1. Verbs of the Second Conjugation have a consonant ending and are always thematic. The consonants are usually -t-, -d-, -dh-, -k- (often -sk-), -g-, -gh- and even -s-; they can also have the suffix or infix -n-.
2. The Present is thematic, while the Imperfect is athematic, generally in -s-.
Verb: mensko [from men, to think], think, remember (cf. eng. reminiscent, borrowed from lat.)
|
Present Stem |
Imperfect Stem |
Perfect Stem |
Future Stem |
|
menske/o- |
mnskes- |
(me)monske/o- |
menskise/o- |
3. The Present is formed with the Present stem and primary endings. The Subjunctive, thematic, with lengthened vowel.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
mensko |
menskom |
menskoim |
|
2. |
menskesi |
menskes |
menskois |
|
|
3. |
mensketi |
mensket |
menskoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskomos |
menskomo |
menskoime |
|
2. |
menskethe |
menskete |
menskoite |
|
|
3. |
menskonti |
menskont |
menskoient |
|
4. The Imperfect is obtained with the Imperfect stem, i.e., athematic in -(e)-s, and secondary endings, with accent on the theme vowel. When the Indicative is athematic, the Subjunctive is thematic.
|
|
|
Imperfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
mnskesm |
mnskesom |
mnskesiem |
|
2. |
mnskess |
mnskeses |
mnskesies |
|
|
3. |
mnskest |
mnskeset |
mnskesiet |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
mnskesme |
mnskesomo |
mnskesime |
|
2. |
mnskeste |
mnskesete |
mnskesite |
|
|
3. |
mnskesent |
mnskesont |
mnskesint |
|
NOTE. An accentuated initial e- is added to the past forms in the Southern Dialects, although Modern Europaio Imperfect stems corresponds normally to their Aorist formations.
5. The Perfect is formed with root vowel o/Ø, and Perfect endings. The Subjunctive is formed with secondary endings and lengthened theme vowel.
|
|
|
Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(me)monska |
(me)monskom |
(me)monskoim |
|
2. |
(me)monsketha |
(me)monskes |
(me)monskois |
|
|
3. |
(me)monske |
(me)monsket |
(me)monskoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(me)mnskome |
(me)mnskomo |
(me)mnskoime |
|
2. |
(me)mnskete |
(me)mnskete |
(me)mnskoite |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnsker |
(me)mnskont |
(me)mnskoient |
|
6. The Past Perfect is made with the perfect stem, adding secondary desinences. The Subjunctive is formed with lengthened theme vowel and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(me)monskom |
(me)monskom |
(me)monskoim |
|
2. |
(me)monskes |
(me)monskes |
(me)monskois |
|
|
3. |
(me)monsket |
(me)monsket |
(me)monskoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(me)mnskomo |
(me)mnskomo |
(me)mnskoime |
|
2. |
(me)mnskete |
(me)mnskete |
(me)mnskoite |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnskont |
(me)mnskont |
(me)mnskoient |
|
7. The Future is formed generally with root vowel e and an -s- ending, and adding primary endings.
|
|
|
Future |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskiso |
menskisom |
menskisoim |
|
2. |
menskisesi |
menskises |
menskisois |
|
|
3. |
menskiseti |
menskiset |
menskisoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskisomos |
menskisomo |
menskisoime |
|
2. |
menskisethe |
menskisete |
menskisoite |
|
|
3. |
menskisonti |
menskisont |
menskisoient |
|
NOTE. -i-s- is a typical lat. and i.-i. addition before the ending. We use it in the conjugation of this particular verb, partly because it comes from Latin, but mainly because the pronunciation is thus easier as without the initial -i.
8. The Conditional is made with the Future stem and secondary endings.
|
|
|
Conditional |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskisom |
menskisom |
menskisoim |
|
2. |
menskises |
menskises |
menskisois |
|
|
3. |
menskiset |
menskiset |
menskisoit |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskisomo |
menskisomo |
menskisoime |
|
2. |
menskisete |
menskisete |
menskisoite |
|
|
3. |
menskisont |
menskisont |
menskisoient |
|
The Middle Voice is made as follows:
9. The Present Middle is made with the Present stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskai |
menskoma |
menskoima |
|
2. |
menskesoi |
menskeso |
menskoiso |
|
|
3. |
mensketoi |
mensketo |
menskoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskomesdha |
menskomedha |
menskoimedha |
|
2. |
menskedhe |
menskedhue |
menskoidhue |
|
|
3. |
menskontoi |
menskonto |
menskoiento |
|
10. The Imperfect Middle is formed with the Imperfect stem and Middle secondary endings. The Subjunctive is thematic when the Indicative is athematic.
|
|
|
Imperfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
mnskesma |
mnskesoma |
mnskesiema |
|
2. |
mnskesso |
mnskeseso |
mnskesieso |
|
|
3. |
mnskesto |
mnskeseto |
mnskesieto |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
mnskesmedha |
mnskesomedha |
mnskesimedha |
|
2. |
mnskesdhue |
mnskesedhue |
mnskesidhue |
|
|
3. |
mnskesento |
mnskesonto |
mnskesinto |
|
11. The Perfect Middle is made with root vowel Ø and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(me)mnskoma |
(me)mnskoma |
(me)mnskoima |
|
2. |
(me)mnskeso |
(me)mnskeso |
(me)mnskoiso |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnsketo |
(me)mnsketo |
(me)mnskoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(me)mnskomedha |
(me)mnskomedha |
(me)mnskoimedha |
|
2. |
(me)mnskedhue |
(me)mnskedhue |
(me)mnskoidhue |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnskonto |
(me)mnskonto |
(me)mnskoiento |
|
12. The Past Perfect Middle is formed with the Perfect stem, and Middle secondary endings.
|
|
|
Past Perfect Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(me)monskoma |
(me)monskoma |
(me)monskoima |
|
2. |
(me)monskeso |
(me)monskeso |
(me)monskoiso |
|
|
3. |
(me)monsketo |
(me)monsketo |
(me)monskoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(me)mnskomedha |
(me)mnskomedha |
(me)mnskoimedha |
|
2. |
(me)mnskedhue |
(me)mnskedhue |
(me)mnskoidhue |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnskonto |
(me)mnskonto |
(me)mnskoiento |
|
13. The Future Middle is formed with the Future stem and Middle primary endings.
|
|
|
Future Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskisai |
menskisoma |
menskisoima |
|
2. |
menskisesoi |
menskiseso |
menskisoiso |
|
|
3. |
menskisetoi |
menskiseto |
menskisoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskisomesdha |
menskisomedha |
menskisoimedha |
|
2. |
menskisedhe |
menskisedhue |
menskisoidhue |
|
|
3. |
menskisontoi |
menskisonto |
menskisoiento |
|
14. The Conditional is made with the Future stem and Middle secondary desinences.
|
|
|
Conditional Middle |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskisoma |
menskisoma |
menskisoima |
|
2. |
menskiseso |
menskiseso |
menskisoiso |
|
|
3. |
menskiseto |
menskiseto |
menskisoito |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskisomedha |
menskisomedha |
menskisoimedha |
|
2. |
menskisedhue |
menskisedhue |
menskisoidhue |
|
|
3. |
menskisonto |
menskisonto |
menskisoiento |
|
15. The Passive Voice is made like the Middle but with passive endings.
|
|
|
Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Optative |
|
|
|
Present Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskar |
menskomar |
menskoimar |
|
2. |
menskesor |
menskesor |
menskoisor |
|
|
3. |
mensketor |
mensketor |
menskoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskomor |
menskomor |
menskoimor |
|
2. |
menskedhuer |
menskedhuer |
menskoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
menskontor |
menskontor |
menskoientor |
|
|
|
|
Imperfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
mnskesmar |
mnskesomar |
mnskesiemar |
|
2. |
mnskessor |
mnskesesor |
mnskesiesor |
|
|
3. |
mnskestor |
mnskesetor |
mnskesietor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
mnskesmor |
mnskesomor |
mnskesimor |
|
2. |
mnskesdhuer |
mnskesedhuer |
mnskesidhuer |
|
|
3. |
mnskesentor |
mnskesontor |
mnskesintor |
|
|
|
|
Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(me)mnskomar |
(me)mnskomar |
(me)mnskoimar |
|
2. |
(me)mnskesor |
(me)mnskesor |
(me)mnskoisor |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnsketor |
(me)mnsketor |
(me)mnskoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(me)mnskomor |
(me)mnskomor |
(me)mnskoimor |
|
2. |
(me)mnskedhuer |
(me)mnskedhuer |
(me)mnskoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnskontor |
(me)mnskontor |
(me)mnskoientor |
|
|
|
|
Past Perfect Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
(me)monskomar |
(me)monskomar |
(me)monskoimar |
|
2. |
(me)monskesor |
(me)monskesor |
(me)monskoisor |
|
|
3. |
(me)monsketor |
(me)monsketor |
(me)monskoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
(me)mnskomor |
(me)mnskomor |
(me)mnskoimor |
|
2. |
(me)mnskedhuer |
(me)mnskedhuer |
(me)mnskoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
(me)mnskontor |
(me)mnskontor |
(me)mnskoientor |
|
|
|
|
Future Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskisar |
menskisomar |
menskisoimar |
|
2. |
menskisesor |
menskisesor |
menskisoisor |
|
|
3. |
menskisetor |
menskisetor |
menskisoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskisomor |
menskisomor |
menskisoimor |
|
2. |
menskisedhuer |
menskisedhuer |
menskisoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
menskisontor |
menskisontor |
menskisoientor |
|
|
|
|
Conditional Passive |
||
|
Sg. |
1. |
menskisomar |
menskisomar |
menskisoimar |
|
2. |
menskisesor |
menskisesor |
menskisoisor |
|
|
3. |
menskisetor |
menskisetor |
menskisoitor |
|
|
Pl. |
1. |
menskisomor |
menskisomor |
menskisoimor |
|
2. |
menskisedhuer |
menskisedhuer |
menskisoidhuer |
|
|
3. |
menskisontor |
menskisontor |
menskisoientor |
|
16. The Imperative is formed as follows:
|
|
|
Imperative |
|
SING. |
2. |
menske |
|
|
3. |
mensketod |
|
PLUR. |
2. |
menskete |
|
|
3. |
menskontod |
17. Other possible formations are shown in the next table:
|
|
Europaio |
English |
|
Infinitive |
mensko |
to inquire |
|
Verbal Noun |
mensko- |
the inquiring |
|
Present Participle |
menskont |
who inquires, who inquired, inquiring |
|
Perfect Participle |
menskues |
inquired |
|
Middle Participle |
menskemno- |
who inquires himself |
|
Passive Participle |
mensketo- |
(been) inquired |
|
Gerundive |
menskelo- |
who has to be inquired |
|
Absolutive/Gerund |
menskelo |
of inquiring, to the inquiring,... |