1. Verbs of the First Conjugation are formed directly from Root stems, and maintain this form throughout the entire Conjugation.
NOTE. They are probably the remains of the oldest type of verb conjugation, in which there were neither suffixes nor endings to combine, but only the accent and the vowel degrees to differentiate between tenses, aspects and moods.
2. The Present is formed with root vowel e and root accent, as in leiqe/o or leiqe/o, while the Imperfect is formed with root vowel Ø and accent on the theme vowel, as in liqe/liqo, when that is possible.
Verb: bhero, carry (cf. eng. bear)
|
Present Stem |
Imperfect Stem |
Perfect Stem |
Future Stem |
|
bhere/o- |
bhre/o- |
(bhe)bhore/o |
bherse/o- |
NOTE. Europaio verbs should be referred to by the first person singular Present and its conjugation type, so that it can be known wether they are thematic or not, and how they should be conjugated. If they are irregular verbs, however, they should be referred to with the first person singular Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Future.
3. The Present is formed with the Present stem and primary endings. The Subjunctive, with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhero |
bherom |
bheroim |
|
2. |
bheresi |
bheres |
bherois |
|
|
3. |
bhereti |
bheret |
bheroit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bheromos |
bheromo |
bheroime |
|
2. |
bherethe |
bherete |
bheroite |
|
|
3. |
bheronti |
bheront |
bheroient |
|
4. The Imperfect is made with the Imperfect stem (i.e., Ø root vowel and accentuated theme vowel) and secondary endings. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Imperfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhrom |
bhrom |
bhroim |
|
2. |
bhres |
bhres |
bhrois |
|
|
3. |
bhret |
bhret |
bhroit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhromo |
bhromo |
bhroime |
|
2. |
bhrete |
bhrete |
bhroite |
|
|
3. |
bhront |
bhront |
bhroient |
|
NOTE 1. These forms are read [bh'rom], [bh'res], etc., from the Ø grade form bhr [bh'r]
NOTE 2. An accentuated initial e- is added to the past forms in the Southern Dialects, although modern Europaio Imperfect stems corresponds normally to their Aorist formations.
5. The Perfect is obtained with root vowel o/Ø in singular/plural, and the Perfect endings. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(bhe)bhora |
(bhe)bhorom |
(bhe)bhoroim |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhoretha |
(bhe)bhores |
(bhe)bhorois |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhore |
(bhe)bhoret |
(bhe)bhoroit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(bhe)bhrome |
(bhe)bhrome |
(bhe)bhroime |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhrete |
(bhe)bhrete |
(bhe)bhroite |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhrer |
(bhe)bhront |
(bhe)bhroient |
|
NOTE. Reduplication, if given, must be simple and with -e; full reduplication has a general intensive meaning (see § 7.2.5.,2.III). Full reduplication of bher would be bherbher (or dialectal bheribher). Bhibher (Present reduplication, with -i) is a Present stem of another verb, usually meaning the same as the original root.
6. The Past Perfect is made with the Perfect stem, adding secondary endings. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(bhe)bhorom |
(bhe)bhorom |
(bhe)bhoroim |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhores |
(bhe)bhores |
(bhe)bhorois |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhoret |
(bhe)bhoret |
(bhe)bhoroit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(bhe)bhromo |
(bhe)bhromo |
(bhe)bhroime |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhrete |
(bhe)bhrete |
(bhe)bhroite |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhront |
(bhe)bhront |
(bhe)bhroient |
|
7. The Future is made generally with the root in e and an -s, and primary endings. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Future |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bherso |
bhersom |
bhersoim |
|
2. |
bhersesi |
bherses |
bhersois |
|
|
3. |
bherseti |
bherset |
bhersoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhersomos |
bhersomo |
bhersoime |
|
2. |
bhersethe |
bhersete |
bhersoite |
|
|
3. |
bhersonti |
bhersont |
bhersoient |
|
8. The Conditional is formed with the Future stem and secondary endings. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhersom |
bhersom |
bhersoim |
|
2. |
bherses |
bherses |
bhersois |
|
|
3. |
bherset |
bherset |
bhersoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhersomo |
bhersomo |
bhersoime |
|
2. |
bhersete |
bhersete |
bhersoite |
|
|
3. |
bhersont |
bhersont |
bhersoient |
|
NOTE. The Conditional is new to modern Europaio, and its correctness and practical use is still to be proven.
The Middle Voice is made as follows:
9. The Present Middle is formed with the Present stem and Middle primary endings. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bherai |
bheroma |
bheroima |
|
2. |
bheresoi |
bhereso |
bheroiso |
|
|
3. |
bheretoi |
bhereto |
bheroito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bheromesdha |
bheromedha |
bheroimedha |
|
2. |
bheredhe |
bherodhue |
bheroidhue |
|
|
3. |
bherontoi |
bheronto |
bheroiento |
|
10. The Imperfect Middle is made with the Imperfect stem (i.e., Ø root vowel and accent on the theme vowel) and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Imperfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhroma |
bhroma |
bhroima |
|
2. |
bhreso |
bhreso |
bhroiso |
|
|
3. |
bhreto |
bhreto |
bhroito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhromedha |
bhromedha |
bhroimedha |
|
2. |
bhredhue |
bhredhue |
bhroidhue |
|
|
3. |
bhronto |
bhronto |
bhroiento |
|
NOTE. These forms are read [bh'roma], [bh'reso], etc., from the Ø grade form bhr [bh'r]
11. The Perfect Middle is formed with root vowel Ø and Middle secondary desinences.
|
|
|
Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(bhe)bhroma |
(bhe)bhroma |
(bhe)bhroima |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhreso |
(bhe)bhreso |
(bhe)bhroiso |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhreto |
(bhe)bhreto |
(bhe)bhroito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(bhe)bhromedha |
(bhe)bhromedha |
(bhe)bhroimedha |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhredhue |
(bhe)bhredhue |
(bhe)bhroidhue |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhronto |
(bhe)bhronto |
(bhe)bhroiento |
|
NOTE. These forms are read [bh'romo] or [bhebh'romo], etc., from the Ø grade form bhr [bh'r]
12. The Past Perfect Middle is made with the Perfect stem adding Middle secondary desinences.
|
|
|
Past Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(bhe)bhoroma |
(bhe)bhoroma |
(bhe)bhoroima |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhoreso |
(bhe)bhoreso |
(bhe)bhoroiso |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhoreto |
(bhe)bhoreto |
(bhe)bhoroito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(bhe)bhromedha |
(bhe)bhromedha |
(bhe)bhroimedha |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhredhue |
(bhe)bhredhue |
(bhe)bhroidhue |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhronto |
(bhe)bhronto |
(bhe)bhroiento |
|
13. The Future Middle is formed with the Future stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Future Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhersai |
bhersoma |
bhersoima |
|
2. |
bhersesoi |
bherseso |
bhersoiso |
|
|
3. |
bhersetoi |
bherseto |
bhersoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhersomesdha |
bhersomedha |
bhersoimedha |
|
2. |
bhersedhe |
bhersedhue |
bhersoidhue |
|
|
3. |
bhersontoi |
bhersonto |
bhersoiento |
|
14. The Conditional Middle is made with the Future stem and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhersoma |
bhersoma |
bhersoima |
|
2. |
bherseso |
bherseso |
bhersoiso |
|
|
3. |
bherseto |
bherseto |
bhersoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhersomedha |
bhersomedha |
bhersoimedha |
|
2. |
bhersedhue |
bhersedhue |
bhersoidhue |
|
|
3. |
bhersonto |
bhersonto |
bhersoiento |
|
15. The Passive Voice is made like the Middle, but with Passive endings:
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bherar |
bheromar |
bheroimar |
|
2. |
bheresor |
bheresor |
bheroisor |
|
|
3. |
bheretor |
bheretor |
bheroitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bheromosr |
bheromosr |
bheroimosr |
|
2. |
bheredhuer |
bherodhuer |
bheroidhuer |
|
|
3. |
bherontor |
bherontor |
bheroientor |
|
|
|
|
Imperfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhromar |
bhromar |
bhroimar |
|
2. |
bhresor |
bhresor |
bhroisor |
|
|
3. |
bhretor |
bhretor |
bhroitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhromor |
bhromor |
bhroimor |
|
2. |
bhredhuer |
bhredhuer |
bhroidhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhrontor |
bhrontor |
bhroientor |
|
|
|
|
Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(bhe)bhromar |
(bhe)bhromar |
(bhe)bhroimar |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhresor |
(bhe)bhresor |
(bhe)bhroisor |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhretor |
(bhe)bhretor |
(bhe)bhroitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(bhe)bhromor |
(bhe)bhromor |
(bhe)bhroimor |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhredhuer |
(bhe)bhredhuer |
(bhe)bhroidhuer |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhrontor |
(bhe)bhrontor |
(bhe)bhroientor |
|
|
|
|
Past Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(bhe)bhoromar |
(bhe)bhoromar |
(bhe)bhoroimar |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhoresor |
(bhe)bhoresor |
(bhe)bhoroisor |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhoretor |
(bhe)bhoretor |
(bhe)bhoroitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(bhe)bhromor |
(bhe)bhromor |
(bhe)bhroimor |
|
2. |
(bhe)bhredhuer |
(bhe)bhredhuer |
(bhe)bhroidhuer |
|
|
3. |
(bhe)bhrontor |
(bhe)bhrontor |
(bhe)bhroientor |
|
|
|
|
Future Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhersar |
bhersomar |
bhersoimar |
|
2. |
bhersesor |
bhersesor |
bhersoisor |
|
|
3. |
bhersetor |
bhersetor |
bhersoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhersomor |
bhersomor |
bhersoimor |
|
2. |
bhersedhuer |
bhersedhuer |
bhersoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhersontor |
bhersontor |
bhersoientor |
|
|
|
|
Conditional Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhersomar |
bhersomar |
bhersoimar |
|
2. |
bhersesor |
bhersesor |
bhersoisor |
|
|
3. |
bhersetor |
bhersetor |
bhersoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhersomor |
bhersomor |
bhersoimor |
|
2. |
bhersedhuer |
bhersedhuer |
bhersoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhersontor |
bhersontor |
bhersoientor |
|
16. The Imperative is formed as follows:
|
|
|
Imperative |
|
SING. |
2. |
bhere |
|
|
3. |
bheretod |
|
PLUR. |
2. |
bherete |
|
|
3. |
bherontod |
17. Other possible forms are shown in the next table:
|
|
Europaio |
English |
|
Infinitive |
bher |
to carry |
|
Verbal Noun |
bhero- |
the carrying |
|
Present Participle |
bheront |
who carries, who carried, carrying |
|
Perfect Participle |
bherues |
carried |
|
Middle Participle |
bheremno- |
who carries himself,... |
|
Passive Participle |
bheresto- |
(been) carried |
|
Gerundive |
bherelo- |
who has to be carried |
|
Absolutive/Gerund |
bherelo |
of carrying, to the carrying,... |