1. Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation end in -e, -a, and are always athematic.
2. The Present is athematic, while the Imperfect is thematic in -s-.
Verb: klusina [from kleu, hear], listen
|
Present Stem |
Imperfect Stem |
Perfect Stem |
Future Stem |
|
klusina- |
klusinate/o- |
(ke)klosina- |
klesinas- |
3. The Present is formed with the Present stem and primary endings. The Subjunctive, with lengthened vowel, also thematic.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klusinami |
klusinaem |
klusinaiem |
|
2. |
klusinasi |
klusinaes |
klusinaies |
|
|
3. |
klusinati |
klusinaet |
klusinaiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klusinames |
klusinaomo |
klusinaime |
|
2. |
klusinathe |
klusinaete |
klusinaite |
|
|
3. |
klusinanti |
klusinaont |
klusinaint |
|
4. The Imperfect is formed with the Imperfect stem (i.e., thematic in -t) and secondary endings, with accent on the theme vowel. When the Indicative is thematic, the Subjunctive has a lengthened theme vowel.
|
|
|
Imperfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klusinatom |
klusinatom |
klusinatoim |
|
2. |
klusinates |
klusinates |
klusinatois |
|
|
3. |
klusinatet |
klusinatet |
klusinatoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klusinatomo |
klusinatomo |
klusinatoime |
|
2. |
klusinatete |
klusinatete |
klusinatoite |
|
|
3. |
klusinatont |
klusinatont |
klusinatoient |
|
5. The Perfect is made with root vowel in o/Ø, and Perfect endings. The Subjunctive, thematic, with secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klosina* |
klosinaom |
klosinaiem |
|
2. |
klosinatha |
klosinaes |
klosinaies |
|
|
3. |
klosinae |
klosinaet |
klosinaiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klsiname |
klsinaomo |
klsinaime |
|
2. |
klsinate |
klsinaete |
klsinaite |
|
|
3. |
klsinaer |
klsinaont |
klsinaint |
|
Note. The form klosina is a contracted form of *klosinaa. Otherwise, it could be confused with an added schwa sound (also written a), which wouldn't be contracted.
6. The Past Perfect is obtained with the Perfect stem, adding secondary desinences. The Subjunctive, thematic and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klosinam |
klosinaom |
klosinaiem |
|
2. |
klosinas |
klosinaes |
klosinaies |
|
|
3. |
klosinat |
klosinaet |
klosinaiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klsiname |
klsinaomo |
klsinaime |
|
2. |
klsinate |
klsinaete |
klsinaite |
|
|
3. |
klsinant |
klsinaont |
klsinaint |
|
7. The Future is formed usually with root vowel e and an -s- addition, and primary endings. It is athematic, as the Present.
|
|
|
Future |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klesinasmi |
klesinasom |
klesinasiem |
|
2. |
klesinassi |
klesinases |
klesinasies |
|
|
3. |
klesinasti |
klesinaset |
klesinasiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klesinasmes |
klesinasomo |
klesinasime |
|
2. |
klesinasthe |
klesinasete |
klesinasite |
|
|
3. |
klesinasenti |
klesinasont |
klesinasint |
|
8. The Conditional is formed with the Future stem and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klesinasm |
klesinasom |
klesinasiem |
|
2. |
klesinass |
klesinases |
klesinasies |
|
|
3. |
klesinast |
klesinaset |
klesinasiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klesinasme |
klesinasomo |
klesinasime |
|
2. |
klesinaste |
klesinasete |
klesinasite |
|
|
3. |
klesinasent |
klesinasont |
klesinasint |
|
The Middle Voice Paradigm is as follows:
9. The Present Middle is formed with the Present stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klusinamai |
klusinaoma |
klusinaiema |
|
2. |
klusinasoi |
klusinaeso |
klusinaieso |
|
|
3. |
klusinatoi |
klusinaeto |
klusinaieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klusinamesdha |
klusinaomedha |
klusinaimedha |
|
2. |
klusinadhe |
klusinaodhue |
klusinaidhue |
|
|
3. |
klusinantoi |
klusinaonto |
klusinainto |
|
10. The Imperfect Middle is made with the Imperfect stem and Middle secondary endings, with accent on the theme vowel. The Subjunctive has lengthened vowel and is also thematic.
|
|
|
Imperfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klusinatoma |
klusinatoma |
klusinatoima |
|
2. |
klusinateso |
klusinateso |
klusinatoiso |
|
|
3. |
klusinateto |
klusinateto |
klusinatoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klusinatomedha |
klusinatomedha |
klusinatoimedha |
|
2. |
klusinatedhue |
klusinatedhue |
klusinatoidhue |
|
|
3. |
klusinatonto |
klusinatonto |
klusinatoiento |
|
11. The Perfect Middle is formed with root vowel Ø and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klsinama |
klsinaoma |
klsinaiema |
|
2. |
klsinaso |
klsinaeso |
klsinaieso |
|
|
3. |
klsinato |
klsinaeto |
klsinaieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klsinamedha |
klsinaomedha |
klsinaimedha |
|
2. |
klsinadhue |
klsinaedhue |
klsinaidhue |
|
|
3. |
klsinanto |
klsinaonto |
klsinainto |
|
12. The Past Perfect Middle is obtained with the Perfect stem and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klosinama |
klosinaoma |
klosinaiema |
|
2. |
klosinaso |
klosinaeso |
klosinaieso |
|
|
3. |
klosinato |
klosinaeto |
klosinaieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klsinamedha |
klsinaomedha |
klsinaimedha |
|
2. |
klsinadhue |
klsinaedhue |
klsinaidhue |
|
|
3. |
klsinanto |
klsinaonto |
klsinainto |
|
13. The Future Middle is formed with the Future stem and primary endings.
|
|
|
Future Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klesinasmai |
klesinasoma |
klesinasiema |
|
2. |
klesinassoi |
klesinaseso |
klesinasieso |
|
|
3. |
klesinastoi |
klesinaseto |
klesinasieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klesinasmesdha |
klesinasomedha |
klesinasimedha |
|
2. |
klesinasdhe |
klesinasedhue |
klesinasidhue |
|
|
3. |
klesinasentoi |
klesinasonto |
klesinasinto |
|
14. The Conditional Middle is made with the Future stem and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klesinasma |
klesinasoma |
klesinasiema |
|
2. |
klesinasso |
klesinaseso |
klesinasieso |
|
|
3. |
klesinasto |
klesinaseto |
klesinasieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klesinasmedha |
klesinasomedha |
klesinasimedha |
|
2. |
klesinasdhue |
klesinasedhue |
klesinasidhue |
|
|
3. |
klesinasento |
klesinasonto |
klesinasinto |
|
15. The Passive Voice is obtained from the Middle forms with Passive endings:
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klusinamar |
klusinaomar |
klusinaiemar |
|
2. |
klusinasor |
klusinaesor |
klusinaiesor |
|
|
3. |
klusinator |
klusinaetor |
klusinaieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klusinamor |
klusinaomor |
klusinaimor |
|
2. |
klusinadhuer |
klusinaodhuer |
klusinaidhuer |
|
|
3. |
klusinantor |
klusinaontor |
klusinaintor |
|
|
|
|
Imperfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klusinatomar |
klusinatomar |
klusinatoimar |
|
2. |
klusinatesor |
klusinatesor |
klusinatoisor |
|
|
3. |
klusinatetor |
klusinatetor |
klusinatoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klusinatomor |
klusinatomor |
klusinatoimor |
|
2. |
klusinatedhuer |
klusinatedhuer |
klusinatoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
klusinatontor |
klusinatontor |
klusinatoientor |
|
|
|
|
Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klsinamar |
klsinaomar |
klsinaiemar |
|
2. |
klsinasor |
klsinaesor |
klsinaiesor |
|
|
3. |
klsinator |
klsinaetor |
klsinaietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klsinamor |
klsinaomor |
klsinaimor |
|
2. |
klsinadhuer |
klsinaedhuer |
klsinaidhuer |
|
|
3. |
klsinantor |
klsinaontor |
klsinaintor |
|
|
|
|
Past Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klosinamar |
klosinaomar |
klosinaiemar |
|
2. |
klosinasor |
klosinaesor |
klosinaiesor |
|
|
3. |
klosinator |
klosinaetor |
klosinaietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klsinamor |
klsinaomor |
klsinaimor |
|
2. |
klsinadhuer |
klsinaedhuer |
klsinaidhuer |
|
|
3. |
klsinantor |
klsinaontor |
klsinaintor |
|
|
|
|
Future Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klesinasmar |
klesinasomar |
klesinasiemar |
|
2. |
klesinassor |
klesinasesor |
klesinasiesor |
|
|
3. |
klesinastor |
klesinasetor |
klesinasietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klesinasmor |
klesinasomor |
klesinasimor |
|
2. |
klesinasdhuer |
klesinasedhuer |
klesinasidhuer |
|
|
3. |
klesinasentor |
klesinasontor |
klesinasintor |
|
|
|
|
Conditional Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
klesinasmar |
klesinasomar |
klesinasiemar |
|
2. |
klesinassor |
klesinasesor |
klesinasiesor |
|
|
3. |
klesinastor |
klesinasetor |
klesinasietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
klesinasmor |
klesinasomor |
klesinasimor |
|
2. |
klesinasdhuer |
klesinasedhuer |
klesinasidhuer |
|
|
3. |
klesinasentor |
klesinasontor |
klesinasintor |
|
16. The Imperative is formed as follows:
|
|
|
Imperative |
|
SING. |
2. |
klusina |
|
|
3. |
klusinatod |
|
PLUR. |
2. |
klusinate |
|
|
3. |
klusinatod |
16. Other possible forms are:
|
|
Europaio |
English |
|
Infinitive |
klusina |
to listen |
|
Verbal Noun |
klusina- |
the listening |
|
Present Participle |
klusinant |
who listens, who listened, listening |
|
Perfect Participle |
klusinaues |
listened |
|
Middle Participle |
klusinamno- |
who listens to himself |
|
Passive Participle |
klusinato- |
(been) listened |
|
Gerundive |
klusinalo- |
who has to be listened |
|
Absolutive/Gerund |
klusinalo |
of listening, to the listening,... |