1. Reduplicated Presents are usually verbs of the First Conjugation, when formed with consonant + i.
NOTE. These reduplicated stems have usually an intensive meaning.
2. In reduplicated stems where the Present is formed with simple reduplication + i, the Imperfect is formed with the root, without accent shift, and the Perfect is also formed with the reduplicated form, but with e.
NOTE. The three stems are always athematic, so there can be no confusion between reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs, in Root and Reduplicated conjugation, in the case that full and simple reduplication give the same stem.
Verb: bhibhermi, bear, endure (cf. eng. bear)
|
Present Stem |
Imperfect Stem |
Perfect Stem |
Future Stem |
|
bhibher- |
bher- |
bhebher- |
bhibhers- |
3. The Present is made with the Present stem and primary endings. The Subjunctive is thematic.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhermi |
bhibherom |
bhibheriem |
|
2. |
bhibhersi |
bhibheres |
bhibheries |
|
|
3. |
bhibherti |
bhibheret |
bhibheriet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrmes |
bhibhromo |
bhibhrime |
|
2. |
bhibhrthe |
bhibhrete |
bhibhrite |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrenti |
bhibhront |
bhibhrint |
|
NOTE. The older, root athematic inflection (see § 7.2.5, 2.II) is made full/Ø vowel in a singular/plural scheme, with accent on the ending. For more on this, see § 7.2.5, 2.III.
4. The Imperfect is formed with the Imperfect stem (i.e., the root, not reduplicated) and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Imperfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bherm |
bherom |
bheriem |
|
2. |
bhers |
bheres |
bheries |
|
|
3. |
bhert |
bheret |
bheriet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhrme |
bhromo |
bhrime |
|
2. |
bhrte |
bhrete |
bhrite |
|
|
3. |
bhrent |
bhront |
bhrint |
|
NOTE. An accentuated initial e- is added to the past forms in the Southern Dialects, although Modern Europaio Imperfect stems corresponds normally to their Aorist formations.
5. The Perfect is made with the Root (possibly reduplicated) in o/Ø or lengthened vowel, and the Perfect endings. The Subjunctive (thematic) is formed with secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhebhora |
bhebhorom |
bhebhoriem |
|
2. |
bhebhortha |
bhebhores |
bhebhories |
|
|
3. |
bhebhore |
bhebhoret |
bhebhoriet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhebhrme |
bhebhromo |
bhebhrime |
|
2. |
bhebhrte |
bhebhrete |
bhebhrite |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrer |
bhebhront |
bhebhrint |
|
6. The Past Perfect is formed with the Perfect stem, adding secondary endings. The Subjunctive is thematic with secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhebhorm |
bhebhorom |
bhebhoriem |
|
2. |
bhebhors |
bhebhores |
bhebhories |
|
|
3. |
bhebhort |
bhebhoret |
bhebhoriet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhebhrme |
bhebhromo |
bhebhrime |
|
2. |
bhebhrte |
bhebhrete |
bhebhrite |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrent |
bhebhront |
bhebhrint |
|
7. The Future is formed generally with the root in e and adding an -s, and with primary endings.
|
|
|
Future |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhersmi |
bhibhersem |
bhibhersiem |
|
2. |
bhibherssi |
bhibherses |
bhibhersies |
|
|
3. |
bhibhersti |
bhibherset |
bhibhersiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrsmes |
bhibhrsomo |
bhibhrsime |
|
2. |
bhibhrsthe |
bhibhrsete |
bhibhrsite |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrsenti |
bhibhrsont |
bhibhrsint |
|
NOTE. The stem is athematic, always like the Present stem.
8. The Conditional is obtained with the Future stem and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhersm |
bhibhersem |
bhibhersiem |
|
2. |
bhibherss |
bhibherses |
bhibhersies |
|
|
3. |
bhibherst |
bhibherset |
bhibhersiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrsme |
bhibhrsomo |
bhibhrsime |
|
2. |
bhibhrste |
bhibhrsete |
bhibhrsite |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrsent |
bhibhrsont |
bhibhrsint |
|
The Middle Voice is made as follows:
9. The Present Middle is formed with the Present stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhermai |
bhibheroma |
bhibheriema |
|
2. |
bhibhersoi |
bhibhereso |
bhibherieso |
|
|
3. |
bhibhertoi |
bhibhereto |
bhibherieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrmesdha |
bhibhromedha |
bhibhrimedha |
|
2. |
bhibhrdhe |
bhibhrodhue |
bhibhridhue |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrentoi |
bhibhronto |
bhibhrinto |
|
10. The Imperfect Middle is made with the Imperfect stem (i.e., the root, not reduplicated) and Middle secondary endings, with accent on the theme vowel.
|
|
|
Imperfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bherma |
bheroma |
bheriema |
|
2. |
bherso |
bhereso |
bherieso |
|
|
3. |
bherto |
bhereto |
bherieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhrmedha |
bhromedha |
bhrimedha |
|
2. |
bhrdhe |
bhredhue |
bhridhue |
|
|
3. |
bhrento |
bhronto |
bhrinto |
|
11. The Perfect Middle is formed with root vowel Ø and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhebhrma |
bhebhroma |
bhebhriema |
|
2. |
bhebhrso |
bhebhreso |
bhebhrieso |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrto |
bhebhreto |
bhebhrieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhebhrmedha |
bhebhromedha |
bhebhrimedha |
|
2. |
bhebhrdhe |
bhebhredhue |
bhebhridhue |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrento |
bhebhronto |
bhebhrinto |
|
12. The Past Perfect Middle is formed with the Perfect stem and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhebhorma |
bhebhoroma |
bhebhoriema |
|
2. |
bhebhorso |
bhebhoreso |
bhebhorieso |
|
|
3. |
bhebhorto |
bhebhoreto |
bhebhorieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhebhrmedha |
bhebhromedha |
bhebhrimedha |
|
2. |
bhebhrdhe |
bhebhredhue |
bhebhridhue |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrento |
bhebhronto |
bhebhrinto |
|
13. The Future Middle is made with the Future stem, adding Middle endings.
|
|
|
Future Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhersmai |
bhibhersoma |
bhibhersiema |
|
2. |
bhibherssoi |
bhibherseso |
bhibhersieso |
|
|
3. |
bhibherstoi |
bhibherseto |
bhibhersieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrsmesdha |
bhibhrsomedha |
bhibhrsimedha |
|
2. |
bhibhrsdhe |
bhibhrsedhue |
bhibhrsidhue |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrsentoi |
bhibhrsonto |
bhibhrsinto |
|
14. The Conditional Middle is formed with the Future stem, adding Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhersma |
bhibhersoma |
bhibhersiema |
|
2. |
bhibhersso |
bhibherseso |
bhibhersieso |
|
|
3. |
bhibhersto |
bhibherseto |
bhibhersieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrsmedha |
bhibhrsomedha |
bhibhrsimedha |
|
2. |
bhibhrsdhue |
bhibhrsedhue |
bhibhrsidhue |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrsento |
bhibhrsonto |
bhibhrsinto |
|
15. The Passive Voice is made like the Middle, but with Passive endings:
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhermar |
bhibheromar |
bhibheriemar |
|
2. |
bhibhersor |
bhibheresor |
bhibheriesor |
|
|
3. |
bhibhertor |
bhibheretor |
bhibherietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrmor |
bhibhromor |
bhibhrimor |
|
2. |
bhibhrdhuer |
bhibhrodhuer |
bhibhridhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrentor |
bhibhrontor |
bhibhrintor |
|
|
|
|
Imperfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhermar |
bheromar |
bheriemar |
|
2. |
bhersor |
bheresor |
bheriesor |
|
|
3. |
bhertor |
bheretor |
bherietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhrmor |
bhromor |
bhrimor |
|
2. |
bhrdhuer |
bhredhuer |
bhridhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhrentor |
bhrontor |
bhrintor |
|
|
|
|
Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhebhrmar |
bhebhromar |
bhebhriemar |
|
2. |
bhebhrsor |
bhebhresor |
bhebhriesor |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrtor |
bhebhretor |
bhebhrietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhebhrmor |
bhebhromor |
bhebhrimor |
|
2. |
bhebhrdhuer |
bhebhredhuer |
bhebhridhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrentor |
bhebhrontor |
bhebhrintor |
|
|
|
|
Past Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhebhormar |
bhebhoromar |
bhebhoriemar |
|
2. |
bhebhorsor |
bhebhoresor |
bhebhoriesor |
|
|
3. |
bhebhortor |
bhebhoretor |
bhebhorietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhebhrmor |
bhebhromor |
bhebhrimor |
|
2. |
bhebhrdhuer |
bhebhredhuer |
bhebhridhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhebhrentor |
bhebhrontor |
bhebhrintor |
|
|
|
|
Future Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhersmar |
bhibhersomar |
bhibhersiemar |
|
2. |
bhibherssor |
bhibhersesor |
bhibhersiesor |
|
|
3. |
bhibherstor |
bhibhersetor |
bhibhersietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrsmor |
bhibhrsomor |
bhibhrsimor |
|
2. |
bhibhrsdhuer |
bhibhrsedhuer |
bhibhrsidhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrsentor |
bhibhrsontor |
bhibhrsintor |
|
|
|
|
Conditional Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
bhibhersmar |
bhibhersomar |
bhibhersiemar |
|
2. |
bhibherssor |
bhibhersesor |
bhibhersiesor |
|
|
3. |
bhibherstor |
bhibhersetor |
bhibhersietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
bhibhrsmor |
bhibhrsomor |
bhibhrsimor |
|
2. |
bhibhrsdhuer |
bhibhrsedhuer |
bhibhrsidhuer |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrsentor |
bhibhrsontor |
bhibhrsintor |
|
16. The Imperative is formed as follows:
|
|
|
Imperative |
|
SING. |
2. |
bhibher |
|
|
3. |
bhibhertod |
|
PLUR. |
2. |
bhibhrte |
|
|
3. |
bhibhrentod |
17. Other possible forms are shown in the next table:
|
|
Europaio |
English |
|
Infinitive |
bhibhero |
to bear |
|
Verbal Noun |
bhibhero- |
the bearing |
|
Present Participle |
bhibhernt |
who bears, who bore, bearing |
|
Perfect Participle |
bhibherues |
borne |
|
Middle Participle |
bhibhermno- |
who bears himself |
|
Passive Participle |
bhibhersto- |
been borne |
|
Gerundive |
bhibherlo- |
who has to be borne |
|
Absolutive/Gerund |
bhibherlo |
of bearing, to the bearing,... |