1. Verbs of the Third Conjugation usually end in -i- and are almost always thematic.
2. The Present is thematic, while the Imperfect is athematic in -s-.
Verb: trudio [from treud, squeeze], compress (cf. eng. thrust)
|
Present Stem |
Imperfect Stem |
Perfect Stem |
Future Stem |
|
trudie/o- |
trudies- |
(tre)trodie/o- |
tredise/o- |
3. The Present is formed with the Present stem and primary endings. The Subjunctive, thematic, with lengthened vowel.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trudio |
trudiom |
trudioim |
|
2. |
trudiesi |
trudies |
trudiois |
|
|
3. |
trudieti |
trudiet |
trudioit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
trudiomos |
trudiomo |
trudioime |
|
2. |
trudiethe |
trudiete |
trudioite |
|
|
3. |
trudionti |
trudiont |
trudioient |
|
4. The Imperfect is formed with the Imperfect stem, i.e., athematic in -(e)-s and secondary desinences. When the Indicative is athematic, the Subjunctive is thematic.
|
|
|
Imperfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trudiesm |
trudiesom |
trudiesiem |
|
2. |
trudiess |
trudieses |
trudiesies |
|
|
3. |
trudiest |
trudieset |
trudiesiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
trudiesme |
trudiesomo |
trudiesime |
|
2. |
trudieste |
trudiesete |
trudiesite |
|
|
3. |
trudiesent |
trudiesont |
trudiesint |
|
5. The Perfect is made with root vowel o/Ø, and Perfect endings. The Subjunctive is formed with secondary endings and lengthened theme vowel.
|
|
|
Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(tre)trodia |
(tre)trodiom |
(tre)trodioim |
|
2. |
(tre)trodietha |
(tre)trodies |
(tre)trodiois |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trodie |
(tre)trodiet |
(tre)trodioit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(tre)trudiome |
(tre)trudiomo |
(tre)trudioime |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiete |
(tre)trudiete |
(tre)trudioite |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudier |
(tre)trudiont |
(tre)trudioient |
|
6. The Past Perfect is formed with the Perfect stem, adding secondary desinences. The Subjunctive, with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(tre)trodiom |
(tre)trodiom |
(tre)trodioim |
|
2. |
(tre)trodies |
(tre)trodies |
(tre)trodiois |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trodiet |
(tre)trodiet |
(tre)trodioit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(tre)trudiomo |
(tre)trudiomo |
(tre)trudioime |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiete |
(tre)trudiete |
(tre)trudioite |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudiont |
(tre)trudiont |
(tre)trudioient |
|
7. The Future is formed generally with root vowel e and an -s- ending, and primary desinences.
|
|
|
Future |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trediso |
tredisom |
tredisoim |
|
2. |
tredisesi |
tredises |
tredisois |
|
|
3. |
trediseti |
trediset |
tredisoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
tredisomos |
tredisomo |
tredisoime |
|
2. |
tredisethe |
tredisete |
tredisoite |
|
|
3. |
tredisonti |
tredisont |
tredisoient |
|
8. The Conditional is made with the Future stem and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
tredisom |
tredisom |
tredisoim |
|
2. |
tredises |
tredises |
tredisois |
|
|
3. |
trediset |
trediset |
tredisoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
tredisomo |
tredisomo |
tredisoime |
|
2. |
tredisete |
tredisete |
tredisoite |
|
|
3. |
tredisont |
tredisont |
tredisoient |
|
The Middle Voice is made as follows:
9. The Present Middle is formed with the Present stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trudiai |
trudioma |
trudioima |
|
2. |
trudiesoi |
trudieso |
trudioiso |
|
|
3. |
trudietoi |
trudieto |
trudioito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
trudiomesdha |
trudiomedha |
trudioimedha |
|
2. |
trudiedhe |
trudiodhue |
trudioidhue |
|
|
3. |
trudiontoi |
trudionto |
trudioiento |
|
10. The Imperfect Middle is formed with the Imperfect stem and Middle secondary endings, with accent on the theme vowel. The Subjunctive is thematic when the Indicative is athematic.
|
|
|
Imperfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trudiesma |
trudiesoma |
trudiesiema |
|
2. |
trudiesso |
trudieseso |
trudiesieso |
|
|
3. |
trudiesto |
trudieseto |
trudiesieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
trudiesmedha |
trudiesomedha |
trudiesimedha |
|
2. |
trudiesdhue |
trudiesedhue |
trudiesidhue |
|
|
3. |
trudiesnto |
trudiesonto |
trudiesinto |
|
11. The Perfect Middle is made with root vowel Ø and the Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(tre)trudioma |
(tre)trudioma |
(tre)trudioima |
|
2. |
(tre)trudieso |
(tre)trudieso |
(tre)trudioiso |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudieto |
(tre)trudieto |
(tre)trudioito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(tre)trudiomedha |
(tre)trudiomedha |
(tre)trudioimedha |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiedhue |
(tre)trudiedhue |
(tre)trudioidhue |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudionto |
(tre)trudionto |
(tre)trudioiento |
|
12. The Past Perfect Middle is formed with the Perfect stem and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect Middle * |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(tre)trodioma |
(tre)trodioma |
(tre)trodioima |
|
2. |
(tre)trodieso |
(tre)trodieso |
(tre)trodioiso |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trodieto |
(tre)trodieto |
(tre)trodioito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(tre)trudiomedha |
(tre)trudiomedha |
(tre)trudioimedha |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiedhue |
(tre)trudiedhue |
(tre)trudioidhue |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudionto |
(tre)trudionto |
(tre)trudioiento |
|
13. The Future Middle is formed with the Future stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Future Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
tredisai |
tredisoma |
tredisoima |
|
2. |
tredisesoi |
trediseso |
tredisoiso |
|
|
3. |
tredisetoi |
trediseto |
tredisoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
tredisomesdha |
tredisomedha |
tredisoimedha |
|
2. |
tredisedhe |
tredisedhue |
tredisoidhue |
|
|
3. |
tredisontoi |
tredisonto |
tredisoiento |
|
14. The Conditional Middle is made with the Future stem and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
tredisoma |
tredisoma |
tredisoima |
|
2. |
trediseso |
trediseso |
tredisoiso |
|
|
3. |
trediseto |
trediseto |
tredisoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
tredisomedha |
tredisomedha |
tredisoimedha |
|
2. |
tredisedhue |
tredisedhue |
tredisoidhue |
|
|
3. |
tredisonto |
tredisonto |
tredisoiento |
|
15. The Passive Voice is formed like the Middle but with Passive endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trudiar |
trudiomar |
trudioimar |
|
2. |
trudiesor |
trudiesor |
trudioisor |
|
|
3. |
trudietor |
trudietor |
trudioitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
trudiomor |
trudiomor |
trudioimor |
|
2. |
trudiedhuer |
trudiodhuer |
trudioidhuer |
|
|
3. |
trudiontor |
trudiontor |
trudioientor |
|
|
|
|
Imperfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
trudiesmar |
trudiesomar |
trudiesiemar |
|
2. |
trudiessor |
trudiesesor |
trudiesiesor |
|
|
3. |
trudiestor |
trudiesetor |
trudiesietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
trudiesmor |
trudiesomor |
trudiesimor |
|
2. |
trudiesdhuer |
trudiesedhuer |
trudiesidhuer |
|
|
3. |
trudiesntor |
trudiesontor |
trudiesintor |
|
|
|
|
Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(tre)trudiomar |
(tre)trudiomar |
(tre)trudioimar |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiesor |
(tre)trudiesor |
(tre)trudioisor |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudietor |
(tre)trudietor |
(tre)trudioitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(tre)trudiomor |
(tre)trudiomor |
(tre)trudioimor |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiedhuer |
(tre)trudiedhuer |
(tre)trudioidhuer |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudiontor |
(tre)trudiontor |
(tre)trudioientor |
|
|
|
|
Past Perfect Passive* |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(tre)trodiomar |
(tre)trodiomar |
(tre)trodioimar |
|
2. |
(tre)trodiesor |
(tre)trodiesor |
(tre)trodioisor |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trodietor |
(tre)trodieto |
(tre)trodioitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(tre)trudiomor |
(tre)trudiomor |
(tre)trudioimor |
|
2. |
(tre)trudiedhuer |
(tre)trudiedhuer |
(tre)trudioidhuer |
|
|
3. |
(tre)trudiontor |
(tre)trudiontor |
(tre)trudioientor |
|
|
|
|
Future Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
tredisar |
tredisomar |
tredisoimar |
|
2. |
tredisesor |
tredisesor |
tredisoisor |
|
|
3. |
tredisetor |
tredisetor |
tredisoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
tredisomor |
tredisomor |
tredisoimor |
|
2. |
tredisedhuer |
tredisedhuer |
tredisoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
tredisontor |
tredisontor |
tredisoientor |
|
|
|
|
Conditional Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
tredisomar |
tredisomar |
tredisoimar |
|
2. |
tredisesor |
tredisesor |
tredisoisor |
|
|
3. |
tredisetor |
tredisetor |
tredisoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
tredisomor |
tredisomor |
tredisoimor |
|
2. |
tredisedhuer |
tredisedhuer |
tredisoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
tredisontor |
tredisontor |
tredisoientor |
|
16. The Imperative is made as follows:
|
|
|
Present |
|
SING. |
2. |
trudie |
|
|
3. |
trudietod |
|
PLUR. |
2. |
trudiete |
|
|
3. |
trudiontod |
17. The rest of the possible formations are shown in the next table:
|
|
Europaio |
English |
|
Infinitive |
trudio |
to compress |
|
Verbal Noun |
trudio- |
the compressing |
|
Present Participle |
trudiont |
who compresses, who compressed, ... |
|
Perfect Participle |
trudiuos |
compressed |
|
Middle Participle |
trudiemno- |
who compresses himself |
|
Passive Participle |
trudieto- |
(been) compressed |
|
Gerundive |
trudielo- |
who has to be compressed |
|
Absolutive/Gerund |
trudielo |
of compressing, to the compressing,... |