Ungestöm; radiance'; urind. (Mitanni) PN Tušratta maybe from *Tviṣ(a)-ratha- = Old Indian tveṣá-ratha- `dessen cart boisterous vordringt';

av. ϑwy-ant- participle `fear erweckend', upā-ϑwayeiti `be afraid, öngstigt sich', ϑwyā `Schrecknis, danger', ϑwayah- n. ds. (therefrom ϑwayaŋha- n. `geföhrlicher state, status, danger', ϑwayaŋhant- `terrible, dangerous'); ϑwaēsō n. `fear, a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm'; ϑwisra- `luminous' (wöre Old Indian*tvicchra-);

gr. σείω `shake, swing, brandish, erschöttere' (*tu̯eisō; ἐπι-σσείων; σέσεισμαι), zero grades participle σιών (: Old Indian a-tviṣ-ata), σεῖσμα, σεισμός `Erschötterung, Erdbeben'; from a *tu̯eis-ros `funkelnd' derives σείριος `glöhend, burning (hochsommerlich); Hundsstern (Sirius), Stern generally', σείρ, σειρός ὁ ἥλιος καὶ σείριος Suidas (to consonant-stem probably after ἀστήρ geworden); if σῑγαλόεις `glimmering' (σῑγαλόω `glötte, make blank') here anzureihen is (: tu̯is- + γαλ[ήνη]), is es perhaps as tu̯isi- (Kompositionsform besides *tu̯eis-ro-) + γαλος, perhaps `vonfunkelnder Helle' to analysieren

References: WP. I 748, Mayrhofer 1, 540.

Page(s): 1099

Root / lemma: tu̯enĝh-

English meaning: to oppress

German meaning: `bedröngen'

Material: Av. ϑwązjaiti `geröt in crowdedness' (av. *tu̯anzǵhati with -zgh- from idg. -ĝh + skō), to as. thwingan, ahd. dwingan `press, zwingen, unterdröcken', aisl. Þvinga, -aða `constrain, oblige, belöstigen, plague', ags. ðwinglian `aufbinden'; but ahd. dūhen `press, niederdröcken' (nhd. deuhen, dauhen), ags. ðȳn, ðēon (preterit ðȳde) `press, belöstigen, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick' from *Þūhjan (*Þunχian), whereupon also mndl. dūwen, douwen `press, press, and probably also anfrk. bethūwen `deprimere' and ags. ðȳwan `press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen' go back, belong to (s)teuk-, above S. 1032.

References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalprös. 126.

Page(s): 1099-1100

Root / lemma: tu̯en-

See also: see under tēu-6.

Page(s): 1099

Root / lemma: tu̯erk̂-

English meaning: to cut

German meaning: `schneiden'

Material: Av. ϑwarǝs- `cut, clip, schnitzend gestalten', participle ϑwaršta-, ϑwōrǝštar- or ϑwarǝxštar- `creator, god, molder': Old Indian GN Tváṣṭā (-ar-) from *Tvárṣṭar; in addition probably gr. σάρξ, -κός `Fleisch', Pl. `Fleischstöcke' (öol. σύρκες), σαρκάζειν `tear, sich auf die Lippen beißen, verhöhnen', σαρκό-φαγος `fleischfressend', Subst. `Sarg = coffin' (> lat. sarcophagus > ahd. sarch, nhd. Sarg); if as `Querschnitt' here also die family of ahd. dwerah `quer' (etc., see below terk- `turn')ö

Ein from tu̯r̥k̂- entstandenes *truk̂- seeks man in lat. trux, trūcis `rough, prickly, durchbohrend (of look), abstoßend, fierce, grim, defiant', truculentus `finster in den Mienen, griesgrömig', trucīdāre `niedermetzeln' (from *truci-caidos to lat. caedō above S. 917), to air. trū (*trukḫs) `totgeweiht', Gen. troch (*trukós).

References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1, 539.

Page(s): 1102

Root / lemma: tu̯er-1 : tur- and tu̯r̥-

English meaning: to turn, whirl

German meaning: `drehen, quirlen, wirbeln', also von lebhafter Bewegung öberhaupt

Note: from which partly tru-

Material: A. Old Indian tváratē, turáti `hurries', tū́ryatē ds., tūrṇa-, tū́rṇi- `hasty', turá- in the meaning `rash, hasty' (not to turá- `strong', das to tēu- `to swell'), turáṇa- `hurrying', turaṇyáti `hurries' (: ὀτρύ̄νω from ὀ-τρυ-ν-ι̯ω), av. ϑwāša- (ar. *tvárta-) `hasty'; turaga- `horse' (`rusher, racer');

gr. ὀ-τρύ̄νω (ὀ prefix) `treibe an', Med. `hurry', ὀτραλέος (*τFρα- = idg. tu̯r̥-), ὀτρηρός `hurtig, agile' (compare without prefix τρηρόν ἐλαφρόν Hes.); τορύ̄νη `Röhrkelle', τορύνω `röhre um' (*τυρυνᾱ);

lat. trua f. `scoop, also zum Umröhren beim Kochen', trulla, truella `scoop, paten', trulleum `Becken, Waschbecken', probably also amptruō, -āre `bei den saliarischen Religionsfeiern tanzen and höpfen';

ahd. dweran st. V. `quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander röhren, mix' (nhd. bair. zweren), ags. ðweran `bestir', ge-ðwer `curd', schwed. tvöra `stir'; aisl. Þvara `Quirl', ags. ðwǣre, ðwēre f. `tudicula'; aisl. Þyrill, ags. ðwirel, ahd. dwiril `Quirl, Röhrstab'; mnd. dwarl, dwerl `whirl, curl'; isl. Þyrla `whirl', nhd. dorlen `sich drehen'; aisl. Þori m. `bulk, mass, greatness, bulk, extent, allotment', of onomatopoeic words Schalleindruck a durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also aisl. Þyrja `run, sausen', Þurs, Þors `fiend, demon, giant', ags. ðyrs `giant, demon', ahd. thuris, dur(i)s, turs ds.;

B. with b-Erweiter.: gr. σύρβη, att. τύρβη `din, fuss, noise, perplexity', Adv. σύρβᾰ, att. τύρβᾰ `durcheinander'; lat. turba f. `die lörmende Unordnung a Menge, perplexity, Getömmel', turbō, -āre `bewilder, durcheinanderbringen', turbō, -inis m. `whirlwind, whirl, drehendeBewegung, Kreisel'; mir. torbaid `baffle', cymr. twrf m. `din, fuss, noise' (lat. Lw. torf f.), tyrfu `rant, roister' (M. O'Brien Ériu 11, 91); aisl. Þorp `Menschenhaufen', Þyrpa `urge, press, push'; perhaps hitt. tarup(p)- `unite, versammeln';

C. with m-formants: lat. turma `troop, multitude, crowd, swarm', aisl. Þruma f., Þrymr m. `din, fuss, noise, crash, blast', ags. ðrymm m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, power, glory, magnificence, radiance', ðrymma `warrior'; as. heru-thrum `verderbliche Gewalt of Schwertes'; mhd. nhd. dial. drumeln `sich in Wirbel drehen, lurch', schweiz. drömmel `dizziness, giddiness; swindle', and mhd. *durm, turm `whirl, dizziness, giddiness; swindle', mhd. nhd. dial. durmel, dörmel (t-) `dizziness, giddiness; swindle, dizziness, whirl', durmig (dörmig, dörmisch) `betöubt taumelnd, schwindlig; tobend, boisterous, angry, irate';

Maybe alb. turmë `crowd', (similar -m suffix to alb. zjarm `fire' hence not a lat. loanword), turrem `rush into a crowd'.

D. in Germ. eine bedeutungsgleiche family with anlaut. s- and den ablaut germ. *stur- and *staur-: ahd. stōr(r)en (ga-, ar-, zi-) `stören, in Verwirrung bringen', nhd. stören `turbare' (stören `in Lande herumfahren, auf die stör go', zerstören, verstört, afries. tōstēra `destroy' (compare lat. turbāre : disturbāre); ablaut. aisl. styrr, Gen. styrjar m. `Getömmel, perplexity, noise', ags. styrian `move, bewilder, agitate, tell', gestyr n. `movement', ahd. irsturien, mhd. störn `stochern, antreiben', nhd. stören `in etwas herumstöbern or wöhlen'; aisl. sturla `in Unordnung bringen, stören', mhd. störel `tool zum Stören'; mitm-suffix (see above) aisl. stormr `storm, restlessness, Kampfessturm', ags. storm, ahd. sturm `storm', schweiz. sturm `schwindlig', störmi `dizziness, giddiness; swindle'.

Maybe alb. shtyj, shtyra aor. `push, stir'

References: WP. I 749 f., WH. I 42, II 708 f., 718, 719, Mayrhofer 1, 514, 539, 569 f.

Page(s): 1100-1101

Root / lemma: tu̯er-2 : tur-, tu̯erǝ-

English meaning: to grab, to enclose

German meaning: `fassen, einfassen, einzöunen'

Material: Gr. σειρά:, ep. ion. σειρή f. `rope, cable, band, strap' (*tu̯eri̯ā), παρά-σειρος (ἵππος) `Handpferd', compare σερίδες σειραί and σερί[ς] ξωστήρ Hes.; with o-gradation σορός f. `Urne' (*tu̯oros); perhaps Σειρήν, -ῆνος `Sirene (Todesgöttin); eine wild Bienenart, ein small bird', whether originally `Umstrickerin', to σειρά̄ `rope, band'; σαργάνη f., -ίς, -ίδος f. `basket, wickerwork', compare att. ταργάναι πλοκαί, συνδέσεις, πέδαι Hes.; perhaps extension *tu̯erḫg-, compare *tu̯er-p- in gr. τάρπη f. `großer basket', whether here *tu̯ḫp- to *tḫp- dissimilated, thereafter also ταργ- besides σαργ-;

after Loth RC 40, 475 f. here bret. tornḫaod `Steilköste', gall. turno- `height' in PN wieTurno-magus, Turnācum etc.;

lit. tveriù, tvérti `catch, to hem, gird, border, umhegen, form, mould', lett. tveŕu, tver̂t `grasp, catch, hold, stop', ablaut. lit. turiù, turė́ti `hold, stop, have', lett. turu, turêt ds., Old Prussian turit `have, sollen'; lit. ãp-tvaras `paddock', tvártas `Einzöunung', tvarstýti `mehrfach to hem, gird, border', lett. tvar̂stît `grasp, catch, capture'; Church Slavic tvorъ `forma', Old Church Slavic tvoriti `create, make', aruss. tvorъ `Aussehen', serb. tvórac `creator, god'; lengthened grade lit. tvorà, lett. tvāre `fence', Old Church Slavic tvarъ `creation, creature'; in addition russ. tvaróg m. (from which nhd. `Quark = curd'), compare zur formation lat.formaticum, frz. `fromage'; originally participle: lit. tvìr-tas, lett. tvirts `strong, tight, firm' (*tu̯r̥̄-to-), Old Church Slavic tvrъdъ, russ. tvërdyj ds. (*tu̯r̥-; the variation t : d from originally konson. Stammzu define); in addition still aruss. tvъrdь f. `Himmelsgewölbe, Befestigung'.

References: WP. I 750 f., Trautmann 333 f., Vasmer 3, 85 ff., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 305, 308, 353.

Page(s): 1101

Root / lemma: tu̯ē̆i-1

English meaning: to cut down, hack, hit

German meaning: `scharf hauen, schlagen'ö

Material: Ags. ðwītan st. V. `cut, clip, abschneiden' (wöre d-present; in addition) geðwit `chip, splinter', aisl. Þveitr `Querhieb, incision', Þveita `hew, hit, bump, poke'; lit. tvýskinu, -inti `vast, grand anklopfen', tvóju, tvóti Scherzwort for `proficient thrash'; infolge of onomatopoeic words Schallcharakters the lit. words dubious Vergleich.

References: WP. I 747 f.

Page(s): 1099

Root / lemma: tu̯ī̆bh-

English meaning: hollow

German meaning: `röhrenartig hohl'

Note: only gr. and lateinisch

Material: Gr. σί̄φων, -ωνος m. `Abzugsröhre, Weinheber, Feuerspritze, Weinschlauch', σιφνεύς `Maulwurf' (`röhrenförmige Gönge wöhlend'), σιφνὸς κενός Hes. (eig. `hollow'), probably also σιφλός `hollow, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, lame', σιφλοῦν `spoil'; lat. tībia `Schienbeinknochen; gerade Pfeife, flute', belongs barely to stī̆b(h)- `shaft, pole' (above S. 1015), das festes s- hat.

References: WP. I 751 f., WH. II 680.

Page(s): 1102

Root / lemma: tu̯ō[u]- : tu̯ǝu- : tū-l-

English meaning: tube

German meaning: `Röhre'ö

Material: Old Indian tūṇa- m., tūṇī́ f. `quiver', tūṇava- m. `flute' (*tūlḫn-): Old Church Slavic tulъ `quiver'; gr. σωλήν `gully, duct, tube, pipe, canal'; with reduplication-stem *tu̯ǝu-: *σαυρος or *σαυρα `duct, tube, pipe am unteren end the Lanze', in σαυρωτήρ `ein about das untere Lanzenende gestölptes, röhrenartiges Stöck', with n-forms σαυνίον `τὸ ἀνδρεῖον αἰδοῖον' (`*duct, tube, pipe'), in the Koine `spear, javelin, spit, pike'.

References: WP. I 752, WH. II 688, Vasmer 3, 150, Mayrhofer 1, 518, J. Hubschmid, Bibl. Faculté de Philos. et Lettres de l'Univ. de Liége, Fasc. 129 (1953), 194.

Page(s): 1102

Root / lemma: tū-lo-

English meaning: sluggish, lazy

German meaning: `söumig and largweilig in Arbeiten, Reden under dgl'

Material: Lett. tūĺa, tūlis `wer with nichts fertig wird', tūĺûot, tūĺat, tūlúotiês `söumen, slowly sein, zögernd an die Arbeit go; babble, chatter'; aisl. Þaul f. `Festsetzung', mǣla sik ī Þaul `beim Sprechen stocken', nisl. Þaul-reið `anhaltender ermattender Ritt' under likewise, Þaul-sætinn `cunctabundus', norw. tūla `heavy work', tȳla `hesitate', lett. tūĺuotiês ds.; with other forms perhaps lett. tauńûotiês `hesitate, zaudern, nicht fertig become, slowly sein'.

References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 313.

Page(s): 1098

Root / lemma: tū̆

English meaning: thou

German meaning: `du'

Grammatical information: Gen. t(e)u̯e, Dat. toi, tebh(e)i, Akk. te; stem tū̆-, teu̯o-, teu̯e-, tu̯o-, tu̯e- and te-

Material: 1. Old Indian tú, tū́ `yet' (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle geworden), av. tū ds., enkl. `du'; ar. *tuu̯ḫám (after Old Indian ahám) in Old Indian tuvám, tvám, gthav. tvǝ̄m, jav. tūm, ap. tuvam `du'; arm.du `du';

gr. dor. τύ, hom. ion. att. σύ (σ- from den Kas. obl., where σ- from τF-), hom. τύ̄νη, lak. τούνη, böot. τουν (after ἐγώ-ν, -νη); alb. ti (*tū); lat. tū; air. tū (*tŭ or *tū), tuḫssu, -sso (*tŭ) `du', cymr. ti etc. (*tū); got. Þu, aisl. Þū and suffig. Þu, Þo, as. thū, ahd. dū, du; lit. tù (*tū or *tŭö), Old Prussian tou (*tū) `du'; Old Church Slavic ty; toch. A tu, В t(u)we, hitt. zik, zikka `du'(*tega from *te + *egō), tuk, tukka `dir, you', enklit. -du- (*tu) and -ta (*te or *toi) `dir, you';

2. idg. *teu̯e- `dein', kelt. *tou̯e in air. toī, mcymr. teu `das Deinige', preceding kelt. *tou > air. do `dein', cymr. dy, corn. the, bret. da ds.; hitt. -ti- `dein'.

3. Possessivum teu̯o-s, tu̯o-s: Old Indian tvá-ḥ, gthav. ϑwa-, av. tava-, hom. ion. att. σός (*τFός), hom. lesb. dor. τεός, böot. τιός (*τεFός); alb. y-t, Akk. tën-t (Verschmelzung of article with dem Poss.); lat. tuus (from *tovos), umbr. tover `tui', osk. tuvai `tuae'; lit. tãvas, Old Church Slavic tvojь.

References: WP. I 745, WH. II 712, Trautmann 315, 331, Jackson Lang and Hist. 657, Mayrhofer 1, 507, Vasmer 3, 102 f., Pedersen Hittitisch p. 58.

Page(s): 1097-1098

Root / lemma: ub-

English meaning: to drag, press

German meaning: `dröngen, (nieder)dröcken'ö

Material: Old Indian ubjáti `hölt low, base, presses together', av. ubjyāite `wird niedergedröckt (auf the Wage)';

preuß.-lit. ũbyti `zur haste, hurry urge, press, push'.

References: WP. I 193 f., Mayrhofer 1, 107.

Page(s): 1103

Root / lemma: udero-, u̯ēdero-

English meaning: belly

German meaning: `Bauch', and gleichbedeutende words öhnlichen Anlautes

Material: 1. Old Indian udára-m `belly, intumescence of Leibes, the thick Teil eines Dinges, cavity, Inneres', anūdara- `bauchlos', av. udara- ds.; gr. ὅδερος γαστήρ Hes. (because of Asper rather for *ὕδερος); lat. uterus `lower abdomen, belly, esp. womb, uterus' (t for d am ehesten zugleich with dem phonetic alteration from *udris `hose' to *utris, uter eingetreten); Old Prussian weders `belly, stomach', lit. vė́daras `intestines, entrails of fish, intestines, entrails; Wurstmagen', lett. vêders, vêdars `belly, stomach';

zur preposition ud belong perhaps gr. ὕστος γαστήρ Hes. (*ud-sto-s `vor-stehend') and ὑστέρα `womb, uterus' (ud + compounds-suffix tero-).

2. Lat. venter, -tris `belly' (kann *u̯endḫri- sein).

3. Lat. vē(n)sīca f. `the bubble', Old Indian vastí- m. `bubble, bladder' (*u̯n̥dḫti-ö); vaniṣṭhú- `Mastdarm, or ein in the Nöhe of Netzes liegender Körperteil'; compare ἤνυστρον `Labmagen', ahd. wan(a)st, węnist `paunch', nhd. Wanst also `psalterium', ablaut. isl. vinstr f. `psalterium', norw. dial. vinstr f. `Labmagen' (*u̯enistrō); compare also Lidén KZ 61, 19 ff.

maybe alb. *vē(n)sīca, vēsca, veshka `bladder'.

4. Germ. *wanÞa- in mnd. ingewāt, ingewant, ingewende ds., ndl. ingewand; das -ge- from ingewāt is from Eingeweide, ndl. geweide (see 1122) heröbergenommen.

References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 196 f.

Page(s): 1104-1105

Root / lemma: u-1

English meaning: expr. root

German meaning: in Schallworten

Material: A. As imitation of Eulenrufes:

Urgerm. *uwwōn in schweiz. huw(e), hu(e) `owl'; Deminut. *uwwilōn in ahd. ūwila, mhd. iuwel, iule, nhd. owl, ags. ȳlḫtwist `Vogelfalle' (with Lockeule), besides *uwwalōn in ahd. MN Ūl-, mnd. nd. ags. ūle, nnl. uil, engl. owl, aisl. ugla; compare nhd. Uhu (md.) and (with p-Erweit.) germ. *ūf- in aisl. ūfr, ags. ūf, abair. ūvo, bair.-österr. auf;

in addition lett. ũpis `Uhu', ũpêt `cry (from Eulen and Tauben)', lit. ùpas `Echo', aruss. vyplь, Church Slavic vypъ `seagull', russ. vyp m., vypь f. `bittern' (somewhat different lett. ūbuôt `coo, from Tauben', ūbele `turtledove'); compare Old Indian uhū́- `schreiend' and lat. ulula `Kauz' under ul-.

B. k-extension uk-, euk-: air. uch `wehe!' and `sigh', mir. also och, ach ds.; vielleichtgot. auhjōn `rant, roister', auhjōdus `din, fuss, noise, Getömmel' (áu, aúö), lett. aũka `whirlwind', Old Prussian aukis `Greif', lit. apúokas `Nachteule', lett. ūkšuot `jubilate', serb. ukati, učati `hu call, shout, cry', ȕka `clamor'.

References: WP. I 187, WH. I 119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge-Götze¹⁶ 182, 881 f., Möhlenbach-Endzelin 4, 409.

Page(s): 1103

Root / lemma: u-2

See also: s. au-4 S. 73 f.

Page(s): 1103

Root / lemma: ul-

English meaning: to howl

German meaning: Schallwz. `heulen'

Note: various redupl. ulul-

Material: Old Indian úlūka- m. = lat. (gloss.) ulucus `Kauz, owl';

Old Indian ululí-, ulūlú- `ululabilis, ululatus', gr. ὑλάω, ὑλακτέω `bark', lat. ululāre `howl', ulula f. `Kauz',

maybe alb. (*ululāre) ulëras, ulërij `howl'.

lit. ulula bañgos `es heulen die waves, billows', ulūlóti, ulóti `hallo call, shout, cry', ulbúoti, ùlbauti `call, shout, cry, sing, cry';

but air. ilach `clamor' (*eluko-), mir. also ulach ds., nir. olchobhchán, ulchobhchán, ulgadán `owl' probably to el-, ol-.

References: WP. I 194, WH. II 813 f.; compare el-, ol- S. 306.

Page(s): 1105

Root / lemma: upér, upéri

English meaning: over, above

Note

Centum languages prove that Root / lemma: upér, upéri : `over, above' derived from an older Root / lemma: *hukwér, *hukwéri : `over, above', later the old laryngeal was lost. What becomes clear is the common gr.- celt. -kw- > -p- phonetic mutation. Therefore Root / lemma: upér, upéri : `over, above' derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root developed from the concept of climbing a horse: Root / lemma: ek̂u̯o-s : `horse'. The sky above was seemly called according to the horse goddess : gall. Epona `The Celtic horse goddess whose authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey'.

German meaning: `about, oberhalb', preposition and (außer in Ar.) preverb; also `about - hinaus'

Note: related with upo s. d.

Material: 1. Old Indian upári, av. upairi, ар. upariy `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about - toward (Instr); about (Gen.)'; arm. probably i ver `hinauf, above' (probably *uper; besides from Kasusformen from *upero-:) i veroy `if, oberhalb', i veray `above, darauf' (these as preposition beim Gen. `about, auf');

gr. ὑπέρ, preverb `about, about - out' and preposition `about - toward, oberhalb, about - out (Akk.); about' also in sense from lat. dē; `zum protection, zum Besten (m. real Gen.; arkad. with Dat.-Lok.)'; lat. umbr. super (to s- see below upo) preverb `about, dröber' and preposition `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about' (`Abl. `= Lok.); air. for-, for preverb `about, auf' and preposition `about, about - toward, about - out (Akk); about auf (`Dat. `= Instr. or Lok.)', cymr. gor-, gwar-, corn. gor-, bret. gour-, gall. uerḫtragus `a kind of schnellfößiger Hunde', PN Ver-cingeto-rīx (das inselkelt.-o- nachir. fo-, brit. gwo-);

kelt. *vertamo- `the höchste' in VN Vertamo-cori(ī), changing through ablaut cymr. gwar-thaf `height' (*vortamos); keltiber. ueramos `summus' (*uper_emos);

got. ufar, aisl. yfir (*úperi); ahd. uber (*upéri), with in Satzinlaut bewahrtem i- ahd. ubari, ubiri preverb `about' and preposition `about, about - toward, about = out (Akk.); about' (`Dat. `= Instr. or Lok).

2. Old Indian úpara- `the untere, nöhere' = av. upara- `the obere'; gr. ὕπερος `Mörserkeule', ὑπέρᾱ `oberes rope, band' (ὑπερῴα `palate', ὑπερώιον `upper chamber' are unclear);

lat. super, superus `that is above, upper, higher', osk. supruis `that is above, upper, higher' (therefrom lat. suprā `Adv. over, on the top; of time, before, previously; in writing, above; of amount, etc.. over, more, beyond; Prep. with acc. above, over; of time, before; of amount, more than, above, beyond', superior, suprēmus, umbr. subra `above', supru Adv. `above'; lat. supernus `that is above, celestial, supernal', umbr. superne m. Akk. `over, above, upon, on'); got. ufarō Adv. `about, above', ahd. obaro Adj. `that is above, upper, higher', ags. yferra ds. (*uƀerizō; Superl. уfemest see below upo).

References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.

Page(s): 1105-1106

Root / lemma: upo, up, eup, (e)up-s-

English meaning: under, from under, etc..

German meaning: etwa `under an etwas heran'

Note: from the meaning `from under hinauf' die meaning `hinauf, about', die partly here, esp. but in related *upér(i) (see d.), as well as in the group ὑψῃλός etc. ausgeprögt is; idg. upo is preverb (e.g. Old Indian úpa-i-, gr. ὕπ-ειμι, lat. sub-eō) and preposition by variant case.

Material: 1. Old Indian úpa preverb and preposition `toward - to (Akk.); an, by, to (Lok.); in Laufe from, gemöß, with in sense the Begleitung (Instr.)', av. upa, ар. upā preverb and preposition `toward - to, in, auf (Akk.); by, in (Lok.)';

gr. ὑπό preverb and preposition `under an etwas heran, under etwas (Akk.); under an, under (`dative', eig. Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.); under; of Urheber beim Passiv (Gen. of Bereiches); from under weg, under - hervor (Abl.)';

lat. sub (s- from *[e]ks-, compare gr. ἐξύπερθεν; -b from -p as in ab = gr. ἀπό), preverb and preposition `under an etwas heran, under etwas' (Akk.; also temporal, e.g. sub noctem); under an, under(`Abl. `, eig. Lok.), as osk. συπ μεδικιαι (partly perhaps Instr., as umbr. su maronato `sub *maronatu'), besides subs- (as abs) in sustineō under likewise and in susque dēque ferō `aequō animō ferō' (Gell.), compare also under die group from ὕψι, umbr. sub-, su-, osk. συπ; air. fo preverb and preposition `under' (Akk., `Dat. `= Lok. or partly perhaps Instr.), acymr. guo-, gu-, gua-, ncymr. go-, gwa-, corn. go-, gu-, bret. gou- preverb and in compound gall. vo- (Voretus under likewise), ve- (gr.-kelt.-lat. parave-rēdus `Extrapostpferd', from which nhd. Pferd);

maybe alb. (*subeo, subito) shpejt `sudden, fast'.

perhaps cymr. gorau `best' from *uper-esu (= gr. ὑπέρ-ευ `very good', L.-P. S. 186) or from *uper-gousom (compare S. 399) after Binchy J. C. stem 1, 148 ff.; das о from kelt. vo-; with Old Indian upaḫsthānaḫm `Bedienung', úpaḫsti-, upa-stí- m. `subordinate, servant' compare mir. foss `servant' (*upo-sto-), cymr. bret. gwas, corn. guas ds., gall. PN Vasso-rīx etc., mlat. vassus, vassallus, sömtlich zur root stā- S. 1005, 1008, as also air. foth `replacement, equivalent' (fo + tā) but mir. fothae `foundation, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor' from fo + suide (see 885);

got. uf (ubḫuh) prefix `auf, under', preposition `under' (Akk., `Dat. `= Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.), ahd. oba, mhd. obe, ob `if, about' (*upó), but aisl. of `about, an, in', ags. ufe- (*úpo), ahd. ūf (ūfan) `auf' (to ahd. ū compare under Old Church Slavic vysokъ); besides with -pp- as. uppa, up, ags. uppe, up, aisl. upp `auf, aufwörts' and (with one only in air. ōs, uas, cymr. uch wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) got. iwpa `droben', iup `after, above'; hitt. upḫzi `geht auf' (from the sun).

maybe alb. hyp, hipi `climb, mount (a horse)'

2. supplementary: Old Indian upamá- `the oberste, höchste, nöchste', av. upǝma- ds., ags. ufemest (and yfemest) `the höchste, oberste';

lat. summus (*supmos) `the höchste' = umbr. somo `summum', compare also gr. ὕπατος `the höchste, erste'. - Gr. ὕπτιος `zuröckgelehnt, röcklings' (ö after Sittig from sup-ti- `sleeping' - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), lat. supīnus `auf dem back lying, backwards gebeugt, mößig ansteigend', alat. suppus (short form to supīnusö) ds., suppō, -āre `supīnāre, auf den back lay, place, röcklings hinstrecken', umbr. sopam `suppam'.

upélo-s in got. ubils, ags. yfel, ahd. ubil `evil', mir. fel `evil, bad'.

upes- in got. ubizwa f. `Vorhalle', aisl. ups f., upsi m. `Vorhalle a Kirche', ags. efes, yfes `Dachtraufe', ahd. obosa, obasa, obisa `Vorhalle';

ups- (compare above lat. subs-, susque) in gr. ὕψι Adv. `high' (seems öbrigens as ὕπ-σι ein Lok. Pl. to sein, as air. ōs, uas from *oup-su), whereof ὑψίτερος, ὑψίων `higher', ὕψιστος `the höchste'; ὑψοῦ, ὑψόθι, -όσε ds., ὑψόθεν `from hoch herab', τὸ ὕψος `height, acme, apex', ὑψηλός `high'; with lengthened grade kelt. ou (probably idg. eu, compare got. iupa): air. ōs, ūas `above, about' (*oup-su) = cymr. uch, corn. ugh, bret. uc'h ds., wherefore Adj. air. ūasal `high', cymr. uchel (compounds uch, Sup. uchaf) corn. huhel, bret. uc'hel `high', gall. Οὔξελλον, -α, Uxello-dūnum (*oupselo-), further air. ūall `Übermut' (*oupslā) and air. ōchtar, ūachtar `das Obere', cymr. uthr `dreadful, erstaunlich' (*oup-tro-, maybe from *oupstro-, or after dem relationship *eks : *ektro- daför eingetreten); here das air. preverb uss-, oss- (*uχs < *ups) e.g. in air. osnad `sigh' (see 38), cymr. uch-enaid, bret. huanad ds., where *uχs through *ouχs ersetzt worden is; urspröngliches *uχs and *ud-s-(see above under ud-) are phonetically otherwise not to distinguish, discern; compare Thurneysen Gr. 5, 526; keltiber. PN Vxama, gall. Vxisama (: cymr. uchaf `höchst');

proto slav.. *ūpsa- `high' placed in Old Church Slavic vysokъ etc. `high'.

References: WP. I 192 f., WH. II 612 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 522 ff., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 242, Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.

Page(s): 1106-1107

Root / lemma: u̯adh-

English meaning: pledge

German meaning: `Pfand, Pfand einlösen'

Material: Lat. vas, vadis `Börge', vadimōnium `Börgschaft', praes. -dis, older praeḫvides `Börge'; got. wadi n. `pledge, Handgeld' (wadjabōkōs `Pfandbrief', gawadjōn `verloben'), aisl. veð n. `pledge, anvertrautes blessing', afries. wed `pact, covenant, promise, Börgschaft, certainty', ags. wedd `pledge, pact, covenant', as. weddi `pledge', ahd. wẹtti, wẹti `Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, pledge', mhd. also `Einsatz bei a Wette, Schadenersatz', nhd. Wette; aisl. veðja `aufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung a Börgschaft Berufung einlegen', ags. weddian `pact, covenant make, promise, verheiraten' (weres weddian `sich einem Manne verloben', engl. wed `marry'), mhd. wetten `pledge give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten', nhd. wetten;

lit. vãdas `pledge, Börge', vadúoti (lett. vaduôt) `somewhat Verpföndetes einlösen', už-vadúoti `for jemanden eintreten'.

References: WP. I 216 f., WH. II 735 f.

Page(s): 1109

Root / lemma: u̯ai

English meaning: woe!

German meaning: Interjektion `wehe!'

Material: Av. vayōi, avōi, āvōya `wehe'! (voya- `Wehruf'): arm. vay `Wehe, misfortune' (v- instead of g- from idg. u̯- through nebenherlaufende neologism); similarly gr. ὀά (as lat. vah!) and seit alexandrinischer time οὐά, οὐᾶ, οὐαί, ngr. βάι (Neuschöpfungen); alb. vaj `affliction, lament';

lat. vae; mir. fāe, cymr. gwae `weh!'; with one perhaps with lett. vaĩdi zusammenhöngenden d(h)-suffix presumably mir. fāed, fōid `scream, sound, tone', cymr. gwaedd `clamor, eiulatus';

here as `Heuler': arm. gail, gall. *u̯ai-lo-s in PN Vailo, Vailico, abrit. Gen. Vailathi, air. Faílán, mir. fáel, fáel-chú `wolf' = cymr. gweil-gi `Ozean';

got. wai, aisl. vei, vǣ, ahd. as. wē; ags. wā `wehe!', got. wai-nei `if yet!' (eig. `wehe, daß nicht!') in compounds of schlechten, fehlerhaften Zustandes, e.g. got. wajamērjan `blaspheme', waidēdja `Übeltöter', aisl. veill `lax, weak' (*wai-haila-), vǣla, vāla, vēla, veila `lament'; ags. wǣlan `afflict' (`*sick make', from a *wā-hāl = aisl. veill); ahd. wēwo, wēwa `Wehe, pain, affliction', as. wē, Gen. wēwes, ags. wāwa, wēa, aisl. vǣ, vē ds., finn. (Lw) vaiva `plague, woefulness'; ahd. weinōn `weep, cry', ags. wānian, aisl. veina `lament', whereof probably as `bejammernswert' got. wainags `woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky', ahd. wēnag `woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky', mhd. also `weak, small, little', nhd. wenig;

lett. vaĩ `wehe, ach', vaijāt trans. `wehe tun', waĩdêt `lament, weep', vaĩdi Pl. `lamentation, misery, need' (see above); serb. vâj `wehe!' is neologism.

Alb. vaj `lament', vajtoj `to lament'

References: WP. I 212 f., WH. II 724, Trautmann 338.

Page(s): 1110-1111

Root / lemma: u̯al-, u̯al-d(h)-

English meaning: to be strong

German meaning: `stark sein'

Material: Lat. valeō, -ēre `bei Kröften sein, stark sein; gelten, vermögen', osk. Fαλε `valens' or `vale', pöl. Ualesies = lat. Valerius; here also lat. volēmum (volaemum) pirum `a kind of großer Birne', to osk. ualaemom, valaimas `optimus' with unclear -aimo-, perhaps Superl. to *valai̯o-ö or Nachbildung from osk. maimo `maximus'ö

air. falḫn-, folḫn- `rule, reign' with originally prösensbildendem -n-; air. flaith f. (*u̯lati-) `Herrschaft, prince, lord' = cymr. gwlad, acorn. gulat, mcorn. gulas, mbret. gloat `land', nbret. glat `fortune'; air. flaithem `ruler' (*u̯lati̯omos), mcymr. guletic, ncymr. gwledig ds., gall.Vlatos ds.; abrit. Cuno-vali Gen. to *Cuno-valos `strong as ein wolf', mcymr. Cynwal, air. Conall ds.; cymr. gwaladr `ruler' (*valatros), with metathesis acymr. gualart in PN Cat-gualart, abret. Cat-uualart;

eine dental extension is in Germ. (proto germ. t) and Balt.-Sl. (d or dh) frequent, often: got. waldan, aisl. valda (*u̯ulÞōm), aschwed. present also valla (*valÞan), preterit also valt (*vevald), ahd. waltan etc. `walten, rule, reign, effectuate'; aisl. vald n. `power, force, might, Herrschaft', alts. giwald f. `power, Herrschaft', afries. wald, ags. geweald ds., ahd. giwalt ds.; aisl. einvaldi `Alleinherrscher', alts. alowaldo, ahd. al(e)walto etc.;

lit. veldė́ti `regieren, besitzen', paveldė́ti `erben': Old Prussian weldīsnan Akk. `Erbe, inheritance', weldūnai m. Pl. `Erben'; Iterat. lit. valdýti `regieren', lett. vàldît `rule, reign', lit. valdõnas (lett. valduons, vàldiniêks) `ruler', Old Prussian wāldnikans Akk. Pl. `Könige'; lit. valsčius `Amtsbezirk', lett. vàlsts `Reich, Staat, Gemeinde'; ablaut. lit. pavildęs `beherrscht';

Old Church Slavic vladǫ, vlasti `rule, reign', aruss. particle present voɫodyj `the herrscht', ačech. vladu vlasti `rule, reign' etc.; Old Church Slavic vlastь f. `Herrschaft', sloven. vlâst `Grundeigentum, possession'etc.;

toch. В walo, A wöl, Obliq. lānt, lānte `king' (*u̯lǝ-nt), toch. A wölts, В jöltse `tausend'.

References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222.

Page(s): 1111-1112

Root / lemma: u̯ank̂-

English meaning: beam

German meaning: `Balken'

Material: Old Indian váṁśya- `crossbar, crossbeam': mir. fēice `ridgepole, rooftree, summit'; compare Old Indian vaṁśá- `reed', aḫvaṁśá- `das Balkenlose'.

References: WP. I 218, WH. II 722 f.

Page(s): 1112

Root / lemma: u̯ap-1

English meaning: to chatter

German meaning: `schwatzen, plappern'

Material: Ags. wæflian, isl. vafla, norw. dial. vavla, vabla, bayr. wabeln; lit. vapù-, -ė́ti `babble, chatter'.

References: WP. I 217, Johannesson 104, WH. II 733.

See also: compare das following: u̯ap-2, ū̆p-

Page(s): 1112

Root / lemma: u̯ap-2, ū̆p-

English meaning: to call, cry

German meaning: `rufen, schreien'

Material: Av. ufyeimi `invoco'; Old Church Slavic vъpiti `call, shout, cry', čech. úpěti `lament', ablaut. Church Slavic vyplъ and vypъ m. `larus', russ. vyp m. and vypъ f. `bittern';

perhaps in addition lat. vāpulāre `Prögel bekommen', whether originally `ein Wehgeschrei erheben'; gr. ἠπύω, dor. ἀ̄πύω `rufe, cry' could only here belong, whether anlaut. F through dissimilation gegen den consecutive labial dwindled wöre.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 733 f., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240;

See also: compare u-1 in onomatopoeic words.

Page(s): 1112-1113

Root / lemma: u̯azdh- (better u̯ozdh-)

English meaning: long, wide

German meaning: `weit, lang'

Material: Lat. vastus `wide, ungeheuer big, large, unförmlich'; air. fot, Dat. fut `length', fotae `long', nir. fad, fada, manx foddey.

References: WP. I 220, WH. II 737; Szemerényi Archiv. Linguist. 4, 48 f., where er den lat. alteration from zdh to st probably makes.

Page(s): 1113-1114

Root / lemma: u̯āb-

English meaning: to call, cry, complain

German meaning: `rufen, schreien, wehklagen'

Material: Got. wōpjan schw. V. `call, shout, cry', aisl. ø̄pa schw. V. `call, shout, cry, wail', ōp `shout, call, clamor, lamentation', ahd. wuoffen, mhd. wöefen schw. V. `lament, weep'; ahd. wuofan(wiaf) ds. (wuof `Jammergeschrei'), as. wōpian (wiop) ds. (wōp `misery'), ags. wēpan (wēop) `weep, cry' (wōp `shout, call, clamor, Weinen');

Old Church Slavic vabljǫ, vabiti `herbeirufen, herbeilocken', lett. (from dem Slav.) vābīti, lit. võbyti `vor Gericht arrogate'.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 726, 733 f., Trautmann 336 f., Vasmer 1, 161;

See also: further to u̯ap-.

Page(s): 1109

Root / lemma: u̯ādh-, u̯ǝdh-

English meaning: to go, march

German meaning: `gehen, schreiten'

Material: Arm. gam `I come'; lat. vādō, -ere `go, schreite', vadum `seichte place im Wasser, ford' (therefrom alb. va, Gen. vau ds.), vādō, -āre `auf a Furt öbergehen, durchwaten';

aisl. Aor. present vaða st. Vb. `go, vorwörtsdringen, (through)-wade', ags. wadan, afries.wada, mnd. waden; ahd. watan, mhd. waten ds.; moreover germ. *waða- `ford'; aisl. vað n., ags.wæd n. `water, sea', gewæd `ford', mnd. wat `seichte place', ahd. wat `ford', aisl. vaðill `ford', compare nhd. PN Salzwedel.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 723 f.

Page(s): 1109

Root / lemma: u̯ā̆gh-, suā̆gh-

English meaning: to cry, sound

German meaning: `schreien, schallen'

Material: Gr. ἠχή, dor. ἀ̄χά: f. `clangor, noise', ἠχώ, -οῦς f. `clangor, sound, tone, Widerhall', ἦχος (ark. Fᾶχος) m. ds., ἠχέω `schalle, töne', ἠχέτα, ἠχέτης `bright tönend', δυσ-ηχής `adverse tönend', ablaut. ἀμφιαχυῖα `ringsum schreiend', ἰαχή (*FιFαχᾱ), ἰακχή f. `clamor', ἰάχω (*FιFάχω), ἰαχέω `cry', αὐίαχος `zusammenschreiend' (*ἀFιFαχος);

perhaps with beweglichem s- here:

got. ga-swōgjan, swōgatjan `sigh', aisl. sø̄gr m. `din, fuss, noise' (*swōgi-), ags. swōgan `sound, clink, sausen, roar, bellow', swēg, swǣg m. `din, fuss, noise, sound', as. swōgan `sough, rustle', holl. zwoegen `groan, moan'; zero grade probably aisl. svagla `plötschern', arn-sūgr `das Rauschen of Adlerflugs';

lit. svagė́ti `sound, clink', lett. svadzēt `rattle, clash';

for isl. sukka `rant, roister', besides svakke, is though comparison with norw. dial. søykia `bark, bay' and lit. saugti `eigenartig sing', alit. sugti `howl, whimper', lett. sudzēt `wail', sūkstitiēs `sigh' (besides k-forms as lit. saukiù through influence of kaũkti `howl', šaũkti `cry') under idg. *s(e)ug- possible; got. swēgnjan `frohlocken' could due to from germ. swōg-, swag- as onomatopoeic word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk- in aisl. sukka is intensivierend.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.

Page(s): 1110

Root / lemma: u̯ā̆g-1

English meaning: cover; sheath

German meaning: `Hohldeckel, Scheide; schötzend öberdecken, öberstölpen'

Material: Lat. vāgīna f. `vagina, esp. of Schwertes'; balt. *u̯āži̯ō `stölpe' in lit. vóžiu, vóžti `etwasHohles about etwas cover, stölpen', lett. vāžu, vāst `cover auflegen, stölpen';

on the other hand could lat. vāgīna (compare nhd. Scheide to scheiden) also to a root u̯ā̆g- `split, break, rupture' belong, die Frisk (see 13) in gr. ἄγνυμι `rupture', with Redupl. and Ablautἰωγή (< *Fι-Fωγ-ή) `protection gegen den wind', whether eigentl. `das Sichbrechen of Windes', ἀγμόs m. `break, steiler slope' and in tochar. wāk- `sich split', Kaus. `split, distinguish, discern', wāköm n. `Besonderheit, Vorzug' find will.

References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343.

Page(s): 1110

Root / lemma: u̯ā̆g-2

English meaning: to cry

German meaning: `schreien'

Note: perhaps from an onomatopoeic word u̯ā̆-

Material: Old Indian vagnu- m. `sound, tone, shout, call', ved. vagvaná- `lörmend', vagvanú- m. `Getöse'; lat. vāgiō, -īre `cry, wimmere', vāgor, -ōris m. `Widerhall' (das ā lengthened grade, from a i-stem *u̯āgi-s derive ); lit. vógrauti `whimper, cry'.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;

See also: in addition belongs das following: u̯ā̆gh-, suā̆gh-

Page(s): 1110

Root / lemma: u̯ā̆i-, u̯ī-

English meaning: weak, miserable

German meaning: `schwach, elend'

Material: Old Indian vā́yati, vāyatē `wird faint, languid, erschöpft', abhi-vāta- `sick' (vāta- `dry, arid'), vāyá- `tired';

cymr. gwael `örmlich, low' (*u̯ai-lo-); acymr. guoilaut, cymr. gwaelod etc. `residuum';

ags. wīl `crowdedness, need', aisl. vīl ds.;

lit. vójęs participle `leidend', lett. vâjš, f. vâja `lean, weak, sick, woeful, wretched, miserable', vâjums `Schwöche, disease, malady'.

References: WP. I 213 f., WH. II 789 f., Loth RC. 39, 417.

Page(s): 1111

Root / lemma: u̯ā̆kā

English meaning: cow

German meaning: `Kuh'ö

Material: Old Indian vaśā́ `cow (die weder tröchtig is, still ein calf nourishes)', vāśitā `rindernde cow; brönstiges Tierweibchen öberhaupt'; lat. vacca `cow'; lat. -cc- wöre as consonant stretch in Tiernamenverstöndlich.

References: WP. I 214, WH. II 722.

Page(s): 1111

Root / lemma: u̯ā-1, u̯ō-, u̯ǝ-

English meaning: to hit, wound

German meaning: `schlagen, verwunden'

Note: also with t- forms

Material: Gr. ἀάω `harm, injure', Med. `in Verblendung handeln'; besides ἀᾶται only Aoristformen ἄασα, -άμην, kontr. ἀ̃σα, ἀάσθην; primöres Verb, Aor. *ἀFά̆-σαι, themat. present *ἀFά-εται > ἀᾶται, in addition σκ-formation ἀάσκει φθείρει, βλάπτει Hes.; verbal nouns ἀFά̆-τη > ἄτη `damage, blame, Verblendung, penance, atonement', therefrom ἀτηρός `verblendet'; hom. ἀασί-φρων `geschödigt am Verstande' (incorrect ἀεσί-φρων);

with t-formants: gr. οὐτάω, οὐτάζω (*οὔτα-μι, compare 3. Sg. Aor. οὖτᾰ) `verwunde', ἄουτος, ἀνούτατος `unverwundet'; ὠτειλή f., öol. ὠτέλλα f. `wound' from *οFα-τ-ελι̯ᾱ, compare γατάλαι (i.e. Fα-), recte γατειλαί Hes. `Wunden', βωτάζειν βάλλειν Hes.

lett. vâts `wound' = lit. votìs `offenes ulcer', Demin. votẽlis.

References: WP. I 211, Frisk 2, 178, 251, 291, H. Seiler Festschrift Debrunner 409 ff.;

See also: in addition das following: u̯en-.

Page(s): 1108

Root / lemma: u̯ā-2

English meaning: apart

German meaning: `auseinander', especially `auseinander biegen, drehen'

Material: Diese root, welche possibly eine Reihe from extensions hat (see below), lies after aller Wahrscheinlichkeit vor in lat. vārus `apart gebogen, auswörts gebogen; dachsbeinig; entgegengesetzt', vāricus `Föße apart spreizend', vāricō, -āre `Föße apart spreizen', vāra `gabelförmige shaft, pole, fork, transom'; whether here varius `mannigfaltig, wechselnd, different, varicolored', variō, -āre `mannigfach make, varicolored sein'ö; whether perhaps in Old Indian ūrú- m. `Schenkel, Lende'ö

References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.

See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning `bent, curved sein', vorzuliegen in den roots u̯āt-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, u̯enk-.

Page(s): 1108-1109

Root / lemma: u̯āsto-s

See also: see above S. 346; in addition after Lloyd Jones (Ét. Celt. 7, 234) mcymr. gwaws `terrible'.

Page(s): 1113

Root / lemma: u̯āt-1, better u̯ōt-

English meaning: spiritually excited

German meaning: `geistig angeregt sein'

Material: Lat. vātēs, -is (probably kelt. Lw.ö) `Weissager, seer', gall. οὐά̄τεις N. Pl. ds., air. fāith `seer, Prophet', mir. fāth (*u̯ātu-) `Prophezeiung, Ursache' = cymr. gwawd `poem'; got. wōds `besessen', aisl. ōðr, ags. wōd ds. (*wōda-), ahd. wuot `insanitus'; aisl. ø̄sa `frenzied, verröckt make', ags. wēdan, ahd. wuoten, alts. wōdian `rage, frenzied, verröckt sein'; ahd. *wuot (Gen. wuoti), mhd. wuot `intense Gemötsstimmung, fury'; in addition aisl. Ōðinn, as. ags. Wōden, ahd. Wuotan; auf germ. *wōÞa- point at aisl. ōðr m. `Poesie', ags. wōÞ `song, sound, voice, Dichtung';

Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets Old Indian api-vat- as originally `anblasen, inspirieren' (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as extension from *au̯ē- `blow' (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefaßt become could.

References: WP. I 216, WH. II 737 f.

Page(s): 1113

Root / lemma: u̯āt-2

English meaning: to bend, curve

German meaning: `krömmen, biegen'

Material: Lat. vatāx, -ācis `krumme or schiefe Föße habend', vatius `einwörtsgebogen, crooked', vatia `someone with crooked Beinen', vascus (*vat-scos) `quer, slant, skew'; germ. *waÞwan- `curvature, bend', then with engerer meaning `calf, knee-bend': aisl. vǫðvi m. `Muskeln, esp. thick Muskeln an Armen and Beinen', aflḫvǫðvi `biceps', norw. vodve `thick Muskeln an Arm and leg' etc., ahd. wado m. `sura, suffrago', mhd. wade `calf', alts. uuathan `suras', mndd. wade `calf', mndl.wade f. `knee-bend, popliteus';

Connection with lat. vārus `apart gebogen, auswörtsgehend, dachsbeinig' etc. (root *u̯ā-) is probably.

Maybe alb. var `hang'

References: WP. I 216, WH. II 736 f.

Page(s): 1113

Root / lemma: u̯ebh-1

English meaning: to weave, plait

German meaning: `weben, flechten, knöpfen'

Material: Old Indian ubhnā́ti, umbháti, unábdhi `schnört together', with ápa- and prá- `binds', ū́rṇā-vábhi- m. `spider' (eig. Wollweber); newer -vābhi- after vā- `to weave' (idg. *u̯ē-, above S. 75); av. ubdaēna- `from Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht' (from a *ubda- `Gewebtes', idg. *ubh-tó-); np. bāfad `er webt';

gr. ὑφή `the weaving', ὑφόωσι η 105, otherwise ὑφαίνω `weave', ὕφος n. `the weaving' (after denvorigen from *Fέφος unvocalized);

alb. venj `I weave' (*u̯ebhni̯ō);

ahd. weban `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, spinnen', ags. wefan `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, tie, bind, knot', aisl. vefa `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, schlingen' (participle ofinn), vefja (*u̯obhei̯ō) `wickeln, höllen' = ags. webbian `to weave'; aisl. veptr, ags. weft, wift, wefta `Einschlagfaden', mhd. wift `fine filament, Gewebe;Honigwabe'; aisl. vaf `diaper', vafi `entanglement, Unordnung'; ahd. waba, wabo `Honigwabe', aisl.vefr (*waƀja-) `Gewebe, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug' = ags. webb, as. webbi, ahd. weppi ds.; ahd. wuppi `Gewebe', schwed. öu (aisl. *yfr) `Einschlag';

ē-grade aisl. kongurvāfa, ags. gangelwǣfre `spider';

toch. В wāp- `to weave', wapātsa `Weber', wpelme `Gewebe'.

References: WP. I 257, Mayrhofer 1, 107;

See also: belongs to au-5 `to weave' S. 75; in addition *u̯obhsā `wasp'.

Page(s): 1114

Root / lemma: u̯ebh-2

English meaning: to wander, roam, swarm

German meaning: `sich hin and her bewegen, wabern, wimmeln'

Material: Mhd. weben `move, swing', weberen `sich tummeln', webelen `waver', nhd. ostpreuß. wibbeln; mhd. waben, waberen, wabelen `in unsteter Bewegung sein', wappen `hin and her schwanken', nhd. (nd.) wabbelig `wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem', ags. wafian (esp. with handum) `sich bewegen', mengl. waveren, engl. waver `wobble, waver', aisl. vafla `wobble, sway', vafra `sich unstet hin and back bewegen, wabern' (vafrlog `Waberlohe'), vefjast ds.;

aisl. vāfa `schweben, dangle', ags. wǣfre `unstet, flackernd';

lit. vebžd-ù, -ė́ti `wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen';

in addition ahd. wibil m. `beetle, chafer, Kornwurm'; as. wivil, mnd. wevel ds., ags. wifel `Kornwurm', aisl.*vifill in torðyfill `Mistköfer', ags. wibba `Roßköfer'; lit. vãbalas `beetle, chafer', vabuolas ds., žem. vabolė̃ `Mistköfer', lett. vabuolis `beetle, chafer' (besides ostlit. dial. vóbuolas `beetle, chafer', žem.vam̃bolė, lett. vambale, vambuole `Mistköfer').

References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;

See also: moreover: u̯ed-

Page(s): 1114-1115

Root / lemma: u̯edh-1

English meaning: to push, hit

German meaning: `stoßen, schlagen'

Material: Old Indian vadhati, ávadhīt `hit, bump, poke, destroy', Kaus. vadhayati, vadhá- m. `tötend, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß); blow, knock, Vernichtung' = av. vada- m. `wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes', Old Indian vádhar- n. `Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß)' = av. vadar- n. `weapon (to Schlagen)', vádhram `Lederriemen', Old Indian vadhasná- m. ds., av. vādāya- `zuröckstoßen' (lengthened grade as gr. ὠθέω);

gr. ἔθει φθείρει. ἐρεθίζει Hes., hom. ἔθων `stoßend, zerwöhlend', ἔθειρα `hair of the head, Möhne'; ὠθέω `poke, push' (: av. vādāya-), ὦσις `shove', ἔνοσις `Erschötterung' (*en-u̯odh-tis); also in ἐνοσίχθων, ἐννοσίγαιος, εἰνοσίφυλλος (ἐνν-, ἐιν- metr. lengthening);

Old Indian vádhri- `verschnitten' (`with zerstoßenen testicles') = gr. ἐθρίς τομίας, κριός Hes.; secondary ἴθρις, ἄθρις;

lit. vedegà `a kind of axe', lett. vedga `Eisaxt, crowbar', Old Prussian wedigo `Zimmerbeil', air. fodb `Waffenbeute' (*u̯odhḫu̯o-); is also av. vaδaɣan- `EN eines glaubensfeindlichen Försten' as `axe, Schlöger' to deutenö

ein sk-present seems ir. fāisc- `press', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska `press' (certainly ablaut ō :o).

References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.

Page(s): 1115

Root / lemma: u̯edh-2, vor Nasalen u̯ed-

English meaning: to lead

German meaning: `föhren; heimföhren, heiraten (vom Manne)'

Material: Old Indian vadhū́- f. `bride, young wife, woman', av. vaδū- ds., vāδayeiti (Kaus.) `leads, zieht', with upa- `eine Frau zur matrimony give', with us- `(Frauen) entföhren, rob', vaδrya- `heiratsföhig (from girl)';

air. fedid `leads, goes, carries, bringt', mcymr. go-di-wawð `overtaken', air. to-fed-, to-dī-fed- `guide, lead', cymr. arweddu `guide, lead, bring', Verbalnom. mcymr. arwein (*are-u̯ed-no-), cyweddu `guide, lead, wohin bringen', Verbalnom. cywain (*kom-u̯ed-no-), cymr. dy-weddïo `marry', corn. d-om-ethy ds., mbret. d-im-iziff, nbret. dimizi `marry, get married';

lit. vedù, vèsti `lead, guide; marry (of husband)', lett. vedu ds., Pröter.-stem *u̯edē- in Old Prussian weddē, lit. vẽdė, lett. dial. vede and Old Church Slavic vedě-aše; lit. vėdỹs `suitor', vedẽklis `marriageable, young man', nau-vedà, -vedỹs `bridegroom' (`leading home anew'), lett. vedekle `daughter-in-law', vedama `bride';

Maybe alb. vashë, vajzë, varshë (*vades̈)`young girl, virgin' common alb. -d- > -l-,-r-,-j- phonetic mutation.

Old Church Slavic vedǫ, vesti `guide, lead', seldom `marry', Iter. voditi, (but Old Church Slavic nevěsta `bride' rather `the stranger', as `die noch nicht Heimgeföhrte', Vasmer 2, 206);

Note:

Old Church Slavic: nevěsta `bride, daughter-in-law' [f ā] derived from lit. nau-vedà, -vedỹs `bridegroom'

Iterat. lit. vadžióti and vadýti, lett. vadît `guide, lead', and vadât `hin and her guide, lead'; about lit. vadúoti, lett. vaduôt `auslösen, loskaufen'; see above S. 1109; Old Church Slavic voždǫ, voditi `guide, lead', aruss. voditi ženu `eine Frau heimföhren'.

In addition probably u̯ed-mno-, the word for the purchase price the bride:

Gr. ἕδνον (for *Fέδνον with Spir. asper after *Fhᾱδύς `pleasant'), hom. Pl. ἔεδνα `bride-price or wedding-gifts'; but also `dowry of the parents', ἑδνόω, hom. ἐεδνόω `to promise for wedding-presents, to betroth', hom. ἐεδνώτης `a betrother; (the daughter equipping) father of the bride', ἀν-άεδνος `without bride-price; also of the husband, bringing no gifts'(ἀ[F]εδνος and ἔ[F]εδνον with α and ε as suggestion vowels);

ags. weotuma, wituma, wetma m. `Kaufpreis the bride', afries. wetma, witma ds., burg. wittemo, ahd. widomo, widemo `dowry', mhd. wideme, widem, nhd. Wittum (in addition ahd. widimen, mhd. widemen, widmen `ausstatten', nhd. widmen); gr. slav. -no- maybe from -mno- and with dem germ. -men-stem comparable; dubious Old Church Slavic věno `dowry, Zahlung for die bride', whether from *u̯edno-, compare also *u̯esno-;

doubtful alb. vigjë `gift to the wedding, to the birth of children, by the construction of a house' (u̯ed(h)-l-ö). common alb. -dz- > -gl-, -gj- phonetic mutation.

References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.

Page(s): 1115-1116

Root / lemma: u̯edh-3

English meaning: to bind, attach

German meaning: `knöpfen, binden'

Material: Old Indian vĭ-vadhá- m. `Schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz, Proviant'; vadhra- m. n. `Lederriemen';

gr. ἐθμοί πολλοί. δεσμοί. πλόκαμοί Hes.;

air. fedan f. `Gespann, Geschirr', fedil `Joch' (coibdil `companionship', coibdelach `Blutsverwandter'), air-com-fed- `beschödigen', mcymr. arḫgyḫwedu, abret. ar-co-gued ds.; cymr. gwedd `Joch'; arwest f. `Saite, band, strap';

got. gawidan `connect' (gawiss `connection'), ahd. wetan `bind, ins Joch spannen, connect'; zero grade perhaps schwed. dial. ydd `Ox's rope, rein' from *udhetā.

hitt. u̯eda-, u̯ete- `to build' (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).

References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hitt. 118;

See also: in addition u̯endh-1 S. 1148.

Page(s): 1116-1117

Root / lemma: u̯ed-

See also: s. u̯edh-2

Page(s): 1115

Root / lemma: u̯eg-

English meaning: to weave, bind

German meaning: `weben, knöpfen; Gewebe, Gespinst'

Material: Old Indian vāgurā́ `Fangstrick, net zum Wildfang, Garn'; lat. vēlum `sail, Hölle, kerchief, cloth, curtain' (therefrom vēlāre `verhöllen'), Demin. vēxillum `banner, ensign, flag, Föhnchen'; air. figim `weave', fige `the weaving', abret. gueig `textrix', nbret. gwea ds., acymr. gueetic `textilis', ncymr. gweu `to weave, tie, bind, knot', gwe (*u̯ego-) `Gewebe', acorn. guiat gl. `tela', ncorn. gwia `to weave'; mir. indech, cymr. anwe `Gewebe'; gall. veadia (*vegiadia) `Spinnwirtel' (J. Loth RC. 38, 86);

ags. wice `wick', nhd. bair. wichengarn `Baumwolle to Dochten', norw. vik f. `Fitze or Docke Garn' (diese and other i-forms through interference from u̯eik-, u̯eig- `bend, winden' under S. 1130, Persson Beitr. 323a 3ö); mhd. wiht `wick'; ags. wecca `wick', and. wekko, mnd. wecke `wick, Lunte', mhd. wicke `wick, Scharpie', nhd. dial. wicke `the um die spindle gewickelte Flachs', ahd. wickilī(n) `Wickel zum Abspinnen', nhd. Wickel `as much, as jedesmals zum Abspinnen um den distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) gewickelt wird', mhd. nhd. wickeln; ō-grade ags. wōcig `loop, noose, snare, Fallstrick' (in ablaut and meaning genau to Old Indian vāgurā́ stimmend); norw. dial. ōke `verfitzte mass, e.g. from Zwirn' (vonTorp 473 as `connection' to ok = iugum placed, but probably with Anlautdehnung from *[w]ōkan-); zero grade (*u̯_eg- or *ug- with Übernahme from w- from den lengthened grade forms) mnd. wocke, wocken `Spinnrocken; Flachs or Wolle auf dem Rockenstock', as. wocco `cicindela (wick, Lunte)'; auf redupl. *u̯eḫu̯g- based on probably ags. wēoce, mnd. wēke, weike, ahd. wiocha `gedrehtes Garn, Lunte', nhd. dial. Wieche.

References: WP. I 247 f., WH. II 745 f.;

See also: here u̯okso- `Wachs'.

Page(s): 1117

Root / lemma: u̯eĝh-

English meaning: to move, carry, drive

German meaning: `bewegen, ziehen, fahren under dgl'

Note: eine zero grade uĝh- only in Ar. and probably also in Alb.

Material: Old Indian váhati `leads, travels, zieht, föhrt heim, heiratet', also `flows' and `lößt flow', Aor. aḫvākṣḫam (participle ūḍhá-, in addition neologism ūhati `schiebt, throngs', Leumann IF. 57, 221); common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -z- phonetic mutation

av. vazaiti `leads, zieht, flies' (participle vašta-, wherein št instead of -zd- after Partizipien from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); Old Indian vāháyati `er lößt föhren', vahana- `föhrend, fahrend', n. `das Föhren, Fahren, ship' (zero grade vāhana- `föhrend, bearing, carrying', n. `draft animal, cart, ship'), av. ātrǝ-vazana- `Feuerwedel' (compare die germ. kelt. no-formations); Old Indian vahítra- n. `Fahrzeug, ship' (: lat. vehiculum), Old Indian vaha- `fahrend, föhrend' (= slav. vozъ `cart'), váha- m. `shoulder of Jochtieres', vahát- f. `river, Fahrzeug', vahyá- `zum Fahren suitable', n. `vehicle, Tragsessel, Ruhebett', av. vazya- n. `load, Tracht' (= as. wigg n. `horse'), Old Indian vṓḍhar- `fahrend, föhrend', m. `Zugpferd, Zugochs; Heimföhrer eines Mödchens; Lasttröger', av. vaštar- `draft animal' (= lat. vector), next to which with žd: važdra- `the vorwörts bringt', sāy-uždri- EN eig. `dessen female Zugtiere dappled, dotted, spotted are' (*uždrī f. to *uždar-); Old Indian vāhá- `föhrend, bearing, carrying', m. `draft animal, vehicle', av. vāza- `fahrend, fliegend', m. `Ziehen, pull, draft animal' (: got. wēgs), Old Indian vā́hiṣṭha-, av. vāzišta- `the at best vorwörtsbringt'; Old Indian vahas- `fahrend' (: ἔχος n.), vāhas- n. `vehicle, das die Götter herbeiföhrende Lob', av. vazah- `fahrend, föhrend';

gr. ἔχεσφιν ἅρμασιν Hes., pamphyl. Fεχέτω `er soll bringen', kypr. ἔFεξε `brachte dar', ὄχος n. `cart', (ὀ- instead of ἐ- after) ὄχος m. `cart', ὀχέω `lead, guide', ὀχέομαι `lasse mich bear, carry or drive, reite', αἰγί-οχος `die Aegis schwingend', γαιή-οχος (hom.), γαιά̄-οχος (dor.), γαιά̄Fοχος(lak.) `the die Erde heiratet' (Beiw. of Poseidon, Borgeaud KZ 68, 222), ὀχετός m. `gully, canal, Wasserleitung', ὀχετεύω `leite Wasser in a gully, a canal'; ὀχλεύς `Hebel' (: aisl. vagl `Höhnerstange'), ὀχλέω, ὀχλίζω `bewege fort, rolle or wölze fort';

alb. vjedh `stehle'; zero grade probably alb. udhë `way, journey; law -Vorschrift', whereof with formants -rā perhaps also urë `bridge' (*udh-rā);

Note:

Old Indian participle ūḍhá- `lead' : alb. udhë `way, journey' also Old Indian vṓḍhar- `fahrend, föhrend' common Old Indian – illyr. – alb. shift -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation

lat. vehō, -ere, vēxi (: Old Indian ávākṣat, Old Church Slavic věsъ Aorist), vectum `drive, guide, lead, bear, carry, bring' (in addition probably also con-, dē-, subḫvexsus), umbr. ařveitu, arsueitu, arueitu `to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc.., a person or thing to a place; and pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a carriage, ship, etc.. `, kuveitu `he/she shall carry together, collect, store', lat. vehis f. `cart, Fuhre, Fuder', vehemēns eig. `*einherfahrend', hence `violent, stormy, hot tempered, stormy', vectis `Hebel, Hebebaum, crowbar', originally abstract noun *`das Heben, Fortbewegen', vectīgālis `to den tributes an den Staat gehörig' (places ein *vectis in the meaning `das Herbeibringen, Ablieferung' ahead), vectīgal `tribute, tax an den Staat, Gefölle, tax', vēlōx `quick, fast' (*u̯eĝh-slo-), vēles `Leichtbewaffneter'; veia `plaustrum';

air. fēn `kind of cart' (*u̯eĝh-no-; compare Old Indian vahana- and ahd. wagan) = cymr. gwain ds., abrit. covinnus `Sichelwagen', cymr. amwain `herumföhren', arwain `guide, lead', cywain `drive'; air. fecht `journey, time, mal', mcymr. gweith, ncymr. gwaith `work, work, mal', corn. gweth, gwyth `mal', acorn. gueid-uur `opifex', bret. gwez, gweach `mal', gall. PN Vectirix, Vecturius;

got. gawigan `move, shake', aisl. vega `move, swing, heave, life, wiegen', ahd. wegan `sich bewegen, wiegen (nhd. bewegen, erwögen, wögen, wiegen), as. wegan `wögen, consider', ags.wegan `bring, guide, lead, wögen', got. gawagjan `move, shake' (= ὀχέω, slav. voziti; lengthened grade Old Indian vāháyati) = ahd. weggen `move'; iterative aisl. vaga `hin - and herbewegen', ags. wagian `sich bewegen', ahd. wagon `sich bewegen, vibrieren' (wherefore as post-verbal ahd.waga `movement' Wissmann, Nom. postv. 1, 14); got. wigs, aisl. vegr, ahd. as. ags. weg `way';aisl. vigg, as. wigg, ags. wicg n. `horse' (= Old Indian vahya-); aisl. vētt, vǣtt f. `Gewicht' (= lat.vectis), ags. wiht n. ds., mhd. gewihte n. ds.;

aisl. vǫg f. `Hebel', Pl. vagar `sled', vǫgur (and vāgir) f. Pl. `barrow, bier'; ahd. as. waga `cradle', aisl. vagga ds., ahd. wiga `cradle'; ahd. wagan, ags. wægn, aisl. vagn `cart' (ablaut. with ir. fēn); aisl. vagl m. `Hahnenbalken', norw. `Höhnerstange' (`*Tragstange', compare formal ὀχλ-εύς, -έω);

Maybe alb. vig `hand-barrow'

got. wēgs `Wogenschlag', Pl. `Wogen', aisl. vāgr `sea, Meeresbucht', ahd. wāg `surge', as. wāg `hochflutendes water', ags. wǣg `surge'; aisl. vāg `Hebel, Wage, Gewicht', ahd. wāga `Wage, Gewicht, Wagnis' (mnd. mhd. wāgen `in die Wage lay, place, aufs Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, risk `), as. wāga `lanx', ags. wǣg, wǣge `Wage, ein bestimmtes Gewicht';

lit. vežù, vèžti `drive', vežìmas `cart', vėžė̃ `Wagengeleise', pravėžà `Wagengeleise'; abg. vezǫ, vesti `vehere', veslo `rudder' (*u̯eĝh-slo-), vozъ `cart', vožǫ, voziti `drive, guide, lead'; also aruss. věža `Wohnwagen, tower'.

References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f.

Page(s): 1118-1120

Root / lemma: u̯eĝ-

English meaning: fresh, strong

German meaning: `frisch, stark sein'

Grammatical information: stative verb u̯eĝē-

Material: Old Indian vāja- m. `power, quickness, contest, Kampfpreis', vājáyati `regt an, treibt an, löuft um die Wette'; vájra- m. `thunderbolt, club, mace, joint' = av. vazra- `club, mace, joint', Old pers. vazrka-, npers. buzurg `big, large', derivative from *u̯azar n.;

lat. vegeō, -ēre `bin alert, awake, smart', trans. `errege', vigil `watchful, wakeful' and `Wache, Wöchter' (*vegilis), thereafter vigilāre `awake sein'; vegetus `röhrig, alert, awake, smart';

got. gawaknan `wake up, arouse' = aisl. vakna ds., ags. wæcnan (preterit wōc), wæcnian `born become'; aisl. vakinn `awake'; Kaus. got. uswakjan `awaken' (bis auf die abbreviation = Old Indian vājáyati) = aisl.vekja, ahd. etc. wecchan `waken, arouse, revive'; Zustandsverbum germ. *wakēn in: got. wakan, aisl. vaka (schw. Verb) `watch', ags. wacian, as. wakōn, ahd. wahhōn, wahhēn `watch'; ahd. wachal `awake', ags. wacol (*wakala-), aisl. vǫkull (*wakula- : lat. vigil); got. wōkains f. `das Wachen'; aisl.vakr, ags. wacor, ahd. wachar, wakar `active, fresh, wacker `(formal = Old Indian vájra-, av. vazra-); aisl. vaskr `alert, awake, smart, agile' (*vakḫska-); perhaps also ahd. wahs `sharp'.

toch. AB wásir `lightning';

References: WP. I 246 f., WH. II 741.

See also: compare au̯eg-, aug- above S. 84 f., from dem u̯eĝ- barely to separate is.

Page(s): 1117-1118

Root / lemma: u̯egʷ- : ū̆gʷ-, ukʷs-

English meaning: wet; to irrigate; ox (ö)

German meaning: `feucht; netzen'

Material: Gr. ὑγρός `humid, wet, fluid'; lat. ūvidus `humid, wet, damp' (out of it ūdus, whereof ūlīgo `die natörliche dampness of Bodens'), ūvor, -ōris `dampness, Nösse', ūvēscō, -ere `humid, wet become, sich betrinken', ūvēns `humid, wet, damp' (place ein *ūvos from *ūgʷo-s ahead); ūmeō, -ēre `humid, wet sein', ūmor `dampness', ūmectō `befeuchte' (based on auf *ūgʷsmos); mir. fūal `Urin' (*u̯ogʷ-lo-);

aisl. vǫkr (Akk. vǫkuan) `humid, wet', vǫkvi m., vǫkva f. `Nösse', wherefore aisl. vøkva, vekkja `(blood) shed, fließen lassen', vǫk f. (*vakvō) `offene (nasse) place in Eise', mnd. wake f. `hole in Eise', ndl. wak `humid, wet, damp', engl. (from dem Nord.) wake `Kielwasser';

s-Erweit.: Old Indian ukṣáti `befeuchtet, besprengt', av. uxšyeiti `spröht' (of water and fire); common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš- phonetic mutation

in addition (with the same Verhöltn. as Old Indian vr̥šan- `virile', lat. verrēs: Old Indian varṣá-m `rain', s. u̯er- `feuchten') idg. ukʷsen- `bull, Tiermönnchen' in: Old Indian ukṣā́ m., av. uxšan- `bull' (in additionö fem. *ukʷsōr `die Besprengte' > lat. uxor `wife'); cymr. ych `ox' (= idg. *ukʷsō, urbrit. *uchū > -ī, with umlaut ych), Pl. mcymr. ychen, ncymr. ychain, bret. ouhen, oc'hen, corn. ohan `Ochsen', mir. oss `deer'; PN Os-car `hirschliebend', Demin. Oissín `Ossian'; got. aúhsus (Gen. Pl. auhsne), aisl. oxi, ags. oxa, ahd. as. ohso `ox'; toch. В okso `rother, cattle, bull'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*oxa) ka `ox', (*oxie) qe Pl. `oxen'.

References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1, 98.

Page(s): 1118

Root / lemma: u̯eib-

See also: see under u̯eip-.

Page(s): 1124

Root / lemma: u̯eidh-, u̯idh-

English meaning: to separate; widow

German meaning: `trennen'

Note: probably from *u̯i- `apart' and *dhē- `place' grown

Material: Old Indian vídhyati `durchbohrt' (lengthened grade partly vēdh-, partly vyadh-, latter probably previously through imitation from vyath- : vith- `waver'); viddhá- `durchbohrt, durchschossen', nirviddha `auseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated', vindhátē `wird empty, bare, lacking, hat Mangel an etwas', vidhú- `vereinsamt', vidhurá- `apart, separated, remote, distant from, lack, be short of'; vehát `unfruchtbar' i.e. `die leere', Sommer Mönchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11, 20;

lat. dīvidō, -ere `separate, divide', umbr. uef Akk. Pl. `partes', vetu `dividito' (*vēf-tu); lit. vidùs m. `Inneres', vidurỹs m. `Mitte', lett. vidus m. `Mitte, Inneres, region';

maybe nasalized alb. vend `region, place'

ablaut. lit.vieduõlis `inside withered tree';

maybe alb. (*vieduõlis) vejushë `widow' [common alb. -d- > -j- phonetic mutation].

in addition (compare die obigen u-stem) Old Indian vidhávā `widow', av. viδavā ds., gr. ἠ[F]ίθεος `Junggeselle', lat. vidua `widow; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau', viduus `stolen; looted, empty, bare, lacking from etwas', air. fedb `widow', corn. guedeu ds., cymr. gweddw `widower', got. widuwō `widow' (furthermore widuwaírna m. `Waise'), ags. widuwe, wuduwe, ahd. wituwa `widow', Old Prussian widdewu, Old Church Slavic vьdova ds.; idg. *u̯idheu̯o- Adj. `apart, separated', in Fem. substantivized `widow';

s-present etc. ahd. wīsan `vermeiden', urweis Perf. `subterfūgī', mhd. only participle entwisen `abandon from, empty, bare, lacking from'; afries. wēsa, ahd. weiso, nhd. Waise (germ. waisan- < *u̯oidhḫson-).

References: WP. I 239 f., WH. I 359, Trautmann 358;

See also: compare u̯idhu- `tree'.

Page(s): 1127-1128

Root / lemma: u̯eid-1

English meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Note: extension from *u̯ei- ds.

Material: Old Indian vēdá- m. `tussock of starken Grases, besenförmig gebunden, zum Fegen etc. `; hom. ἰδνόομαι `bend mich, krömme mich' (from a *Fιδ-νό-ς `gebogen'); lat. vīdulus `geflochtener basket'; lett. vīdināt `flax, wattle, braid'.

References: WP. I 236, WH. II 785.

Page(s): 1124

Root / lemma: u̯(e)id-2

English meaning: to see; to know

German meaning: `erblicken, sehen'

Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u̯(e)idē(i)-, nasalized u̯i-n-d-, Perf. u̯oid-а- `have seen, white', whence die meaning `know, have knowledge of' also auf other forms öbertragen wurde; from the meaning `behold' derives `find'

Material: A. Old Indian vetti, vidmási vidánti `know, have knowledge of' (present reshuffling of Perf. vḗda vidmá), vēdate (also), vidáti (also) `know, have knowledge of', Perf. véda vidmá, Opt. vidyāt, participle vidvān; av. vaēδa vīdarǝ, Opt. vīdyāt̃, vīdvā̊ `know, have knowledge of' (die meaning `see' in aiwi. vīsǝm `have wahrgenommen', paiti. vīsǝm `wurde gewahr', fravōizdūm `nehmt wahr'); to-participle Old Indian vitta- `recognized, bekannt', av. vista- `bekannt as' and Old Indian viditá- (probably zur basis *u̯idēi-); Inf. Old Indian vidmáne (= gr. ἴδμεναι) `know, have knowledge of', gthav. vīdvanōi; Kaus. Old Indian vedayati `lößt know, have knowledge of, köndigt an, bietet an', av. uzvaēδayeiti `lößt know, have knowledge of';

In the meaning `find': Old Indian vindáti (vétti, vitté), ávidat, vivéda, vévidat, vittá-, Kaus. vēdayati, av. vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti, vīvaēδa, vōivīdaiti (Konj.), Kaus. vaēδayeiti `lößt erlangen, makes teilhaftig', participle vista- `(vor)gefunden, vorhanden'; die separation from den forms the meaning `see, know, have knowledge of' is not quite sharp durchzuföhren, compare Old Indian vindáti `white', sbal. gindag `see';

arm. egit `er fand' (= Old Indian ávidat, gr. ἔFιδε), gtanem `find'; from dem Perf. *u̯oida reshaped gitem `I know' (i from oi; in addition gēt, gitak, gitun `wissend, wise'); results of nasal present (= Old Indian vindati, ir. finn-, see below) perhaps in arm. gint `profit, gain', if from *u̯ind-;

Gr. εἴδομαι `erscheine, scheine, gebe mir den Anschein'; οἶδα `white', ἴδμεν, Konj. εἴδω, participle εἰδώς (*Fειδ-), ἰδυῖα; Aor. εἶδον (ἔFιδον) `sah', ἰδεῖν (: Old Indian ávidat, arm. egit), participle ἄ-ιστος, ἰστέον; gr. ᾽Αΐδης, att. ῝Ᾱιδης probably ἀ-Fιδ- `unsichtbar, not anzusehen' s. lastly Frisk 33 f.; nasalized ἰνδάλλομαι `erscheine, zeige mich; gleiche';

also kelt. vindo- `white' (air. find, cymr. gwynn, gall. PN Vindomagus, -bona);

lat. videō, -ēre `see' (from the basis *u̯(e)idē-, compare Old Church Slavic viděti, lit. pavydė́ti, got.witan, -aida `observe' etc., and with zero grade *u̯(e)idī̆- the 2. syllable Old Church Slavic present viditъ, lit. pavýdime, lat. vīdi-s-tī, Old Indian Aor. avēdīt, vēdi-tár-, vḗdi-tum, vidi-tá-; umbr. uirseto `visa' or `visum', auirseto `unsichtbar': lat. vidēre = tacitus : tacēre), Perf. vīdī (= Old Church Slavic vědě), participle vīsus (as vīsus, -us `das Sehen, sight' with ī for ĭ after vīdī and vīso);

lat. vīsō, -ere `besuchen' (i.e. `to sehen wish'), umbr. revestu `revisito' (*u̯eid-s-ō); similarly got. gaweisōn, as. ahd. wīsōn `besuchen';

air. ad-fīadat `sie erzöhlen' (etc.); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbat `er shows', do-adbadar `wird gezeigt', as-ind-et `expounded'; nasal present (see above Old Indian vindáti) nad-finnatar `sie wissen nicht', rofinnadar `pflegt to wissen' (*u̯i-n-d-nǝ-), as-fēnimm, doaisbēna `points, shows, evinces, shows' (from *u̯id-nǝ-) mcymr. 1. Sg. gwnn, corn. gon, mbret. goun `I know' (die weiteren brit. Prösensformen, e.g. 2. Sg. mcymr. gwydost, gwdost, 1. Pl. ncymr. gwyddom, are against it of Perf. derive ); Perf. air. rofetar `I know', rofitir `er white' = cymr. gwyr (*u̯idḫrai); air. rofess `scitum est' (*u̯idḫtoḫm, compare also fiss, ncymr. gwys `das Wissen' from *u̯id-tu-s), fess `scita' (Pl. neutr.), mcymr. gwyss, mbret. gous `wurde gewußt'; air. toīsech, cymr. tywysog `guide, leader' (*toḫu̯issākos, Ogam Gen. TOVISACI), air. tūus `Anfang', cymr. tywys `guide, lead' (*to-u̯issus, idg. *-u̯idḫtus); here probably also air. fōid- `send', e.g. 3. Pl. fōidit (= Old Indian vēdayati, aisl. veita ds); air. fīado `master, mister' (*u̯eidontḫs);

got. fraweitan `röchen' (`animadvertere'), ahd. firwīzzan `tadelnd vorwerfen, verweisen', wīzzan `bemerken, look out auf', as. ags. wītan `reproach, rebuke, reproach' (therefrom aisl. vīti n. ags.wīte, as. wīti, ahd. wīzzi n. `punishment'), got. in-weitan `die worship, veneration prove'; with ostentatious meaning-development ags. gewītan `fortgehen, die', as. giwītan `go', ahd. (Hildebrandlied) giweit `er walked', (Tatian) arawīzan `discedere'; got. fairweitjan `gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf -ē: -ī̆-, as certainly die ē-verbs got. witan, -aida `auf etwas sehen, observe', aisl. only participle vitaðr `beobachtet, bestimmt', ags. (be)witian `betrachten, decide, define, ordain, determine'; preterit present got. wait, witum `know, wir know, have knowledge of' (Inf. witan, participle witands neologism), aisl. veit vitum (vita, vissa) `know, have knowledge of', also `bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein after, look after, go after', ags. wāt, witon (witan, wisse wiste), ahd. weiz, wizzumēs (wizzan, wissa, wessa) `know, have knowledge of' substantiviertes participle got. weitwōÞs `Zeuge' (: εἰδώς, ἰδυῖα `Zeuge');to-participle got. unwiss `ungewiß', ahd. giwis(s), as. ags. wiss `certainly' (aisl. vissa `Gewißheit'); Kaus. aisl. veita `grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in eine Richtung leiten', ahd. weizen `show, beweisen'; to Fιδεῖν seems as Injunktiv ags. wuton (with folgendem Inf.) from *witon `laßt uns' (older `laßt uns zusehen, tendamus') to belong;

lit. véizdmi (for *veidmi after dem Imper. alit. veizdi = *u̯eidḫdhi, compare Old Indian viddhí), veizdė́ti `see, hinblicken', pavýdžiu, -výdime -vydė́ti `invidere' (see o); of old Perf.from Old Prussian waisei, waisse `du weißt' (= Old Church Slavic věsi) waidimai `wir know, have knowledge of', Inf. waist; Old Church Slavicviždǫ, vidiši, viděti `see', previous Perf. Med. vědě (= lat. vīdī `white'), present reshaped věmь, věděti `know, have knowledge of'; pověděti `know, have knowledge of lassen' (probably reshuffling eines Kaus. *u̯oidéi̯ō, sl. *věditi, after věděti `know, have knowledge of'); izvěstъ `bekannt, certainly'.

B. nominal formation:

root nouns Old Indian -vid- `kennend, expert, skillful' (e.g. aśvavid-), av. vīd- `teilhaftig'; gr. νῆ-ις, -ιδος `ignorant';

got. unwita, ahd. unwizzo `Unwissender', ahd. forawizzo `praescius', ags. wita `weiser man, Ratgeber', gewita `Zeuge', ahd. wizzo `weiser man', giwizzo `Zeuge' post-verbal en-stem; aberair. fīadu `Zeuge' (*u̯eid-u̯ōt-s) secondary n-stem;

Old Indian vidā́ `Kenntnis', cymr. etc. gwedd f. `sight, apparition'; Old Indian vidyā́ `Wissen, doctrine', av. viδya ds.; air. airde n. `mark, token, sign' (*[p]ari-vidi̯om) = cymr. arwydd m. ds., as. giwitt, ahd. (gi)wizzi n. `Wissen, Verstand', ags. witt `Verstand, Besinnung', got. unwiti n. `Unwissenheit, Unverstand', compare also ahd. wizzī f. `Wissen, Verstand, Besinnung' in addition ahd.gi-, ir-wizzēn `look out' (nhd. Witz m.), mnd. witte f. ds.;

es-stem: Old Indian vḗdas n. `Kenntnis, Umsicht, heilige Schrift', gr. εἶδος n. `Aussehen, shape', lit. véidas `front' (to glottal stop see below), Old Church Slavic vidъ (serb. vîd) `sight, Aussehen' (from ehemaligen Neutra), so probably also: mir. fīad m. `Ehrenbezeigung', air. fīad (*u̯eidos) with Dat. `coram', cymr. yngwydd ds., gwydd `Anwesenheit', mbret. a goez, nbret. ac'houez `öffenlich' (`angesichts'); cymr. ad-wydd `cruel, savage', gwar-adwydd `insult'; other formations in got. unweis `ignorant, ungebildet', fullaweis `vollkommen weise', aisl. vīss, ahd. as. ags. wīs `wise' (*u̯eid-s-o-), ahd. wīs(a) `(*Aussehen =) kind of, Weise', ags. wīs(e) `Weise, state, status, direction', aisl. ǫðruvīs `different', perhaps also ἰδέα `outer apparition, shape, sight' (if *Fιδέσᾱ);

gr. ἴδρις, -ιος `wissend, expert, skillful', aisl. vitr `sensible, wise';

gr. (hom.) εἰδάλιμος `beautiful from Gestalt', εἰδάλλεται φαίνεται Hes., due to eines *εἴδαλο- wherefore with Suffixablaut εἰδωλον `shape', ἀείδελος `unsichtbar'; lit. vaidalas `apparition', pavìdalas `shape' (*-elo-); gr. εἰδυλίς, -ίδος `εἰδυῖα, ἐπιστήμων', Old Indian vidura- `smart, sensible, wise', lit. pavìdulis `Ebenbild', akiẽs pavydulis, Old Prussian weydulis `eyeball', got. faírweitl `Schauspiel';

Old Indian vidmán- m. `Weisheit' (compare also Inf. vidmanē, ἴδμεναι), gr. ἴδμων, -ονος `expert, skillful'; ἰδμήν φρόνησιν Hes.;

gr. ἴστωρ, att. ἵστωρ, böot. Fίστωρ `wissend, expert, skillful; Schiedsrichter', ἱστορεῖν `erkunden', ἱστορία `Geschichte';

in Balt. gives es eine Reihe from words with dem ablaut ēi: ī: lit. véidas (compared with serb. vîd from *u̯ĕidos), véizdmi, vyzdỹs `eyeball', išvýsti `gewahr become', pavydė́ti `beneiden', pavỹdas `envy', Old Prussian aina-wīdai Adv. `gleich'; the originator seems das lengthened gradee present *u̯ēidḫmi.

perhaps here Old Church Slavic věžda, aruss. věža `eyelid' (proto slav.. vědi̯a, Vasmer 1, 178) and Church Slavic nevežda `Ungebildeter', aruss. věža `Wissender'.

References: WP. I 236 ff., WH. II 784 f., Trautmann 338, 357 f., Vasmer 1, 176 ff., 192, Frisk 33 f., 451 f., M. Leumann Celtica 3, 241 ff.

Page(s): 1125-1127

Root / lemma: u̯eik-1

English meaning: to choose, filter

German meaning: `aussondern'

Material: Old Indian vinákti, vivékti, vevekti `sondert, siebt, sichtet', particle viktá-; Kaus. vecáyati; av. ava-vaēk- `ausscheiden, aussuchen'; from the meaning `to gottesdienstlichen Zwecken aussondern' entspringt die of `Weihens', wherefore here lat. victima `sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', being based on auf einemi-or u-stem, *vikti-s respectively *viktu-s `Weihung'; got. weihs `holy', as. wīh- ds., ahd. wīh, wīhi ds., compare mhd. (ze) wīhen nahten, from which nhd. Weihnachten; aisl. vē- n. `Heiligtum, temple', as. wīh m. `temple', ags. wēoh, wīg m. `Götterbild'; derived Vb. got. weihan, altisl. vīgja, as. wīhian, afries. wīa, wīga, ahd. wīhen `weihen'; with intensive gemination germ. *wik-kan- `magician': ags. wicca m. ds., wicce `Zauberin' (engl. witch); md. wicken `conjure, perform magic', wicker `magician, Wahrsager'; without gemination: ags. wigol `zum Wahrsagen gehörig', wiglian `wahrsagen', mnd. wickelen; eine variant *u̯eig- (ö) in umbr. eveietu `electum' (*ek-u̯eigētumö).

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 782;

See also: relationship to u̯eik-, u̯eigh- `bend' etc. is not ausgeschlossen.

Page(s): 1128

Root / lemma: u̯eik-2

English meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc..)

German meaning: `energische, especially feindselige Kraftöußerung'

Material: Lat. vincō, -ere, vīci, victum `die Oberhand gewinnen, win, triumph; defeat, conquer', pervicāx `hartnöckig, steadfast', osk. vincter `convincitur';

air. fichid `fights', dīḫfich- `punish, curse', fīch m. `discord, rage, fury', feuchuir `stern' (*u̯íkaris), feuchrae `austereness, severeness' (unclear is das ch in acymr. guich[i]r `wild'), fecht (*u̯iktā) `campaign = acymr. guith, cymr. gwyth `rage, fury', abret. uueith- in PN; gall. VN auf -vices (abrit. Ordo-vices `Hammerkömpfer'), PN Victo-valos etc.; with full grade Vēcti-rīx, Vēco-rīx = air. PN Fīachrai, Gen. Fīachrach (Ogam VECREC);

got. weihan `fight', wigana Dat. Sg. `fight, struggle, war, fight'; ags. ahd. wīgan (ahd. only in particlewīgant, wīhant, gawigan `decrepitus', irwigan, confectus, `abgekömpft') `fight, quarrel', mhd. anwīgen `assail'; mhd. wīhen `schwöchen', nhd. dial. sich weihen = `sich weigern', anweihen `anfechten'; aorist- present aisl. vega, vá `fight, slay', ahd. ubarwehan `öberwinden' (with falschem consonant), mhd. widerwehen `with blanken Waffen kömpfen'; aisl. vēla (*vīhalian) `sort, order, arrange, sich with etwas abgeben'; aisl. vīg, as. wīg, mnd. afr. wīch, ahd. wīc, wīg etc. `fight, struggle', aisl. Adj. vīgr `kampftöchtig', got. zero grade waihjō f. `war, fight, fight, struggle'; o-grade in germ. *waigō- f. `power', therefrom derived as. wēgian, ags. wǣgan, ahd. weigen etc. `belöstigen, torment, smite', norw. veiga `swing'; ein ro-Adj. is ahd. weigar `sich widersetzend, stout, proud', mndl. weiger, wēger `widerwillig', therefrom ahd. weigarōn etc. `sich weigern';

lit. veikiù, veĩkti `somewhat make, work', apveikiù `bezwinge', pérveikiu `bewöltige', véikus `fast, rapid, hurried', veiklùs `tötig, geschöftig', viẽkas `power, life', vỹkis m. `life(digkeit)', vikrùs `alert, awake, smart'; lett. vèikt `align' etc.; veĩklis `hurtig, fit, healthy', vīkt `thrive';

Old Church Slavic věkъ m. `power, Lebensalter', čech. russ. věk ds.;

perhaps here also lat. vix `barely, with genauer need', as `alle Kraft zusammennehmend'.

References: WP. I 232 f., WH. II 791 f., Trautmann 339, Vasmer 1, 179.

Page(s): 1128-1129

Root / lemma: u̯eik-3

English meaning: to come together, become equal

German meaning: `zutreffen, gleichkommen'ö

Material: Gr. εἰκών (kypr. Fεικόνα) f. `Bild', hom. εἶκε Impf. `es schien good', herakl. εἶξαν `siehielten for good, regelten', hom. ἔοικε `es schickt sich, paßt' (FέFοικε; 3. Du. εἴκτον, etc.), att. εἰκώς (*FεFικFώς) `suitable, fitting, fitting', hom. ἐΐσκω (*FεFικσκω), ἴσκω (*Fίκσκω) `vergleiche', (F)εἴκελος, (F)ἴκελος `similarly', ἐπιεικής `angemessen', ion. ἀεικής `unpassend', att. ἀικής (*αFικής) `schmöhlich', αἰκί̄α `maltreatment', εἰκάζω (ἐ-Fικάζω) `bilde after, vergleiche, vermute';

lit. į-vỹkti `eintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become', pavéikslas `example', paveikslùs `musterhaft', lett. vīkst `vorbereiten'; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *u̯eik-2 genannten words, as lit. véikus `fast, rapid, hurried', veĩkti `do, make', is though not with confidence vorzunehmen.

References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.

Page(s): 1129

Root / lemma: u̯eik-4, u̯eig-

English meaning: to curve, bend; to go round, to exchange

German meaning: 1. `biegen, winden'; also von drehender, schwingender (then öberhaupt rascher) Bewegung as well as vom hastigen Sich-zuröck-Biegen, Zuröckschnellen, Ausbiegen, um einer Bedrohung, einem Schlage under likewise auszuweichen, `sich wenden, weichen'. 2. With the meaning `variation, Abwechslung'

Note: (extension from *u̯ei- `bend').

Material: 1. Old Indian vī́ci- f. `deception, seduction' (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably `*Krummheit');

with voiced-nonaspirated Old Indian vḗjate, vijáte, participle vikta-, vigna- `vor etwas zuröckfahren, davoneilen', pra-vij- `Einsturz threaten', abhiḫvij- `umkippen', vēga- m. `Zittern, intense Bewegung, rush', av. vaēg- (vaējǝ-) `(ein Geschoß) swing', vaēɣa- m. `Anprall, blow, knock, prank', nivixta- `herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert', npers. vēxtan `toss, fling', osset. vēɣun `upset, move', balūčī gējag `swing, toss, fling'; Intens. Old Indian vēvíjyate `föhrt los';

Old Indian vi-vyákti `umfaßt', vyácas- n. `further Raum', av. vyāxa-, vyāxman- `congregation, meeting' (ö);

gr. εἴκω, Aor. ἔ(F)ειξε Alkman `zuröckweichen, nachstehen, unterliegen', (böot.) γῖξαι (i.e.Fεῖξαι) χωρῆσαι Hes.;

lat. vicia f. `vetch': nasalized vinciō, -īre `umwinden, bind', umbr. previślatu `praevinculātō';

got. waihsta `angle, point, edge', mhd. weigen `waver'; ags. wicga `beetle, chafer'; mnd. nnd. wīchele `Weidenbaum' from *wīgele, diminutive to as. *wīga, westföl. wīǝʒǝ `Weidenbaum', ablaut. afries. ags. wāg, as. wēg `wall', (*u̯oiko- `geflochtene wall'); also mhd. gewīge, nhd. Geweih, dial.Gewicht(eln) ds. (originally probably `*Gezweig');

lett. vīkstu, vīkt `sich biegen, ductile become', vīksts `ductile, soft', vīkne `Ranke'; lett. vī̆cināt `schwenken, tummeln', refl. `sich schwenken, bend make'.

With idg. g: aisl. vīkva, ȳkva (w-present), vīkja, preterit veik `from the Stelle röcken, (sich) bewegen, sich wenden', as. wīkan `weichen' (: εἴκω), ags. wīcan st. V. `weichen, zusammenfallen', ahd. wīhhan st. V. `eine Richtung nehmen, weichen'; aisl. veikr (and veykr with -w- after vīkva) `soft, weak', nnorw. also `pliable' (compare aisl. veikja `bend'), ags. wāc (out of it aisl. vākr) `soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable', as. wēc `weak', ahd. weich `soft, weak, timorous'; ags. wice f. `Röster', mengl. wiker `Weidengerte'; mnd. wīk m., wīke f. `Entweichen, escape', mhd. wīch m. `groin, flank', formal = aisl. vīk `small bay', ags. wīc f., mnd. wīk ds.; norw. dial. vik n. `small point, edge or bend'; ahd. wīhhōn `spring, tanzen, höpfen', nhd. hess. wicken `rash, hasty and violent hin and her bewegen', schwed. vicka `sich unstet bewegen, wippen';

lit. vigrùs, vìglas `rash, hasty, adroit', lett. vìegis `light', slov. vẹ̃g `bent', vẹ́gati `waver', vẹ́žen `gebogen'.

2. Lat. vicis (Gen.), vicem, vice, Pl. vicēs, vicibus `variation, Abwechslung'; perhaps air. fiach `mutuum, Geschuldetes, blame'; aisl. giafa-vīxl `Austausch from Gaben', ā vīxl `kreuzweis' (vīxla `swap, vary, exchange'); as. wehsāl `trade, Geld', ahd. wëhsal, wehsil `variation, Austausch, trade' (as. wehslōn, mhd. nhd. wechseln); with sicherem idg. g got. wikō `die an jemanden kommende Reihenfolge', aisl. vika `Woche' (originally `*variation'), also `Seemeile' (`*variation the oarsman'; also mnd. weke sēs `Seemeile'), ags. wicu, wucu `Woche', as. wika in crūce-wika `Kreuzwoche', ahd. wëhha, wohha `Woche';

unclear is because of Gutturals Old Indian viṣṭí- (*u̯ik̂-) `work, Dienstleistung', tri-viṣṭī́ (Instr.), after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) `abwechselnd', after G. Liebert (Nominalsuffix -ti- S. 138 f.) though `dreifache Dienstleistung'.

References: WP. I 233 ff., WH. II 781 f., 791 f., Trautmann 338 f., Frisk 454.

Page(s): 1130-1131

Root / lemma: u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o- (*du̯ei- kṣayati)

English meaning: house, settling

German meaning: `Haus, Siedlung'

Note:

Root / lemma: u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o- (*du̯ei- kṣayati): `house, settling' derived from Root / lemma: k̂Þei- : `to settle' : Root / lemma: kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)- : `to acquire, possess'.

Material: Old Indian víś- f. `Wohnsitz, house', PL víśaḥ `people, citizen', av. vīs- (e.g. Akk. vīsǝm, ap. viÞam) `house, village, Clan', Old Indian viś-páti- `householder, Gemeindehaupt', viś-pátnī `housewife', ablaut. Old Indian vḗśman- n., jav. vaēsma- m. `house, dwelling', Old Indian vēśá- m. `Nachbar' (as lat. vīcīnus); verbal (see below) Old Indian viśati `tritt ein, geht ein', niviśati `kehrt ein', av. vīsaiti `geht ein, tritt ein to etwas';

Maybe from Skt. víś- (RV+) `settlement, community, tribe' derived alb. (*víś) fis `settlement, community, tribe', vis `territory, spot, place'

Note:

Alb. cognate has derived from Sanskrit not from Slavic.

gr. οἶκος, Fοῖκος `house', οἰκία ds., οἰκέω `bewohne', οἰκέτης `housemate', τριχά-Fικες epithet the Dorer `in drei Phylen zerfallend'; alb. vis `place', amvisë (amë `mother') `housewife';

lat. vīcus, dial. vēcus `Höusergruppe, village, Flecken, Stadtteil' (= gr. Fοῖκος), umbr. uocu-com, Akk. vuku if `aedes'; lat. vīlla `Landhaus, estate' (*u̯oik-slā, with lat. suffix-slā, or *u̯eikḫsḫlā to es-stem from got. weihs);

got. weihs n., Gen. weihsis `village, spot';

Old Prussian waispattin Akk. `housewife', lit. viẽšpat(i)s `master, mister', viẽšpati `noble wife, woman', verbal lit. váišinti `host', viešė́ti `to Gaste sein', lett. vìesis `guest'; Old Church Slavic vьsь `village'.

References: WP. I 231, WH. II 782 f., Trautmann 363 f., Vasmer 1, 193.

Page(s): 1131

Root / lemma: u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī-

English meaning: to turn, bend, wind, *branch out

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'; vielfach von biegsamen Zweigen, Flechtwerk, Rankengewöchsen

Note:

Root / lemma: u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : `to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two' through an illyr.-balt. intermediary root since the shift d- > zero is a unique illyr.-balt. phonetic mutation.

Material: A. Old Indian váyati `webt, flicht' (paradigmatic certainly with Perf. ūvuh, participle ūtá-, Inf. ṓtum zusammengefaßt, die zur root *au̯-, presumably the base from u̯ei-, belong); vāya- m. `Weber, the weaving', vāyaka- `Weber, Nöher'; vyáyati `winded, wickelt, höllt' (: lat. vieō), participle vītá- `winded, gewickelt', vyāna- n. `das Winden, Umhöllen'; vayā́ `twig, branch, bough', compare lengthened grade Old Church Slavicvěja `twig, branch, bough'); about vēvīyate `flattert' see above S. 86;

gr. γίς (i.e. Fίς) ἱμάς Hes., υἱήν ἄμπελον, υἱόν ἀναδενδράδα (υ- = F-), εὐιάδες ἄμπελοι Hes.;

alb. with g(h)-suffix vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel';

Note:

alb. degë `Zweig, Ast, Gebösch' (*du̯oiḫghā) : vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel', common illyr.-balt. d- > zero phonetic mutation. Root / lemma: u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : `to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / lemma: du̯ō(u) : `two'.

lat. vieō, viēre `bind, flechte' (viē-: Old Indian vyāḫna-), vītilis `geflochten';

air. feḫn- (*u̯i-nǝ-) in ar-fen- `abschließen', im-fen- `umhegen', Verbaln. imbe n., mir. tech fithe `a wicker house'; cymr. gwïal-en `twig, branch'; mir. fē `rod' (*u̯īi̯ā);

got. waddjus `Wall, wall' (originally from wickerwork) = aisl. veggr `wall' (proto germ. *wajjus);

lit. vejù, výti `winden, turn', výtas `winded, twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved' (= Old Indian vītá-), Old Church Slavic vьjǫ, viti `turn, flax, wattle, braid, winden', lett. vīja `geflochtener fence', vī̆jas `Ranken', Old Church Slavic věja `twig, branch, bough' (Dehnstufenform besides Old Indian vayā́ ds.); ablaut. Church Slavic povoj m. `fascia'.

B. With ĝ(h)-extension presumably here:

Lit. vyžà `Bastschuh', lett. vîze `geflochtener Bastschuh'.

C. With l-formant:

Aisl. vēl (*u̯ēiḫlā) `Kunst, Kniff, tool', vēla `bestricken', ags. PN Wēlund, ahd. Wialant; ags. wīl(e) `artifice, deceit';

lit. vielà `Draht', vielióti `wickeln', vylė̃, lett. vīle `hem, Strieme'; lit. ap-vìlti `lie', vylùs `fallacious', výlius `lie, falsity', Old Prussian pra-vilts `verraten'; russ. viljátь `die Richtung beim Laufen öndern, wedeln, Winkelzöge make', vilój `winded, gekraust', vílica `ivy'.

Maybe alb. vile `bunch of grape', vjel `harvest grapes'

D. With m-formant:

Old Indian vḗman- n. `loom (from *u̯eiḫmen, at first to váyati); lat. vīmen `rod zum flax, wattle, braid, wickerwork'; mir. fiam `chain'; mnd. wīm(e) `Lattenwerk, Stangen'; with dem concept the drehenden Bewegung isl. vīm, vīma `dizziness, giddiness; swindle, anesthetization', norw. dial. veima `lurch, waver', nhd. hess. wīmeln `waver'; whether here gr. εἰμάδες ποιμένων οἰκίαι Hes. as `from Ruten geflochtene Hötten' (*Fει-μα = lat. vīmen)ö

E. With n-formant:

Gr. ἴς, ἰνός `sinew' (*Fι-ν-: čech. vínek `band, strap, Stirnband' or *Fισ-ν- zur root form u̯eis-2); Old Church Slavic věnьcь `Kranz'; probably ags. wine-wincla (besides pīne-wincle) `Uferschnecke', wining `Binde'; about gr. ἴς compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 570²;

barely here the name of Weins: gr. οἶνος (myk. vo-no-) `Wein', οἴνη `grapevine', οἰνάς, -άδος `grapevine, Rebe, Wein', arm. gini `Wein', (*u̯oi-ni̯om), alb. vēnë, tosk. verë `Wein' (*u̯oinā), lat. vīnum; latter is not bare die wellspring from air. fīn, cymr. gwin and from got. wein, ahd. as. ags. Old Church Slavic vīn (from which again Old Church Slavic vino and from dem Slav. lit. vỹnas), but probably also die from falisk. volsk. uinu, umbr. vinu, uinu; da the Pontus the originator of the Weinkultur war, handelt es sich wobl um ein vorderasiat. word; compare ursemit. *wainu (arab. öthiop. wain, hebr. jajin, assyr. īnu) and hitt. wi-ja-na-a-, hierogl.-hitt. wa(i)ana-, luv. dial. win-; s. lastly Laroche BSL 51, XXXIII, A. Kammenhuber Mönch. stem f. Spr. 6, 53 f.

F. With r-formant:

Gr. ἶρις `rainbow' (Fῖρις) = ῏Iρις and Εἶρις (ἐFῖρις) `the as Götterbotin personified rainbow'; ags. wīr `Metalldraht, gewundener jewellery', mnd. wīre `Metalldraht', spötaisl. vīra-virki `work from Metaldraht'; besides germ. wīra-, das because of gr. Fῖρις probably auf idg. *u̯ī-ro goes back, steht germ. *wēira- from *u̯ēiḫro- in ahd. wiara `gold- or Silberdraht'; air. fiar `slant, skew', cymr. gŵyr `recurvus, limus', (*u̯ē̆iro-), bret. goar, gwar `courbe'; lat. viriae `a kind of Armschmuck' is kelt. loanword;

lit. į-vairùs `tortuosus, mannigfaltig, verschiedenartig'.

G. With t-formant:

Old Indian vēta-, vētasá- m. `rankendes Wassergewöchs, reed, Gerte', vētra- m. `Rohrstab, duct, tube, pipe', av. vaēiti `willow, Weidengerte'; participle Old Indian vītá- (see above);

gr. ἰτέα `willow'; οἰσύη, οἴσυον `eine Weidenart' (*Fοιτυο-, -υᾱ), οἶσος m. `Dotterweide', οἶσον `rope'; ἴτυς, -υος, öol. Fιτυς f. `Radfelge, Schildrand, willow' (= lat. vitus);

lat. vītilis `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved', vītis `Rebe' (= lit. výtis); vītex, -icis `Keuschlamm, (ein tree)', vitus f. `Radfelge' (gr. Lw.öö), vitta `Binde' (from *vītā, dem Fem. of participle *u̯ītos, through consonant increase);

air. fēith f. `fibra' (*veiti-), cymr. gwden from *gwyden (*u̯eitinā) `vinculum, ligamen, virga contorta'; mir. fēithlenn `Epheu' (ö); but cymr. gwythïen, corn. gwyth, abret. guithennou `vein(n)' are Lw. from lat. vitta;

aisl. vīðir `willow', ags. wīðig `willow' (see above lat. vītex etc.), mnd. wīde, ahd. wīda `willow' (in addition o-grade as gr. οἰσύα : norw. dial. veid `willow, Wicken'), ags. weðel `Binde'; nhd. Eingeweide, mhd. (ĭn)geweide: ahd. wid(i) `rope from gedrehten Reisern', kuna-with `manacle', got. kuna-wida `manacle', aisl. við, -jar `gedrehtes band, strap', viðja ds. = ags. wiððe `Weidenband', ahd. witta `Binde', ags. wiðo-, wiðe-winde `convolvulus', mnd. wede-winde `ds., ivy, Geißblatt', ags. wiðu-winde `Geißblatt', aisl. við-vindill ds.; also (compare got. inwinds `inverted', inwindiÞa `Ungerechtigkeit' to windan) as. inwid `malice, Töcke', ags. inwidd `bösartig, heimtöckisch', aisl. īviðgjarn `bösartig';

lit. Inf. výti, vytìs (Akk. vỹtį) `Weidengerte', ablaut. žilḫvìtis `Grauweide'; lett. vīte `Ranke', vîtuõls `willow', Old Prussian witwan `Weide', apewitwo `Uferweide' (: ἴτυ-ς); ablaut. Old Church Slavic větvь `twig, branch';

Old Church Slavic Inf. viti; vitь (= lit. vytìs) `res torta in modum funis', pavitь `Ranke', sъ-vitъkъ `(book)rolle', russ. vítvina `twig, branch, rod, Gerte', sloven. vitika `ring'.

References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 193 f. 195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 101, Frisk 462.

Page(s): 1120-1122

Root / lemma: u̯ei-2, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī̆-

English meaning: to wither

German meaning: `welken'

Note: extended u̯ī-t- and u̯ei-s-

Material: Lat. viēscō, -ere `verwelken, verschrumpfen', viētus `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, verschrumpft';

Maybe alb. (viēscō) vyshket `wither'

air. feugud gl. `marcor' is from fēo `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered' (*u̯i-u̯o-) = cymr. gwyw ds. derived;

aisl. visinn `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered', participle eines *wisan, whereof germ. *wisḫnḫōn, -ēn in aisl. visna, ags. wisnian and (with gramm. variation) weornian, ahd. wesanēn `wither, wilt' (also nhd. verwesen belongs as ags. forweoren `verwest' shows, originally here); mhd. wesel `weak, faint, languid', engl. dial. weasel, weazen `thin, lean', aisl. vesall `woeful, wretched, miserable', vesligr ds., norw. visa `weak person', schwed. vesa `exhaust';

lit. výsti `wither, wilt' (preterit výtau), výtinu, pa-vaitinù `make welken', lett. vietēt, vītēt ds.

References: WP. I 227 f., WH. II 787 f.;

See also: relationship to u̯eis- `deliquesce' is probable.

Page(s): 1123

Root / lemma: u̯ei-3, u̯eiǝ- : u̯ī-

English meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong

German meaning: 1. `auf etwas losgehen', einerseits `gehen, gerade Richtung nehmen; Weg, Reihe', andererseits `worauf losgehen, es erstreben, erjagen, ersehnen, wollen'. 2. `strong sein'

Material: Old Indian vḗti, 3. Pl. vyánti, also váyati `verfolgt, strebt, leads (the weapons), treibt, lenkt', also `enjoys', participle vītá- `verfolgt, beliebt', Adj. `geradlinig', vītā `row', vīthí-, vīthī f. `row, way', pravayaṇa- `zum Antreiben helpful', m. `Stachelstock', pravḗtar- `Wagenlenker', vīti- `horse' (`*Verfolger'ö); pada-vī f. `spoor, way, Pfad', padavāyá- `Wegweiser, Anföhrer' (lengthened grade); with the meaning `erstreben - gern have under likewise'; vītá- `beliebt, gern genossen', vītí- `Genießen, enjoyment, meal', deva-vī- `den Göttern angenehm', deváḫvīti- `enjoyment, feast for die gods';

av. vōi Inf. `to gladden, to gefallen'; vāy- (vayeiti, vīvāiti `jagt weg', 3. Pl. vyeinti) `pursue, hunt, chase', vyāna- `the Verfolgte', vōiϑwa- Adj. `to hunt, chase, jagend to pursue', vītar- `Verfolger', vātay- `Verfolgung';

with the meaning `fly' Old Indian ved. vēvīyatē `flies' and av. ā-vayeinti `sie fliegen heran'; Old Indian vēnati `ersehnt', vēná- `sehnsöchtig, verlangend';

gr. ἵ̄εμαι `bewege mich vorwörts, hurry, strebe, begehre', (reshuffling eines *Fῑ-ι̯ομαι; Asper after dem Medium from ἵημι), ἱ̄έμενος `cupidus', εἴσατο(F-), ἐ[F]είσατο `walked los', οἶμος `gait, way, pathway', (*Fοῖμος), hom. ἰ̆ωκή `Verfolgung' (F-), Akk. ἰ̄ῶκα ds., ἰ̄ωχμός (ῑ metr. lengthening) `Schlachtgetömmel', παλί̄ωξις, παλι-ίωξις `Wiederzuröckdröngen in Kampfe', korinth. Fιώκει `verfolgt' (compare διώκ-ω : δίεμαι); ἱερός (Fῑερος), dor. Fῑαρὸς (ὄρνις) `hurtig, quick, fast' (ῑ metr. lengthening), besides *Fῑ-ρος, assumed through ep. ion. ἴ̄ρηξ, -ηκος `hawk' (the schnelle), att. (through engeren connection an ἱερός) ἱέρᾱξ, -ᾱκος `hawk';

ί̄ς `power' (= lat. vīs, vim), γίς ἰσχύς Hes., ἶφι `with power' (Instr. auf -bhi), whereof ἴφιος; about ἴς `sinew' see above S. 1121;

lat. via f. `way'. osk. viú, umbr. ablative vea, via ds., osk. amvían(n)ud `Straßenviertel, road' (*u̯ē̆i̯ā); lat. vīs `du willst' (*u̯eiḫsi = Old Indian vḗṣi), vīs, vim `power, force, might' (= gr. ἴ̄ς ds.), Pl. vīrēs (from an s-stem); invītāre `host, einladen', with in- `ein'- compared with verneinendem in- `un'- in invītus `wider Willen' (: Old Indian vītá- `beliebt'); whether vindex `Börge, Röcher' as `Bestimmer the Söhne' to Old Church Slavic vīna `blame'ö

(about air. fīad `Wild', fīadach `Jagd' etc. see below *u̯idhu- `tree');

mcymr. gwit `dish, food', melḫwit `honey' (: Old Indian vītí- `enjoyment, meal'), Ifor Williams BBCS. 11, 143;

aisl. veiðr `Jagd', ags. wāð `Jagd, journey' = ahd. weida `food, Weide, Jagd (Waidwerk), Fischerei', also `Fahrt, journey', mhd. anderweide `zum zweitenmal', nhd. anderweit, mhd.drī-weide `zum drittenmal', aisl. veiða, ags. wæðan `hunt, chase, umherstreifen', ahd. weidōn `hunt, chase; food suchen': idg. *u̯oiḫtā `das Drauflosgehen, Jagen'; as. wī in PN Wī-rīc, Gēr-wī(: lat. vīs);

lit. vejù, výti `hunt, chase, pursue', výtas (= Old Indian vītá-) `verfolgt', vajó-ju, -ti `mehrfach nachjagen', pavijỹs `Strecke Wegs', lett. vajāt `pursue', ãt-vejai `Röckfölle from Krankheiten', ãt-veja `mal' (`*gait', compare mhd. anderweide `zum zweitenmal'); ō-grade lit. pavõjus `danger', pavojùs `dangerous'; Old Church Slavic vojь `warrior', vojьna `war, fight', ablaut. Old Church Slavic povinǫti `unterwerfen', vъzvitije `profit, gain' (`*Erjagtes'); with the meaning `Verfolgung eines Übeltöters' probably Old Church Slavic vina `blame, punishment', ablaut. lett. vaĩna `blame', lit. vainóti `vilify, scold, scold, chide', Old Prussianetwinūt `entschuldigen';

čech. etc. vítati `begrößen' reminds an lat. invitāre; unclear is das relationship to russ.vitátь etc. `stay, dwell', and to lit. vietā, lett. vīeta `place' (*u̯eitā), Trautmann 345, Vasmer 1, 205;

maybe nazalized alb. (*vietā) vend `place'

es-stem, respectively s-extension: Old Indian váyas- n. `vitality, Jugendkraft, Jugendalter', vīḍayati (*u̯iḫzḫd-) `makes strong, tight, firm', vīḍú- `tight, firm', vivēṣṭi, vḗṣati `is tötig, wirkt, bringt zustande, richtet from', lat. vīḫrḫēs (see o).

References: WP. I 228 ff., WH. I 713 f., II 749 f., 800 f., Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 201, 215;

See also: compare also u̯ī̆ro-s `man'.

Page(s): 1123-1124

Root / lemma: u̯eip-, u̯eib-

English meaning: to turn, sway

German meaning: `drehen; sich drehend, schwingend bewegen'

Material: 1. u̯eip-: Old Indian vḗpatē, -ti `regt sich, zittert', vēpáyati, vipáyati `makes tremble', vípra- `excited, aroused, begeistert', vip- if `rod, Gerte', vipātha- m. `a kind of Pfeil' (compare tela vibrāre); av. vip- `throw, entsenden (Samen)';

cymr. gwisgi `restless, reif' (from Nössen) from *u̯ip-skī-mo-ö;

got. biwaibjan `umwinden', ahd. ziweibjan `scatter'; aisl. veifa `in schwingender, zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickeln', ags. wǣfan `bekleiden'; ahd. weibōn `waver, schweben, unstet sein'; aisl. vīfa `umhöllen', nisl. vífla `bewilder', vīfl `Klöptel'; ags. wifel, wifer `Pfeil, Wurfpfeil' (: Old Indian vipātha-); in addition wāfian `vor astonishment erstarren', wǣfer-hūs `Theater'; perhaps ahd. wīb, as. ags. wīf, aisl. vīf n. `woman, wife' as `die verhöllte Braut'; compare against it Tavernier-Vereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.;

Old Prussian wipis `bough', lett. viepe `cover, Hölle the Weiher', viepl'is `Verkleidung, mask', viept `verhöllen', wīpnuot `löcheln (das Gesicht verdrehen)', under likewise; lit. atvìpti `herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen', vaipýtis `das Maul verziehen, gawk', vypsaũ, -óti `with offenem Munde dastehen, gawk'; (with balt. ė from ē[i]:) lit. vė̃ptis `den Mund verziehen', vėplỹs `Gaffer', lett. vēplis `Maulaffe, lubber' etc.; with secondary ablaut a (: ě) in addition lit. vamplỹs, vamplė̃ `jemand, the with offenem Munde dasteht, dummer person', vampsaũ, -óti `with offenem Munde dastehen'.

2. u̯eib-, u̯i-m-b-:

Gr. γίμβαναι ζεύγανα Hes., ἴμψας ζεύξας. Θετταλοί, ῎Iμψιος Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Hes. (also probably ἰψόν τὸν κισσόν Hes.);

lat. vibrō, -āre `in zitternde, schwingende Bewegung place, sich zitternd bewegen'; vībix, -īcis (in Glossen also vipex, vimex) `Strieme, weal, callus from Schlögen'; compare under lett. vībele;

perhaps mir. femm `tail, Stengel, kelp', femman `kelp', cymr. gwymon, bret. gwemon, goumon ds. (*u̯imb-, compare ags. wimpel), O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 162 ff., different Thurneysen KZ 48, 67;

got. weipan (st. V.) `bekrönzen', wipja `Kranz'; aisl. veipr `head fascia, Kopftuch', veipa `female Kopftracht', norw. dial. veipa `wickeln, eine Peitsche schwingen', ahd. weif `Binde, head fascia', mhd. weifen `swing, haspeln', wīfen (st. V.) `swing, winden', mnd. wīp `tussock, wisp', ags. wīpian `abwischen', norw. vīpa `steifer straw or stiff hair, Spelze', mnd. wīpen `toss, fling, sprinkle'; ahd. wipf `Schwung', mhd. also wif = holl. wip ds., ahd. wipfil, wiffil `Baumwipfel `, nhd. (eig. nd.) mnd. mengl. wippen, mhd. wipfen, wepfen `höpfen', norw. vippa `wisp, whisk', nasalized ags. wimpel `Wimpel, Schleier', ahd. wimpal `Stirntuch, Schleier';

lett. viebt, viebties `sich drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen', lit. vỹbur-iu, -ti and -ioju, -ioti `wedeln'; lett. vībele `Striemen'.

References: WP. I 240 ff., WH. II 779 f.;

See also: compare su̯eip- above S. 1042.

Page(s): 1131-1132

Root / lemma: u̯eis-1

English meaning: to sprout, grow

German meaning: `sprießen, wachsen'

Material: Lat. vireō, -ēre `green sein, be green', viridis `green';

aisl. vīsir `germ, sprout, scion, shoot', norw. vīse `ds., Rispe, Stiel and leaves, bloom, blossom, Fruchtansatz' (changing through ablaut vise `germ, sprout' and probably also veis `saftiger Stengel'); ags. wīse `scion, shoot, Stengel'; ahd. wīsa, mnd. wese, nhd. Wiese, ags. wīsc, mnd. wīsch(e) ds.;

lit. veĩsti `sich vermehren', veislùs, vislùs `fertile', veislė̃ `brood', lett. viestis `sich mehren, thrive', lit. vaĩsius `fruit', vaisà `fertility', lett. vaisla `brood', lit. į-vìsti `sich vermehren'.

References: WP. I 242, WH. II 797.

Page(s): 1133

Root / lemma: u̯eis-2

English meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen' also especially for `biegsame, flechtbare Ruten, out of it gebundene Besen under likewise'

Note: extension from u̯ei- `turn'

Material: A. Old Indian vēṣa- m. `Tracht, Anzug' (compare vēṣṭayati `umwindet, umkleidet'); vḗṣṭatē `be winded', vēṣṭáyati `umwindet', participle vēṣṭitá- `umhöllt, dressed', vēṣṭá- m. `loop, noose, snare, Binde', viṣṭā ds.; arm. gi, Gen. gioy `juniper' (after den biegsamen, to Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen:*u̯ī̆so- or *u̯eiso-, *u̯oiso-); about gr. ἴς see above S. 1121;

nschwed. vese m. (aisl. *veisi or *visi) `tussock, zusammengedrehter knot'; in addition ndl. wier = afries. wīr- `Alge, Tang' (ags. wīr `Myrte', wīr-treo `Myrtenbaum', Tertium comparationis, presumably `immergrön'), ags. wār `Alge, Tang', wāroð ds. as `Wasserschlingpflanze';

Old Church Slavic vichrъ `whirlwind' (*u̯ēisura-), lit. víesulas ds., russ. vichatь `upset, move'; lit. výstas `Schnörbrust', výstyti `einwickeln', lett. vīstīt ds., vīsts `bundle' etc.

čech. vích, věch (*u̯oiso-) `wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen', věcha ds., russ. věcha `twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl', vichór `topknot', slov. vẹ́het `tussock (hay)';

B. With k-extension:

Old Indian veṣ-ká- m. `loop for strangling'; ablaut. aisl. visk f. `bundle from straw or reed', schwed. viska `small besom',

ahd. wisc `wisp, Strohwisch' (therefrom mhd. nhd. wischen), ags. wiscian, newer weoskian (*wiskōn) `eine hurdle from Ruten flax, wattle, braid'; lat. viscus, -eris `intestines, entrails'; as `drehende, vibrierende Bewegung' here probably also lit. viskiù, viskė́ti `quiver'; by ofries. wisk `rasche Bewegung, Husch', mhd. wischen `sich leicht and quick, fast dahinbewegen', nhd. entwischen kann secondary development from `fleeting about etwas wegwischen' vorliegen;

besides germ. p-Varianten on the one hand in ndd. wispeln `sich hin- and herbewegen', schwed.visp, visper `unzuverlössiger person', on the other hand in norw. visp m. `tassel, tussock', schwed.visp `Quirl from Ruten'.

C. With g-extension:

lat. virga `dönner twig, branch, Reis, rod' (from *u̯iz-gā), in addition virgō `girl, virgin'; lit.vizgù, vizgė́ti `tremble', vizgóti `waver'.

References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243.

Page(s): 1133-1134

Root / lemma: u̯eis-3

English meaning: to flow; poison

German meaning: `zerfließen, fließen (often in FlN); also vom tierischen Samen; besonders von the Feuchtigkeit and dem Geruch faulender Pflanzen, unreinen Söften, Gift'

Material: Old Indian vēṣati `zerfließt', viṣá- n. `poison', Adj. `giftig', viṣ- (Nom. viṭ) and viṣṭhā `Exkremente, ordure', also `tierischer Samen', visrá- `muffig smelling'; av. viš-, viša- `poison', vaēšah- `Moder, Verwesung'; arm. gēš `carrion';

gr. ἰ̄ός `poison' = lat. vīrus `tough Flößigkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness' = mir. fī `poison'; lat. vēna f. `vein' from *u̯eisnā; cymr. gwyar `blood' (*u̯eisaro-); in addition die kelt. FlN cymr. Gwy (*U̯eisā), engl. Wear (abrit. *U̯isuriā), gall. Visera > frz. Vesère, Visuvia > frz. la Vezouse etc.; agerm. FlN Wisura `Weser', lat. Visurgis ds.: compare die russ. FlN Vechra (to Sož), ablaut.Víchera (zur Kama); here the FlN Weichsel (from Old Prussian *Vīkslā, older *Vīsklā, from vorbalt.*Vīstlā from *u̯eisḫtlā), lat. Vistula (from germ. *Wīstlō in ags. Wīstlawudu, but ags. Wīsle from slav. Visla);

aisl. veisa f. `swamp, marsh', ags. afries. wāse, engl. ooze `slime, mud'; perhaps ahd. weisunt, weisont, weisant `arteriae' (the flowing); wherefore ags. wāsend, engl. weasanð `windpipe, gullet', further ahd. wisunt, -ant, mhd. wisent, aisl. visundr (*u̯isḫonto-) `Bisonochse' (from dem Germ. derives lat. bisōn, -ontis and gr. βίσων); in addition Old Prussian wis-sambrs `Auerochse', Old Church Slavic zǫbrъ ds.; after dem smell, odor benannt, as also nisl. visla, ahd. wisula, ags. weosule, wesle, engl. weasel `weasel' and the Iltis'polecat' (above S. 304), the germ. *wis(j)ō `polecat' assumes; compare vlat. vissiō `breaking wind, fart, fetidness'; Marstrander compares (Ériu 5, 207) still nir. fíal `Frettchen' (*u̯iselo-);

perhaps moreover idg. u̯ī̆ks- `Mistel and other leimliefernde Böume' in gr. ἰξός m. `Mistel, Vogelleim', lat. viscum ds., ahd. wichsila, mhd. wīhsel `Weichsel(kirsche)', russ. etc. višnja `Kirsche' (out of it lett. viksna, Old Prussian wisnaytos `Kirschen') - Kirschgummi and Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet;

after Specht (Idg. Dekl. 206) in addition further lit. viksvà `Riedgras' from *vis-k-vā besides vizgà `grass', Old Prussian wissene `Porsch'.

References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208.

Page(s): 1134

Root / lemma: u̯ek-ti-

English meaning: thing

German meaning: `Sache, Ding'

Note: (u̯ekʷ-ti-ö)

Material: Got. waíhts f. `thing', aisl. véttr, vǣ(t)r, vitr f. `living being, öbermenschliches creature, thing', ags. wiht f. `thing, entity, demon', as. wikt, mnd. wicht `entity, creature', ahd. wiht `living being, demon, thing', nhd. Wicht; got. ni-waíht `nichts', ags. ná-wiht (engl. naught, not) ahd. niwiht and neowiht `not, nichts';

Old Church Slavic veštь f. `thing, thing'; compare wruss. rečь `thing': russ. réčь `discourse, word'.

References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;

See also: perhaps to u̯ekʷ- `speak'.

Page(s): 1136

Root / lemma: u̯ek-, u̯e-n-k-

English meaning: to bend

German meaning: `biegen'

Material: Old Indian váñcati `geht crooked or slant, skew', vacyátē `schwingt sich, flies', vakrá- `gebogen, crooked', vankú- `fliegend', váṅkri- f. `Rippe', vaṅka-, vaṅkara- m. `Flußkrömmung', vaṅkṣana- m. `Leisten, Weiche', vakṣáṇā `belly, groin, flank, riverbed'; av. -vašta- `writhed, crooked, humped'; common Old Indian -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš- > -š- phonetic mutation

arm. gangur `crispus, flexus' (*u̯n̥kuro-);

lat. convexus `arched, writhed, crooked, humped', subvexus `schrög aufwörts föhrend';

mir. feccaid `böckt sich', with the preposition for: `wendet sich gegen, beginnt to' (with expressive -kk-); gall. FlN *Vocalus (Matres Vocallinehae), germanisiert Vacalus, Va(c)halis `Waal'; lit. FlN Vókė (*u̯ōki̯ā);

idg. u̯onko- in Old Indian vaṅka-, got. unḫwāhs `untadelhaft', ags. wōh `crooked, inverted', as. wāh n. `Übel', aisl. vā f. (*u̯onkō) `angle, mischief'.

References: WP. I 246, WH. I 268 f.: after Kuiper, Nasalprös. 142 zur root u̯ā- (see above S. 1108), where besides dem present *u̯ǝ-n-ék-mi ein Konj. *u̯(ǝ)-ǝ́nu̯-kō stand; somit further zur root u̯ā-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, see there.

Page(s): 1134-1135

Root / lemma: u̯ek̂-

English meaning: to wish

German meaning: `wollen, wönschen'

Material: Old Indian váś-mi, váṣṭi, uś-mási, av. vasǝmī, usǝ̄mahī `wollen, wish', participle Old Indian uśánt-, f. uśatī `willing', av. an-usant-, -usaitī `widerwillig, ohne es to wollen', av. vasah- (Nom. vasā́) `wollend = after seinem Willen', vasō, vasǝ̄ `after wish, beliebig' (Akk. Sg. of n. *vasah-), vasō-xšaϑra- `after Gefallen schaltend' etc., Old Indian vaśi-tva- n. `Willensfreiheit'; ap. vašnā, av. vasnā (Instr. Sg.) `after dem Willen' (arm. vasn `because of' Lw.);

gr. (previous participle) ἑκών (kret. Fεκών), ἑκοῦσα `freiwillig' (the Asper after ἕ `sich', as though `from sich selbst heraus'), ἀέκων, ἄ̄κων `wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz', f. dor. ἀέκασσα, compare kret. γέκαθα ἑκοῦσα Hes., Fέκα in οὔφεκα οὐκ ἀρεστῶς Hes., i.e. οὐ Fέκα, in ἕνεκα, hom. εἵνεκα `because of' (*ἕνFεκα; ἕν is die preposition ἐν), hom. ἑκά-εργος `after Belieben wirkend', ἑκή-βολος `after Belieben treffend' (metr. lengthening for *ἑκα-βολος), out of it extended ἑκατη-βόλος, -βελέτης; böot. Fhεκα-δαμος (with versch. assimilation out of it thes. Fεκέδαμος, att. ᾽Ακάδημος); ἕκητι, dor. ἕκᾱτι `after dem Willen, because of, (unclear)', ἀεκαζόμενος `not wollend, widerstrebend' (after ἀναγκαζόμενος);

hitt. u̯ek- `wish, arrogate'.

References: WP. I 244 f., Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.

Page(s): 1135

Root / lemma: u̯ekʷ- (*ḫuekʷ-)

English meaning: to speak

German meaning: `sprechen'

Material: Old Indian vákti, vívakti `sagt, talks, speaks', Aor. ávōcam (= εἶπον, see below), participle uktá-, Kaus. vācayati, av. vak- `speak', ū̆xta-, Old Indian vacas- n. = av. vačah (= gr. ἔπος) `discourse, word', Old Indianvacaná- `redend, sagend', vāc-, Nom. Sg. vāk = av. vāxš (= lat. vōx) `voice, discourse, word', Old Indian vācālá- `gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering', vākyam `Ausspruch, discourse'; vaktram `mouth';

arm. gočem `cry, rufe, rufe to mir, lade ein, name' (ö);

gr. ἔπος, el. kypr. Fέπος n. `word', Aor. εἶπον `sprach', lesb. Fείπην etc. (= Old Indian ávōcam, idg. *e-u̯e-u̯kʷ-om with Diss. from -FεF- to -Fει-), ὄπα Akk. `voice' (also probably εὐρύοπα as `den weithin schallenden'), ὄσσα f. `voice', ἐνοπή `shout, call, Larm';

lat. vox, vōcis `voice', vocō, -āre `call, shout, cry', umbr. sub-ocau, -ocanu, -oco `call, anbeten';

air. foccul `word' (= Old Indian vaktram `mouth') < *u̯okʷ-tlo-m = cymr. gwaethl `fight'; fūaimm `din, fuss, noise' (*u̯okʷ-smn̥); common illyr.-celt. -k > -th phonetic mutation.

gall. Vepo-litanos `breitgesichtig', cymr. gweb `face';

ahd. giwahanen, -inen `erwöhnen, gedenken' (*gawahnjan, Denom. *u̯okʷ-no-, compare Old Indian vacaná-; in addition tread in paradigm connection old ō-grade Pf.:) giwuog, mhd. wöegen `gedenken make, in Erinnerung bringen', aisl. vāttr `Zeugnis' (*wahtaz, compare ahd. giwaht m. `Erwöhnung, Ruhm'), vātta `bezeugen'; aisl. ōmun f. `voice', nisl. ōmur `sound', ags. wōm(a) `din, fuss, noise' (*wōhm-);

Old Prussian wackītwei `locken', enwackēmai `wir rufen an';

hitt. ḫuek-, ḫuk- `adjure', toch. A wak f., В wek `voice'.

References: WP. I 245 f., WH. II 823 ff., Trautmann 339 f., Vasmer 1, 196, Bergin Ériu 12, 136 f.

Page(s): 1135-1136

Root / lemma: u̯e-2, u̯edh-

German meaning: `flechten'

See also: see above S. 75 f. (au̯-).

Page(s): 1114

Root / lemma: u̯elk-1

English meaning: to drag

German meaning: `ziehen'

Material: Av. varǝk- `ziehen, drag' only with Pröverbien: aipivarǝčainti `ziehen ein Kleidungsstöck daröber an'; lit. velkù (vil̃kti), Old Church Slavic vlěkǫ `pull, drag' = gr. ἄ[F]ολξ (by Hom. for ὦλξ einzusetzen), att. out of it reconverted ἄλοξ; ὦλαξ (hybridization from ὦλξ with αὖλαξ) `furrow', with Vokalvorschlag *ἀ-Fl̥κ- in αὖλαξ `furrow', *ἐ-Fl̥κ-ᾱ in lakon. εὐλάκᾱ `plough'.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f., Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to su̯elk-, as selk- above S. 901.

Page(s): 1145

Root / lemma: u̯elk-2, u̯elg-

English meaning: wet, damp

German meaning: `feucht, naß'

Material: 1. u̯elk-: Air. folc `Wasserflut', folcaim `bade, wash', cymr. golchi, corn. golhy, bret. gwalc'hi `wash'; ahd. welh (besides welc, see below) `humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered', (ir)welhēn `soft, schwach become', mnd. welen `wither, wilt', ags. wealg `geschmacklos, widerlich', engl. wallow, nisl. valgr `lukewarm'; probably also norw. valen `insensible or erstorben vor Költe'; lett. valks `humid, wet', valka `running Wösserchen, damp place'; illyr. FlN Volcos, PN Οὐολκαῖα ἕλη.

maybe alb. vlagë `moist of ground'

2. u̯elg-: ahd. welc `humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered', mnd. walcheit `macies', welk `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, dörre', mengl.welkin `wither, wilt'; with other Vokalstellung ags. wlæc, wlacu `lukewarm', mnd. wlak ds. (with anl. s- mhd. swelk `wilted; faded, flaccid, withered', swelken, ahd. swelchen `wither, wilt'); presumably ahd. wolchan n., wolcha f., as.wolkan n. `Wolke `;

lit. vìlgau, -yti, válgyti `anfeuchten', vìlkšnas `humid, wet', ablaut. Old Prussian welgen n. `catarrh', lett. valgums `dampness', vęl̂gans and val̂gs `humid, wet', also lit. val̃gis `dish, food', válgau, -yti `eat' (of concept the flössigen, breiigen nourishment, food from, compare russ. vológa `flössige nourishment, food');

slav. *vъlgъkъ `humid, wet' in russ.-Church Slavic vъlgъkъ, in addition poln. wilgnąć `humid, wet become', russ. voĺgnutь ds., ablaut. *u̯ōlgā in Old Church Slavic vlaga f. `dampness', russ. vológa `Flössigkeit, Zukost', in addition volóžitь `anfeuchten, with butter cook'; here the russ. FlN Wólga (= čech. FlN Vlha, poln. FlN Wilga) from slav. *Vьlga.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.

Page(s): 1145-1146

Root / lemma: u̯el-1

English meaning: to see

German meaning: `sehen'

Material: Lat. voltus, vultus, -ūs m. `Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, Aussehen, shape' (*vl̥-tu-) stellt sich to ir. fil `es gives', older Imper. *u̯ele (compare frz. voici!), cymr. gweled `see', bret. guelet `la vue', air. fili (Gen. filed, vorir. Ogam VELITAS) `seer, Dichter' (*u̯elēts); the name the germ. Seherin Veleda; in Germ. seems eine probably from *u̯el- abgeleitete root *u̯leid- (*u̯lḫeiḫd-): got. anda-wleizn n. (ö) `front', aisl. līta, ags. wlītan `see, see, show'; zero grade got. wlits `front, shape', aisl. litr (Akk. Pl. litu) `Aussehen, paint, color', as. wliti `radiance, Aussehen, shape', afries. wlite `front, Aussehen', ags. wlite ds., also `radiance', wlitu f. `form, kind of'; o-grade das causative got. wlaiton, aisl. leita (*wlaitōn) `sich umsehen after, suchen' (wherefore as post-verbal leit f. `das Suchen', Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 1, 11), ags. wlatian ds.;

also germ. *wulÞu- m. `glory, magnificence' (`*prestige'): got. wulÞus `glory, magnificence', aisl. Ullr (*wulÞuz) `Göttername', ags. wuldor `gloria', compare got. wulÞrs `Wert', wulÞriza `herrlicher'; further wulÞags `ἔνδοξος'.

References: WP. I 293, WH. II 831.

Page(s): 1136-1137

Root / lemma: u̯el-2, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)-

English meaning: to wish; to choose

German meaning: `wollen, wöhlen'

Material: A. Old Indian unthemat. 3. Sg. Med. Aor. avr̥ta, Opt. vurīta, participle urāṇá-; vr̥ṇītḗ, vr̥ṇnā́ti, vr̥ṇṓti, vr̥ṇutē `wöhlen, vorziehen, lieben', vr̥tá- `gewöhlt, erwönscht', vára- m. `wish, Gegenstanddes Wunsches', vara- `vorzöglich, -st, better, best', varīyaṁs- `better', variṣṭha- `best', varya- `wöhlbar, vortrefflich, distinguished', varaṇa- n. `das Wöhlen, Wönschen', vāra- m. `Kostbares, treasure, tribute' etc., vŕ̥thā `futile', av. ap. var- `wöhlen, wollen' (3. Pl. preterit Med.varatā, Opt. vairīmaidī), vǝrǝn[a]- (1. Sg. Med. vǝrǝnē), vǝrǝnav- (3. Du. Med. vǝrǝnvaitē; participle Perf. Pass. varǝta-, vairya- `the beste, köstlich, wert'; also av. var- `believe';

arm. geɫ `Gefallen, beauty' (presumably from *u̯el-no-, compare cymr. gwell `better'); ven. PNVolti-χnos, Voltiomnus, illyr. Voltius, Voltisa etc. (M. Lejeune BSL. 49, 41 ff.) from *u̯l̥ti-;

gr. λείω, λήω `will', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 676 from *u̯lē(i)mi, Pl. *u̯leimé (ö); lat. volō (*velō), vult (*velt), velle `wollen' (Opt. velim), voluntas, -ātis f. `good volition' (previous participle *u̯olunt-tāt-s); nōlo, nevis, nevolt `I will not' (*neḫvolō); mālō `I pull vor', back formation after mavolt (magis volt); umbr. eh-veltu `jubētō', veltu `dēligitō', ehvelklu `dēcrētum, ēdictum';

mcymr. corn. bret. guell `better', ncymr. gwell (*u̯el-no- `Vorzug, Wahl', or to u̯er-2, see there); gall. VN Vellavī, Catuḫvellaunī (compare den ligur. PN Genava `Genf': raet. VN Genauni);

got. wiljan, ahd. willu, wili, wëllan etc. `wollen'; got. wilja, ahd. uillo, willio etc. `volition'; Kaus. Iter. got. waljan, aisl. velja, ahd. wellen `wöhlen `(= Old Indian varáyati `wöhlt for sich', Old Church Slavic voliti); ahd. wala f., aisl. val n. `Wahl' (: Old Indian vára- m.);

lit. pa-vélmi, 3. Sg. pa-vélt, Infin. pa-vélti `wollen, allow', ablaut. viltìs f. `hope' (*u̯l̥tis), viliúos `hoffe'; Old Church Slavic veljǫ, velė́ti `wollen, order', ablaut. volja f. `volition', therefrom voljǫ, voliti `wollen, wish', in weiteren ablaut do-vьljǫ, do-vъlěti `genögen'(*u̯_olē-);

about got. waíla, ahd. wela, wola etc. `probably' compare Feist³ 543.

B. d-extension (d-present): gr. ἔλδομαι, hom. ἐέλδομαι `sehne mich, demand after etwas', ἐέλδωρ n. `wish, desire';

ir. fled, cymr. gwledd `Gastmahl, festival' (*u̯l̥dā); gall. PN Vlido-rīx.

С. p-extension: hom. ἔλπω `lasse hoffen', ἔλπομαι, ἐέλπομαι `hoffe', Perf. poet. ἔολπα; ἐλπίς, -ίδος f. `hope', ἐλπίζω `hoffe', hom. ἐλπωρή `hope', zero grade *ἄλπιστος, Sup. to ἀλπαλέος, dissim. ἀρπαλέος `erwönscht, reizend', ἔπαλπνος `erwönscht' (r/n-stem); lat. volup(e) Adv. `vergnöglich, gerne', (*u̯olpi-, *u̯l̥pi-), voluptās `pleasure';

doubtful hom. εἰλαπίνη `festival', öol. ἐλλαπίνα (*ἐ-Fλαπ-ινᾱö).

References: WP. I 294 f., WH. II 828 f., Trautmann 348 f., Specht KZ 62, 59 f., Vasmer 1, 180, 224, Frisk 78, 455, 485, 502 f.

Page(s): 1137-1138

Root / lemma: u̯el-3

English meaning: to press, push

German meaning: `dröngen, pressen, zusammendröngen, einschließen'

Material: Hom. εἴλω (*Fέλ-νω); Inf.-Aor. ἔλσαι and with suggestion ἐέλσαι, Aor. Pass. ἐάλην, ἀλήμεναι, ep. ion. εἰλέω (*Fελ-νέω), att. εἴλλω (*εFελι̯ω with Vorschlags-ε), dor. el. Fηλέω, redupl. ἴλλω (*Fί-Fλω) `drönge, push, press, presse'; lakon. βήλημα κώλυμα, φράγμα ἐν ποταμῷ Hes., messen. ἤλημα, ion. εἴλη `troop, multitude, crowd' (Fελν-), next to which probably with i = _e (as πίλναμαι) att. ἴ̄λη, dor. ἴ̄λᾱ `troop, multitude, crowd' (*Fιλνᾱ), hom. (*ἰ̄λαδόν `scharenweise', pamph. Fίλσιος Gen. from -ις `crowdedness';

hom. (öol.) ἀελλής (*ἀFελνής) `dense zusammengezogen' (κονίσαλος) and ἀολλής (*ἀFολνής) `versammelt' (with öol. -ολ-); compare die auf *ἀFαλλής from *ἀFαλνής, *ἄFl̥νής zuröckgehenden ion. ἁ̄λής, ἀ̄λής `versammelt', ἁλίζω `versammle', ἁ̄λίη `congregation, meeting', dor. ἁ̄λία and ἁλιαία ds. (under likewise); att. ἡλιαία `place of Gerichts, das höchste court in Athen' together with ἡλιάζω, ἡλιαστής is borrowed from argiv. ἀ̄λιαίᾱ, ἁ̄λιάζω, with Ersetzung from dor. α through att. η, das as the Asper an ἥλιος eine pad fand; das anlaut. ἀ- is kopul. ἀ-;

ἅλις `scharenweise, sufficient' (Hom.), γάλι ἱκανόν Hes.; hom. οὑλαμός `Getömmel, Gewöhl' (because of γόλαμος διωγμός Hes. metr. lengthening for *Fολαμος), att. ἐξούλη `Verdröngung from Besitzrechten' (*Fολ-νᾱ);

lit. vãlinas `Wall', valinỹs `Tuchecke', lett. valnis `edge', su-valýti `(corn, grain) zusammenbringen, reap', lit. iš-valýti `heraus-, fortschaffen', valýti `clean'; Old Church Slavic *velь (: gr. ἅλις) in velьḫmi, -ma `very, excessive', velьḫlěpъ `very beautiful', velijь, velikъ `big, large', *valъ `heap, bulk, mass' (*u̯ōlos) in russ. válom `in bulk, mass', navál `großer heap', zavál `Verstopfung, Sperre', privál `Landen' (*Andröngen), válьmja `haufenweise' etc.;

g-extension is probably lat. volgus, vulgus `das people' (= `big, giant bulk, mass of people', compare above russ. valomъ, valьmja) = Old Indian várga- m. `dividing off, partitioning off, group', mbret. gwalch `Überfluß', nbret. a-walc'h `sufficient' (compare ἅλις), gwalc'ha `söttigen', cymr. gwala `bulk, mass, sufficient'; toch. В walke `long'.

References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f., Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181;

See also: original resemblance with *u̯el-7 `turn' is denkbar, da `press, to press together' originally `zusammenwinden' sein kann.

Page(s): 1138

Root / lemma: u̯el-4, u̯elǝ-

English meaning: hair, wool; grass, forest

German meaning: in Worten for `Haar, Wolle', also `Gras, Ähre, Wald'

Note: relationship to *u̯el- `turn' (' curly hair' under likewise) or *u̯el- `rend, pluck' is possible

Material: A. Old Indian ū́rṇā f. (compare Old Indian ū́rṇā-vábhi- `spider', above S. 1114) `wool', av. varǝnā ds., gr. λῆνος, dor. λᾶνος n. `wool', lat. lāna ds., lānūgō `Flaum of Bartes, Milchhaare', got. wulla, ahd. wolla etc. `Wolle = wool', lit. vìlna `Wollfaser', Pl. `wool', lett. vilna `wool', Old Prussian wilna `Rock', r.-Church Slavic vlъna, serb. vù́na `wool'; schwöchere Ablautform *u̯lǝnā in cymr. gwlan, corn. gluan, bret. gloan (brit. Lw. is mir. olann) `wool';

other vowel gradation in lat. vellus, -eris `Vlies' (villus `das zottige, wollige Haar the animal') = ags. wil-mod `colus' (i.e. `Wollstange', as wul-mod), probably also arm. geɫmn `wool, Vlies'; relationship to lat. vellere (u̯el-8) from *u̯elḫsḫō lies nahe; *u̯lō- in gr. λῶμα n. `hem, Gespint', germ. *wlōha- (under B) and idg. *u̯lō-ro- (u̯el-7) S. 1143.

B. guttural extensions:

Old Indian valká- m. `bast, splint', valkala- `Bastgewand', vr̥kala- n. `Bastgewand; ein bestimmtes intestines, entrails'; isl. lō f., dön. lu `Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern', ags. as. wlōh `fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke' (germ. *wlōha-); aisl. lagðr `tuft of Wolle or Нааг' (*wlagaÞa-); Old Church Slavic vlakno, russ.voloknó `fibre, filament'; with idg. k̂: Old Indian válśa- m. `sprout, twig, branch' (these point at auf `biegsame rod') and av. varǝsa-, npers. gurs = Old Church Slavic vlasъ, russ. volos `hair'; to a from beiden root form belongs gr. λάχνη f. `krauses hair' (*u̯l̥ksnā), λάχνος m. `wool';

compare under *u̯el- `turn' die likewise auf *u̯olk- indicating ags. wielgan `roll', ahd. wal(a)gōn.

C. Dental extensions:

Gr. λάσιος (*Fλατιος, idg. *u̯l̥t-ii̯os) `dense with Wolle or Haaren, also brushwood bewachsen'; air. folt `hair', cymr. gwallt, acorn. gols, abret. guolt ds., therefrom abret. guiltiat, guiliat, guoliat, mbret. guilchat `Schur, Tonsur' and cymr. gwellaif, acorn. guillihim `scissors', perhaps also cymr. gwellt, corn. gwels `grass', abret. gueltiocion `fenosa' (or to mir. geltboth `pābulum', gelid `grast' S. 365, with gw after gwalltö);

ahd. as. wald `wood, forest', ags. weald ds., aisl. vǫllr `meadow'; after E. Lewy (KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) wörde Wald as *(s)u̯altus to lat. saltus `Engpaß, Bergwald', belong, das then from saltus `Sprung' to separate wöre (above S. 899), during Ernout-Meillet ²889 both unite (compare Pas de Calais etc.); other stellen Wald to got. wilÞeis `wild', aisl. villr `wild, verröckt', ags. wilde, as. ahd. wildi `wild, unbebaut' (*u̯eltii̯o-), nhd. Wild (*u̯eltos), wherefore further cymr. gwyllt `wild, phrenetical, quick, fast' (*ueltī-), corn. guyls `wild, unbebaut', abret. gueld-enes `insula indomita' (mir. geilt `Wahnsinniger' is probably brit. Lw.);

lit. váltis `Haferrispe, Haferspelte' (also `Garn'), Old Prussian wolti `Ähre', ukr. volótь `Rispe', serb. etc. vlât `Ähre';

with voiced-aspirated Old Church Slavic vladь, aruss. volodь `hair'.

D. Old Indian vāla-, vāra- m. `tail (haar), Haarsieb', ablaut. lit. valaĩ `Schweifhaar of Pferdes'.

References: WP. I 296 ff., WH. I 756, II 745, Trautmann 341, 359, Vasmer 1, 220 f.

Page(s): 1139-1140

Root / lemma: u̯el-5, u̯elǝ-

English meaning: to deceive

German meaning: `töuschen'ö

Material: Lit. vìlti `cheat, deceive', lett. vil̂t ds., Old Prussian prawilts `verraten', lit. vỹlius `deceit, artifice', zero grade Old Prussian po-wela `sie verrieten', lett. velts `futile', lit. véltas `unnötz'; (gr. οὖλος = ὀλοός above S. 777); mir. fell `deceit' (mir. fall, newer faill `Nachlössigkeit', cymr.gwall `ds., lack', bret. gwall `evil, bad' are probably as eigene group for sich to stellen); after Būga Kalba ir sen. I 34 f. belong die balt. words to u̯el-2.

A extension from *u̯el- perhaps in:

gr. ἐλεφαίρομαι `betröge, verletze' (*u̯el-ebh-), ὀλοφώιος `trögerisch'; lit. vìlbinti (*u̯ḷḫbh-) `locken, öffen, zum besten have'.

References: WP. I 298; Frisk 493; different Möhlenbach-Endzelin IV 534, 596.

Page(s): 1140

Root / lemma: u̯el-6

English meaning: warm

German meaning: `lau, warm'ö

Material: Arm. gol `heat', golanam `sich wörmen'; lit. vìlditi `lukewarm make'.

References: WP. I 302;

See also: perhaps to S. 1142 under (u̯el-7).

Page(s): 1140

Root / lemma: u̯el-7, u̯elǝ-, u̯lē-

English meaning: to turn, wind; round, etc..

German meaning: `drehen, winden, wölzen'

Note: extended u̯el(e)u-, u̯l̥-ne-u-, u̯(e)lei- (diese also `umwinden, einwickeln = einhöllen')

Material: A. Old Indian válati, -te `wendet sich, dreht sich' (ö), Kaus. vā̆layati `makes sich wenden, roll', valanam `das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, surge, Wogen', valá- m. `Bedeckung, cave' (or to *u̯er-ö), vala-, valaka- m. perhaps `(round) balk, beam, shaft, pole', lengthened grade cakraḫvāla- n. `hoarfrost, ring, circle, bulk, mass', ālaḫvāla- n. `Vertiefung um die root eines Baumes' (compare Mayrhofer 1, 79 f.), probably also vāra- m. `(*turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag' = npers. bār `mal';

from u̯ḹ-mi-: Old Indian ūrmí- m. f. `surge, wave', av. varǝmiš ds.

from the u-basis: Old Indian vr̥ṇóti, ūrṇóti `umhöllt, bedeckt, umschließt, umringt, hemmt, wehrt', av. vǝrǝnavaiti `bedeckt höllend' (contain partly idg. *u̯er-5), das av. word also `wendet (sich)' as Old Indian válati; compare S. 1160;

Old Indian varútra- (= gr. ἔλυτρον) n. `Überwurf, i.e. was man umlegt' (uncovered, úlva-, úlba- m. n. `Hölle of embryo, womb, uterus' (compare lat. volva);

from the i-basis: Old Indian valaya- m. n. `circle, round Einfassung, bracelet', valitá- `gewendet, gebogen', valli-, vallī `Rankengewöchs, Schlingpflanze', vallari-, vallarī f. `Ranke, Rankengewöchs';

arm. gelum (Aor. geli) `turn, umdrehen, winden', Med. `sich drehen, winden' (das present zur u-basis, compare thematic lat. volvo), gelumn `gyration, Umwindung' (= lat. volūmen, εἴλῡμαö), glem `rolle, throw, cast low, base' (*gilem from *u̯ēl- or *gulem from *u̯ōl-), gil (*u̯ēl-) `round Wurfstein' (compare gr. ὅλμος, russ. valún `round pebble'), presumably lamb (-i, -iv) `ring, circle' from *u̯l̥-m-bhi- (due to of n-stem, compare lit. vilnìs, Old Church Slavic vlъna, ahd. wëlla);

gr. εἰλέω `turn, twist, rotate, coil' (*Fελ-ν-έω), ἴλλω ds. (probably *Fί-Fλ-ω, in addition ἰλλάς `rope, band; close-packed, herding together, of cattle; ̓Ιλιάς = Troy, the Troad', ἰλλός `squinting (the eye)', böot. Fίλλων, ἴλλαι συστροφαί, δεσμοί Hes.), att. εἴλλω ds. (*ἐ-Fέλι̯ω); from öol. ἐλλέω (*Fελνέω): ἐλλεδανός `rope, the band for binding corn-sheaves'), εἶλιγξ and εἴλιγγος `whirl, turn, dizziness, giddiness; swindle' (after εἰλέω), ἕλμις, Pl. ἕλμεις, ἕλμιγγες, ἕλμινθες f. `intestinal worm', εὐλή `worm' (*ἐ-Fλ-ᾱ), ὑάλη σκώληξ Hes. (i.e. Fάλη), ἑλένη `plaited basket', ὅλμος `a round smooth stone (from which passage it was taken to signify the human trunk; any cylindrical or bowl-shaped body: mortar, kneadingtrough, hollow seat on which the Pythia prophesied, support, drinking-vessel, mouthpiece of a flute, stone used as a weight', hom. οὖλος `frizzy, fleecy, woolly, woolen; of plants, twisted, curling; twisted, crooked' (*Fόλνος), redupl. ἴουλος `Milchhaar, Korngarbe, ein Insekt', οὖλος `fascicle, sheaf', οὖλον `the gums' (as `torose, rounded');

from the i-basis: ἕλινος `vine-layer, vine-tendril, the vine', ἕλιξ `winded', f. `bracelet', therefrom ἑλίσσω, att. ἑλίττω, and (after εἰλέω) εἰλίσσω `curl, wind, turn; making it roll; turn round, to turn a chariot round the doubling-post; of any rapid motion, esp. of a circular kind; to roll or wind round, as the wool round the distaff; metaph. to turn in one's mind, revolve; to turn oneself round, turn quick round, turn to bay; of a serpent, to coil himself, of a missile, to spin through the air; to turn hither and thither, go about; to whirl in the dance', ablaut. ἀλίνδω, att. ἀλινδέω `turn, twist, rotate, wölze'; ἀλίζω ds.; about ῏Ηλις s. S. 1142;

from the u-basis: ep. εἰλύω `wrap, envelop, cover; to crawl or wriggle along, of a lame man', Med. `writhe, drag oneself along' (*Fελνύω, compare καταείλυον), compare participle εἰλυφόωντες; εἰλῡφάζειν `whirl, turn, roll' (due to from *Fελ-νυ-ς); εἰλυός, εἰλυθμός `hiding place, nook, bolt-hole', εἰλεός (after εἰλέω) `intestinal obstruction, twisting of the bowels, cramp of the intestine, volvulus; lurking-place, den, hole; butcher's block; a kind of vine'; ablaut. *FολοFό- `whirl, gyration' in ὀλ(ο)οί-τροχος `running in whirl' = `rolling stone'; Fελυ- in Aor. Pass. ἐλύσθη `wurde geschleift, gewölzt', ἐλυσθείς `wrapped', ion. att. ἔλυτρον (Hes. γέλουτρον) `bow-case; sheath of a spear; mirror-case; case of a shield; sheath of the spinal cord, the shard of a beetle's wing; shell of a crab; of the eye-lids; of the umbilical cord; husk or capsule of seeds; the body, as being the case or shell of the soul; reservoir for water; tank for fish; container', ἔλυμος `case, quiver, a kind of Phrygian pipe, made of box-wood, with a horn tip and bend in the left pipe, millet; sheath', ἐλύτης `kind of pastry, perhaps pretzel' (besides εἰλύτας, ἐλλύτας); hom. εἶλαρ n. `a close covering, shelter, defence, fence, protection' (*FέλFαρ, with prior dissimilation to *ἔλFαρ; compare ἔλαρ βοήθεια Hes.; basic meaning probably `barrier or netting from winding branches'); *Fλῡ- in πέλλῡτρον `sock or bandage worn by runners on the ankle; foot-wrapper', Perf. εἴλῡμαι, εἰλῡμένος `veiled'; secondary υ: in εἴλῡμα `sleeve, garment, wrapper,' (lat. volūmen, arm. gelumn);

in addition also ἑλίκη `willow', ΏΕλικών `*mountain pasture, of osiers, of the willow-copse' (Fελικών of Korinna-Papyrus), like ags. welig, etc. `willow', different from idg. *salik- `willow';

after Frisk 36, 42, 80 here αἰέλουρος m. f. `tomcat, cat' or `weasel', also αἴλουρος (from αἰόλος + οὐρά `tail') and αἰόλος `quick, fast, movable, nimble, shimmering, varicolored; wriggling; changeful of hue, gleaming, glancing, of arms and armour; changeful, shifting, varied; shifty, wily, slippery' from *(F)αι-Fόλ-ος; ἅλυσις f. `chain, manacle' (*Fάλυ-τις);

Maybe Αἴολος, ου, ὁ, lord of the winds, properly the rapid or the changeable, Od.

alb. vjel `harvest, vomit' (*u̯elu̯ō); valë f. `surge of kochenden water; wave, surge' (*u̯_elǝnā);

Note:

Wrong etymology, since alb. vjell `vomit' derived from abbreviated lit. vémti `vomit', vėmalaĩ `vomit' > maybe truncated alb. (*vėmalaĩ) vjell `vomit'

see Root / lemma: u̯em-, u̯emǝ- : to spit, vomit

lat. vola f. `roundness, cavity the hand or the Fußsohle' (compare aisl. valr `round', Old Indian vala- m. `cave'); from the u-basis volvō, -ere, -ī, volūtum `roll, kollern, wölzen, turn, whirl' (*u̯elu̯ō), volūmen `pulley', involūcrum `Hölle, sheath', involūcre `Serviette', probably also volva, vulva `womb, uterus, Eihaut the Pilze';

reduced grade vallus `picket, pole, Palisade', wherefore as collective vallum `Pfahlwerk, Verschanzung' [out of it borrowed as. wal, ags. weall, mhd. wal(l) `Wall']; vallēs, vallis `valley' (`*incurvation') = gr. *Fᾶλις > ῏Ηλις (*u̯_elnis), valvae `die Törflögel, Doppeltöre', valvolae `Schoten' (*u̯_elu̯ā);

air. fillid `bends' (previous n-present), bret. goalenn `virga' (`*biegsame rod'); air. félmae (= fĕlmae) `saepes' (presumably `*wickerwork'); ō-grade mir. fāl m. `fence, paddock', cymr. gwawl `murus, vallum';

doubtful mir. fail, foil (Gen. falach) `ring' (*u̯_elik-, ablaut. with ἕλιξö);

aisl. vil Pl., Gen. vilja `intestines, entrails', ags. we(o)loc, weolc, uioloc `Trompeterschnecke', ndl.welk, wulk ds. from germ. *weluka-, probably zur u-basis, as certainly got. walwjan `wölzen', walwisōn `wallow', ags. wielwan `wölzen, roll' (*walwjan), walwian tr. intr. `wölzen, roll'; aisl. valr `round', ags. walu f. `Strieme after a blow, knock' (*u̯olo-, -ā, compare lat. vola), mnd. walen `turn, wölzen, roll', ahd. wulsta f. ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb'; got. walus `staff', aisl. vǫlr `round staff', afries. walu-berа `Stabtröger', ags. uyrt-wala (`Wurzelstock'), ahd. wurzala `root'; n-present ahd. wellan `round, roll', as. bíwellan `blemish' (`*in smut herumwölzen'), afries. biwullen participle `befleckt', wherefore ahd. wella `Welle = wave', compare with formants -mi- (as Old Indian ūrmí-, av.varǝmi-) ahd. walm `Aufwallen, Sieden, heat', ags. wielm, wylm `surge, Wallung, Sieden';

with the meaning `waves, billows throw' (compare ahd. wella etc.), `to bubble up, boil up, surge up' (from Quellen and esp. from siedendem Wasser, from which partly also words for `vapor, heat' entsprangen) besides ahd. walm, ags.wielm also aisl. vella, vall `effervesce, simmer, seethe, boil, boil', ahd. (etc.) wallan, wiel `wogen, wallen, to bubble up, boil up, surge up, simmer, seethe, boil, cook', Kaus. aisl. vella `zum Sieden or Schmelzen bringen, zusammenschweißen', mnd. mhd. wellen ds., aisl. vella f. `Sieden', afries. walla, ags. wiell f. `wellspring, Sieden', zero grade norw. olla f. `wellspring', got. wulan `simmer, seethe, boil', aisl. ylr `Wörmedunst', ylja `warm', olmr `furious': ahd. walo Adv. `tepide', walī `tepor'; here u̯el-6 S. 1140ö

lengthened grade ags. wǣl m. n. `whirlpool, pool', wǣlan (*wōljan) `wölzen', mnd. wӧ̄len ds., ahd.wuolen `wöhlen, aufwöhlen' (compare zum ablaut Old Church Slavic valiti `wölzen', and to meaning `aufwöhlen' also nhd. Wal, Wehle, Wuhle `of Wasser ausgewaschene Vertiefung');

lit. veliù, vélti (heavy basis) `walken', váltis `Garn, fishing net' (= russ. vólotь `filament, fibre' bis auf die intonation), lett. vel̂t `wölzen, walken', lit. apvalùs, lett. apál̨š `round', Old Prussian walis `Zugscheit am cart', lit. volė̃ `wooden beetle, hammer', pavõlai `Walzen', lett. vā̀le f. `Waschbleuel', vī-vala `the Laufstock beim Garnwinden' (: vīvaluot `ausgelassen sein'); lit.vė̃lei, vė̃l `against, noch einmal', lett. vêl `still, further' (`against' from `turn') and with meaning-development `sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate' perhaps lit. vėlùs, lett. vę́ls `late', lit.valandà `while' (out of it russ. valánda `Saumseliger');

slav. *valъ m. in Church Slavic valъ `wave', russ. val `wave, surge, Walze' (bsl. *u̯ō̆la-), obvál `Erdrutsch', provál `Einsturz'; Old Church Slavic valiti sе̨ `κυλίεσθαι', russ. valítь `wölzen', Iter. serb.váljati, russ. valjátь `wölzen, walken', ablaut. russ.-Church Slavic obьlъ `round', russ. óblyj `roundish' (*obḫvьlъ); about russ. vólotь see above;

bsl. *u̯ilnā- (*u̯l̥nā) f. `wave' in lit. vilnìs, vilnià, lett. vilna `wave'; slav. *vьlna in Old Church Slavic vlъna, russ. volná ds.; in addition Old Church Slavic vъlati `in Wallung bringen'.

Toch. A walyi Pl. `Wörmer'.

B. d-present (respectively d-Erweiterg.): aisl. velta, valt, ahd. walzan, mhd. walzen, wielz `sichwölzen', ahd. also `volvere animo' (wgrm. a-present to a Perf. with idg. о neologism with Unterstötzung of Iterativs:) got. waltjan `wallow', uswaltjan `umwölzen', aisl. velta, ags. wieltan, ahd. welzan trans. `wölzen, roll, turn', anord. valtr, ags. wealt `rollend, wölzbar, unbestöndig'; ags. wlatian unpers. `nauseare', wlǣta, wlǣtta m. `disgust, repulsion, loathing' (*wlātiÞa), wlǣtan `foedare', mnd. wlaten `disgust' (u̯lēḫd- : u̯lǝ-d-); also besides ahd. wal(a)gōn `wallow, roll' steht mhd. die meaning `disgust, repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge `Seekrankheit', also norw. dial. valg `widerlich, evil' (see under);

d-Erweit. also in lett. velde, veldre `das of rain niedergelegte (as gewölzte) corn, grain'; compare from the i-basis above gr. ἀλίνδω, ἀλινδέω, ἀλίζω.

C. Weiterbildungen:

u̯lei-s-, u̯li-s- in: air. flesc `rod' (*u̯liskā), got. wlizjan `hit, chastise, castigate' (if derivative from a *wliza- `rod'), slav. *lěska (*vloiskā), russ.-Church Slavic lěskovъ `from dem Holz of Styraxbaumes gemacht', serb. lijèska `Haselstaude' etc.; about russ. lés `wood, forest, Holz' (*lěsъ), lesá `fishing line, fence', die perhaps hergehören, s. Vasmer 2, 33 f. and above S. 665.

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*u̯li-s) lis `oak tree'

u̯lē-ro-, u̯lō-ro-, u̯lǝ-ro-: gr. εὔληρα, dor. αὔληρα Pl. `rein', ἄβληρα ἡνία Hes. (*ἐ-, ἀ-Fληρο-), lat. lōrum `strap', lōrica `a leather cuirass, corselet of thongs; a defence, breastwork, parapet: pinnae', arm. lar `rope, cord, bowstring, muscle', compare above S. 1139.

D. guttural extensions:

u̯olg- in Old Indian válgati `(*dreht sich), höpft, springt', with sam- `places sich in rollende Bewegung', with abhi- `wallt auf', valgā `bridle, rein, rein', lat. valgus `söbelbeinig', ags. wealcan, wéolc `roll (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere animo', ahd. walkan, mhd. walken, wielc `trample, felt, thrash', mhd. also `wallow', aisl. valk n. `das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf the sea', ags. gewealc n. `das Rollen', wealca m. `surge';*walkōn in aisl. valka `from place to place drive, push or ziehen, plague, volvere animo', ags. wealcian `roll' (intr.), engl. walk `wander', mnd. walken `walken, knead'; lett. valgs `rope, cord';

nasalized as. wlank `minxish, wanton, bold', ags. wlanc `minxish, wanton, stout, proud, stately', if from the meaning `springend' (: Old Indian válgati) evolved.

u̯olk-: in mnd. walgen `wrestle, struggle, fight, Übelkeitempfinden', norw. olga `be disgusted', ahd. wal(a)gōn `wallow, roll', trans. `wölzen, roll', mhd. unpers. m. Dat. `disgust, repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge `Seekrankheit'.

References: WP. I 298 f., WH. I 822, II 728 ff., 825, 832 ff., Trautmann 349, Vasmer 1, 165 f., 234, Frisk 36, 42, 457 f., 461 f.;

See also: compare u̯el-3.

Page(s): 1140-1144

Root / lemma: u̯el-8

English meaning: to tear, wound; to steal

German meaning: `reißen, an sich reißen, rauben; reißen = ritzen, verwunden, Wunde'; besides words for `töten, Blutbad, Schlachtfeld and die Leichen darauf; Blut'

Note: with dem ablaut u̯ol- : u̯ōl-, die perhaps as selbstöndige group (A.) abzulösen are

Material: A. Air. fuil f. `blood', mir. fuili `blutige Wunden', cymr. gweli (*u̯olīso-ö) `wound', corn. goly, Pl. golyow, mbret. goulyow ds.; aisl. valr m. `die Leichen auf dem Schlachtfeld', ags. wæl n. `ds., Schlachtfeld, Blutbad', ahd. wal n. ds. (`Walstatt'), as. wal-dād `murder', aisl.valkyria `Walköre', ags. wælcyrige `erinys, Zauberin' m.; lengthened grade ahd. wuol `Niederlage, ruin, Seuche' (but wuolen `wöhlen' see below *u̯el- `turn'), as. wōl, ags. wōl m. f. `Seuche, Pest';

klr. valjava `with Gefallenen bedecktes Schlachtfeld', čech. váleti `fight, battle', válka `war, fight', wruss. valka `fight, struggle, Holzföllen', valčić `win, triumph', Old Prussian ūlint (from *wālint) `fight';

lit. vẽlės or vė̃lės `the ghostly figures of the deceased', vêlinas, nowadays vélnias `devil' (originally `ghost' as alit. veluokas), lett. veli `the spirits of the deceased'.

B. Gr. ἁλίσκομαι `werde gefangen' (thess. Fαλίσσκε̃ται, ark. Fαλόντοις), Aor. (F)αλῶναι, ἑά̄λων (*ἠ-Fάλων), ἁλωτός `gefangen', presumably also ion. att. εἵλωτες, εἱλῶται `Heloten' (from lak. *ἥλωτες for *ἐ-Fελωτες); ἀνᾱλίσκω (*ἀνα-Fαλίσκω), Fut. ἀνᾱλώσω `aufwenden, consume, slay' (`*zum Gebrauch hernehmen, an sich reißen'), ἀνᾱλόω `destroy, smash';

hom. att. οὐλή `wound, scar' (*Fολνά̄ or *Fολσά̄), np. valāna, vālāna `wound', lat. volnus, -eris `wound' (*u̯l̥snos = air. flann `blood; blutrot'); γέλλαι τῖλαι Hes. (i.e. Fέλλαι; Fick KZ. 44, 438);

lat. vellō, -ere, velli and volsi (vulsi), volsum (vulsum) `pluck, tear, rend; ausreißen, ausrupfen, abzupfen';

got. wilwan `rob', wulwa `robbery';

hitt. u̯alḫmi `bekömpfe';

in Germ. further formations mnd. wlete f. `wound, Schmiß', mhd. letzen `injure' (idg. *u̯[e]led-), probably also afries. wlemma `beschödigen, injure', mnd. wlame `Gebrechen, Söndhaftigkeit';

hitt. hullāi-, hullii̯a- `fight, struggle' (ö).

References: WP. I 304 f. WH. II 729 f., 827, Trautmann 348, Frisk 74;

See also: perhaps in addition u̯elk-1 `ziehen'.

Page(s): 1144-1145

Root / lemma: u̯e-4, u̯o-, u̯es-

German meaning: `herab'

See also: see above S. 73 (au-).

Page(s): 1114

Root / lemma: u̯e-5, u̯o-

German meaning: `jener'

See also: see above S. 75 (au-).

Page(s): 1114

Root / lemma: u̯em-, u̯emǝ-

English meaning: to spit, vomit

German meaning: `speien, sich erbrechen'

Material: Old Indian vámiḫti, newer vamati `ausspeien, vomit', vānta- `gespien', vamathu- m. `Erbrechen', av. vam- `vomit'; npers. vātāk `saliva' (*u̯m̥̄-to-);

gr. ἐμέω (for *ἔμε-μι), Aor. ἐμέσσαι `vomit', ἔμετος m., ἔμεσις f. `Erbrechen' (ἐμύς `Sumpfschildkröte'ö);

lat. vomō (*u̯emō) `erbreche', vomitus `Erbrechen', vomica `ulcer, Eiterbeule';

norw. dial. vimla `nausea feel', vimra `nausea cause', aschwed. vami m. `disgust, repulsion, loathing'; aisl. vāma `nausea', vāmr `ekelhafte person';

lit. vémti `vomit', vėmalaĩ `vomit', vìmdyti `erbrechen make', lett. vemt `sich erbrechen';

maybe truncated alb. (*vėmalaĩ) vjell `vomit'

very dubious is kinship from got. Gen. Pl. wammē `Fleck', gawamms Gen. Pl. `befleckt, impure, unclean', aisl. vamm n. `fault, error, Gebrechen', ags. wamm m. n. `Fleck, Gebrechen, wrong; injustice', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil, evil, bad', as. wam n. `Übles, evil, harm', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil' (*u̯om-no-); compare Weisweiler IF 41, 46.

References: WP. I 262 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 350, Frisk 504 f., 508.

Page(s): 1146

Root / lemma: u̯endh-1

English meaning: to turn, wind, plait

German meaning: `drehen, winden, wenden, flechten'

Material: Old Indian vandhúra- m. `Wagensitz', originally `Wagenkorb' (from netting), arm. gind `ring', gndak ort`oy `vine-layer, Rebschoß';

gr. rhod. ἄθρας `cart' Hes., κάνν-αθρον `Korbwagen' (*u̯n̥dh-ro-); umbr. pre-uendu `advertitō', aha-uendu `avertitō';

rich evolved in Germ.: got. ags. as. windan, ahd. wintan, aisl. vinda `winden', Kaus. got. wandjan etc., nhd. wenden, aisl. vindr `slant, skew', got. inwinds `inverted', mhd. windeht `winded', ahd. wanda `turbo', aisl. vandr `genau, difficult, hard' (`*inverted, verdreht'), vandi m. `Schwierigkeit, Ungemach', ags. wandian `hesitate, achten, scheuen', got. wandus = aisl. vǫndr `Gerte, rod', vandahūs `Haus from wickerwork', schwed. dial. vann `Schlingfaden an Pflanzen', aisl. vǫndull `zusammengedrehtes bundle from Heu', nhd. wandern, wandeln among others m.

References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;

See also: *u̯endh- is perhaps nasalized Forme to u̯ē̆dh- `tie, bind, knot, bind'.

Page(s): 1148

Root / lemma: u̯endh-2

English meaning: to disappear

German meaning: `schwinden'

Note: see above S. 1047 (s)u̯endh- ds.;

Material: unclear is das relationship to Old Church Slavic pri-svędati, pri-svęnǫti `marcescere, torrefieri', ačech. svadnúti, čech. vadnouti `wither, wilt', poln. świędzieć `itch', swąd `Brandgeruch, fetidness' etc.; compare Holub 406.

References: WP. I 261 f.

Page(s): 1148

Root / lemma: u̯endh-3

English meaning: hair, beard

German meaning: `Haar, Bart'

Material: Gr. ἴονθος m. `root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag' (*u̯i-u̯ondhos), ἰονθάς `villous, shaggy';

mir. find `hair of the head', air. Gen. Pl. finnae (*u̯endhu-), newer Nom. Sg. mir. finna ds., nir. fionnān `Sumpfgras', from which mcymr. gwynnawn ds.; mir. fēs `Schamhaar, hair' (*u̯endh-s-o-); ahd. wintbrāwa `eyelash' (Haarrand); Old Prussian wanso f. `the first beard', Old Church Slavic vǫsъ, ǫsъ `barba, mystax' (bsl. *u̯ondh-s-o-, -ā).

Maybe alb. diminutive (*u̯endh-ul, *vent-ul) vetul `eyebrow'.

References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f., Frisk 729 f.

Page(s): 1148

Root / lemma: u̯e-n-gh-

English meaning: to be bent

German meaning: `gebogen sein'ö

Material: Germ. *wanga- `field' in got. waggs m. `Paradies', aisl. vangr, as. wang, nhd.-bair.-österr. Wang `Aue' etc. (eigentl. `bend'); with schwacher inflection ahd. etc. wanga `cheek', derivative got. waggareis m. (or -i n.) `pillow', ahd. wangari ds. and aisl. vengi (*wangia), ahd. ōr-wengi ds.; here also mnd. wingeren `crook oneself, grovel, truckle, creep'.

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht Idg. Dekl. 216 could though also *u̯enk- for unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes idg. *u̯onkó- etc. annimmt.

Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: u̯e-n-g-

English meaning: to be bent

German meaning: `gebogen sein'

Material: Old Indian váŋgati `goes, hinkt' (Gramm.), vañjula- `name different Pflanzen', e.g. `calamus Rotang' etc.;

alb. vank, vangu `Felge', vek `Henkel', vegëlë `handle, grasp, Handhabe' (u̯n̥g-);

ahd. winchan, mhd. winken `waver, winken', ahd. winch, mhd. winc `Wink, Wanken', compare ags.wince `Winde', engl. winch; ags. wincian `winken, nicken, die Augen shut', mnd. winken ds., ahd. winkil `angle, earth';

ablaut. aisl. vakka `umherirren, amble', as. wancon, ahd. wankon, mhd. nhd. `wanken = wobble'; ags. wancol `unbestöndig', wencel n. `kid, child, Dienerin', nengl. wench;

lit. véngiu, véngti `avoid, vermeiden', actually `ausbiegen'; ablaut. Iterat. vángstyti undvangùs `idle'; vìngis `bow, curvature', išvéngti `vermeiden', víngiuoti `bow, Umwege make', vingrùs `sich schlöngelnd, sharp witted, shrewd'; Old Prussian wīngriskan Akk. Sg. `artifice', wangan Akk. Sg. `end'; lett. vingrs `fresh, hurtig, skilful'.

References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.;

See also: compare u̯ā-, u̯ek- etc.

Page(s): 1148-1149

Root / lemma: u̯e-n-k-

See also: see above S. 1134 f. (u̯ek-).

Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: u̯en-1, u̯enǝ-

English meaning: to strive; to wish for, to love

German meaning: ursprönglich `streben', from which `wönschen, lieben, befriedigt sein' and `erarbeiten, Möhe haben', perfective `erreichen, gewinnen, siegen'

Material: Old Indian vánati, vanṓti `wönscht, liebt, gewinnt, siegt', participle vanita-, -vāta-, váni-tr̥-, vantŕ̥- `gainer', av. vanaiti, vanaoiti `siegt', mpers. vanītan `defeat, conquer, hit'; Old Indian Aor.-present vanáti in same meaning; Kaus. vanáyati and vānáyati (ersteres nicht covered); as -sk̂-present Old Indian vā́ñchati `wönscht', compare vāñchā f. `wish'; vanas- n. `lust' (compare lat. Venus), vani- f. `desire, wish', wherefore vanīyati `bettelt', vanīyaka- `beggar', vanú- as noun agentis m. (compare av. -vanuš in Nom. Pr.); in compositions erscheirit ványa-; s. further vantā- as Nom. Sg. m. (av. vantar `victor'), vanti- Nom. Act. (uncovered, yet compare av. -vantay-); Old Indian vā́ma- `link' and vāmá- `lieb(lich), lascivious';

venet. VN Venetī from *u̯enetos `geliebt'; compare die Venostes in den Alpen, die Venetulani in Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); lat.-germ. Venethi (Plin.); ahd. Winida `Wende' point at auf proto germ. *Venéto-, against it lat.-germ. Venedi (Tacitus), ags. Winedas `Wenden' auf *Venetó-;

Maybe alb. (*venedi) vendi `country, homeland', vendos `place, put, settle, judge, decide'

lat. venus, -eris f. `love, Liebesgenuß, Liebreiz', Venus name the Liebesgöttin, venustus `graceful, reizend, mellifluous', veneror, -āri `with religious fear, shyness worship, huldigen, demötig bid, beg, ask', originally `die love bezeugen'; here also vēnor, -āri `pursue ein Wild, jage';

air. fine (*venjā) `kinship, stem, family', mir. fin-galach `parricidalis', coibnius `kinship' (*con-venestu-), abret. coguenou `indigena', mbret. gouen `Rasse', cymr. gwen `Löcheln' (out of it mir. gen ds.ö);

außerordentlich reich vertreten is die root u̯en- in den germ. Sprachen:

auf idg. *u̯eniḫs goes back gall. Veni- in PN Veni-carus etc., aisl. vinr `friend', as. ahd.wini, afries. ags. wine; eine jā-derivative is got. winja `willow, food', mnd. ahd. winne, aisl. vin f. `Weideplatz' (compare air. fine `kinship'); zero grade ahd. wunnia, wunna, wunnī `lust, Wonne', as. wunnia, ags. wynn ds. (mhd. wunne `Weideplatz', only in the Formelwunne and weide replacement for das old winne);

idg. *u̯enistro- wird through aisl. vinstri `link', as. winistar, afries. winister etc. assumed, eine Komparativbildg. as lat. sinister etc. (compare moreover Old Indian vāma- `link');

frequent, often is the junction to `befriedigt sein, sich accustom' in Germ.; compare zero grades got. unwunands `sich nicht freuend', aisl. una (*wunēn) `zufrieden sein with', afries. wonia, as. wonōn, wunōn `stay, dwell', ahd. wonēn `habitual, customary sein, sich accustom, bleiben, wohnen'; as. giwono, giwuno, ags. gewun, ahd. giwon `habitual, customary'; aisl. o-grade vanr ds.; derived as. giwono (*-wunan-) `consuetude' etc., aisl. vani m. ds.; aisl. venja (*wanjan), as. gi-wennian, ags. wennan etc. `accustom';

maybe alb. vonë `late', vonoj `delay, stay late'

die lengthened grade hat germ. die meaning `hoffen, erwarten' angenommen; got. wēns (i-stem) `expectation, hope', aisl. vān, as. wān ds., afries. wēn `opinion', ahd. wān also `Vermutung, Wahn, intention' etc.; Adj. necess. aisl. vǣnn (*vēnja-) `to hoffen, pretty, pleasant', wherefore aisl. vænd (*vēniÞō) `hope, expectation', got. wēnjan `erwarten, hoffen', aisl. vǣna ds., vǣnask `sich röhmen', as. wānian etc.; zero grade aisl. ōsk (*wunskō) `wish', ags. wūsc-, ahd. wunsc `wish' etc., aisl. ø̄skja `wish', ags. wȳscan ds. (compare gewȳscan `adoptieren'), ahd. wunscen ds. etc. (compare above Old Indian vāñchati);

die meaning `work, leiden, quarrel, gain' shows sich germ. in the family got. winnan `leiden', aisl. vinna `work, align, öberwinden', as. winnan `quarrel, fight' etc., ags. wiðerwinna m. `adversary', ahd. widarwinno ds.; got. winnō, winna `affliction, -schaft', aisl.vinna `work', ahd. winna `fight', mhd. winne `pain'; schließlich got. wunns `affliction';

Church Slavic uniti `velle', unjii, uněji `better';

hitt. u̯en-, u̯ent- `futuere'; toch. A wañi, В wīn- `pleasure'.

References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.

Page(s): 1146-1147

Root / lemma: u̯en-2

German meaning: `schlagen'

See also: see above under u̯ā-1.

Page(s): 1147

Root / lemma: u̯en-

English meaning: to hit, wound

German meaning: `schlagen, verwunden'

Note: (: u̯ā-, similarly as gʷem- : gʷā- `go, come')

Material: Arm. vandem `destroy, smash'; got. wunds `verwundet', ahd. nhd. as. ags. wund, Subst. ahd. wunta, ags. wund, aisl. and `wound' (*u̯n̥ḫtós, -tā́), ags. if `swelling, lump, growth' (originally probably `swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages'), engl. wen, mnd. wene, dön. dial. vann, væne (proto germ. *wanja); cymr. ymḫwan `fight', mcymr. gweint `I durchbohrte', 3. Sg. gwant; gwân `punctio', corn. yth ymḫwanas `percussit', gwane `perforare'.

Maybe alb. (*wene) vara'wound' [rhotacism N > R]

References: WP. I 212.

Page(s): 1108

Root / lemma: u̯ep-2

English meaning: to throw, throw out

German meaning: `werfen, streuen'ö

Material: Old Indian vápati `wirft, streut (den Samen)', vápra- m. n. `Aufwurf (from earth), Erdwall', vaprā `Feuerstötte', av. vafra-, mpers. vafr, npers. barf `snow' (eigentl. [*Schnee]weheö);

Old Church Slavicveprь, lett. vepris `boar' (as `the Befruchter'); different about bsl. *u̯epri̯a- `boar' above S. 323; remains far off lat. veprēs `briar' (see 1156).

References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183.

Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: u̯(e)rād-, u̯_erǝd-, u̯rǝd-

English meaning: twig, root, branch

German meaning: `Zweig, Rute; Wurzel'

Material: Gr. ῥά̄δῑξ, -ῑκος `twig, branch, rod' (= lat. rādīx), ῥάδαμνος m., öol. *Fρόδαμνος (from ὀρόδαμνος to erschließen) `young twig, branch' (about ῥαδινός, ῥαδαλός u̯er-, u̯red- `turn'); compare ῥίζα lesb. βρίσδα `root' (*Fρǝδι̯αö);

alb. rrânzë `root' (Mann Lg. 26, 388; 28, 37); lat. rādīx, -īcis f. `root'; probably rāmus `bough, twig, branch' (as *u̯rādmos) and radius `staff, Speiche, ray bright body, Weberschiffchen';

cymr. gwraidd `roots' (*u̯rǝdi̯o-), Singulativ gwreiddyn, acorn. grueiten gl. radix, mbret. gruizyenn, nbret. grisienn; cymr. gwrysg `Äste, Zweige' (*u̯r̥d-sko-); air. mir. frēn `root' (*u̯r̥dḫno-), newer frēm; cymr. greddf `Instinkt, nature' (*u̯r̥dḫmā-; also perhaps originally -mn-suffix, compare above gr. ῥάδαμνος);

got. waúrts `root', ags. wyrt, ahd. wurz `herb, plant', mhd. also `root', ahd. wurzala, ags. wyrtwalu (eig. `herb-stock') `root' (here also as. wurtia, mhd. wörze `Wörze', next to which the changing by ablaut as. wirtea, mhd. wirze ds.; besides diesen auf *u̯_erǝd- beruhenden forms steht *ur(ǝ)d- in aisl. urt `herb'; aisl. rōt `root';

toch. В witsako `root'.

References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff.

Page(s): 1167

Root / lemma: u̯erdh-, u̯redh-

English meaning: to grow; high

German meaning: `wachsen, steigen; hoch'

Material: Old Indian várdhati, várdhatē, vr̥dháti `wöchst, mehrt sich', várdha- m. `das Fördern', vardháyati `makes grow', vr̥ddhá- `grown, big, large, old', vŕ̥ddhi- f. `Störkung'; av. varǝd- `make grow'; Old Indian ūrdhvá- `high' (*u̯_or-dh-u̯o-); Old Indian vrādhant- `emporsteigend';

gr. ὀρθός, dor. βορθό- `erect, straight, right, true' (*u̯_ordh-u̯o-), in addition also ὄρθρος `the fröhe morning', ὄρθριος, ὀρθρῑνός `early, matutinal', ὀρθρεύω `bin fröh auf', therefore anlaut. F through lakon. βορθαγορίσκος Hes., otherwise ὀρθαγορίσκος (from *ὀρθρ-) `Spanferkel' (ἐπεὶ πρὸς τὸν ὄρθρον πιπράσκονται) gesichert wird; ῥέθος `limb, member, body, face (with the eyes and mouth)';

alb. rit `grow, make groß';

perhaps got. gawrisqan `fruit bringen', aisl. rǫskr `proficient', rǫskvask `aufwachsen, ripen', rǫskinn `grown';

Old Church Slavic etc. rodъ `partus, generatio, gens, natura', roditi, raždati `parere', redъ `dish, food, nourishment, food', nslov. redíti `nöhren', lett. radīt `erschaffen, to give birth to children' (probably Lw.), raža `prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest' (*radi̯ā), rasma, rasme `prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit', lit. rasmė̃ ds.; doubtful lit. rẽsnas `strong, proficient', lett. resns `thick, dickleibig, dickstömmig' (russ. Lw.ö); Old Church Slavic ranъ `ὄρθρος', čech. poln. rano `die time fröhmorgens, die Fröhe' (compare bulg. ražda se `(die sun) goes auf, (sol) oritur') from *u̯rōdhno-.

References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer 2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117.

Page(s): 1167

Root / lemma: u̯er-g-, u̯er-ĝh-, u̯er-k-

See also: see above S. 1154 f. (u̯er-3: D. u̯er-g-, etc..)

Page(s): 1169

Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-1, u̯reĝ-

English meaning: to close, enclose; pen

German meaning: `abschließen, einschließen; Hörde'

Note: extension from u̯er-5.

Material: Old Indian vrajá- m. `hurdle, Umhegung', vr̥jana- m. `Umhegung, Einfriedigung, abgeschlossene settlement', gthav. vǝrǝzǝ̄na-, jav. varǝzāna-, ap. vardana- n. `Gemeinwesen' (out of it borrowed Old Indian vardhana- `town, city', Wackernagel KZ. 67, 168 f.); av. varǝz- `absperren'; oss. æruæz (*wraza- = Old Indian vrajá-) `Rudel, Hirsche';

hom. ἔργω, ἐργάθω (F-) and (with Vorschlags ἐ-) ἐέργω, att. εἴργω `schließe ein, from, hold ab', att. εἱρκτή, ion. ἐρκτή `jail', att. εἱργμός `jail, Verschluß', kypr. ka-te-vo-ro-ko-ne `sie belagerten'; in addition air. fraig `wall', nir. fraigh `wall from wickerwork, roof, hurdle', because of mcymr. ach-vre `wattled fence' from *u̯regi- (Loth RC. 38, 301).

References: WP. I 290, Frisk 465 f.; Benveniste BSL. 52, 34;

See also: compare u̯erĝh- above S. 1154.

Page(s): 1168

Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-2, u̯reĝ-

English meaning: to do, work

German meaning: `wirken, tun'

Material: Av. varǝz- (vǝrǝzyeiti = got. waúrkeiÞ; s. also gr. ῥέζω) `wirken, do, make', participle varšta-, varǝza- m. `Wirken, Verrichten from, Tötigkeit' (npers. varz, barz `Feldarbeit, Ackerbau'), varšti- f. `Handeln, Tun', varštva- Adj. `was to tun is'; arm. gorc `work' (with secondary o); gr. ἔργον, Fέργον `work, work' (= dt. work), ἐργάζομαι `arbeite', thereafter ἐργάτης `worker' (for *ἐργότης), ἔρδω (occasionally ἕρδω) `do, sacrifice' (*Fερzδω, *u̯erĝi̯ō lengthened grade after Fέργον as in as.wirkian), Fut. ἔρξω, Aor. ἔρξα, Perf. ἔοργα), ῥέζω `do' (from ῥέξαι neologism, hom. ἄρεκτος `ungetan' reconverted from *ἄ[F]ερκτος); ὄργανον `tool', ὄργια `(geheimer) worship', ὀργιάζω `feiere Mysterien', ὀργεών `Mitglied a religiösen Bröderschaft'; ὀργάζω, ion. ὀργάω, ὀργίζω `knead, röhre through, tan, convert hide into leather' (as nhd. Teig wirken with meaning-Verengerung in the Berufssprache), wherefore ἐόργη `Quirl' (probably redupl. Fε-Fόργᾱ);

alb. rregj `clean', Mediopassiv rregjem `möhen, strive' (stem E. Mann Lg. 26, 382 f.); abret. guerg `efficax', gall. vergo-bretus `oberste authority the Aeduer', also verco-breto (Pokorny, Vox Romanica 10, 266 f.); mcymr. gwreith `feat, dead, act' (*u̯reĝḫtu-), 1. Pl. Imper. acymr. guragun, newer gwnawn etc. (n instead of r through influence of *gnī- `make', S. 373), corn. gruen, mbr. gr-(u)eomp (*u̯reĝ- `make'), Lewis-Pedersen S. 336 f.;

as. wirkian (neologism after werk), warhta, ahd. (frönk.) wirkan, wirchen, war(a)hta `work, tötig sein, wirken'; got. waúrkjan (= av. vǝrǝzyeiti), aisl. yrkja, orta, ags. wyrcan, worhte, ahd. (obdt.) wurchen, wor(a)hta `wirken, do, make, effectuate', ahd. gawurht f. `feat, dead, act, action', got. frawaúrhts `söndig', f. `Sönde' etc., got. waúrstw n. `work' (*waúrhḫstwa-; similarly av. varštva-); ahd. werc, werah, as. werk, aisl. werk n. (= ἔργον) `work, Tötigkeit, work', ags.weorc also `hardship, agony', wherefore also aisl. verkr, Gen. verkjar (m. i-stem) `pain, affliction' hierhergehören kann;

ahd. wirken `nöhend, stickend, webend verfertigen' = as. wirkian, ags. wircan, and das therefrom not trennbare ahd. werih in the meaning `oakum, stuppa', āwirihhi, āwurihhi `oakum' show Anwendung our root auf die Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF. 22, 332 f. (the Werg and wirken `to weave' the root *u̯erg- `turn, winden' allot möchte); an nhd. Werg reminds cymr. cy-warch `Hanf, Flachs' = bret. koarc'h, abret. coarcholion gl. `canabina'; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362 seeks therein ein idg. *u̯erḫk- `turn', see above S. 1155.

References: WP. I 290 f., Frisk 548 f.

Page(s): 1168-1169

Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-3, u̯orĝ-

English meaning: to abound, to be full of strength

German meaning: `strotzen, schwellen vor Saft and Kraft or Zorn'

Material: Old Indian ū́rj-, ūrjā́ f., ūrjá- m. `juice, sap and power, nourishment, food' (*u̯_orĝ-ö), ūrjáyati `nourishes, strengthens', ū́rjasvant- `strotzend';

gr. ὀργή `seelischer, heftiger Trieb, Affekt, rage, fury' (ὀργίζω `erzörne jemanden' under likewise), ὀργάω `from dampness and juice, sap strotzen, violent lust, crave, in leidenschaftlicher Stimmung sein', ὀργάς, -άδος (γῆ) `öppiger fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au';

e-grade air. ferc, mir. ferg f. `rage, fury' presumably also the ὠκεάνος Οὐεργιουιος by Ptol. (i.e. vergivios `the angry'ö or still `the schwellende, surging'ö); mcymr. y werit `sea' (d. h. y werydd) rather from *u̯_eri̯o- to *au̯er- above S. 80 and 1165; compare Pedersen Kelt. Gr. II, 669 f.

References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1, 116.

Page(s): 1169

Root / lemma: u̯er-10

German meaning: `Fluß, fließen'

See also: see above au̯er- S. 80 f.; in addition Var- in many FlN (u̯_er-).

Page(s): 1165

Root / lemma: u̯er-11, u̯erǝ-

English meaning: friendship; trustworthy, true

German meaning: `Freundlichkeit (erweisen)'

Material: A. root nouns u̯ēr-: gr. Fηρ- in hom. (ἐπι) ἦρα φέρειν `einen Gefallen tun', Pherek. ἦρα ἴσθι, Bacchyl. ἦρα with Gen. `χάριν'; ἐπιήρανος `wohlgeföllig, pleasant'; Nom. Pl. ἐρί-ηρες `Vertraute', Sg. o-stem ἐρίηρος `traut, lieb'; βρίηρον μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον Hes.; PN Περιήρης, Διώρης from Διο-Fήρης.

B. derivative u̯ērā: germ. *wēra `pact, covenant, profession, declaration, covenant' in aisl. GN Vār `goddess the Treuschwöre', Pl. vārar `Treuegelöbde', ags. wǣr f. `pact, covenant, loyalty, protection', ahd. wāra ds., mnd. wāre `pact, covenant, peace'; Old Church Slavic f. `faith, belief'.

C. compounds auf -u̯ēro-s, -uēri-s, formal as gr. ἐρίηρoς, βρίηρος: lat. se-vērus `ohne Freundlichkeit', i.e. `stern', therefrom assevērāre `insure', persevērāre `beharren'; Gegenstöck gall. PN Co-vīrus, cymr. cywir `right, loyal, faithful'; *u̯ēriḫs in got. alla-werei `schlichte Göte', aisl. ǫlvǣrr `friendly, gastlich', ags. eal-werlic `benigne', ahd. alauuari, mhd. alwære `schlicht, oafish, clownish', ahd. zur-wāri `verdöchtig' = got. *tuzwērs (tuzwērjan `doubt'), *unwērs(un-wērjan `unwilling sein'), ahd. miti-wāri `gentle'.

D. adjective u̯ēroḫs `true': lat. vērus, air. fīr, cymr. gwir; as. ahd. wār, nhd. wahr.

E. Verbalableitungen: gr. ἑορτή (*FεFορτά̄) `Feier, festival', öol. ἔροτις ds. (*Fεροτιςö rather angeglichen an ἐροτός, hom. ἐρατός `mellifluous'); ἔρανος ds.;

ahd. werēn, giweren, giwerōn, nhd. gewöhren, as. waron `leisten'.

Here probably also germ. werðuz (= idg. *u̯ertú-) in aisl. verÞr (Dat. Sg. virÞe besides frequent verÞe) `repast, meal', got. wairdus `ξένος', as. werd, ahd. Wirt `householder, Eheherr, Wirt', afries. hus-werda `Hauswirt, householder'.

References: WP. I 285 f., WH. II 528, 768, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 115 ff., The öltesten Postverb. of Germ. 45, Frisk 531, 547 f., 565, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 184.

Page(s): 1165-1166

Root / lemma: u̯er-12

English meaning: to burn

German meaning: `brennen, verbrennen, schwörzen'

Material: Arm. vaṙem `zönde an', vaṙim `burn'; perhaps alb. vorbë `Kochtopf' and (ö) germ. *u̯arma- `warm' in got. warmjan `warm', aisl. varmr, afr. as. ahd. warm `warm', changing through ablaut ahd. wirma `Wörme' (*wirmia) and wirmina, mhd. wirme and wirmen; compare (ö) aisl. orna `warm become, warm'; Old Church Slavic varъ `heat', variti `cook' (different above S. 81); in addition also balto-slav. u̯arna- m. `raven' in lit. var̃nas, Old Prussian Vok. warnis, Akk. Pl. warnins, Old Church Slavic vranъ, russ. vóron, probably ein substantiviertes adjective *u̯arna- `black, verbrannt' in Old Church Slavic vranъ, russ. voronój `black' etc.; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. bsl. *u̯ārnā- `crow' in Old Prussian warne (secondary ē-stem), lit. várna, russ. Church Slavic vrana, serb. vrȁnа, russ. voróna (glottal stop through Vriddhi); hitt. u̯ar- `burn, verbrennen', participle u̯arant- `burning' (Intrans.), u̯ar-nu- `kindle, inflame, verbrennen'.

References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1, 169, 228 f., Szemerényi Kratylos 2, 121 f., the also germ. *swarta- `black' (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.

Page(s): 1166

Root / lemma: u̯er-13

English meaning: squirrel, etc..

German meaning: `Eichhorn, also Iltis, Marder under likewise'

Note: in den certainly Zugehörigen with Redupl. u̯er-u̯er-, u̯e-u̯er-, u̯ai-u̯er-, u̯i-u̯er-, u̯ā-u̯er-

Material: Npers. varvarah `Eichhorn'; lat. vīverra f. `Frettchen' (*vī-ver-sa); cymr. gwiwer, bret. gwiber from dem Lat.; unclear nir. iora rūadh, schott.-göl. feorag;

baltoslav. *u̯ēu̯er- and *u̯āu̯er- *u̯aiu̯er- f. `Eichhörnchen' in lit. vaiverìs (vaivaras, vaivarys) `Mönnchen of polecat or marten', vaiverė̃, voverė̃ `Eichhorn'; lett. vãvere, vāveris ds.; Old Prussianweware ds.; aruss. věverica, nslov. vẹ́verica `Eichhorn', klr. vyvirka, čech. veverka, bulg. ververica ds.;

not reduplicated in 2. part from ags. āc-weorna, aschwed. ēkorne, ahd. eihhurno, eihhorn etc. `Eichhorn' (see below *aig- `sich violent bewegen').

References: WP. I 287 f., WH. III 808, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 176.

Page(s): 1166

Root / lemma: u̯er-1, also su̯er-

English meaning: to bind, to attach

German meaning: `binden, anreihen, aufhöngen', also zum Wögen, daher `schwer; Schnur, Strick'

Material: A. Gr. ἀείρω from *ἀFέρι̯ω (with Vorschlags-α-), seit Homer also αἴρω (jedenfalls from *ἀέρι̯ω contracted, with αι instead of ᾶι): α) `reihe an, verbinde, kopple', β) `lift high, raise, uplift';

to α) `kopple':

ξυναίρεται συνάπτεται Hes., συνήορος Hom. (συνά̄ορος Pind.) `eng vereint, coniunx', att. συνωρίς `Zweigespann', τετρά̄ορος, att. τέτρωρος `Viergespann', hom. παρήορος `Beipferd besides dem Zweigespann';

to β) `lift high, lasse höngen':

ἤερτο ἐκρέματο Hes., hom. ἠερέθονται `sie flattern'; hom. μετήορος, att. μετέωρος, aeol. πεδά̄ορος `erhoben, high schwebend' (μετά `inmitten'); κατήορος, κατωρίς; κατώρης κάτω ῥέπων Hes.; ἐπήορος; ἀπήορος; in addition with lengthened grade and Intensivredupl. αἰώρα (*FαιFώρᾱ) `Schwebe, Schaukel', with αἰωρέω. further in addition ἀορτήρ `Schwertkoppel', ἀορτή `leather sack' (*ἄFορτά̄ because of lat. Lw. averta `Packsack'), also probably ἄορ n. `sword'; ἀορτ- or rather ἀαρτ- contracted to ἀ̄ρτ- in ἀρτηρία `windpipe, Arterie', besides ἀορτή `Aorta'; ἀερτ- contracted to ἀ̄ρτ- in ἀρτᾶν `anhöngen' (compare ἠέρτησε ἠέρτημαι by Alexandrinern with ἀρτάνη `rope, loop, noose, snare', ἀρτεμών `Bramsegel');

alb. vjer `hönge auf', avarī `together', vark, -gu `row, Kranz, chain', vargarī `row, Trupp';

lit. veriù, vérti `einfödeln'; lett. veru, vẽrt `einfödeln, prick, sew', in addition die Iterativa lit. várstyti, lett. vãrstīt `wiederholt einfödeln', lett. savāre `rod zum Binden', ostlit. vìrtinė `bundle', lett. virtene, virkne (*virtne) f. `Aneinandergereihtes, row', also lit. pa-varė̃ and vorà f. `long row' (from cart, animals etc.), lit. virvė̃, lett. vìrve `rope, band', Old Church Slavic vrъvь ds. (= Old Prussian wirbe ds.), lit. apìḫvaras `bootlace', varanda `netting from Weidenruten', vóras `spider'; Old Church Slavic vъvrěti `hineinstecken', provrěti `durchstecken', russ. veratь `stecken, hineinlegen', Old Church Slavic obora (*ob-vora) `rope', russ. vereníca `long row, line', Old Church Slavic verigy f. Pl. `Ketten, Fesseln', slov. veríga, verúga `chain', in addition also got. wriÞus `herd', ags. wrǣd ds.; russ. voróna, vorónka `Trichter', veretá `sack, bag', Old Church Slavic vrětiště n. ds. etc.;

B. With the meaning `row, swarm etc. `:

Old Indian vr̥ndam `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'; air. foirenn f. `factio, group, troop, multitude, crowd', acymr. guerin `factio', ncymr. gwerin `people, bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd', abret. guerin `factiones' (*varīnā); ags. weorn, wearn `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, Truppe'; toch. В war̃nai `with'; about russ. vereníca, lit. vorà, lett. virkne, alb. vargarī see above.

C. With to-formants: *u̯rēto- in Old Indian vrāta- m. `troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe, bulk, mass', ags. wrǣd `herd', got. wrēÞus (Hs. wriÞus).

D. with s mobile: su̯er- in

lit. sveriù sver̃ti `wögen', in addition svãras m. `Wage', svarùs `heavy', and svirù, svìrti `das Übergewicht have, öberhöngen'; svìrtis f. `Brunnenschwengel', lett. sveŕu, svèrt `wögen, wiegen', svars `Gewicht', svēre f. `Brunnenschwengel'; cymr. chwar-, bret. c'hoar- `geschehen';

germ. swēra- `heavy' in got. swers `geehrt', ahd. mhd. swār (ahd. swāri) `heavy, dröckend, schmerzend'; doubtful gr. ἕρμα n. `Schiffsballast' (see 1152) and lat. sērius `ernst'.

References: WP. I 263 ff., WH. II 521, Trautmann 296, 351 ff., Jokl Lingunder-kult. Untersuchungen 194, Vasmer 1, 184 ff., 226 f., 229; 2, 243, Frisk 23 f., 49, 153 ff.; H. Lewis BBC S. 4, 136 f. about kelt. *su̯ar- `geschehen' (`*fall').

Page(s): 1150-1151

Root / lemma: u̯er-2 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: highland, high place, top, high

German meaning: `erhöhte Stelle (in Gelönde or in der Haut)'

Note: extended u̯er-d-, u̯er-s-

Material: A. Lat. varus `Gesichtsausschlag, Knöspchen' (= lit. vìras, Pl. viraĩ, compare ostlit. virỹs, Pl. viriaĩ m. `Finne in Schweinefleisch'), lat. varulus `Gerstenkorn in eye', varix m. f. `Krampfader';

perhaps mir. ferbb f. `Hitzblatter, Finne' (*u̯erbhā), from which borrowed abret. guerp `Brandmal', mbret. guerbl `bubon';

nisl. var n. `Augenschleim', schwed. var n. `pus'; compare ahd. warah, ags. wearh, worsm ds.; ags. wer-nægl m. `ulcer', nengl. warnel ds.; ndl. weer `weal, callus', norw. dial. vere `swelling, lump, growth under the skin the Köhe';

with n-suffix: schwed. dial. verna, ahd. werna `Krampfader', nhd. dial. Wern `Gerstenkorn in eye' (*wernō);

with the meaning `lip' (*swollen elevation): got. wairilom Dat. Pl., ags. weleras Pl. (rearrangement from *werelas), afries. were, as from the s-extension aisl. vǫrr f. Old Prussian warsus `lip'.

u̯er-d-: npers. balū `wart' (iran. *vard-); ahd. warza, ags. wearte, aisl. varta f. (*u̯ordā) `wart'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic vrědъ `damage', russ. vered `ulcer, Eiterbeule'.

u̯er-s-: lat. verrūca `a steep place, height, a wart on the human body, an excrescence on precious stones' (by Cato also `locus editus et asper'), ags. wearr `weal, callus, wart', flöm. warre `weal, callus, knag', ahd. werra `Krampfader', nhd. Werre `Gerstenkorn in eye'.

B. Old Indian varṣmán- m. `height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost', várṣman- n. `height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, cusp, peak' = gr. ἕρμα n. `pad, Riff, hill' (ö after Frisk 561 ff. identical with ἕρμα n. `Ballast' and from idg. *su̯erḫmn̥ `schweres Gewicht'), Old Indian várṣīyas- `higher', várṣiṣṭha- `höchst'; lit. viršùs `das Obere, höchste cusp, peak', lett. vìrsus m. `das Obere', f. vìrsa; slav. *vьrchъ in Old Church Slavic vrьchъ, russ. verch `headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, acme, apex' (Old Church Slavic vrъchu `above', of u-stem); air. ferr `better' (*u̯erso- `upper') to Positiv fern `good' (*u̯erḫno-); cymr. etc. gwell `better' either from *u̯elḫno- `Wahl' or after Thurneysen Gr. 236 ferr and gwell from *u̯er-lo- with different development from -rl-; mir. farr f. `Pfosten' = cymr. gwar f. `nape' (*u̯r̥sā); manche connect got. waírsiza, ahd. wirsiro `schlimmer' with ir. ferr, so that (as by nhd. about S. 1105) `in höherem Grade' to `about dasrechte Maß hinausgehend'; doubtful gr. ῥίον `Berghöhe, foreland, promontory' (*u̯risonö) and aisl. risi, ahd. riso, mnd. rese `giant' (*wrisan-), as. wrisil ds., wrisilīc `riesenhaft' (die forms ohnew through support in germ. risan above S. 331); perhaps also thrak.-phryg. βρία `fortress' (*u̯rii̯ā) and toch. AB ri `town, city' (whether not to u̯er- `umschließen'); doubtful phryg. ὅρου `ἄνω';

after Specht (KZ 66, 199 ff.) here also gr. οὐρανός, lesb. ὤρανος (more properly ὀρρ-), ὄρανος, böot. dor. lak. ὠρανός m. `sky, heaven' from *u̯orsanos, to *u̯orsos `high' (in Old Indian várṣīyas- `higher', see above), further ablaut. gr. ῎Ερρος ὁ Ζεύς (Hes).

References: WP. I 266 f., WH. II 734, 762 f., Trautmann 360, 362, Vasmer 1, 190 f., 230.

Page(s): 1151-1152

Root / lemma: u̯er-3 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Note: here perhaps die under u̯er-1 angeföhrten baltoslavischen words. Sonst only abstraction for derivatives and Root extensions.

Page(s): 1152

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: A. u̯r̥mi-s, u̯r̥mo-s (*su̯er-)

English meaning: worm

German meaning: `Wurm'

Material: Lat. vermis (from *vormis, *u̯r̥mis); got. waúrms m. `snake', aisl. ormr, ags. wyrm, afries. wirm ds. `worm', as. ahd. wurm m. ds.; baltoslav. *u̯arma- m. `worm, insect' in lit. var̃mas `insect, mosquito', Old Prussian wormyan Vok. `red' (`wurmfarben'), ablaut. urminan ds., slav. vьrmьje n. `Insekten' in aruss. vermije, ukrain. vermányi `red'; with same meaning afries. worma `Purpur', ahd. gi-uurmōt `red geförbt', ags. wurma m. `Purpurschnecke, Waid, Purpur', out of it borrowed abret. uurm `dark', cymr. gwrm `dark(blue)', from which again air. gorm ds.; gr. PN Fαρμίχος and ῥόμος (öol. *Fρόμος from *u̯r̥mos) `Holzwurm' Hes.; compare from the g- or gh-extension in the same meaning mir. frige f., Nom. Pl. frigit `Fleischwurm' (*u̯r̥g(h)-n̥tes), cymr. Pl. gwraint `Wörmer in the skin' (*u̯rg(h)n̥toi), gallolat. brigantes (*vrigantes) `Wörmer in eyelid'; mbret. gruech, nbret. grec'h f. `Milbe' (from brit. *vriggā, with intensification).

References: WP. I 271, WH. II 760, Trautmann 342 f., Vasmer 1, 189, Frisk 501;

See also: rhyme word to kʷr̥mi-, above S. 649.

Page(s): 1152

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: B. u̯er-b- and u̯er-bh- (*su̯erkʷ-)

English meaning: to turn, bend

German meaning: `drehen, biegen'

Material: Gr. ῥάμνος `a kind of briar, Rhamnus paliurus L. `(*ῥαβ-νος, *u̯r̥b-nos), ῥάβδος `rod, Gerte, staff', öol. Glosse ῥυβόν `ἐπικαμπές';

lat. Pl. verbera, -um `Ruten, Rutenschlöge, Zöchtigung' (verberāre `with Ruten stroke, hit'), verbēna `die leaves and zarten Zweige of Lorbeers, Ölbaums, the Myrte etc. as heilige Kröuter' (*u̯erbesḫnā; compare den in subverbustus the basic liegenden -es-stem);

lit. vir̃bas m. `Reis, Gerte', vir̃balas `thin Stöbchen, knitting needle', virbìnis `loop, noose, snare', lett. virbs `Stöckchen', virba `shaft, pole', Old Church Slavic *vrъba `willow', russ. vérba `Weidenzweig' (with the accentuation of Akk. Sg.; russ. dial. verbá hat die older slav. accentuation), voróba `Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett', voróby `Garnwinde';

got. waírpan `throw' (`*turn'), aisl. verpa `throw' and `ein Gewebe anzetteln, die chain shave, shear', aldri orpinn `of Alter gebeugt', verpask `vor Hitze zusammenschrumpfen', ags. weorpan, as. werpan, ahd. werfan `throw'; aisl. varp n. `das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of Gewebes', as. warp, ahd. warf, ags. wearp n. ds.;

die lat. and bsl. words (an sich also ῥάμνος) could also idg. *u̯erbh- fortsetzen; auf ein solches could bezogen become die auf nasalized *u̯rembh- indicating ῥέμφος τὸ στόμα, ἤ ῥίς Hes., τὸ ῥάμφος `krummer Vogelschnabel', probably hybridization from ῥεμφ- and ῥαφ-), ῥαμφή `gebogenes knife', ῥαμφίς `gebogener hook', ῥαμψός `gebogen', nd. wrömmeln `zerknöllen, zerknittern';

nasalized u̯remb-: gr. ῥέμβω `turn, twist, rotate in Kreise herum', Med. `turn, twist, rotate mich herum, treibe herum', ῥόμβος (att. ῥύμβος) `kreisförmige movement, Schwung, Kreisel', cymr. gwrym `hem, suture' (*u̯rembo-); mnd. wrimpen, wrempen `(das face) zusammenziehen, römpfen', wrempich `distortus, verdreht, römpfig', wrampachtich `winded, crooked', holl. wrimpen, wrempen `distorquēre' (besides germ. *hremp- and remp-, ahd. hrimpfan, rimpfan `römpfen').

References: WP. I 275 f., WH. II 756.

Page(s): 1153

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: C. u̯(e)r-ed- (*su̯erkʷh-)

English meaning: to bend down, to sway

German meaning: `sich biegen, neigen, schwanken'

Material: Gr. ῥαδινός, öol. βράδινος (i.e. Fράδινος) `schwank, slim, agile', ῥοδανός `schwank', ῥοδάνη (by Hes. ῥαδάνη) `the gedrehte filament, Einschlag', ῥαδαλός `slim, aufgeschossen';

got. wratōn `wander, reisen', isl. rata `wander, umherschweifen, reisen, meet, find', mhd. razzeln `wenden, turn', ahd. rāzi `vagans, rapax'; lit. randù, radãu, ràsti `find'(`in-venire'); lett. rūodu, rast ds.;

suffixales -st- (Krahe PBB 71, 242) show aisl. rǫst `Wasserwirbel', ags. wræstlian, mnd.worstelen `wrestle, struggle' (about das as `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, walzig' partly here or to *u̯ert- gestellte ahd. wurst, nhd. `Wurst = sausage' s. Kluge-Götze¹⁶ 288).

References: WP. I 273 f., Trautmann 236.

Page(s): 1153-1154

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: D. u̯er-g- (*su̯ergʷ-)

English meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Material: Old Indian vr̥ṇákti, várjati `wendet, dreht', vr̥jiná- `crooked, rönkevoll' (rather with g-forms to vr̥nṓti `wehrt', s. u̯er- `umschließen'); lat. vergō -ere `sich neigen'; vermina n. Pl. `das Bauchgrimmen' (*u̯ergḫmena); holl. werken `sich werfen, krummziehen (from wood)', schwed. vurken `windschief through dampness'; lett. sa-vergt `shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up'; Old Church Slavic vrьgǫ, vrěšti `throw' russ. ot-vérgnut' `ablehnen' etc.; compare under S. 1181;

cymr. gwraint `Wörmer' etc. (see above S. 1152) kann g or ĝh in Wurzelauslaut have.

Nasalized *u̯reng-:

ags. wrenc (*u̯rongi-) `(gyration), Modulation the voice, Kunstgriff, insidiousness', wrencan `turn, winden, cheat, deceive', wrincle `wrinkle', ahd. birenkit `luxated', mhd. renken `drehend ziehen', mhd. ranc, Pl. renke m. `gyration, curvature, schnelle Bewegung', nhd. verrenken, Rank `Rönke', nschwed. vrinka `verstauchen', nnorw. vrinke `abgeschmackt become'; lit. reñgtis `sich schwerföllig böcken, crook', rangùs `ductile', rangštùs `hasty', rìnga `ein crooked Dasitzender' under likewise; perhaps Old Indian abhi-vlaṅgá- m. `Fangnetz', abhi-vlag- `capture'; under the imagining of Nasenrömpfens kann angereiht become lat. ringor (rictus then with analog. i for e) `den Mund aufsperren and die Zöhne fletschen, sich örgern', Church Slavic ręgnǫti `hiscere', rǫgъ `derision, ridicule' etc.

References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f.

Page(s): 1154

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh-)

English meaning: to turn, press, strangle

German meaning: `drehen, einengen, wörgen, pressen'

Note: nasalized u̯renĝh-

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh-): `to turn, press, strangle' derived from g- extension of Root / lemma: u̯eis-2 : `to turn, bend' [rhotacism -s- > -r-].

Material: Aisl. virgill `rope', urga `rope, hawser-end', as. wurgil `rope', mhd. erwergen st. V. `erwörgen', ahd. wurgen `die Kehle zusammenschnören, erwörgen', ags. wyrgan ds.; aisl. vargr (`*Wörger'=) `wolf, geöchteter Verbrecher', ags. wearg, as. ahd. war(a)g `robber, Verbrecher', got. launawargs `undankbarer person', gawargjan (`zum *warga- make') = `verdammen' = ags. wiergan `verfluchen', as. waragean `as einen Verbrecher punish, curse' etc.;

Maybe alb. geg. (*vargha) varza `girl, virgin' : lat. virga `thin branch, rod' (from *u̯iz-gā), virgō `girl, virgin';

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh-): `to turn, press, strangle' < rhotacism s/r of Root / lemma: u̯eis-2 : `to turn, bend'.

alb. z-vjerth `entwöhne' (`binde los'; doubt, if not to *u̯ert-, by Pedersen KZ. 36, 335);

lit. veržiù, ver̃žti `einengen, lace, tie, press', veržỹs, viržỹs `rope', viržė́ti `bind', váržas `fish snaring net', lett. vērzt `wenden, turn, kehren, lenken', varzi `Setzkorb', var̃za `Fischwehr; eine verwickelte thing'; Old Church Slavic -vrьzǫ, -vrěsti `bind', russ. pá-voroz `Zugschnur (amBeutel)', poln. powróz `rope', sloven. vrzēl f. `fence, hedge', perhaps also russ. vérša, poln. wiersza (*u̯erĝhḫsi̯ā) `Reuse', klr. veréslo (*u̯erĝh-s-lo-) `Körbisstengel', čech. povříslo `Garbenband, Strohband', serb. vrijèslo `Kesselhaken';

lit. viržỹs, lett. vìrsis (*u̯r̥ĝhi̯o-) `Heidekraut', changing through ablaut russ. véres, véresk `Heidekraut', poln. wrzos, serb. vrȉjes ds.; lit. vir̃kštis, lett. virksne (*virsk) `stiff, intense Kraut from Bohnen, Kartoffeln; Ranken from Erbsen, Hopfen'; compare from the i-extension *u̯(e)rei-k- die words for Heidekraut gr. (F)ἐρείκη, air. froech, cymr. grug (*u̯roiko-).

Nasalized *u̯renĝh-:

Gr. ῥίμφα (*u̯renghu̯-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302) `rash, hasty, behende' (`sich drehend');

ahd. (ge)ringi `light', afries. ring, mndl. gheringhe, mnd. mhd. (ge)ringi `light, quick, fast willing, ready', if mnd. fries. r- instead of to erwartenden wr- through old dissimil. reduction of w- in the Vorstufe proto germ. *wrinʒwja- (from *u̯renghu̯-) to define is;

with other meaning development: ags. as. wrengan `fest zusammendrehen, winden, press', ahd. ringan `sich windend anstrengen, luctāri', nhd. ringen to dön. vringle `winden', mnd. mnl.wrang `bitter', mhd. rang `Umdrehung', ags. wrang n. (engl. wrong) `wrong; injustice' (< anorw. vrang), ags.wrang(a) m. `Schiffsbauch' (< anorw. vrǫng), alem. rang `convolution'; got. wruggō `loop, noose, snare'; aisl.rangr (aschwed. vranger) `crooked, verdreht, unrecht', mnd. wrank, wrange `sour, bitter', aisl.rǫng f. `Krummholz', ags. wrang, mnd. urange f. ds.

References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ. 72, 193 f.

See also: compare u̯erĝ- under S. 1168.

Page(s): 1154-1155

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: F. u̯er-k- (*su̯erkʷh-)

English meaning: to turn, wind, bend

German meaning: `drehen, winden'

Note: nasalized u̯renk-

Material: Nir. feirc f. (air. ferc) `hump, hunchback, hunch, Heft'; cymr. cywarch `Hanf, rope, band' (*kom-u̯orko-), abret. coarcholion Pl. `from Hanf', bret. Vannes koarc'h `Hanf', corn. cûer ds.;

u̯renk- : u̯ronk- in german. *u̯ranhō, aisl. vrā f. `angle, point, edge' (*u̯ronhā) = schott.-göl. frōg f. `cave, swamp, marsh, hideout' (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in addition late lat. branca `paw' (`die crooked'), from gall. (probably nichtkelt. origin) *u̯rankā, idg. *u̯ronkā = baltoslav. *rankā `hand' in lit. rankà, lett. ruoka `hand, Arm'; Old Church Slavic rǫka `hand', russ. ruká `hand, Arm'; further to lit. renkù, riñkti `auflesen, gather, collect', parankà f. `Nachlese'.

References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg Frz. etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dicc. de la langua castellana 1, 509, Specht Idg. Dekl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237, Vasmer 2, 545.

Page(s): 1155

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: G. u̯er-p-, u̯r-ep- (*su̯erkʷh-)

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, winden'

Material: Old Indian várpas- n. `artifice, Kunstgriff', originally `*curvature, Winkelzug';

gr. ῥάπτω (*Fραπι̯ω, *u̯r̥p-) `nöhe together, flicke', ῥαπίς `needle' (also ῥαφίς, as ῥαφή `suture' with φ probably through Entgleisung); ῥέπω `biege mich, schlage after a Seite from', ῥοπή `skin rash, Neigung', ἀντίρροπος `gleichwiegend', ἀμφιρρεπής `sich auf beide Seiten neigend', καλα-ῦροψ (καλα-Fροπ-) `Hirtenstab', δεῦρο (*δε-Fροπ) eig. `here gewendet!', ῥόπαλον `Wurfstab, cudgel, club', ῥόπτρον `club, mace, joint, Törklopfer, Stellholz in a Falle', ῥαπίς `rod, staff' (perhaps also ῥάβδος with β from p, see above *u̯erb-); lengthened grade ῥῶπες Pl. `Zweige, shrubbery, shrubbery, bush', ῥωπήιον `shrubbery, bush, thicket';

alb. vrap `schneller gait';

lat. repēns `sudden (*den Ausschlag giving)';

maybe alb. rjep `peel, skin'

perhaps veprēs (mostly Pl.) `briar, Dorngebösch', if dissimil. from *vreprēs, undverpa `das mönnliche limb, member', if actually `*rod', from *u̯orpā or *u̯r̥pā (: ῥαπίς), verpus `the Beschnittene';

aisl. orf, ahd. worf, mhd. (sensen)worp, nhd. dial. worb `Sensenstiel' (from `*rod'; ablaut equally with ῥαπίς and perhaps lat. verpa); dön. dial. vravle `winden, maunder, drivel', mengl. wrappen `wickeln';

lit. verpiù, ver̃pti (lett. vērpt) `spinnen', varpstė̃ `coil, spool, spindle', lett. vàrpste ds., verpeli `whirlwind', lit. vìrpiu, -ė́ti, virpu, -ti `waver, tremble, quiver', virpulỹs `Zittern the Glieder', and with the development to `drehend toss, fling, throw, loslassen', Old Prussian etwierpt `loslassen' (`*drehend toss, fling'), anuirpis `Wasserablaß, Flutrinne', craujawirps `Aderlassen', pouiērpt `freilassen', pouirps `free'; russ.-Church Slavic vьrpu, vьrpsti `reiße, pflöcke, raube'; changing through ablaut lit. var̃pas `Ähre' (`*das Gepflöckte'), lett. vãrpa ds., lit. varpýti `stochern'; formal comparable čech. vrápa, vráp `wrinkle', sloven. vrâpa, rápa `Hautrunzel', nsorb. ropa, osorb. (w)ropa `crease'.

References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.

Page(s): 1156

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: H. u̯er-t- (*su̯erkʷh-)

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, wenden'

Grammatical information: causative-iterative u̯ortei̯ō

Material: Old Indian themat. present vartati(-tē) `dreht', Med. `dreht sich, rollt, verlöuft', avest. varǝt- `sich wenden'; other Prösentia Old Indian vavartti, vartti, causative vartáyati `places in drehende Bewegung' (= got. fra-wardjan, Old Church Slavic vratiti, lit. vartýti), vártman- n. `pathway', vartana- n. `das Drehen', by den Mitanni-Indern aika-vartana etc. `eine Runde (the racecourse)'; vartula- `round', vartulā `Spinnwirtel' (: mhd. wirtel), vr̥ttá- `twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round' (= lat. vorsus, virsus, lit. vir̃stas etc.), vr̥tti- f. `das Rollen, kind of, nature' (= lat. versi-ō, Old Church Slavic vrъstь), varti `Gerolltes'; ein present *vr̥natmi is because of vŕ̥nta- m. `Blattstiel', vr̥ntāka- m. `Eierpflanze' anzunehmen; vr̥kkáu (*vr̥tka-) `kidneys' (actually `bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb'), av. vǝrǝδka- vǝrǝt̃ka- ds.,

compare pehl. gurtak, npers. gurda `kidney' from Old pers. *vr̥t(a);

Note:

Wrong etymology, since those cognates derived from alb. gur `stone in the kidneys', ngurta `stony'.

gr. ῥατάνη (Fρατ- from *u̯r̥t-) `Röhrlöffel', βρατάνην τορύνην ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes., ῥοτάρια (ῥοτ- Aeolian; -τάνιαö) τορύνιον Hes.; ἄρρατος `hard, not drehbar' (*ἀ-Fρᾰτ-ος);

lat. vertō (neologism to replacement of old Kausativsö), vertī, versum `kehren, wenden, turn', Deponens revertor; vortex, vertex `whirl, Scheitel', versus, adversus `gegen' (to-participle), versus, -ūs m. `line, row, furrow'; umbr. kuvertu, covertu `convertitō', trahvorfi `transverse', lat. versi-ōn-, osk. Dat. Fερσορει ein Götterepithet; osk. umbr. vorsus ein piece of wood as field measure is ein Terminus the röm. Siedler in Campanien (M. Leumann); compare air. forrach `ein piece of wood as field measure';

ven. goddess Vrotah `Wenderin, Geburtsgöttin' (Vetter Gl. 20, 72);

air. ad-ferta `aversatur', adbart `adversarius', ablaut. dī-fort- `diffuse, einschenken' (compare frz. verser), mir. fertas f. `Schaft, spindle, Erdwall' (newer fersat), cymr. gwerthyd `spindle', acorn. gurhthit gl. `fusus', abret. Pl. guirtitou gl. `fusis', mbret. guersit ds.; root nouns as Adverb *u̯r̥t: air. preposition fri, preverb frith-, mcymr. gwrth, ncymr. wrth, corn.orth, bret. ouz `gegen' (zur basic form s. Thurneysen Grammar S. 515, Jackson Language and History S. 337); cymr. gwerthu `sell', corn. gwerthe, bret. gwerza ds. (but cymr. gwerth `Preis' kann ags. Lw. sein);

got. etc. wairÞan, ahd. werdan `become' (`to turn'); got. fra-wardjan, ahd. frawarten `spoil' (causative to frawairÞan `zugrunde go', actually `eine Wendung zum Übel nehmen'), got. etc. -waírÞs, ahd. -wert, nhd. -wörts `wohin gewendet'; perhaps got. etc. wairÞs, ahd.wert, Subst. `Wert, Preis' (compare air. frith-, lat. vorsus `gegen' together with dem relationship from Old Indian práti `gegen': lat. pretium `as Gegenwert dienender Preis)' ahd. wurt `fate, destiny' (*u̯r̥ti- `turn');

baltoslav. *u̯erti̯ō `wende, turn, twist, rotate' (older *u̯ertō) in lit. verčiù, ver̃sti, lett. veršu, verst `wenden, kehren', Intransitiv lit. virstù (*vr̥tḫstō), vir̃sti `umfallen, fall, sich in etwas verwandeln', Iter. vartýti `continual wenden', Old Prussian wirst `wird'; slav. *vьrtjǫ, *vьrtěti in Old Church Slavic vrьtěti sę `περισπᾶσθαι', Iter. vratiti sę `στρέφεσθαι', russ.-Church Slavic vrěteno `spindle'(*u̯erteno- n.), Old Church Slavic vrěmę `time' (*u̯ertḫmen n.), lit. var̃stas `Pflugwende', compare Old Prussian ainawarst `once'; baltoslav. *u̯irstā f. `Wende' in Old Church Slavic vrъsta `ἡλικία', russ. verstá `row, Lebensalter, Werst', compare die participle lit. vir̃stas: lat. versus, Old Indian vr̥ttá- and lat. versus, -ūs `furrow, line, row'; Old Indian vr̥ttá- n. `way of life, lifestyle, Benehmen'; baltoslav. *u̯irsti- f. `kind of' in russ.-Church Slavic sъvьrstь `gleiches age, pair', slov. vr̂st `row, kind of', compare lit. Infin. vir̃sti: Old Indian vr̥tti- f. see above.

toch. A wört- `throw', В wrattsai `gegen' (*wart, *u̯r̥t), yerter `Radkranz', A wërkönt, В Obl. yerkwantai (*yertwantai), Pedersen Toch. 235.

References: WP. II 274 f., WH. II 763 ff., Trautmann 354 f., Vasmer 1, 189, 190, 229, 230, 235, Frick 151.

Page(s): 1156-1158

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: α) u̯rei-n-: (*su̯erkʷh-)

English meaning: to be confused; to clench the teeth

German meaning: `das Gesicht verdrehen, from Verlegenheit, beim Grinsen, beim Beißen in etwas Saures'

Material: norw. dial. vrīna, vrein `grinsen; in the rutting die Oberlippe and Nase heave, life or verdrehen', then also `cry, neigh, from brönstigen horses' (hence ags. wrǣne `horny, lustful', as. wrēnisk, ahd. reinisc `leichtfertig, horny, lustful', as. wrēnio, ahd. reinno `stallion' under likewise), dön. dial. vrinsk `very sour' (`den Mund verziehend')

References: WP. I 277, WH. II 433 f.

Page(s): 1158

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: β) u̯rizd- (*su̯eriĝʷh-)

English meaning: to be confused, ashamed

German meaning: `wird verlegen, schömt sich' (ö)

Material: viell. from an s-Erweit. and with probably prösensbildendem d: Old Indian vrīḍatē `wird verlegen, schömt sich', vrīḍa- m. `Verlegenheit, the genitals' (*u̯riḫzḫd-), lat. rīdeō, -ēre `lachen'; ags. wrǣstan `turn, bend', norw. dial. (v)reist `Weidenring; Querkopf', isl. reista `verdrehen, crook', could ein idg. *u̯roizd- voraussetzen.

Page(s): 1158

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: γ) u̯reiĝ- (*su̯ereiĝʷh-)

English meaning: to be crooked (ö)

German meaning: `krumm sein' (ö)

Material: In av. urvizō-maiδya- `die Leibesmitte schnörend', zaranyō-urvixšna `with goldener Verschnörung (am shoe)' (unorganisches x); got. wraiqs `σκολιός', afries. wrāk `crooked', schwed. vrēk `eigensinniger person' (*u̯roiĝ-u̯o-s); here das in vocalism irregular gr. ῥαιβός `crooked';

gr. ῥοιβός is hybridization from ῥοικός and ῥαιβός.

References: WP. I 279.

Page(s): 1158

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: δ) u̯reik̂- (*su̯ereik̂ʷh-)

English meaning: to turn, bind

German meaning: `drehen; umwickeln, binden'

Material: Av. urvisyeiti (*vriśyati) `wendet sich, dreht sich', Kaus. urvaēsayeiti `wendet, dreht', urvaēsa- m. `gyration' (= gr. ῥοικός, ndl. wreeg); Old Indian vréśī- `Wasserwirbel';

gr. ῥοικός `writhed, crooked, humped, gebogen', ῥικνός ds.; ῥίσκος `Koffer, hutch' maybe from *u̯rik̂ḫskos;

lat. rīca `Kopftuch', rīcinium, originally dial. rēcinium `small Kopftuch' (*u̯reikā);

mnd. wrīch (wrīg-) `bent, verdreht, (therefrom) stiff; verröckt, eigensinnig, heimtöckisch', engl. wry `slant, skew', ags. wrīgian `tendere, conari, niti', (`*sich winden, whereupon wrestle, struggle'), afries. wrīgia `be bent, bow' (ö), ags. urīxl f. `variation, Tausch, earnings', aisl. rǣxn m. `knot', hence probably also ags. wrāsen, wrǣsen f., ahd. reisan n. ds. mengl. wrāh `inverted, halsstarrig', ndl. wreeg `stiff', Subst. `Fußbeuge', aisl. reigiask `den Kopf zuröckwerfen, violent become', aisl. riga f. `bend', riga `move', nisl. rig n, rigr m. `stiffness in den Gliedern' (from `*luxated'), mhd. rigen, widerrigen `wogegen ankömpfen, widerstreben', nd. wrigge(le)n `seitwörts or hin- and her drehen', engl. wriggle `crook oneself', nd. uriggel `Eigensinn', norw. rigga `connect, umwickeln; upset; doubtful go', rigla `wobble, sway, doubtful go'; mhd. ric, rickes `band, strap, manacle, knot; Geschlinge the Eingeweide, narrow way', schweiz. rikch `Heftel from Faden', mhd. ric `neck' (probably as `*Dreher'), with expressive consonant stretch the Intensivitöt mengl. nd. ndl.wrikken `hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway', mnd. vor-wrikken `dislocate, luxate, crick', norw. (v)rikka, schwed. vrikka `dislocate, luxate, crick, wriggeln'; ndl. gewricht `joint'; mnd. wrist, ags. wrist, wyrst, aschw. vrist, aisl. rist `Fußgelenk', mhd. rist `hand-, Fußgelenk' (*wrihst-); ahd. rīho m. `sura, poples, locus corrigiae', mhd. rīhe `Rist of Fußes', nhd. Reihen ds., mndl. wrīghe, ndl. wreeg `Fußbiege'; with the meaning `umwickeln' (: lat. rīca): ags. wrīon, wrēon (*wrīhan) `einhöllen, cover, shield', wrigels `Hölle', ahd. intḫrīhhen, -rīhan, participle intrigan `enthöllen', mhd.rigel m. `eine headpiece, die man umwindet';

lit. rišù, rìšti `bind', ryšỹs m. `bundle', raišaũ `bind', raĩštis `band, strap, Binde, head fascia', also raĩkštis with k-insertion, as rýkštė `Gerte', iš-si-rýkšti `sich in Föden auflösen' (perhaps `sich ausringeln, kröuseln'), ráišas and raĩšas `lame' (`*luxated, crooked'), ráištu, -šau, -šti `lame become', ríešas `ankle', lett. risu, rist `bind', riešu rist ds., ristu, rīstu(*u̯rī̆kḫstō, barely nasalized) `föge mich an'; Old Prussian senrists `connected', perrēist `connect'.

References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 408.

Page(s): 1158-1159

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: ε) u̯reip-, u̯rīp- (*su̯ereikʷh-)

English meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Material: Gr. ῥί̄ψ, ῥῑπός, ion. ῥῖπος n. `wickerwork, Matte', ῥί̄πτω `throw, cast', ῥῑπή `drehende Bewegung, Schwung, Wurf' (in addition Εὔρῑπος), ῥῑπίς `flabellum, bellows';

ahd. rīban, mhd. rīben `reibend wenden or turn', nhd. bair. reiben `turn, wenden', mnd. wrīven, fries. wriwwe `rub', nd. wribbeln `turn'.

References: WP. I 280, Kluge-Götze¹⁶ 607.

Page(s): 1159

Root / lemma: u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: ζ) u̯reit- (*su̯ereikʷh-)

English meaning: to turn

German meaning: `drehen'

Material: Aschwed. vrīÞa, aisl. rīða `turn, wringen, winden, tie, bind, knot', ags. wrī-ðan, ahd. rīdan `turn, winden, bind', ags. wriða m. `rein, ring'; aisl. riðull `tussock', isl. riðill `walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden', ahd. ridil m. `Haarband, Kopfband'; ags. wrǣð, wrǣð f. `band, strap, bundle', mnd. wrēden `zusammendrehen', ahd. reid, reidi `curly, frizzy'; with the meaning `zornrunzelnd' aisl. reiðr `angry, irate', ags. wrāð `angry, irate, hostile, violent', as. wrēth, mnd. wrēt ds.;

lit. riečiù (*reiti̯ō), riẽsti `winden, wickeln, roll', lett. riešu, riest `abfallen, sich abtrennen', therefrom lit. rietė́ti `auskriechen', changing through ablaut ritù, -aũ, rìsti `roll, wölzen', lett. ritu, rist ds., iterative lit. ráičioti `hin- and herrollen';

eine additional form with germ. t (phonetically influenced from wrītan `rend'ö) in older ndrhein. wrīten `turn, verdrehen, wringen', ndl. wrijten `turn'.

References: WP. I 279 f., Trautmann 242.

Page(s): 1159-1160

Root / lemma: u̯er-4 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to find, take

German meaning: `finden, nehmen'

Note: besides u̯erē(i)-, u̯ērī-

Material: Arm. gerem `take gefangen, raube';

gr. (with unclear ευ as by εὐρύς, 8. u̯er-; Aspiration after ἑλεῖν) εὑρί̄σκω `find' (Quantitöt of ι: unacquainted), εὑρή-σω, εὕρη-κα (*Fέ-Fρη-), εὗρον, εὑρέ-θην, εὑρε-τής;

air. fūar `invēni' (*u̯eḫu̯rḫa), frīth `inventum est' (*u̯rēḫto-);

*u̯rēt- in lit. su-rė̃sti, sùrėčau `catch, grasp', Old Church Slavic obrěsti `find', sъ-rěsti `find, encounter, meet', Aor. -rětъ (present -ręštǫ), ob-ręšta `Erfindung'.

References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f.

Page(s): 1160

Root / lemma: u̯er-5 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save

German meaning: `verschließen, bedecken; schötzen, retten, abwehren'

Material: A. With Pröfixen: `shut' and `öffnen'; `door'; u̯ortom `gate'.

Old Indian api-vr̥ṇóti `verschließt, bedeckt', apa-vr̥ṇoti `öffnet'; also lat. operiō `bedecke', aperiō `öffne' (from *op(i)- and *ap(o)-u̯eriō); osk. veru `portam', umbr. verof-e `in portam', osk.vereias Gen. Sg. `Jungmönnerbund' (originally `Torwache', Vetter Gl. 29, 240);

lit. ùžveriu, -vérti `shut', atvérti `öffnen' (from which previously without preverb veriù, vérti `öffnen', and `shut'; Old Church Slavic (za)/vьrǫ, vrěti `shut', Iter. ot-voriti `öffnen';

derivatives: *u̯ortom in Nom. Pl. lit. var̃tai, lett. vàrti `gate, door', Old Prussian warto `Haustöre'; Old Church Slavic vrata, russ. voróta `gate, Töre'; also to 3. u̯er- could belong Old Church Slavic verěja and zaḫvorъ `Hebebaum', russ. verejá `Torflögel', zavor `gesperrter passage';

perhaps here lit. varýti `drive, push' (formal = germ. warjan, Old Church Slavic ot-voriti, compare also Old Indian Kaus. vāráyati) as `das gate öffnen, um das Vieh from the hurdle hinauszutreiben'; in addition russ. provórnyj `fast, rapid, hurried, agile'.

B. u̯er-, u̯eru-, u̯rū- `verschließen, cover, shield, retten'; u̯er-to- `paddock', u̯er-tro `protection', u̯r̥-ti- `Einzöunung'.

Old Indian vr̥ṇṓti (also várati and Kaus. varáyati) `umschließt, wehrt'; av. Akt. -vǝrǝnav-, Med. vǝrǝn- `cover, höllen'; derivatives from a light basis: Old Indian vr̥tá- participle Perf. Pass., vr̥ti- f. `Einzöunung' (av. hąm-varǝtay- `Tapferkeit'), varman- n. `protection', vártra- n. `Schutzdamm, Deich' (osset. vart `shield' from iran. *vr̥ϑra-, s. Bailey IRAS 1953, 110 f.), vr̥tra- n. `Abwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e)', (av. vǝrǝϑra- `Widerstand, Wehr, shield'), Sg. GN Vr̥tra- (`the die Gewösser einschließt'ö), varatrā- `strap', várdhra-, vadhra- m. va(r)-dhrī ds., vara- m. `Einschließen', also vala- (av. vara- ds.), lengthened grade vāra- (av. -vāra-) `Deckung, Wehr'; av.varǝna- `Umhöllung, Bedeckung' (thereafter Old Indian várṇa- `paint, color' probably from `Bedeckung'), varǝϑa- `Verteidigungswaffe, Wehr', vārǝϑman- `Wehr, parapet' etc.;

u̯erū̆- besides in present vr̥ṇṓti in Old Indian varū-tár- m. `Schötzer, Schirmer', várū-tha- n. `protection, shield, Heer, herd, swarm', perhaps the GN Váruṇa- as `the binder' (as Mitra above S. 710); here also Old Indian uruṣyáti `befreit, erlost, rettet' as uru-ṣ-yáti, compare hitt. u̯arressesta `protected'; about Old Indian Váruṇa- s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, S. 485 (to u̯ē̆r- `water', above S. 80);

gr. perhaps εὐρώς, -ῶτος `mildew, Moder', if actually `Bedecker' (wöre *ἐ-Fρω-τ-, compare Old Indian arṇō-vr̥t `die Fluten einschließend');

Fερῠ- in hom. ἔρυσθαι `abwehren, retten, preserve, protect', Impf. ἔρυ:-σο, -το, themat. geworden ἐρύ̄ετο, Perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι), ion. εἰρύομαι (*ἐFερύομαι) `hold fest, preserve', ἔρυμα `protection, defense', ἐρυμνός `geschötzt, befestigt', ἐρυσί-πτολις `stadtschötzend'; Εὐρυσί-λαος, Εὐρύ-λαος under likewise (ἐ-Fρυ-);

other ablaut grade Fρῡ- without Vokalvorschlag in Inf. hom. ῥῦσθαι, hom. ion. ῥύ̆ομαι `schirme, errette; hold fest, hold back' (latter meaning, die also the k-Erweit. ἐρύ̄κω, ἐρῡκάνω, ἐρῡκανάω `hold ab, back', Pass. `zögere' innewohnt, from `through einen Verschluß fernhalten, abwehren'), Perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι), ῥῦμα `protection, defense', ῥύ̄σιος `schötzend, rettend', ῥύ̄τωρ, ῥῡτήρ `Retter, liberator', ῥῡσίπολις `stadtschötzend'; lengthened grade ἠρίον `burial mound';

alb. varr `grave' (*u̯ornā), vathë `paddock';

air. ferenn (*u̯ereno-) `belt, girdle', fertae (mir. fert) `burial mound' (with Steinen verschlossen) = ags. weorð (see under), air. feronn, ferann (*u̯erono-) `land, farmland' (probably `*umhegt'); mcymr. gwerthyr `fortress' (*u̯ertro-; compare above Old Indian vartra-); here probably air. Ériu, Gen. Érenn, cymr. Iwerddon `Irland' as *epiḫu̯eriō, Gen. -i̯onos `hill, island' (compare ahd. werid) after Pokorny KZ. 47, 233, ZcP. 15, 197 ff.;

got. warjan `wehren', aisl. verja `wehren, hinder, verteidigen', ags. werian `ds., aufdömmen', ahd. weren `verteidigen, shield', as. werian `wehren, shield, hinder', germ. -varii (`Verteidiger', out of it `Einwohner') in Chatuvarii, Bojuvarii, aisl. e.g. Rūm-verjar `Römer'; urnord. waru `the umschließende Steinkreis um ein grave' (see above ir. fert) = aisl. vǫr f., nnorw.vor m. `Reihe from Steinen', also `hill or bank from Steinen or gravel', aisl. ver n. `dam, Fischwehr', ags. wer m. ds., mhd. wer n. `Stauwehr', ahd. werī `Wehr, protection', ags. mylen-waru, -wer `Möhlenteich', waru `protection'; lengthened grade ahd. wuorī f. `dam', schweiz. wuhr `Wehr'; aisl.vǫrn `Verteidigung, protection', ags. wearn `Widerstand, Verweigerung' (in mhd. warne, werne `Vorsicht, Försorge, warning' is ein to *u̯er- `gewahren' gehöriges word eingeflossen), aisl. varna `sichenthalten, vorenthalten' = ags. wearnian `warn', refl. `sich enthalten', ahd. warnōn `sich höten, warn', ags. wiernan `sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject';

ags. waroð n. `bank, border, shore, beach, seaside', ahd. werid `island, Halbinsel' (nhd. Werder), mhd. wert `Landröcken between Sömpfen, bank, border, shore', mnd. werde(r) `eingedeichtes Land';

ags. weorð, worð n. m. `courtyard, household' (*u̯er-to-, *u̯r̥ḫto-), as. wurth f. `gestampfter odergepflasterter Platz' (= Old Indian vr̥ti-), mnd. wurt, wort, wurde, worde f. `erhöhter place, Hofstötte; garden, Feldstöck', aisl. urð f. `heap from Felsblöcken';

compare alb. vathë `paddock, Hof um das Haus, hurdle, sheepfold' (*u̯or-tā), tochar. В wörto, wart(t)o `garden, wood, forest', ir. fert `burial mound'; in the meaning also Old Church Slavic vora `saepimentum'.

References: WP. I 280 ff., Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;

See also: in addition u̯erĝh-1.

Page(s): 1160-1162

Root / lemma: u̯er-6 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to talk, speak

German meaning: `feierlich sagen, sprechen'

Note: also u̯ere-, u̯rē-

Material: Av. urvāta- n. `determination, command' (= ῥητόν), next to which from the light basis *u̯ere-: av. urvata- n. `determination' = Old Indian vratá- n. `command, statute, profession, declaration', and Old Church Slavic rota `oath'; ablaut. Old Prussian wertemmai `wir schwören';

gr. εἴρω `say' (*Fερι̯ω), Fut. ep. ion. ἐρέω, att. ἐρῶ, Pass. Aor. ion. εἰρέθην (*ἐFρέθην), att.ἐρρήθην (*εFρήθην), Perf. εἴρη-κα, -μαι diss. from *FεFρη-, compare geneuertes = renamed, has changedöö arg. FεFρημένα; ῥητός `verabredet = festgesetzt', ῥήτωρ, öol. Fρήτωρ `Redner', ῥήτρα, el. Fρά̄τρᾱ f. `Spruch, pact, covenant', diss. to kypr. Fρήτα, whereof εὐFρητάσατυ `pact, covenant, law', ῥῆμα `word', ῥῆσις `discourse', εἴρων `someone, the sich verstellt' (*Fερι̯ων), εἰρωνεία `Verstellung';

russ. vru (*vьrǫ), vratь `lie, maunder, drivel', with k-suffix (*u̯orkā): russ. vráka `empty gossip', Old Church Slavic vračь (*u̯orki̯os) `physician, medicine man (*Besprecher), magician, Hexenmeister';

maybe alb. geg. vra, tosk. vras `kill, wound', alb. geg. verbu, tosk. verboj `to blind, make wander aimlessly'; maybe alb. geg. verbu, tosk. verboj `to blind' is related to the revenge killing and anger of a murder - also alb. verbohem `to become blind from anger'.

hitt. u̯erii̯a- `call, shout, cry, beauftragen', particle -u̯ar- actually `sagte';

perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here baltoslav. u̯rēk-, u̯rek- in lit. rėkiù, rė̃kti, lett. rēkt `cry', rę̃kuôt `sich unterhalten', Old Church Slavic rekǫ, rešti `say', ablaut. Old Church Slavic rokъ `Frist, Termin', rěčь `accusation' and *u̯rōk- in germ. got. wrōhs `accusation', wrōhjan `beschuldigen' = west-germ. *wrōgjan, ahd. ruogen, nhd. rögen;

dh-extension u̯er-dho- etc.:

Gr. βέρθει φθέγγεῖαι Hes. (Specht KZ 59, 65);

lat. verbum `word' (not from *vorbom because of:) umbr. uerfale `an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff';

got. waurd, ahd. wort etc. `word' = Old Prussian wirds `word'; lit. var̃das `name'.

maybe alb. urtë `sage, smart, intelligent', uroj `pray, wish'.

References: WP. I 283 f., WH. II 756 f., Trautmann 238, 360, Vasmer 1, 234 f., 2, 539, Frisk 469 ff.;

See also: here probably u̯rek-.

Page(s): 1162-1163

Root / lemma: u̯er-7 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to tear

German meaning: `aufreißen, ritzen'

Note: base for extensions:

Material: A. u̯erd-: av. varǝdva- `soft, lax', Old Church Slavic vrědъ, russ. véred `wound'; u̯red-: Old Indian avradanta `sie wurden weich', vrandín- `mörbe werdend'; u̯rēd-: Old Prussian redo `Ackerfurche', older dön. vraade, vrode `wöhlen, aufbohren'; u̯rōd-: lat. rōdō, -ere `gnaw, consume', rōstrum (*rōd-trom) n. `Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb', ags. wrōtan `wöhlen, dig', aisl. rōta ds., ahd. ruozit `suscitat, movet', ags. wrōt, mhd. ruozel, röezel, nhd. Rössel (*wrōtila-); in addition die zero grade in schwed. dial. rota, ruta `wöhlen'; after Frisk (Etyma Armen. 30) in addition still arm. gercum `shave' from *u̯erd-s- (originally Aoristbildung).

B. u̯ornā: alb. varrë `wound', russ. voroná `Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennensteiß' (therefrom vorónka `Trichter'), poln. wrona, čech. vrana `aperture'; u̯re-no-, u̯ro-no- in Old Indian vraṇá- m. n. `wound, crack' besides u̯rō-nā in Old Church Slavic russ. etc. rana `wound'.

Maybe alb. (*varna) varr `grave' [common alb. rn- > rr- shift] not from lat. urna `cinerary urn'.

C. u̯erĝh-: Old Indian vr̥háti `reißt from', Aor. varhi, participle vr̥ḍhá-, mūla-vr̥t `die roots ausreißend' (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).

D. u̯erk-, u̯rek-: gr. ῥάκος, öol. βράκος (*Fράκος) n. `rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle'; βράκαλον ῥόπαλον Hes.; βράκετον δρέπανον, κλαδευτήριον Hes., ῥάκετρον ds.;

E. u̯resk- (from *u̯rek-sk-), u̯r̥sk- Old Indian vr̥ścáti `haut ab, splits', vráścana- `abhauend', n. `das Abhauen', pra-vraska- m. `cut'; ava-vraśca- `splinter'; russ.-Church Slavic vraska etc. `wrinkle' (*u̯orskā).

Maybe alb. vras `kill' [alb. possible -ska > -s phonetic mutation]

F. u̯r-ei-, u̯rī-: gr. ῥί̄νη `Feile, Raspel' (*u̯rīnā; or onomatopoeic wordö) and `Haifisch' (from seiner zum Polieren verwendeten rauhen Röckenhaut'); ῥῑνός `skin; Lederschild', (öol.) γρῖνος (i.e. Fρῖνος) δέρμα Hes., hom. ταλαύρῑνος `schildtragend' (compare M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 196 ff.);

with d-extension (originally d-presentö) ags. wrītan `eingraben, ritzen, schreiben, malen', as. wrītan `tear, verwunden, ritzen, schreiben', mnd. wrīten `rend, schreiben, draw, sign', nhd. reißen, urnord. wrait `schrieb, ritzte' (besides germ. *rītan in aschwed. rīta ds., compare unterrei-, reiḫd- `ritzen'); got. writs `line', ags. writ `Schrift', wrǣtt `ornament, decoration, jewellery, jewel' under likewise;

after Frisk (Etyma Arm. 28 ff.) here arm. ergicanem `tear, break, rupture, grind, carve, slit, injure, stir, tease, irritate' from *u̯reid-s-.

References: WP. I 286 f., Trautmann 236, Vasmer 1, 229.

Page(s): 1163-1164

Root / lemma: u̯er-8 (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to observe, pay attention

German meaning: `gewahren, achtgeben'

Material: Gr. only Fορ-, with spiritus asper ὁρ-: hom. ἐπὶ ὄρονται `sie beaufsichtigen', ὅρει ψυλάσσει Hes., u̯orós in ἐπίουρος (for ἐπίορος after οὖρος) `ἔφορος, supervisor, custodian, keeper', φρουρός `Wöchter' (*προ-ὁρός), φρουρά̄ `protection', οὖρος `Wöchter' (from compounds abstracted), dor. τῑμά̄ορος, att. τῑμωρός `Ehrenwöchter, Retter' (Fόρος = germ. wara- see below), ὁράω (ἑώρων, ἑόρᾱκα) `see, observe' (denominative eines also in φρουρά̄ steckenden *Fορά̄ = ahd. as. wara, ags. waru `attention') öol. freilichὄρημι, similarly as lat. verēri; lengthened grade att. ὤρα, ion. ὤρη `Hut, care' hom. οὐδενός-ωρος, οὐδενὸς ὤραν ἔχων `nichtsnutzig', ὀλιγωρέω `vernachlössige' from *ὀλιγωρός `ὀλίγην ὤραν ἔχων', at most θυρωρός, πυλωρός `door-, Torhöter' (rather because of hom. πυλεωρός an θυρη-, πυλη-ορός, correspondingly τῑμωρός); ὠρεύειν `cavere'; βωροί ὀφθαλμοί Hes. Suid.

lat. vereor, -ērī, -itus sum `worship, fear, dread'; zur form compare gr. öol. (F)ὄρημι `see, observe';

air. cō(a)ir `fitting, right': cymr. cywair ds. (*kom-u̯_eri̯os);

germ.: u̯orós in got. war(s) `behutsam', aisl. varr `behutsam, careful, shy', ags. wær `gewahr, attentive, careful, behutsam', as. war `careful, auf the Hut', ahd. giwar `attentive, careful' = (Fόρος); ū̆orā in got. warai `Behutsamkeit, artifice', mhd. wer (ahd. *warī) `Vorsicht'; ags. waru, as. ahd. wara `attention, Obhut', wara nëman `wahrnehmen', aisl. vara f. `Handelsware, Zahlungsmittel', ags. waru, spötmhd. war, nhd. Ware; ahd. bewarōn `preserve, protect `, as. warōn `observe, protect, look after, watch over, keep', ags. warian `preserve, protect, beware, guard', aisl. vara `attentive make, look after; protect, assume', refl. `sich höten'; *u̯ortos (*u̯ordhos) in got. daúrawards `Torwart', ahd. wart `Wöchter, Wörter, Höter', warto, got. wardja ds., as. wardōn `auf the Hut sein, look after, watch over, keep', ahd.wartēn `achten, peer, wahrnehmen, warten, erwarten', warta `Beobachtung etc. `, nhd. Warte under likewise; *u̯orn- in ahd. furiwarna `Vorbereitung' (ags. wearn f. `Widerstand, Verweigerung, Vorwurf', nhd. warnen etc. through interference from Angehörigen from *warjan wehren etc. `, and root *u̯er- `verschließen');

lett. véru, vērt `see, show, bemerken' (mostly reflexive vērties), vērība `attention';

toch. A wör-, В wör-sk- `smell'.

References: WP. I 284 f.

Page(s): 1164

Root / lemma: u̯er-9 : u̯_eru-s (*su̯er-)

English meaning: wide, broad

German meaning: Adj. `weit, breit'

Material: Old Indian urú-, av. vouru- (from *varu-, idg. *u̯_eru-), jav. also uru- `wide', westoss. urux, Kompositionsform av. uru- (from *u̯ru-, as Old Indian gru- besides gurú-, above S. 476); comparative várīyas-, Superlativ váriṣṭha-, in addition Old Indian urūcī́ f. `die earth', Femin. to uru-vyáñc: urūc- `weitreichend', compare den av. Bergnamen Vouruša-, perhaps = Old Indian *urūcya-; Old Indian urvaṭa- m. `year', *uruaṭa- `weit wandering'; PN Urváśī f. from *uru-vāśī- `intense desire'; in addition ulū́khala- `mortar' from *urū́-khara- `with breitem bottom';

with metathesis gr. εὐ- (as in εὑρίσκω, u̯er-4; compare εὐρυσί- under u̯er-5) in εὐρύς (instead of *Fερύς) `breit', as well as in εὖρος `Breite' (see above Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 412 Anm. 1); perhaps toch. A wörts, В aurtse `wide, breit'

neuter: u̯eros- in Old Indian váras- n. `Breite, Raum' (gr. εὖρος instead of *Fέρος);

doubtful u̯_eros- `breast' in Old Indian uras- (from *vuras), av. varō ds. and Old Indian várī̆maṇ- m. n. `Weite, Umfang', várivas- n. `Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit', die eine heavy basis voraussetzen.

References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439.

Page(s): 1165

Root / lemma: u̯ers- (*su̯er-)

English meaning: to drag on the ground

German meaning: `am Boden schleifen'

Material: Lat. verrō (older vorrō), verrī, versum `schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen';

about gr. ἔρρω `go away, schwinde' s. Frisk 566;

aisl. vǫrr `stroke'; barely here as. ahd. wërran `bewilder, durcheinanderbringen' etc.;

lett. vârsms `heap of corn, grain'; russ.-Church Slavic vьrchu, vrěšti `dreschen', ablaut. vrachъ `das Dreschen' (geschah originally through Schleifen), russ. vóroch `heap (from corn)';

hitt. u̯aršii̯a-, u̯arš- `abwischen, pluck, reap'.

References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.

Page(s): 1169-1170

Root / lemma: u̯er-_(e)nā (*su̯er-)

English meaning: alder, poplar

German meaning: `Erle, Pappel' ('Sumpfbaum'ö), thereafter `Stange, Balken'

Material: Arm. geran (*u̯er_enā) `trabs, tignum';

alb. verrë f. (*u̯ernā) `Populus alba';

bret. gwern f. (*u̯ernā) `Schiffsmast; alder', acorn. guern `Mast', guern-en `alder', cymr. gwernen `Schiffsmast, alder', Pl. koll. gwern `Erlen, swamp, marsh', mir. fern f. `Ег1е, Mast', gall. Fernodubrum (`Erlenwasser'; from dem Kelt. derive piemontes. verna, prov. verna, verno, frz. verne, vergne `alder').

References: WP. I 292, Меуег-Löbke REW³ p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S. 81.

Page(s): 1169

Root / lemma: u̯es-1 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: to stay, live, spend the night

German meaning: `verweilen, wohnen, öbernachten'

Material: Old Indian vásati (participle secondary uṣita-) `verweilt, dwells, öbernachtet' (with ā: `sleeps with a Frau', with upa: `fastet') = av. vaŋhaiti `dwells, verweilt', Old Indian Kaus. vāsayati `beherbergt'; vástu-, vasatí- m. f., vāsá- m. `abode, residence, Übernachten', Old pers. āḫvahanam `residence, Flecken', Old Indian lengthened grade vā́stu- n. `site, house', newer vástu- n. `thing, thing' (vastuka- m. `eine plant', actually `Hofunkraut'); vāsa-veśman n. `Schlafzimmer';

arm. goy `is, existiert, is vorhanden', goy (i-stem) `being, being, blessing, property';

gr. ἄεσα ep. Aor. (stets with νύκτα connected) `zubringen', in addition present ἀέσκω, ἀέσκοντο; perhaps ἑστία f. `stove, hearth, altar', figurative `house, family etc. `, with secondary ι ion. ἱστίη, öol. böot. lokr. dor. ark. ἱστία through Assimil. an das betonte ι the second syllable, das Fehlen desF perhaps through influence of ἵστημι; derivative from *u̯es-ti- `Bleiben, dwelling', also `zum Heim gehörig'; with unexplained a-vocalism (F)ἄστυ n. `town, city' (ἀστός `Stödter', ἀστεῖος `stödtisch');

messap. vastei (Dat.);

lat. Vesta `goddess of höuslichen Hordes';

mir. fō(a)id `nöchtigt (also `with a wife, woman'), bleibt, verweilt, wakes in the night' (*u̯oseti), 3. Sg. preterit fīu (*u̯iḫu̯ōsḫt), 3. Pl. fēotar (*u̯i-u̯os-ont-r̥), verbal noun fess, feiss f. `Schlafen, coitus, abode, residence', ablaut. foss m. `Bleiben, tranquility', i foss `to house', fossad `tight, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence'; cymr. gwas `Heimstötte', mcymr. gwest, kywest `Ruheplatz', gwest, cywestach `coitus', gwesti `dwelling', dirwest (*dīḫroḫu̯esḫt-) and darwest (*to-are-u̯es-t-) `fast';

got. wisan (1. Sg. preterit was) `sein, bleiben', aisl. vesa (later vera), ags. as. ahd. wesan (engl. preterit was), afries. wesa `sein, bleiben', nhd. war, gewesen, substantivierter Infin. `entity'; got. wists f. `entity', aisl. vist, ags. ahd. wist `entity, abode, residence, Dasein'; aisl. vǣrr `peaceful, friedlich' (or identical with dem 2. part from ǫl-vǣrr, see above S. 1165; certainly here belongs herað-vǣrr `berechtigt, in district, region, area to sein'); as. werōn, ahd. weren `dauern, wöhren' (in addition ahd. wirig `lasting, dauerhaft', nhd. lang-wierig) and as. warōn, mnd. waren `dauern'; perhaps got. wis `calm (at sea)', if actually `tranquility');

toch. A wṣeńńe `lair', waṣt, В ost `house', waṣamo `friend', Pl. waṣmoń, wsaṣṣöṃ `dwells'; hitt. ḫu̯iš- `leben, am Leben bleiben', ḫu̯iša- `mirror'.

References: WP. I 306 f., WH. II 773, Frisk 25, 173 f., 576 f., VendryJs RC. 35, 89 f., Loth RC. 38, 297, Ifor Williams BBCS. 2, 41 ff., R. A. Fowkes JC. stem 2, 1 f.

Page(s): 1170-1171

Root / lemma: u̯es-2 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: to feast

German meaning: `schmausen; aufgeröumt sein'

Material: Old Indian ánu vāvasē `hat aufgezehrt', vástōḥ `vor dem ravenousness', av. vastra `Fresse, muzzle', vāstrǝm `food', vāstar- `Hirte'; about lat. vēscor `as Speise genießen, sich nöhren' see above S. 73; mir. fess, feiss `food, eating' (*u̯es-tā), air. fïach `raven' (*u̯esākos), out of it borrowed cymr. gwyach `Steißfuß' (ein bird); air. ban-[ḟ]ess `wedding' (`Frauen-fest'), bret. banves `festival', cymr. gwest `festival'; got. waila wisan `to feast, delight', frawisan `consume', wizōn `indulge oneself', waila-wizns `feast', gawizneigs `sich mitfreuend', ags. wesan `to feast' (only Beowulf 3115, Hs.weaxan); ahd. firwesan, mhd. verwesen `consume'; aisl. vist, ags. ahd. wist f. `dish, food'; in ablaut probably ahd. wastel (frz. gâteau) `cake';

hitt. u̯eši- `pasture', u̯ešii̯a- `weiden, abweiden; leiten, regieren'; u̯eštara- `herdsman, shepherd'.

References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769

See also: probably to u̯esu- `good'.

Page(s): 1171

Root / lemma: u̯es-3 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: wet

German meaning: `feuchten, naß'

Material: Gr. ἐαρόν λουτῆρα, ἤ πρόχουν Hes., alt-theröisch hεαρα (meaning unacquainted); umbr. vestikatu `libato' (formation as lat. lectīca);

ahd. wasal `rain', ahd. waso `lawn, clod of earth, pit, pothole', nhd. Wasen `lawn', as. waso, mnd. wase `damp Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn'; mnd. wasem m. `Wasserdampf, haze, mist'; ags. wōs n. `dampness, juice, sap'; engl. ooze `dampness, slime, mud', as verb `durchsickern, spring up, bubble', mnd. wōs `scum, froth, foam, Absud, juice, sap', older dön. norw. ōs `Pflanzensaft';

presumably av. vaŋhu-tāt- f. `blood', vaŋhuϑwa- n. `Blutvergießen, blutiger fight', vohuna- m. `blood' and Old Indian vásā, vasā́ `bacon, fat, lard' (also vaśā inscribed, as váśa-m `flössiges fat');

here with the meaning `male animal' (compare lat. verrēs etc.: u̯er-, u̯er-s- `feuchten'): Old Indian úṣṭra- m. `Böffel, Kamel', uṣṭár- `Pflugstier', av. uštrō m. `Kamel' (also in ZaraÞ-uštrō); Old Indian uṣṭā́ `Pflugstier'.

References: WP. I 308, Trautmann 343, Mayrhofer 1, 113 f., Frisk 433.

Page(s): 1171-1172

Root / lemma: u̯es-4 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: to stick, pierce

German meaning: `stechen'ö

Material: Old Indian nivāsita- `ums Leben gebracht', nirvāsanaḫm `das Ermorden, Töten', parivāsayati `schneidetrings ab, from' under likewise; air. fennaid `schindet' (*u̯es-nā-ti); alb. usht `Ähre'; ahd. ort `cusp, peak, point, edge etc. `, nhd. Ort `place' (and `Schusterahle'), ags. ord `cusp, peak, Anfang', aisl. oddr `cusp, peak', agerm. Osd-ulfus = as. ags. Ord-ulf (different above S. 237); lit. usnìs `thistle, Hagedorn', lett. usna, ušna `thistle';

about Church Slavic vъšь `louse' etc., see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.

References: WP. I 308 f.

Page(s): 1172

Root / lemma: u̯es-5 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: to dress, put on

German meaning: `kleiden'

Material: Old Indian vástē `kleidet sich, zieht an', av. vaste ds. (compare das unthemat. gr. ἕσσαι, -ἕσται), vaŋhaiti ds.; Old Indian vásana-, av. vaŋhana- n. `garment'; Old Indian vásman- n. `cover' (= εἷμα); vastra-, av. vastra- n. `clothing' (: gr. Fέστρα, mhd. westerö);

arm. z-genum `pull mich an' (*u̯esḫnu- = ἕννυμι), zḫgest `clothing' (-tu-stem);

gr. ἕννῡμι, ion. εἵνῡμι, Aor. ἕσ(σ)αι `kleiden', Med. `sich kleiden', athemat. Perf. εἷμαι (*Fέσ-μαι) 3. Sg. ἐπί-εσται (Herod.); ἔσθος n. `clothing' (-dhes-stem), ἐσθής, -ῆτος ds. (*Fεσ[το-]τᾱτ-ς with dem θ from ἔσθος); ἑανός `weibliches garment' (Old Indian vásana-m); ion. att. εἷμα, dor. Fῆμα, lesb. Fέμμα `dress' (: Old Indian vás-man-); Hes. γῆμα ἱμάτιον, εὐ-, κακο, δυσ-είμων `good, schlecht gekleidet', with Vorstufe of Itazismus ἱ̄μάτιον `dress, mantle'; dor. Fέστρα (γέστρα στολή Hes.), ἐφεστρίς f. `wörmeres Wintergewand, Soldatenmantel';

alb. vesh `I kleide an', vishem `kleide mich an';

lat. vestis `clothing', vestiō, -īre `kleiden' (compare γεστία ἔνδυσις Hes.);

got. wasjan, ahd. werian, aisl. veria `kleiden', ags. werian `ds., dress bear, carry'; got. wasti f. `dress'; mhd. wester (see above) `Taufkleid' (but ahd. early wastibarn, previously by Notker westerwât); aisl. vesl n. `dress' (*wesala-), ver `Überzug' (*waza-);

hitt. u̯aš-, u̯eš-, luw. u̯aš(š)- `bekleiden, anziehen'; toch. В wastsi, wöstsi `dress' (neologism); A wsāl ds.;

References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f., Frisk 521 f.

Page(s): 1172-1173

Root / lemma: u̯es-no- (*su̯es-no-)

English meaning: price

German meaning: `Kaufpreis'

Material: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e- and o-vocalism: Old Indian vasná- m. `Kaufpreis', n. `earnings', vasnayati `feilscht'; arm. gin `Kaufpreis'; gr. hom. ὦνος `Kaufpreis', lesb. ὄννᾱ (*u̯osnā), ion. att. ὠνή `Kauf', ὠνέομαι `kaufe', gort. ὠνῆν `sell'; lat. vēnus (only in Akk. vēnum, Dat. vēno, later vēnui) `sale' (vendō, -dere `sell' is *vēnom + dō, vēneō `verkauft become' = *vēnom + eō); marr. eituam venalinam `pecuniam venaliciam' (ö) muß ein loanword from dem Lat.sein, da sn marr. not n ergeben wörde; aruss. věno `dowry'; hitt. uššaniya- `sell' (compare above u̯aš- `buy').

References: WP. I 311 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.

See also: u̯es-8

Page(s): 1173

Root / lemma: u̯es-7 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `drehen, wickeln'ö

Material: Old Indian vēdá- m. `hassock, clump of grass' (*u̯ozdos); uṣṇíhā f. `Genick', uṣṇī́ṣa- m. `head fascia' (*us-nī̆- `gyration'); schwed., norw. vase `Laubböndel', vasa `verwickeln, maunder, drivel', aisl. vasask `sich verwickeln', mnd. mengl. wase `bundle'.

References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.

Page(s): 1173

Root / lemma: u̯es-8 (*su̯es-)

English meaning: to buy, sell

German meaning: `kaufen, verkaufen'ö

Material: Hitt. u̯aš-, u̯ašii̯a- `buy, acquire', ušsanii̯a- `sell', u̯eššia- `Kaufpreis'; perhaps lat. vīlis (*u̯esḫli-) `wohlfeil'.

References: WP. I 312, WH. II 753 f., Szemerényi Arch. Lingunder 6, 36

Indo-European Etymological Dictionary - Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch (JPokorny)

A Proto-Indo-European Language Lexicon, and an Etymological Dictionary of Early Indo-European Languages

PN Candavia : Maybe illyr. PN Sca(n)din-avia

END